Scribd
Upload
256 views25 pages

131.11c Unsteady-State Heat Transfer

The document discusses unsteady-state heat transfer through a flat slab and lumped systems analysis. It provides the following key points in 3 sentences: The document outlines analyzing unsteady-state heat conduction through a flat slab using a 1D analysis and dimensional analysis to non-dimensionalize the governing equations. It then discusses applying a lumped systems analysis to simplify the analysis for systems where internal resistance to heat conduction is low compared to external surface resistance. The lumped analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution and derives an expression for temperature of a sphere over time involving the Biot and Fourier numbers.

Uploaded by

Jelor Gallego
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
256 views25 pages

131.11c Unsteady-State Heat Transfer

The document discusses unsteady-state heat transfer through a flat slab and lumped systems analysis. It provides the following key points in 3 sentences: The document outlines analyzing unsteady-state heat conduction through a flat slab using a 1D analysis and dimensional analysis to non-dimensionalize the governing equations. It then discusses applying a lumped systems analysis to simplify the analysis for systems where internal resistance to heat conduction is low compared to external surface resistance. The lumped analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution and derives an expression for temperature of a sphere over time involving the Biot and Fourier numbers.

Uploaded by

Jelor Gallego
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Department of Chemical

Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

Unsteady-State Heat Transfer


ChE 131 – Transport Processes

Reference:
Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Outline
 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction

 Lumped Systems Analysis


Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
1-D Unsteady-state heat Conduction
Consider a flat slab of thickness
L with an initial temperature of
T0. It is later submerged in a
large fluid with temperature T1
(> T0). Neglecting surface
resistance (infinite h),
determine the temperature at
the center of the slab at any
time t.
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
1-D Unsteady-state heat Conduction
Assumptions: Is this valid?
Why? Why not?
1. The surface T is held at T1.
(h is inifinite!)

2. Temperature profile at any time is


symmetrical. In what direction?

3. Flow is only in one direction.


Unsteady-state Heat Transfer

Assumptions:
1. The surface T is held at T1.
2. Temperature profile at any time is
symmetrical.
3. Flow is only in one direction. T0

T1
What happens as time progresses?
The temp. at the center, T0,
slowly approaches T1.
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer

Solution:
Differential 𝑔 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛻2𝑇 + =
Equation of Heat 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Conduction: T0
𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
With the assumptions: =𝛼
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
Initial and Boundary conditions:
T1
Initial:
Boundary:
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Solution: Implications:
𝜕𝑌 −1 𝜕𝑇
To facilitate solving, 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 =
we will make this =𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝜕𝑡
dimensionless!
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑌 −1 𝜕𝑇
Let: Y = dimensionless temp. =
𝜕𝑥 𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝜕𝑥
𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝜕2𝑌 −1 𝜕 2 𝑇
𝑌= 𝜕𝑥 2
=
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0

*The choice of definition of 𝜕𝑌 𝜕2𝑌


− 𝑇1 − 𝑇0 = −𝛼 𝑇1 − 𝑇0
Y is arbitrary. 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Solution: Implications:
2 1
To facilitate solving, 𝜕𝑌 𝜕 𝑌 𝜕𝑋 = 𝜕𝑥
we will make this =𝛼 𝐿
dimensionless!
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
2
1 1
Let: X = dimensionless length 𝜕𝑋 2 = 𝜕𝑥 = 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝐿 𝐿
𝑥
𝑋=
𝐿 𝜕𝑌 𝛼 𝜕 2 𝑌
= 2 2
𝜕𝑡 𝐿 𝜕𝑋
*The choice of definition of
X is arbitrary.
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Solution: Implications:

To facilitate solving, 𝜕𝑌 𝛼 𝜕2𝑌


we will make this = 2 𝛼
dimensionless! 𝜕𝑡 𝐿 𝜕𝑋 2
𝜕𝜏 = 2 𝜕𝑡
𝐿
Let: τ = dimensionless time
𝛼𝑡
𝜏= 2
𝐿 𝜕𝑌 𝜕 2 𝑌
=
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑋 2
*The choice of definition of
τ is arbitrary.
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Solution:
DIMENSIONLESS 𝜕𝑌 𝜕2𝑌 Easier to solve and
FORM: = no worries with units!
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑋 2
Previous IC & BC: New IC & BC:

𝑌 = 1, 𝜏 = 0, 𝑋=𝑋
𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋=0
𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋=1

𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝛼𝑡
𝑌= 𝑋= 𝜏= 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝐿 𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer

A new dimensionless number…


Dim. Group Ratio Equation
Fourier, Fo Rate of heat conduction/ 𝛼𝑡
Rate of heat storage 𝐿2

Rate of heat 𝑘
conduction: 𝐿3
Rate of heat
𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝐿3 /𝑡
storage:

𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝛼𝑡
𝑌= 𝑋= 𝜏= 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝐿 𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Going back…
DIMENSIONLESS 𝜕𝑌 𝜕2𝑌
FORM: =
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑋 2 T0
New IC & BC:
T1
𝑌 = 1, 𝜏 = 0, 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋 = 0
𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋 = 1

𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝛼𝑡
𝑌= 𝑋= 𝜏= 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝐿 𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Going back… New IC & BC:
2 𝑌 = 1, 𝜏 = 0, 𝑋=𝑋
DIMENSIONLESS 𝜕𝑌 𝜕 𝑌
FORM: = 𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋=0
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑋 2 𝑌 = 0, 𝜏 = 𝜏, 𝑋=1
Solution: (A Fourier series)
∞ 2 𝜋2 𝜏
4 𝑒 − 2𝑛+1
𝑌(𝜏, 𝑋) = sin 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋𝑋
𝜋 2𝑛 + 1
𝑛=0

𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝛼𝑡
𝑌= 𝑋= 𝜏= 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝐿 𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
Gurney-Lurie Charts
- plots of the dimensionless
temperature Y against Fo with
varying Bi and X for different
geometries.

- Each point in the curves are


solutions to the PDE involving
heat conduction + convection.

𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝛼𝑡
𝑌= 𝑋= 𝜏= 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 𝐿 𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
For flat plates with convection Bi
𝑇1 − 𝑇0
𝑇1 − 𝑇
𝑌=

𝛼𝑡
Geankoplis, Figure 5.3-6 𝜏= 2
𝐿
Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
For long cylinders with convection
𝑇1 − 𝑇0
Bi
𝑇1 − 𝑇
𝑌=

Geankoplis, Figure 5.3-8


Unsteady-state Heat Transfer
How do we compute the Biot Numbers for
different geometries?
𝑕𝑥1 Characteristic length:
Recall: Biot Number 𝐵𝑖 =
𝑘 Volume/Surface Area
Lumped Systems Analysis
Energy Equation  Consider now a simplified case in which a solid
Simultaneous which has a very high thermal conductivity or very
Heat and low internal conductive resistance compared to
Momentum
Example the external surface resistance, where convection
occurs from the external fluid to the surface of the
Unsteady-State
Heat Transfer solid.
Lumped
Systems What does this condition imply?
Analysis
Lumped Systems Analysis
For example:
A 10-cm diameter nickel-steel sphere has a thermal
conductivity, k = 10 W/m-K. The sphere, initially at T0 =
30°C, is suddenly submerged into a large fluid reservoir at
𝑻∞ = 𝟐𝟎°𝑪 and the heat transfer coefficient from the
surroundings to the surface of the sphere is 10 W/m2-K.
What is the temperature at the center of the sphere across
time?
Lumped Systems Analysis
Solution
Differential Equation 𝑔 1 𝜕𝑇
𝛻2𝑇 + =
of Heat Conduction: 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡

In spherical coordinates:
1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑔 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 + 2 sin 𝜃 + 2 2 + =
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡

Steps:
1. Turn the remaining PDE But there is an easier
into dimensionless form. way!
2. Solve analytically for T(r, t).
Lumped Systems Analysis

If we assume that the sphere is too


small for conduction to matter, then
the temperature distribution inside
the sphere can, therefore, be
assumed uniform!
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓
Heat Balance: 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔𝑕 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓
𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉

Initial Condition: 𝑑𝑇(𝑡)


𝐴𝑕 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑡 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇0 , 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇(𝑡) 𝐴𝑕
= 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉
Lumped Systems Analysis
Initial Condition: 𝑑𝑇(𝑡) 𝐴𝑕
= 𝑇∞ − 𝑇 𝑡
𝑇 𝑡 = 𝑇0 , 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉

𝑑𝑇 𝑡 𝐴𝑕
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡) 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉

Integrating and 𝑇∞ − 𝑇(𝑡) 𝐴𝑕𝑡


− ln =
plugging the IC: 𝑇∞ − 𝑇0 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉

Rearranging: 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ −𝐴𝑕𝑡


= exp
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉
Lumped Systems Analysis

Temperature Profile at the center


of the sphere across time: −𝐵𝑖 𝐹𝑜

𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞
= 𝑒 −𝐵𝑖𝐹𝑜
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ −𝑕 𝑉 𝐴 𝑘 𝑡
𝑘 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉 𝐴 2

Rearranging: 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ −𝐴𝑕𝑡


= exp
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑉
Lumped Systems Analysis

Temperature Profile at the center


of the sphere across time:

𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞
= 𝑒 −𝐵𝑖𝐹𝑜 Given:
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 𝑊
𝑘 = 10 𝑅 = 0.05 𝑚
This Lumped System Analysis is 𝑚𝐾 𝑇0 = 30°𝐶
𝑊
sufficiently accurate only when 𝑕 = 10 2 𝑇∞ = 20°𝐶
𝑚 𝐾
Bi < 0.1.
𝑊
10 2 𝑘 0.05 𝑚
𝑚
Checking: 𝐵𝑖 =
𝑊 3
= 0.0167 < 0.1 Valid!!
10
𝑚𝐾
Lumped Systems Analysis
Exercise!
A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room where T = 20°C. The
temperature of the body was measured at 32°C when found.
The heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 0.8 W/m2K.
Estimate the time of death assuming:

(1) The body can be modeled as a 30-cm diameter, 1.7-m long cylinder.
(2) The thermal properties of the body and the heat transfer are constant.
(3) The body temperature was 37°C at the time of death.
(4) The properties of the body are estimated to be: k = 0.617 W/mK, density
= 630 kg/m3, cp = 4178 J/kgK.
(5) Radiation effects are negligible.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy