Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Table of Content

S No. Content Page Number

1 General Instruction 1
2 Detail Syllabus of Bachelor of Pharmacy 8
3 First Semester 11
4 Second Semester 24
5 Third Semester 34
6 Fourth Semester 46
7 Fifth Semester 50
8 Sixth Semester 58
9 Seventh Semester 89
10 Eight Semester 99
11 Annex 107

1. General Instructions
1.1. Course Objective

 To produce internationally competent pharmaceutical workforce for the

development of pharmacy as a profession for fulfilling the health need of the
people.
 To ensure better pharmacy practice in the hospital, pharmaceutical industries as
well as in the community settings.
 To provide technically competent professionals for the promotion of rational use of
drugs
 To provide sound academic knowledge and skill to the students, that can assist in
the strengthening of the profession.
 To produce quality health professionals in order to provide quality health service to
the general public.
 To develop the leadership quality in the students for better health promotion and
health programming
The undergraduate pharmacy Bachelor of Pharmacy) syllabus in Purbanchal University is
designed to produce pharmacists who have the abilities and skills which are necessary to
achieve outcomes related to:

 Providing pharmaceutical care to patients

 Developing and managing medication distribution and control systems

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

 Managing the pharmacy

 Promoting public health
 Providing drug information and education
 Managing and supervising the pharmaceutical manufacturing unit.

In order to provide students with the opportunity to develop a strong foundation on which
to build these skills, the curriculum emphasizes three major areas of instruction.

1. Basic Sciences (Inorganic, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Advanced

Mathematics),
2. Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology,
Pathophysiology),
3.Pharmaceutical Sciences:
3.1. Pharmaceutical chemistry and Pharmaceutical and instrumental Analysis
(emphasizes the application of chemical sciences to pharmacy. Some of the courses deal
with chemicals used as medicines - their use, nature, preparation and preservation. In other
courses, attention is given to the processes and tests used to determine the purity and
strength of a chemical or its pharmaceutical form. The pharmacy student learns, for
example, how to find out if an active substance is pure, or how to determine how much
vitamin C is contained in a particular finish formulation).
3.2. Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Product (deals with the nature
and sources of "natural drugs" - those obtained from plants or animals, either directly or
indirectly. For example, with a drug such as Taxol, this study involves the source, the
commercial production, the marketing, the API contained in the drug, and the uses made
of the drug and its derivatives).
3.3 Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics (is concerned with understanding
the action of drugs in the body. Attention is given to the effects of various doses of each
medicinal substance and to the different ways in which medicine can be introduced into
the body. The effects of poisons and the means to overcome them are studied in
toxicology. Generally, animal tests are required to learn the strength of drugs. Physicians
know a great deal about pharmacology and toxicology; yet, as the expert about drugs, the
pharmacist must maintain this knowledge to an even greater extent).
3.4 Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy and Community Pharmacy: These courses
are designed to give an appreciation of the background and nature of the profession, to
familiarize students with the many skilled processes used in pharmacy, to introduce the
various forms of medicines, and to teach them how to dispense medication accurately and
skillfully. Instruction in pharmacy practice again emphasizes the fact that pharmacy blends
science and technology, and that throughout the professional services of the pharmacist
there is a continuous responsibility and cordial relationship with both to the patient and the
physician.

The education of pharmacists who are able to meet the needs of society can be attained
only through a careful blending of theoretical course work, class room practical, industrial
and clinical experiences.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

2. Course Duration: 8 Semesters (Four years). Total Credit hours: 170 Credit
Practical: 33 credits, Theory: 131 credits, Project work 6 credits. One Credit = 15 hours
Theory.

3. Enrolment criteria
To be eligible for applying to the program, one must meet the following criteria

 Must have passed 12 years (10+2) of formal education or I.Sc or equivalent or

certificate level in pharmacy or Diploma in Pharmacy.
 Must have passed higher secondary physics, chemistry and mathematics OR
physics, chemistry and biology with an average score 50%. Most pass Diploma of
Pharmacy with average score 60% or Certificate of Pharmacy with Average score
50 %.
 Must pass in the entrance examination conducted by PU or from PU affiliated
colleges as per PU norms.

4. Instructions
1. Each Semester will consist of a minimum of 15 weeks instructions:

2. Internal assessment of Theoreticals (20%) will be based on two class tests of 10 marks
in each of the theory subject during each semester and 10 marks for class performanance
and attendance of student in each subject.

3. Internal assessment of practicals (60%) will be based on day to day attendance, viva,
laboratory record etc. There will be no separate class test in practicals. The question
papers of university examinations shall be set by both the internal and external examiners.

4. A minimum of 80 % attendance in theory and practical classes is compulsory.

5. A student has to get minimum 40 % mark in theory and 50% marks in practical
separately to pass the subject.

7. Pass mark in aggregate will be 40 % of the total marks.

8. A student will get a maximum of 7 yrs. time from the date of admission to complete the
degree course.

9. Grading System for B Pharm (Purbanchal University)

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Table: 1 Grading system of Purbanchal University, B Pharmacy program

Letter as Grade Secure Marks in % Grade Point Description

A >80.0 Excellent

A- 76-79

B+ 71-75

B 66-70 Good

B- 61-65

C+ 56-60

C 51-55 Satisfactory

C- 46-50

D 40-45 Minimum Requirement

F < 40 Failing

11. Evaluation
11.1. Evaluation of Theory: As it is = internal 20% and Final 80%.
11.2. Practical: All practical are separately listed in the mark sheet and evaluated as per
table no 1. That is evaluated in 50 full marks as following (Table :2):

Table :2- Evaluation

Internal: 60% out of which,
Daily performanance evaluation 20 %
Internal Test and Viva 20%
Attendance 20%
Final; 40% out of which,
Final exam Experiment 20%
Viva by externals 20 %

12. Mark-Sheet of the students contains the separate column for Theory and Practical for
example:

Subject Code Subject name Marks Obtained

Theory Practical
PHAR 111 Pharmacognosy - I B A
PHAR 131 Mathematics B -
PHAR 102 Physical Chemistry F B

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

13. Question Papers in Final Semester Examination

The final examination will be of 80 marks. There will be three long answer questions of 10
marks each plus five short answer or knowledge interpretation questions of 5 marks each
and ten very short answer or knowledge interpretation questions of 2.5 marks each. There
may be or may not be the choice questions. Question papers are set according to the hour
load given to the unit/s in the curriculum.

14. Conduct in examination room

All students and invigilators must be present in the examination room at the scheduled
time. Students are not allowed to enter the examination rooms until the invigilators arrive
and give them permission to enter. Students enter the examination room by roll call and
identification check. Students who arrive more than 15 minutes late are not allowed to take
the examination. Students are not permitted to bring textbooks, dictionaries or notes into
the examination room unless instructed otherwise. All answers are to be written in
examination booklets distributed by the invigilators. At the end of the examination,
invigilators shall collect the booklets. Students are not allowed to take the booklets out of
the examination room.

15. Cheating and Plagiarism

Cheating and plagiarism are acts that call for both failure in the relevant component of the
course and disciplinary action. Cheating, attempting to cheat, and plagiarism of any kind
will be officially recorded by the academic staff and reported to the Examination
Management Office which will refer the case to the relevant student or Faculty for
disciplinary action.

16. Field Observation

16.1. During the second semester or third semester, students will visit the Herbal
Garden (botanical Garden) and/or a suitable forest place to observe the local flora
and fauna with the following objective:
i) Every student will prepare a standard herbarium of at least one medicinal plant.
Students will collect the herbal samples for the department.
ii) Student submits a report that will be evaluated for the 50 % of internal marks of
PHAR 111 Lab Pharmacognosy –II Lab or PHAR 112 Lab Pharmacognosy –
III Lab.
iii) Visit to the any Essential oil extraction plant is optional.
16.2. During 6th or 7th Semester, students will visit National Pharmaceutical Industries
that may be inside Kathmandu or outside Kathmandu as per available opportunity
with the following objective.

The general objective of the visit is:

 To observe the organization of a pharmaceutical manufacturing unit.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Specific Objectives are:

i) To observe and understand the Water treatment System;

ii) To Observe and understand the HVAC and other utility;

iii) To observe and understand the manufacturing flow of different Pharmaceutical

Dosage form manufactured in the industry and

iv) To understand the Quality System implemented and practiced in the Industry.

Department assigned a group of 3-4 students to submit a observation visit report that will
evaluated for 50 % of internal test marks of Pharmaceutical technology II Practical or
Dosage form Design Practical as per the time of the visit.

15. Professional Internship: A 3-4 weeks Industrial or QA/ QC Laboratory or Hospital or

Community Internship is compulsory for all students for the partial fulfillment of degree
of Bachelor of Pharmacy in Purbanchal University.

15.1: Industrial Internship

Every student is deputed to a pharmaceutical Manufacturing Unit or National medicine

Laboratory or independent quality control laboratory having DDA permission and/or
ISO-17025 for the period of 3 weeks to 4 weeks according to the place available.
Pharmacy department request a senior pharmacist having at least 5 years professional
experience to be a mentor of the internee. The mentor from the internship doing site
will secretly evaluate the students for their interest, ability and learning attitude in a
form provided by the department. Students visit every sections of the organization to
fulfill the following objectives;

i) Observe and learn the Quality assurance, manufacturing and quality control
activities carried in the different sections of the organization,
ii) To acquired the practical skills where ever possible,
iii) Strictly maintain a daily diary duly signed by the mentor. All students have to
submit the daily diary with the final report to the department.
iv) At the end of the internship, student submits a separate report signed by the mentor
with daily diary.

15.2: Hospital/ Community Internship

Students are allowed to do their internship in those hospitals where there and at least
one or more graduate pharmacists are working a hospital pharmacist. Students visit
every sections of the hospital to fulfill the following objectives;

i) Learn and acquired skill to Provide pharmaceutical care to patients/Community.

ii) Learn and acquired skill for developing and managing medication distribution and
control systems
iii) Acquired a skill for Managing the pharmacy outlet.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

iv) Learn the system for Providing drug information and education.
v) Learn the system for reporting ADRs.
vi) Strictly maintain a daily diary duly signed by the mentor. All students have to
submit the daily diary with the final report to the department.
vii) At the end of the internship, student submits a separate report signed by the mentor
with daily diary.

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 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Detail Syllabus Outline of Bachelor of Pharmacy

First Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 111 Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry 3
1.
PHAR 111 Lab Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Practical 1
PHAR 112 Pharmacognosy- I 3
2.
PHAR 112 Lab Pharmacognosy- I Practical 1
PHAR 113 Physical Chemistry 3
3.
PHAR 113 Lab Physical Chemistry Practical 1
4. PHAR 114 Mathematics 4
PHAR 115 Basic Computer Applications 2
5.
PHAR 115 Lab Basic Computer Applications Practical 1
6. PHAR 116 Communication Skill 2
Total Credits 21

Second Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 121 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry –I 3
1.
PHAR 121 Lab Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry –I Practical 1
PHAR 122 Pharmacognosy- II 4
2.
PHAR 122 Lab Pharmacognosy–II Practical 1
PHAR 123 Physical Pharmacy 3
3.
PHAR 123 Lab Physical Pharmacy Practical 1
PHAR 124 Pharmaceutical Analysis – I 3
4.
PHAR 124 Lab Pharmaceutical Analysis – I Practical 1
PHAR 125 Anatomy & Physiology I 3
5.
PHAR 125 Lab Anatomy & Physiology I Practical 1
Total Credit 21

Third Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 211 Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry –II 4
1.
PHAR 211 Lab Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry -II Practical 1
PHAR 212 Pharmacognosy III 3
2.
PHAR 212 Lab Pharmacognosy III Practical 1
PHAR 213 Pharmaceutical Analysis –II 4
3.
PHAR 213 Lab Pharmaceutical Analysis –II Practical 1
PHAR 214 Pharmaceutical Engineering I 3
4.
PHAR 214 Lab Pharmaceutical Engineering I Practical 1
PHAR 215 Anatomy & Physiology II 3
5.
PHAR215 Lab Anatomy & Physiology II Practical 1
Total Credits 22

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 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Fourth Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 221 Biochemistry 3
1.
PHAR 221 Lab Biochemistry Practical 1
PHAR 222 Chemistry of Natural Products 3
2.
PHAR 222 Lab Chemistry of Natural Products Practical 1
PHAR 223 Pharmaceutical Engineering I I 3
3. 1
PHAR 223 Lab Pharmaceutical Engineering II Practical
PHAR 224 Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3
4.
PHAR 224 Lab Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical 1
PHAR 225 Pharmacology I 4
5.
PHAR 225 Lab Pharmacology I Lab 1
Total Credits 21

Fifth Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 311 Medicinal Chemistry I 4
1. 1
PHAR 311 Lab Medicinal Chemistry I Practical
PHAR 312 Pharmaceutical Technology I 3
2. 1
PHAR 312 Lab Pharmaceutical Technology I Practical
PHAR 313 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3
3. 1
PHAR 313 Lab Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Practical
4. PHAR 314 Pharmacology –II 3
PHAR 315 Public Health Pharmacy 3
5. 1
PHAR 316 Public Heath Pharmacy Field work
6. PHAR 317 Pathophysiology 3
Total Credits 23

Sixth Semester
S. No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 321 Medicinal Chemistry II 4
1. 1
PHAR 321 Lab Medicinal Chemistry II Practical
PHAR 322 Pharmaceutical Technology II 3
2. 1
PHAR 322 Lab Pharmaceutical Technology II Practical
PHAR 323 Pharmacology –III 3
3.
PHAR 323 Lab Pharmacology –III Practical 1
PHAR 324 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics 3
4.
PHAR 324 Lab Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Practical 1
5. PHAR 325 Biostastics 3

6. PHAR 326 Engineering Drawing 1

21
Total Credits

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 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Seventh Semester
S.No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 411 Dosage form Design 3
1. PHAR 411 Lab 1
Dosage form Design Practical
3
2. PHAR 412 Pharmaceutical Management

Pharmacotherapeutics 3
3. PHAR 413
PHAR 414 Research Methodology 3
4. 1
PHAR 414 Lab Literature Survey and Project Design Practical
3
5. PHAR 415 Forensic Pharmacy

PHAR 416 Dispensing and Community Pharmacy 3

6. 1
PHAR 416 Lab Dispensing and Community Pharmacy
Total Credits 21

Eighth Semester
S.No. Course Code Subjects Credit
PHAR 421 Hospital Pharmacy 3
1. 1
PHAR 421 Lab Hospital Pharmacy Practical
PHAR 422 Drug Delivery System 2
2. 1
PHAR 422 Lab Drug Delivery System Practical
PHAR 423 Quality Assurance & Instrumental Analysis 4
3. 1
PHAR 423 Lab Quality Assurance & Instrumental Analysis Practical
4. PHAR 424 Clinical Pharmacy 2
6
5. PHAR 425 Project Work
Total Credits 20

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

FIRST SEMESTER
PHAR 111 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry [45 Hours]
Unit 1: Test of Purity, Importance of limit test and general principles of limit tests for
chloride, sulphate and iron. (1hr)

Unit 2: Acid, Base, Buffers and Water (9 hrs)

Introduction/ Concept of acid and base, Importance of acids and bases in Pharmacy,
storage condition. Official acids: Phosphoric acid (Conc/dil), HCl (Conc/dil), Boric acid.
Official Bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, dil. and strong NH3, Na2CO3, Acidosis and
Alkalosis. (3 hrs)

Buffer: Definition, types of buffer, properties, pH of buffer and calculation of pH

(Handerson Hasselbalch equation), Mechanism of buffer action, buffer capacity, criteria
for buffer selection, Role of buffers in pharmacy, some examples of buffer system,
physiological acid-base balance, buffer system in body and their role (3 hrs)

Official buffer: Standard buffer system, pharmaceutical buffer system, composition of

standard buffer: (Hydrochloric acid buffer, acid phthalate buffer, neutralized phthalate
buffer, phosphate buffer, alkaline buffer) (1 hr)

Water: Importance, types of water (Potable water, Purified water, Water for injection/
Sterile), Types of Water Purification Method (Distillation, Ion Exchange Method &
Reverse Osmosis Method) (2 hrs)

Unit 3: Gastrointestinal Agents (7 hours)

Antacids: Definition, criteria for selection, classification, non-systemic (Aluminum

hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium
trisilicate), systemic (sodium bicarbonate); combination preparations (types &
significances) (3 hrs)

Protective & adsorbent: Definition, characteristics, Bismuth sub carbonate, Kaolin (1 hr)

Acidifying agents or Acidifiers: Definition, types of acidifiers, dilute hydrochloric acid.

(1 hr)

Cathartics (Purgatives): Definition, classification of purgatives, mechanism of action of

each purgatives, magnesium sulphate, sodium potassium tatarate, sodium phosphate (2
hrs)

Unit 4: Intracellular & Extracellular Electrolytes (3 hours)

Role of physiogical ions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulphate, bicarbonate,

phosphate) & acid base balance, electrolytes used in acid - base therapy (potassium citrate,

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

sodium acetate and Ammonium Chloride), Electrolyte used in replacement therapy

(NaCl, KCl, composition of ORS, Ringer lactate solution)

Unit 5: Essential Trace elements (5 hours)

Definition of transition elements; Iron & haematenics; Functions of iron in the body,
Causes of deficiency of iron. Focus on Compounds: Ferrous Fumarate; Ferrous Gluconate
and Ferrous sulphate) Mineral Supplements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Sb, S, I).- Introduction, Role
and deficiency.

Unit 6: Cations & Anion (1 hr)

Definition, Biological roles or importance of cations (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium) &

anions (chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate)

Unit 7: Topical Agents (4 hrs)

Protective; - Definition, Classification, Focus on talcum, Zinc oxide, Calamine

Local anti-infective: Definition, Classification, Focus on H202, KMnO4, Iodine, Povidone

iodine; Advantage of Povidone iodine over iodine.

Astringents: Definition, Mechanism of action, Focus on Alum, ZnSO4, AgNO3,

Unit 8: Gases & Vapors (3 hrs)

Definition, role of gases in our body, focus on Oxygen, CO2 Inorganic anesthetics:
Definition, Nitrous oxide Respiratory Stimulant: Definition, Ammonia solution, spirit of
ammonia

Unit 9: Dental Product (3 hrs)

Introduction and types of dental products with examples; Dentifrices: Calcium

Carbonate and Dicalcium phosphate. Dental caries/dental plaque, Anti-caries agent: Role
of fluoride as anticaries agent, consequences of fluoride overdosing, Sodium Fluoride and
Stannous fluoride.

Unit 10: Complexing & Chelating agents used in therapy (3hrs)

Concept of complexation & chelation, properties of chelating agent, importance of

chelation; Heavy metal poisoning and their antagonist (Activated Charcoal, Disodium
edetate, desferroaxamine mesylate, D-penicillamine, dimercaprol). [3hr]

Unit 11: Miscellaneous Agents (3 hrs)

Definition, classification and uses with examples of inorganic Sclerosing agents,

expectorants, emetics, sedatives, poisons and antidotes.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Definition with examples, Criteria of selection (If there) and Pharmaceutical uses of
following agents: Antioxidants and presevatives, filter aids, adsorbents, diluents,
excipients, suspending agents and colorants

Unit 12: Inorganic radio pharmaceuticals (3 hrs)

Definition, Isotopes, Radioactive decay particles, Units of radio activity & half life of
radio elements , Precaution to be taken while handling & storage of radio isotopes,
Application, Radio pharmaceutical preparation & clinical uses of Cobalt -57 & 60, Gold –
198, Iodine- 125 & 131, Radio opaque contrast media (BaSO4); types, ideal properties of
radio opaque contrast media.

PHAR 111 Lab Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry I Practical

 Identification tests for pharmacopoeal inorganic pharmaceuticals and qualitative

tests for cations & anions should be covered. At least four inorganic drugs should
be prepared in the laboratory.

 Limit test for Chloride, sulphate and iron should be done according to current
pharmacopoeia.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Practical pharmaceutical chemistry by A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake

2. British pharmacopoeia, Indian pharmacopoeia
3. Text book of pharmaceutical chemistry by Bently and Driver
4. Inorganic pharmaceutical chemistry by G.R. Chatwal
5. Inorganic pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry by Block, Roche, Soine and
Wilson.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 112 Pharmacognosy- I [45 Hours]

Unit – 1: Introduction (8 hours)

Definition, Historical back ground, present status and future scope of Pharmacognosy.
Vegetation occurring in various climatic zones of Nepal, method of plant collection,
preparation of herbarium and their storage including traditional and complementary
system of medicine. (Ayurvedic, homeopathic, traditional Chinese, siddha system, unani
system and Amachi system).

Unit – 2: Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs (8 hours)

Methods of propagation, Factors influencing the cultivation of medicinal plants. Types of
soil and fertilizers of common use. Pest management and natural pest control agents.
Polyhouses and greenhouses. Plant hormones and their application, polyploidy and
hybridization with the special references to medicinal plants. Introduction to plant tissue
culture as a source of herbal ingredients.

Unit – 3: Plant Description (8 hours)

Key characters, family description of one member each from the following: Rutaceae,
Umbelliferae, Labiatae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae.

Unit – 4: Study of herbal resources (14 hours)

Classification of crude drugs (Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical,

pharmacological and chemotaxonomical with principle, merits and demerits and
examples). Organized crude drugs- General morphological and anatomical study of
subterranean organs, leaf, bark, wood, fruits and seeds. Unorganized crude drugs- general
identifying characters.

Macroscopical and microscopical characters, varieties, cultivation, collection, principal,

constituents, chemical nature, tests for identification, adulterants, substitutes and uses of
the following drugs. Leaves: Eucalyptus. Flowers: Saffron. Fruit: Fennel. Powder:
Lycopodium. Barks: Cinchona. Seeds: Ispaghula. Woods: Sandal

Unit – 5: Quality control of crude drugs. (7 hours)

Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical,
chemical and biological methods of evaluation. WHO guide lines of the standardization of
Herbal raw materials and finished products.

PHAR 112 Pharmacognosy- I Practical

Minimum 8 experiments covered in theory.

Proposed practical topics

1. Morphological characteristics of plant families in theory.

2. Microscopic measurements of cells contents: starch grains, calcium oxalate
crystals and phloem fibers.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

3. Determination of leaf constants such as stomatal index, stomatal number, vein islet
number, vein termination number and palisade ratio.
4. Preparation of Herbarium sheet.
5. Identification of crude drugs mentioned in theory.
6. Study of fibers and pharmaceutical aids.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Atal, CK and Kappor, BM.Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants.

2. Trease, CE and Evans, WC. Textbook of Pharmacognosy.11th to 14th Editions. Tindal
L. U.K.
3. Tyler, VC Brady, LR and Robers JE.Pharmacognosy.8th Edition, Lea & Febeger,
Philadelphia.
4. Wallis,TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy,5th Edition,J & A,Churchill Limited,U.K.
5. Kokate, CK Purohit, AP. And Gokhale, SB.Pharmacognosy.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 113 Physical Chemistry [45 Hours]

Unit – 1: Gaseous State (4 hrs)

Introduction, gas laws, kinetic theory of gaseous, derivation of kinetic gas equation,
deduction of gas laws, deviation from ideal behaviors, Vander Waal equation of state for
real gases, significances of Vander Waal constant a and b, critical phenomena and vander
Waal constant value of a and b.

Unit – 2: Liquid State (6 hrs)

Introduction, vapor pressure and boiling point, surface tension, determination of surface
tension by drop formation method, viscosity and its determination by ostwald‟s
viscometer, effect of temperature on viscosity, additive and constitutive properties,
parachor and reochor, refractive index, optical rotation, dipole moments.

Unit – 3: Solutions (10 hrs)

Mole concept, concentration terms, ideal and real solutions, Henry‟s law, colligative
properties, ideal solution(non volatile solute), lowering of vapor pressure, Raoult‟s law,
determination of molecular weight from vapor pressure lowering, ideal solution and
deviation from Raoult‟s law, ideal solution of two volatile components, elevation of
boiling point, determination of molecular weight from freezing point depression, osmotic
pressure, distribution coefficient, application and limitations of distribution law, phase
rule, statements, terms involved in phase rule, derivation of phase rule, single component
system( water system). Conductance (specific conductance, equivalent conductance, molar
conductance, cell constant), measurement of conductance, variation of conductance with
dilution, Faraday‟s law of electrolysis, Debye -Huckel Theory.

Unit – 4: Adsorption (3 hrs)

Adsorption and absorption, Freundlich adsorption isotherm, Langmuir adsorption

isotherms, application of adsorption.

Unit – 5: Thermodynamics (8 hrs)

Introduction, importance, limitation, terms/ terminology, state function , extensive and

intensive properties, thermodynamic process and system, internal energy, work
done(reversible and irreversible). First law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, enthalpy change,
temperature dependence of enthalpy change, Hess‟s law of constant heat summation,
application and calculations; heat of vaporization, heat of fusion, heat of formation, heat of
combustion, heat of neutralization, heat capacities and relation between Cp and Cv;
criteria of spontaneous process, entropy, second law of thermodynamics, free energy,
relation between free energy and equilibrium constant, relation between free energy and
useful work. Third law of thermodynamics.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit – 6: Photochemistry (3 hrs)

Consequences of light absorption, Lambert-Beer‟s law, Laws of photochemistry,

Quantum efficiency.

Unit – 7: Chemical Kinetics (8 hrs)

Introduction, rate of reaction, factor influences the rate of reaction, rate law equation, rate
constant, order and molecularity of reaction, integrated rate equation for zero order, first
order and second order (single and different types of reaction) and half life period,
activation energy, temperature dependence of Arrhenius equation, opposing reaction (first
order opposed by first order), parallel reaction, collision theory of bimolecular reaction (no
derivation), unimolecular reaction, steady state approximation, catalysis, characteristics of
catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, acid base catalysis, enzyme
catalysis, Michaelis Menten equation.

Unit – 8: Quantum Mechanics (3 hrs)

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics, Operator (Linear, Laplacian, Hamiltonian operator),

and Schrodinger‟s wave equation.

Phar 113 Lab Physical Chemistry Practical

1. To determine molar mass by Rast method and cryoscopic method.

2. To determine refractive index of given liquids and find out the contribution of carbon‟,
hydrogen and oxygen in molar refraaction of a compound.

3. To determine molar mass of volatile liquids by Victor-Meyer method.

4. To determine the specific rotation of sucrose at various concentrations and determine

the intrinsic rotation.

5. To determine the heat of solution, heat of hydration and heat of neutralization.

6. To determine the cell constant, verify 0stwald dilution law and perform
conductometric titration,

7. To determine rate constant of simple reaction.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Essential of physical chemistry-B.S. Bahl
2. Meyer‟s University Chemistry
3. Physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences by Alferd Martin

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 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 114 Mathematics [60 hours]

Unit-1: Differentiation (16 hrs)
Limits of functions, indeterminate forms, theorem on limits of algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential & logarithmic functions; continuity of a function; graphs of discontinuity
function; definition of differential coefficient, differentiation of standard functions,
including function of a function (Chain rule). Differentiation of implicit functions,
logarithmic differentiation, parametric differentiation, successive differentiation.
Unit-2: Integration (10 hrs)
Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration
by parts, substitution and partial fractions, formal evaluation of definite integrals.

Unit-3: Calculus (8 hrs)

Notation of limit and continuity of a function, derivatives of composite, implicit,

parametric, inverse circular, hyperbolic functions, logarithemic differentiation, derivative of
a function with reference to another function, application of differentiation, partial
differentiation, computation of the first and second order partial derivatives.

Unit-4: Differential equations (16 hrs)

Revision of integral calculus, definition and formation of differential equations, equations
of first order and first degree, variable separable, homogeneous and linear differential
equations and equations reducible to such types, linear differential equations of order
greater than one with constant coefficients, applications of differential equations,
complementary function and particular integral, simultaneous linear differential equations,
pharmaceutical applications.
Unit-5: Laplace transforms (10 hrs)
Definition, transforms of elementary functions, properties of linearity and shifting, inverse
Laplace transforms, transforms of derivatives, solution of ordinary and simultaneous
differential equations. (12 hrs)

Books Recommended
1. A Textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII Students, NCERT Publications, Vol. I-IV
2. Grewal B S, Higher Enginecrij4Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Schaum, Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill Singapore
4. Prasad Gorakh Text book on differential calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad.
5. Narayan Shanti, Differential calculus , Shyamlal Charitable Trust, New Delhi.
6. Prasad Gorakh Text book on integral calculus , Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 115 - Basic Computer Applications [30 Hours]

Unit- 1: Basic Concept (10 hours)
History of computers, simple model of computer and working parts of the computer, CPU,
memory, input/output devices, computer languages and their hierarchal machine language,
assembly language, high level language, comparison of high level and low level languages
especially C, C++, PASCAL

Unit-2: Operating Systems (4 hours)

Introduction to types of operating systems, UNIX, MS-DOS, etc. RAM, ROM, Virtual
Memory. Introduction to Computer Networks, Email and Internet.

Unit-3: Database Management (6 hours)

Spread sheets (like MS-EXCEL, ACCESS), concepts and objectives of database and
database management system, advantages and disadvantages of the database management
system and examples of DBMS packages (like DBASE III), HINARI.

Unit- 4: Flow chart and algorithm development (4 hours)

Definition and properties of the algorithm, Flow chart symbols and their uses, Examples
of efficient algorithm and flow-chart, conversion of algorithm/flow-chart to high-level
languages.

Unit-5: Software (4 hours)

Introduction, SPSS, EPI Info, Chem Win, Chem 4D and Chem Draw

Unit-6: Computer Security System (2 hours)

Antivirus and others

PHAR 115 Lab - Basic Computer Applications Practical

Day 1- Define Folder, Files, Icons, My computer, Introduction to Desktop, Creating,

Renaming, moving, Deleting folders, Saving Text, Image, Bitmap to the folder and
Changing Wallpaper

(Task: Create your own name folder in D:\student\ and make your own name written
picture and set as desktop background).

Day 2- What is Name of Computer? Network File Sharing, Hard-disk Error Checking,
Virus Scanning, Using internet for file attachment and Lock the Taskbar, Screensaver,
Hide Desktop, Customize Desktop (Task: Create a text file which contains information
about your computer's RAM, Processor and share with your friend in network).

Day 3 - PowerPoint Introduction, Creating 1st PowerPoint, Animation, Transition,

Background, Layout, bullet & numbering and Inserting media, Show (Task:Create a
presentation of your own favorite topic and at least 5 slides).

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Day 4- Creating table and chart in PowerPoint, setting animation timing, inserting shapes
to slide and editing picture shape (Task: Prepare a table and design a chart as per data
provided).

Day5- Starting MS-Word,Introduction,creating new file, save, open, edit, copy, paste, find
and replace, page setup-margin, inserting header and footer, Inserting page break and page
number and alignment(Task: prepare application letter for applying to a given post).

Day 6- Indent Text, Setting tabs, margin using ruler, formatting text- B,I, U,bullet and
numbered lists, font size and character spacing (Task: Prepare your own CV).

Day 7-Insert symbols, Header and Footer, Delete header and Footer, Formatting using
show/hide button, text boxes- border / color and columns break (Task: prepare
newspaper with image inserted)

Day 8 - Working with tables, Entering text in the table, creating chart, change text
direction in table and inserting and deleting table, rows, resizing table and adding borders
and shading (Task: make a table of SLC mark sheet and make a chart of data).

Day 9 - Working with shapes, word art drawing objects, drawing toolbar and working
with picture and its alignment (Task: Design traffic signals and cover page of report. For
advance: section break and page numbering)

Day 10 - Working with Excel, creating sheets, renaming sheets, understanding rows and
column, inserting rows and column and simple formula (Task: Prepare personal
information as well as monthly budget)

Day 11-15 Working with multiple worksheets, inserting and deleting worksheets, complex
formula, merging cells, text and cell alignment, use of function, page setup and
chart(Computer lab: Day Working with some common DOS Command) Demonstration
and identification of hardware

Books and other resources recommended

1. Basic computer programming- V.K Jain, pusthak mahal, Delhi
2. Programming in basic by E.Balagurusami,tatamcgrawhill
3. Programming in basic-Gottfried,tata mcgrawhill
4. ABC of windows 98-BPB Publications , New Delhi
5. Working in microsoft office-Ronmansfield
6. Commercial application development using ORACLE developer 2000 by Iran bay
ross,BPB Publications, New Delhi
7. Computer fundamentals with pharmacy applications by N.K.Tiwari published by
pharma book syndicate.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 116- Communication Skills [30 Hours]

Unit- 1; Communication [4hours]

Definition of communication; Importance of communication

Major forms of communication
Internal operational communication
External operational communication
Personal communication
Dimension of communication
Downward communication
Upward communication
Horizontal communication
Types of communication
Verbal communication
Oral communication
Written communication
Nonverbal communication
Body language
Sign language
Para language
Haptics/Touch language
Time language
Barriers to effective communication
Tips to improve communication
Unit-2: Note Taking Practice from Authentic Textual Materials including the use of
Audio Visuals (2 hours)

Aims of note taking; Taking notes from texts, Taking notes from lectures
(Branching notes, Listing and numbering)
Practical work: taking notes
Unit-3: Writing Article and Summaries( 4 hours)
Definition of articles; Format of writing articles; Definition of summary
The five “R” techniques of writing summary (Read, Reduce,Record, Review and
Rewrite)
Practical work: writing articles and summaries
Unit 4: Minutes (5 hours)
Definition of minute; Parts of a minute (Beginning or introduction, Attendance
Special attendance, Agenda, Decisions, Closing signature)
Practical work: preparing minutes

Unit -5: Writing Proposals ( 3 hours)

Definition of proposal
Parts of a proposal; Difference between proposal and report

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Practical work: preparing proposals.

Unit -6: Report writing ( 4 hours)

Definition of research report; Qualities of a good report
Parts of a research report
Preliminary
Title page
Letter of authorization
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of contents
List of tables
List of figures
List of abbreviations
Body part
Introduction
Objectives
Significance
Limitations
Methodology
Source of data
Data collection tools
Data analysis
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
End part
References/Bibliography
Appendix
Practical work: preparing reports
Unit- 7: Seminar ( 3 hours)
Definition of seminar
Types of discussion groups
Conducting seminars
Practical work: conducting a seminar

Unit-8: Business correspondence (5 hours)

Definition of letter
Parts of business letters
Formats of business letters
Full block format
Modified format
Semi blocks or indented form
Types of business letters

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Enquiry letters
Quotation letters
Order letters
Complaint letters
Replies to complaints
Acceptance for adjustments
Refusal for adjustments
Job application and resume
Memorandum
Definition of memorandum
Parts of a memo

Subject line
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
Practical work: writing business letters, job application letters, memos and
preparing resume.

Books and Other Resources Recommended

1. Business communication skill, Asha Kaul

2. Technical Writing, Gearson and Gearson

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

SECOND SEMESTER
PHAR 121 Organic Chemistry –I [45 hours]
Unit-1: Structure and Properties (12 hrs)

Atomic structure, Atomic orbital, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular
orbital, Bonding and Antibonding orbital, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbital, Intermolecular
forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, structure and
physical properties, Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases.

Unit-2: Stereochemistry (8 hours)

Isomerism and nomenclature and associated physicochemical properties, optical activity,

stereoisomerism, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers,
chirality, and chiral reagents conformations.

Unit- 3: Structure, Nomenclature, Preparations and Reactions of: (25 hrs)

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes; Cycloalkane's, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic
compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols,
Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids,
Reactive intermediates - carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrene and nitreniurn ions.
PHAR 121 Lab Organic Chemistry –I Practical

I. Introduction to Equipment & Glassware, Recrystallization method, details of M.P, B.P

and distillation

II. Preparation of organic compounds (each involving a specific organic reaction covered
in theory)
1. N-Acetylation: Preparation of Acetanilide from Aniline
2. O-Acetylation: Preparation of Aspirin from Salicylic acid
3. Nuclear Bromination : Preparation of p-Bromoacetanilide from Acetanilide
4. Hydrolysis: Preparation of p-Bromoaniline from p-Bromoacetanilide
5. Nuclear Nitration : Preparation of m-Dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene
6. Oxidation: Preparation of Benzoic acid from : Benzyl chloride
7. Esterification: Preparation of n-Butylacetate from n-Butylalcohol
8. -Naphthyl methyl etherEtherification : Preparation of -Naphthol.
9. Halogenation : Preparation of Iodoform from Oxidation of Acetone
10. Extensive Nuclear Substitution: Preparation of Tribromophenol or Bromination,
Tribromoaniline from Phenol or Aniline

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

References and other resorouces:

1. Vogel‟s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th Edition)
2. Modern Organic Synthesis: An introduction. George S. Zweifel and Michael H. Nantz

3. Problems in Organic Synthesis by Hasan Palandoken

4. Workbook for Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control

5. Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition by Professor Michael B. Smith

6. Organic chemistry by Morrison and Boyd

7. Organic chemistry by B.S. Bahl

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 122 Pharmacognosy- II [60 hours]

Unit-1: Natural source of drugs 4 hrs

Plant, Animal and Microorganism as a source of drugs. Traditional healer‟s practices in

Nepal. Role of Medicinal & aromatic plants in National Economy.

Unit-2: Tissue culture 4 hrs

General procedure involved in plant tissue culture as a source of herbal ingredients. Plant
tissue culture in production of phytopharmaceuticals, biochemical conversion, clonal
propagation and production of immobilized plant cells.

Unit-3: Systematic Pharmacognostic Study of the Following Drugs (30 hours)

Definition, general occurrence and distribution, classification, properties, screening tests
of following phytochemicals:
Resins: Canabis, Capsicum, Benzoin, Turmeric, Ginger.
Tannins: Gambir, Black catechu.
Volatile oil: Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Lemon peel, Lemon grass, Citronella,
Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamam, Valerian, Palamarosa,
Sandalwood.
Alkaloid containing drugs: Tobacco, Belladona, Hyoscyamus, Datura, Opium,
Catharanthus, Kurchi, Ephedra, Colchicum, Solanum, Coffee & Tea, Passiflora.
Glycoside containing drugs: Digitalis, Squill, Thevetia, Liquorice, Aloe, Senna,
Asparagus, Almond, Mustard, Visnaga, Ammi, Vanilla.

Unit-4: Phytochemistry 5 hours

General methods associated with the phytochemical investigation of herbal drugs-

Authentication of plant materials, various methods of extraction, general ideas of isolation
(in example of Atropine and Nicotine) and, purification of the chemical constituents and
characterization of isolated compounds.

Unit-4: Carbohydrates and Derived Products 6 hrs

Definition, classification, properties, general test and isolation of carbohydrates.
Systematic pharmacognostic study of Agar, Guar gum, Honey, Tragacanth and Isabgol.

Unit-5: Lipids 6 hrs

Definition, classification, properties, general chemical test and analytical parameters of
lipids. Systematic pharmacognostic study of castor oil, cod liver oil, linseed oil, sesame
oil, arachis oil and yellow bees wax.

Unit-6: Pharmaceutical aids 3 hrs

Study of pharmaceutical aids like talc, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite and gelatin.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit-7: Plant Allergens 2 hrs

Introduction, classification of allergens; Fungi and mould causing allergy.

PHAR 122 Lab Pharmacognosy –II Practical

1. Identification of crude drugs mentioned in theory.

2. Study of Talc and gelatin pharmaceutical aids.

3. Microscopic studies of seven-selected crude drugs and their powders mentioned under
the category of carbohydrate, Lipid and Resin in theory and their chemical tests,

5. Identification of crude drugs listed in theory.

6. Standardization of some traditional drug formulations.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Atal,CK and Kappor,BM.Cultivation and Utilization of Medicianl Plants.

2. Trease,CE and Evans,WC. Textbook of Pharmacognosy.11th to 14th Editions. Tindal
L. U.K.
3. Tyler,VC Brady, LR and Robers JE.Pharmacognosy.8th Edition, Lea & Febeger,
Philadelphia.
4. Wallis,TE. Textbook of Pharmacognosy,5th Edition,J & A,Churchill Limited,U.K.
5. Kokate,CK Purohit,AP. And Gokhale, SB.Pharmacognosy.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 123 Physical Pharmacy [45 hours]

Unit – 1: Matter, Properties of Matter [ 4 hours]

State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-
critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid.
Complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids-crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.

Unit – 2: Micromeretics and Powder Rheology [ 7 Hours]

Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution,
particle number, methods for determining particle volume, optical microscopy, sieving,
sedimentation, measurement, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining
surface area, -permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing
arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

Unit – 3: Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon [7 hours]

Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of
surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces,
surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid
interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of
interface.

Unit – 4: Viscosity and Rheology [5 hours]

Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-

Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.

Unit – 5: Dispersion Systems [ 10 hours]

Colloidal Dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids,

applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of
suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian
movement,, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of
particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological
considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.

Unit – 6: Complexation [3 hours]

Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, applications.

Unit – 7: Kinetics and Drug Stability [6 hours]

General considerations& concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light,

solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit 8. Buffers ( 3 hours)

Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems,

preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations
and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

PHAR 123 Lab Physical Pharmacy Practical

1. Determination of latent heat, vapor pressure, critical point.
2. Studies on polymorphs, their identification and properties.
3. Determination of particle size, particle size distribution and surface area using various
methods of particle size analysis.
4. Determination of derived properties of powders like density, porosity, compressibility,
angle of repose etc.
5. Determination of surface/interfacial tension, HLB value and critical micellar
concentration of surfactants.
6. Study of rheological properties of various types of systems using different Viscometers.
7. Studies of different types of colloids and their properties.
8. Preparation of various types of suspensions and determination of their sedimentation
parameters.
9. Preparation and stability studies of emulsions.
10. Studies on different types of complexes and determination of their stability constants.
11. Determination of half-life, rate constant and order of reaction.
12. To study the influence of various factors on the rate of reaction.
13. Accelerated stability testing, shelf-life determination and expiration dating of
pharmaceuticals.
14. Preparation of pharmaceutical buffers and determination of buffer capacity.
15. Experiments involving tonicity adjustments.

Refrences and other Resources:

1. Martin: Physical Pharmacy, K.M.B. Varghese Co. Bombay.

2. A.T. Florence and D. Attwood W: Physiochemical principles of Pharmacy.

3. Shotton and Ridgeway: Physical Pharmaceutics.

4. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mark Publishing Co.

5. H.S. Beans, A.H. Beckett and J.E. Carless: Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.
1 to 4.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

6. S.P.Agarwal, Rajesh Khanna: Physical Pharmacy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

7. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunns

8. Physical Pharmacuetics by CVS Subhramanyan

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 124 Pharmaceutical Analysis – [45 hours]

Unit-1: Fundamental of Analysis (8 hrs)

Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of analysis,
preliminaries and definitions, significant figures, selection of sample, precision and
accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility , fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods
of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards.

Unit-2: Acid Base Titration (10hrs)

Acid base concepts, role of solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases, ionization, law of
mass action, common ion effects, ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts,
Henderson-Hessel Balch equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid Base
indicators, theory of indicators, choice of indicatiors, mixed indicator, polyprotic system,
polyamine and amino acid systems, amino acid titration, applications in assay of H3PO4,
NaOH etc.

Unit-3: Oxidation Reduction Titration (10 hrs)

Concepts of oxidation , reduction and oxidation number, Redox reactions, Strength and
equivalent weight of oxidizing and reducing agents, balancing of redox reaction( ion
electron method or oxidation number method), theory of redox titrations, redox indicators,
cell representations, measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation- reduction curves,
Iodimetry and Iodometry, titrations involving ceric sulphatel, potassium iodate, potassium
bromate, potassium permanganate

Unit-4: Precipitation Titration (8 hrs)

Precipitation reactions, solubility products, effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon
the solubility of precipitate, argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or
potassium thiocyanate & mercuric nitrate, precipitation indicators, Mohr‟s method,
Volhard‟s method and Fajan‟s method.

Unit-5: Gravimetric Analysis (9 hrs)

Precipitation techniques: supersaturation, co-precipitation, post precipitaiton. Colloidal
state, digestion and washing of the precipitate, filtration and ignition. Filter paper and
crucibles used for precipitate separation, thermogravimetric curves( pyrolysis curves) ,
specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as
calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, organic precipitants.

(12 hrs)

PHAR 124 Lab Pharmaceutical Analysis – practical

Minimum 8 experiments in the topics covered in theory.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Text Books of qualitative chemical analysis - ( Vogel‟s)

2. Quantitative analysis - (R.A. Day, Jr.A.L. Underwood)
3. Pharmaceutical drug analysis ( Ashutoshkar)

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 125 Anatomy and Physiology I [45 hours]

Unit-1: Introduction (2 hours)
Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic terminology used these subjects. Anatomical
planes, anatomical positions
Unit-2: Cell membrane and their function (4 hours)
Structure of cell, its components and their functions, body fluids, membrane physiology
through cell membrane, cell metabolism, membrane potential and neurotransmission and
muscle contraction mechanism.
Unit-3: Human Tissues and their function (4 hours)
Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
tissues, their sub-types and their characteristics.

Unit-4: Osseous System: (6 hours)

Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, classification of joints, terminologies of
movements of joints. Types of bone and it's feature, parts of long bone.

Unit-5: Skeletal Muscle: (5 hours)

Skeletal Muscles: Gross anatomy; physiology of muscle contraction, physiological
properties of skeletal muscles.

Unit-6: Haemopoietic System (6 hours)

Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and
their significance, mechanism of coagulation, disorders of platelets and coagulation.
Erythropoesis, coagulative factors.

Unit – 7: Lymph and Lymphatic System (4 hours)

Composition, formulation and circulation of lymph; basic physiology and functions of
spleen. Important group of lymph nodes (auxiliary, inguinal and others)
Unit – 8: Cardiovascular System (7 hours)
Basic anatomy of the heart, Physiology of heart, blood vessels and circulation. Basic
understanding of Cardiac cycle, heart sounds and understanding of cardiac cycle, heart
sounds and electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation.
Unit-9: Digestive System (7 hours)
Gross anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those
of liver, pancreas and gall bladder, various gastrointestinal secretions and their role in the
absorption and digestion of food. Gastro intestinal movement. Basic concept of
peritoneum.

PHAR 125 Lab Anatomy and Physiology I Practical

1. Study of human skeleton.

2. Study of different systems with the help of charts and models.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

3. Microscopic study of different tissues.

4. Estimation of hemoglobin in blood, blood grouping, Determination of bleeding time,

clotting time; R.B.C. Count, Total leucocytes count, D.L.C. and E.S.R.

5 Recording of body temperature, pulse rate and blood pressure, basic understanding of
Electrocardiogram-PQRST waves and their significance.

Books and Other resources Recommended

1. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.

2. C.C. Chatterjee: Human Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W. Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. T.W.A. Glenister and Jean R.W. Ross: Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses
5. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
6. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

THIRD SEMESTER

PHAR 211 Organic Chemistry-II [60 hours]

Unit -1: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (7 hours)

Introduction to Nucleophilic Substitution in aromatic compound. Comparison of

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution in aromatic & aliphatic substrate. Mechanism of
nucleophilic aromatic substitution:-
Bimolecular aromatic Nucleophilic substitution (SN Ar mechanism) Reactivity &
orientation in SN Ar rxn in aromatic substrate and Benzyne mechanism & its evidences.

Unit -2: Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds (4 hours)

Introduction to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Preparation of unsaturated carbonyl

compounds by Aldol condensation, Perkin reaction, from α- halo acids. (related to
pharmaceutically active product) Reactions:-Electrophilic addition, Nucleophilic addition,
Michael reaction and Diel‟s Alder reaction

Unit -3: Conservation of Orbital Symmetry:- (10 hours)

Concepts of molecular orbital with respect to same organic molecule. Concept to

conservation of orbital symmetry. Introduction to pericyclic reaction and its types (Electro
cyclic reaction. Cycloaddition reaction and Sigmatropic reaction).

Unit -4: Neighboring Group Effect:- (3 hours)

Effect of neighboring group in nucleophilic substitution. Stereochemistry of product.

Explain anchimeric assistance with examples.

Unit -5: Catalysis by Transition Metal Complexes:- (2 hours)

Role of transition metal complex in organic reaction. Role of Wilkinson Catalyst in

homogenous hydrogenation of alkenes & its stereochemistry. Role of octacarbonyldicobalt
in oxo process.

Unit -6: Stereo Selective & Stereo Specific Reaction:-(2 hours)

Introduction to stereo selective & stereo specific reaction. Difference between stereo
selective & stereo specific showing suitable examples.

Unit -7: Heterocyclic Compounds (12 hours)

Introduction to heterocyclic compounds. Preparation and properties of following
heterocyclic compounds- Five membered ring: pyrrole, furan & thiophane. Six membered
ring : pyridine (Basicity , Substitution rxn) Higher membered ring : Indole (2,3 -
Benzopyrrole), Quinoline 2,3 – Benzopyridine and
Isoquinoline.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit -8: Carbohydrate (8 hours)

Classification of Carbohydrate. Glucose: Mutarotation, various structure. Classification,

Sources & Structure of (Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose and starch). Amylose, Amylopection,
Cellulose. Chain lengthening reaction of aldoses : Killiani – fisher synthesis. Shortening of
carbon chain of aldoses : Ruf degradation and Formation of osazone.
Unit -9: Lipids: (4 hours)

Occurrance & composition of fats.Saponification of fats. Detergents. Hydrogenation of

oils. Phosphoglycerite and Phospholipids.

Unit -10: Proteins & Nucleic acids (5 hours)

Structure of Amino acids. Amino acid as dipolar ions. Isoelectric point of amino acid.
Preparation & peptide linkage. Protein and its classification. Structure of protein.
Denaturation of protein. Nucleic acid structure of DNA & RNA Watson & Crick model.

Unit -11: Uses and preparation of some new organic reagents used in drug synthesis:
(3 hrs)

Salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, quinoline, ethylacetoacetate, acetic anhydride, pyridine,

benzaldehyde, acetophenone, dimethylaniline, tosyl chloride, diphenyl, succinic
anhydride.

PHAR 211 Lab Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-II Practical

Synthesis and test of the following compounds (Minimum 8 experiments)

m-dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene, p-nitroacetanilide from Acetanilide , p-

bromoacetanilide from Acetanilide , Oxazolone from Benzoylglycine , Acetanilide from
Aniline , p- Benzanilide from benzophenone oxime (Beckmann‟s rearrangement), benzil
from benzoin, fluorescein from phthalic anhydride, Eosin from fluorescein, O-
chlorobenzoic acid from anthranilic acid (Sand mayer reaction), m-Dinitrobenzene from
nitrobenzene, 2, 5-Dioxopiperazine from Glycine. Diazonium Coupling Reaction of p-
Nitrobenzenediazonium sulfate and N,N -Dimethylaniline: Synthesis of p-(4-
nitrobenzeneazo)-N,N-dimethylaniline.

Systematic analysis of organic binary mixtures (Determination of Acid value of fixed oils,
Determination of Acid value of fixed oils, Determination of Saponification value of a
fixed oil, Determination of Acetyl value of a fixed oil. Stereochemical Study of Organic
Compounds via Models and R and S configuration of optical isomers.

Reference:
1. Vogel‟s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th Edition)
2. Modern Organic Synthesis: An introduction. George S. Zweifel and Michael H. Nantz

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

3. Problems in Organic Synthesis by Hasan Palandoken

4. Workbook for Organic Synthesis: Strategy and Control

5. Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition by Professor Michael B. Smith

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 212 Pharmacognosy III [45 hours]

Unit – 1: Evaluation of Herbal Drugs and Formulation (20 hours)

1.1.Development of analytical techniques for the estimation of markers present in the

Herbal and classical formulations.
1.2. Evaluation of Herbal drugs and formulations by Biological methods. General
animal models for screening of Herbal drugs and formulations.
1.3. Toxicological evaluations of herbal drugs and formulations. Methods and materials
for Acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity studies. Teratogenicity, mutagenicity and
carcinogenicity studies. WHO and other regulatory requirements for toxicological
evaluations.
1.4. WHO, Nepalese and Indian regulatory requirements of Clinical trials for herbal
formulations.
1.5. Techniques in estimation of enzymes and endogenous substances in body fluids
in physiological and pathological conditions.
1.6. Department of Drug Administration, (DDA) Nepal and Indian requirements
(Schedule T) and other regulatory requirements for the manufacturing of Herbal and
Ayurvedic products.
1.7. Comparative study of British herbal pharmacopeia Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of
India, Chinese, Japanese herbal pharmacopoeias, European pharmacopoeia, US
Formulary, W.H.O guidelines for herbal medicinal products.

Unit – 2: Global Trading of Herbs and herbal constituents. (10 hours)

Utilization and production of phytoconstituents such as Taxus resin, quinine, morphine,

Reserpine, Sennosides, Digitalis glycosides, Diosgenin and Atropine. Herb collection
centers around Nepal.

Worldwide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special refrence to
diosgenin,taxol,digitalis, tropane alkaloids containing plants, papain, cinchona, ipecac,
liquorice, ginseng, aloe, valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives.

Unit – 2: Study of traditional drugs (10 hours)

Common Vernacular name, Biological sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief

constituents, pharmacology, categories and common uses and toxicological activity of
marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari,
Tylophora, Bhilwa, Kalijiri, Vach, Rasna Punarnava, Chitrak, Apamarg, Gokhru,
Shankhpushpi, Brahmi, Methi, Lehsoun, Palash, Guggul, Gymnema, Shilajit, Tulsi,
Nagarmotha, Majith, Malkanguni and Neem.

Unit- 3: Alternative system of therapy. (5 hours)

Introduction and principals of Ayurvedic, Unani, Sidha and Homeopathic system of

medicine. Introduction to Ayurvedic dosages form: preparations and standardization of
Ayurvedic preparations such as Aristas, Asvas, Gutika, Tailas, Churnas, Lehyas and
Bhasmas.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 212 Lab Pharmacognosy III Practical

Extraction and Isolation of some important phyto constituent mentioned in the theory.
2. Extractions of volatile oil and their chromatographic profile.
3. Chromatographic studies of some important phytoconstituent.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Indiand pharmacopoea, Indian Herbal Pharmacopoea.
2. Ayurvedic Formulary of India.
3. Screening methods of Pharmacology By Robert turner
4. WHO guide lines for the quality control of Herbal plant materials
5. The Practical evaluation of Phytopharmaceuticals by Brain and Turner.
6. Thin layer chromatography by Egon stahl.
7. Drug Discovery & Evaluation by H.Gerhard Vogel
8. British Herbal Pharmacopeia
9. Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol-I, ICMR, New Delhi
10. Scheuer, P.J., Marine Natural Products. Academic Press, London.
11. Swain, T. Chemical Plant Taxonomy Academic Press, London.
12. Reinetert, J & Bajaj, Y.P.S. Applied and Fundamental aspects of plants cell, tissue
and organ culture Berlin.
13. Atal C.K. and Kapoor, B.M. cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants. R.R.L.
Jammu.
14. Barz, W., Reinhard, E. and Zerk, M.H. plant tissue culture and its Biotechnological
application. Springer, Berlin.
15. Chadha, K.L. and Gupta, R. advance in horticulture vol. II medicinal and aromatic
plants. Malhotra publishing house, New Delhi.
16. Export potential of selected medicinal plants; prepared by basic chemicals,
pharmaceuticals and cosmetic export promotion council, Mumbai and other reports.
17. Trease, G.E. and Evasn W.C. Pharmacognosy. Baillier, Tindall, Eastbourne, U.K.
18. Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. and Gokhale, Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, Pune.
19. Tyler, V.C., Brady, L.R., and Robers, Pharmacognosy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
20. Kalia, A.N. Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi.
21. Vyas and Dixit, Biotechnology, CBS Publishers New Delhi
22. Dewick, P.M, (2002) Medicinal Natural Products (II edition), John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 213 Pharmaceutical Analysis – II [60 hours]

Unit-1: Non-aqueous Titration (5 hrs)
Principle of non-aqueous titration; aprotic, protogenic, protophillic and amphiprotic
solvents; effect of temperature in non-aqueous titration; indicators in non-aqueous
titration; end point detection by potentiometry, titration of alkali metal salts of organic
acid, amines and amine salts of organic acid, halogen acid salts of bases and acidic
substances, preparation & standardization of standard perchloric acid & methoxide
solution, applications in assay of metronidazole, chloroquine phosphate, chlorpromazine
HCl

Unit-2: Complexometric Titration (7 hrs)

Theory of complexometric titration; chelating and sequestering agents; effect of pH on
complex formation; stability of complexes- stability constant, factors affecting stability
constant, absolute & effective stability constant; types of complexometric titrations; end
point detection using physical methods (spectrophotometric detection, potentiometric
titration, amperometric titration, high frequency titration) and pM indicators; pM
indicators, methods of increasing titrant selectivity-pH adjustment, use of selective
indicators, use of selective precipitants & use of masking and demasking agents; disodium
edetate titrations; application in determination of hardness of water, applications in assay
of calcium gluconate.

Unit-3: Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis (6 hrs)

Diazotisation titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer titration,
Oxygen flask combustion, Gasometric analysis.

Unit-4: Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients (4 hrs)

Nernst law, extraction efficiency & selectivity, factors influencing solvent extractions-
effect of temperature, inert solutes, pH, ion pair formation & synergestic extraction,
separation of drugs from excipients in pharmaceutical preparations- chloroquine phosphate
tablets, codeine tablets.

Unit-5: Chromatography (20 hrs)

Introduction, classification of chromatographic techniques, modes of separation,
distribution coefficient, retention volume, dead volume, retention time, dead time,
selectivity factor, capacity factor, resolution, chromatographic theories- plate theory & rate
theory, Sources of band broadening- eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion & non
equilibrium mass transfer, van Deemter equation.

Paper Chromatography

Principle, Migration parameters- Rf & hRf, Rm, Rx, types of paper chromatography-
ascending, descending, ascending-descending, radial & two dimensional chromatography,

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

choice of filter paper, developing solvent, detection method, applications of paper

chromatography.

TLC: Principle, Advantages of TLC over paper chromatography; steps in TLC- selection
of coating material, preparation of TLC plate, activation of plate, purification of plate,
sample application, selection of mobile phase, development of plate, detection of
components; Problems in TLC: Over-large Spots, Uneven Advance of Solvent Front and
Streaking, applications of TLC.

HPTLC: Comparison of HPTLC & TLC; HPLC & HPTLC; Principle, Instrumentation-
Sample applicator, Development Chamber, Scanner; Applications.

HPLC : Principle, Instrumentation: Solvent reservoir & degassing system, Solvent

programming, Pumps- reciprocating pump, syringe pump, constant pressure pumps,
Sample injection system, Columns, Bonded phase, Column switching, Detectors- bulk &
solute property detectors, Photometric detectors, fluorescence detectors, refractive index
detectors, electrochemical detectors; Elution methods: Gradient, Isocratic & Stepwise
elution; Internal Standard; Peak asymmetry, peak tailing & peak fronting; Ghost peaks,
System suitability test, Pharmaceutical applications of HPLC.

GC: Principle, Instrumentation-carrier gas supply & flow regulators, sample injection
system, detectors (ECD, FID, DTC, thermionic emission detector); Temperature
programming, Headspace analysis, pharmaceutical applications of GC; limitations of GC.

Column Chromatography: Principle, Applications, Ion Exchange Chromatography,

Principle, Cation exchanger, Anion exchanger, Ion exchange capacity; Suppressor column,
Pharmaceutical applications of IEC, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Principle; Gel
Permeation & Gel Filteration chromatography; Packing Material for column and Solvent;
Detector, Applications of SEC.

Unit-6: Potentiometry (5 hrs)

Reference electrodes (SHE, SCE, Silver- silver chloride electrode) and indicator
electrodes (metal electrodes-first, second, third & inert electrodes; membrane indicator
electrodes-glass electrode including its advantages & disadvantages); potentiometric
titrations-advantages, apparatus & methods of end point detection -graphical, differential
and Gran‟s plot; applications.

Unit-7: Conductometry (3 hrs)

Ohm‟s law, specific, molar & equivalent conductance, measurement of conductivity, cell
constant, conductometric titrations: acid-base titrations (SA vs.SB, SA vs. WB, WA
vs.SB, WA vs.WB, mixture of acids with strong base), applications of conductometry in
precipitation titrations, redox titration, complexometric titration; advantages of
conductometric titrations.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit-8: Coulometry (2 hrs)

Current efficiency, principle of coulometry, types of coulometric titration, coulometric
titrations, advantages & application of coulometric titration including application in Karl
Fischer titration.

Unit-9: Polarography (5 hrs)

Principle, instrumentation, residual current, migration current, diffusion current, limiting
current, equation of polarographic waves, Ilkovic equation, DME- advantages &
limitations; polarographic maxima, polarographic methods of analysis-direct comparison
method, use of calibration curves, internal standard or pilot ion method, quasi-absolute
method & standard addition method; pharmaceutical applications of polarography-
metronidazole & diazepam.

Unit-10: Amperometry (3 hrs)

Principle, Amperometric titration curves, Rotating platinum electrodes & its advantages,
Dead stop end point technique, Advantages of amperometry & Pharmaceutical
applications of amperometry.

PHAR 213 Lab Pharmaceutical Analysis– II Practical

Minimum 8 experiments in topics covered in theory.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler, Nieman, 5th Ed..Saunders

College Publishing
2. A Text book of Pharmaceutical Analysis by Kenneth A. Connors, 3rd Ed. John
Wiley & Sons
3. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by Galin W. Ewing, 5th Edition, N.C.
Graw-hill International Edition
4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis by Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle, CBS Publishers,
7th Edition
5. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds by Silverstein, Dassler, Morril,
5th Ed. John Willey & Sons inc.
6. Pharmaceutical Analysis: Modern Methods by James Monson, Marcel Dekker inc.
7. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I & II by A. H. Backett & Jacket Stanlake, 4th
Ed.. CBS Publishers
8. Indian, British & United State Pharmacopoeia.
9. P D Sethi Quantitative Analysis of Drugs in Pharmaceutical formulations.
10. Bochmman & Hassan, Pharmaceutical Analysis, edited by: Higuchi.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 214 Pharmaceutical Engineering I [45 hours]

Unit- 1: Introduction to Unit operation, (2 hours)

Law of conversion of matter, Law of conversion of energy, introduction to Gas Laws,
Dalton‟s law of partial pressure.
Unit- 2: Fluid Flow(10 hours)
Fluid Flow: Properties of fluid, Viscosity, Compressibility and Surface tension, static and
dynamic flow, fluid in motion, Bernoulli‟s theorem, Flow measurement and flow meters,
Laminar and Turbulent flow, Liquids in flow pipe, Significance of Reynolds‟ flow,
Reynolds‟s experiment and Reynolds number, flow of fluid through packed bed, pumps,
positive displacement pumps, centrifugal impeller pump, ,. Measurement of rate of flow of
liquids- measuring devices (Manometer, Orifice meter, venturimeter, Rota meter). Liquid
handling (transportation of fluids)- valves, pumps and pump impeller..Flow of purified
water in pharmaceutical manufacturing unit.

Unit- 3: Handling of solids (2 hours)

Sliding and flow of powder, Method for free flowing powder and granules, methods for
coheshive powders Bins, Vacuum and conveyor.

Unit- 4: Handling of steam and gas – Cylinder, steam traps, valves and pipes and pipe
handling system. (2 hours)

Unit- 5: Filtration and clarification (6 hours)

Mechanism (straining, impingement, entanglement, attractive force) , types of filtration ,
difference between surface and depth filtration and Theory of filtration (Poiseulle‟s
equation, Darcy‟s equation, Kozeny‟s-Carman Equation), factors influencing filtration,
filter media including materials (rigid media, flexible media) and filter aids, handling of
filter aids, and filtration equipments (Gravity filters, Vacuum filters, Pressure filters and
the centrifuge filters)

Unit- 6: Centrifugation (3 hours)

Theory and application, classification of centrifuge (sedimentation, filtration) and
equipment (perforated basket centrifuge, non-perforated basket centrifuge, short cycle
batch centrifuge, continuous horizontal centrifuge, Super centrifuge, conical disc
centrifuge).

Unit- 7: Crystallization (5 hours)

Theory and application, characteristics of crystals (geometry, habit, crystal lattice, crystal
systems), pharmaceutical solids (crystalline, amorphous,), polymorphs and isomorphs,
crystal hydrate and caking of crystals. Crystal hydrates and crystal solvates, Production of
very fine crystals, Production of large crystals. Crystallizers (Agitated batch crystallizers,
Swenson Walker Crystallizer, Krystal Crystallizer, vacuum crystallizer).

Unit- 8: Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) (8 hours)

Definition of Humidity, Absolute humidity, Relative humidity, specific humidity,

humidity chart and its utility, dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers. Dew point, methods of
dehumidification, Types of dehumediers, Approaches to dehumidification, heat
exchangers. HVAC terms, Application of HVAC in pharmaceutical unit – Air handling
42
Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

units (AHU), Factors that contribute to quality of pharmaceutical products. The

manufacturing environment is critical for product quality, Role of AHU for the reduction
of cross contamination, laminar and turbulent air flow. Refrigeration: Principle,
Refrigeration cycle and condensers.

Unit- 9: Material of construction (4 hours)

Factors affecting selection of material of construction( physical, chemical and

economical); Ferrous metal (including stainless steel – 202,304,316 and 316L), Alloys,
nonferrous metal (aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper lead, Tin ), Non-metals (inorganic-
glass – Types: soda lime, borosilicate glass, Pyrex, quartz, neutral, fiber glass with special
reference to glass for pharmaceutical use.) organic (rubber natural and synthetic(silicon
rubber) special reference to pharmaceutical use) and plastic (polymers)- Type of plastic:
Cellulose based plastic, Polystyrene and PVC, Nylon, Rubber, and their uses in Pharmacy.
Common plastic and special purpose plastic.

Unit- 10: Industrial Hazards and safety precautions (3 hours)

Hazards (mechanical, chemical, electrical, environmental, fire, noise abatement), dust

explosion personal protective equipments (masks, gloves, respirators, spectacles, suits).
Biological Hazard Protection, manmade hazards and Technological hazards; Fire and
types of fire extinguisher.

PHAR 214 Lab Pharmaceutical Engineering I Practical

1. Determination of water flow by a water pump.
2. Study of factors affecting filtration using filter media and/or aids.
3. Demonstration of centrifugation.
4. Study of crystallization behavior of Ibuprofen, Salicylic acid and sodium
carbonate.
5. Observation of HVAC.
6. Determination of humidity using dry and wet bulb thermometer. Learning the skill
of using thermometers and psychometric charts.
7. Observation of different construction materials focus to utensils, equipments and
machines.
8. Demonstration of different personal safety equipments.
Books and other resources Suggeted
1. Pharmaceutical Engineering –principles and practices by CVS Subrahamanyam, J
T Setty, S Suresh and V K Devi. Vallabh Prakashan Delhi.
2. Pharmaceutical Engineering by K Sambamurthy – New age international
publisher.
3. Theory and Practice of industrial Pharmacy by Lacman and Lieberman.
4. Unit Operation by Anthony J Hiki
5. Pharmaceutical Process scale-up: by Michel Levin- Marcel Dekker.
6. Pharmaceutical production facilities; design and application by Cole G- 2nd
edition Taylor Francis, 1998.
7. Pharmaceutical Process Engineering - Anthony J Hickey, Marcel Dekker 2001.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 215 Anatomy & Physiology II [45 hours]

Unit-1: Respiratory System (8 hours)

Anatomy of respiratory organs & its functions, respiration, mechanism and regulation of
respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity. Acid base balance and brief description
of respiratory system. Bronchopulmonary segments, nervous control of respiration, Basic
concept about hypoxia, anoxia, hyperventilation.

Unit-2: Central Nervous System (8 hours)

Functions of different parts of brain and spinal cord. Neurohurnoral transmission in the
central nervous system, reflex action, specialized functions of the brain, Cranial nerves
and their functions. C.S.F and it's route of transmission; Pyramidal tracts.

Unit-3: Autonomic Nervous System (6 hours)

Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system. Mechanism of neurohurmoral

transmission in the A.N.S.

Unit-4: Urinary System (5 hours)

Various parts, structures and functions of the kidney and urinary tract. Physiology of
urine formation and acid-base balance.

Unit-5: Reproductive System (4 hours)

Male and female reproductive systems and their hormones, physiology of menstruation,
spermatogenesis & oogenesis. Pregnancy its maintenance and parturition.

Unit-6: Endocrine System (5 hours)

Basic anatomy and physiology of Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid. Adrenals, Pancreas,

Testes and ovary, their hormones and functions.

Unit-7: Sense Organs (5 hours)

Basic anatomy and physiology of the eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell)
and skin (superficial receptors).
Unit-8: Body Temperature Regulation (4 hours)
Structure and function of skin, heat production and dissipation, nervous factors involved
in body temperature regulation.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 215 Lab Anatomy & Physiology II Practical

1. Study of different systems with the help of charts and models.

2. Microscopic studies of different tissues.

3. Simple experiments involved in the analysis of normal and abnormal urine: Collection
of specimen, appearance, and determination of pH, Sugars, proteins, urea and
creatinine.

4. Physiological experiments on nerve-muscle preparations.

5. Determination of vital capacity, experiments on spirometry.

Books and Other resources Recommended

1. Sujit K. Chaudhuri: Concise Medical Physiology.
2. C.C. Chatterjee: Human Physiology.
3. Kathleen J.W. Wilson Ross and Wilson: Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness
4. T.W.A. Glenister and Jean R.W. Ross: Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses
5. Arthur C. Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology.
6. Cyril A. Keele, Erie Neil, Norman Joels and Samson Wrights: Applied Physiology

45
 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

FORTH SEMESTER

PHAR 221 Biochemistry [ 45 hours]

Unit -1: Biochemical organization of the cell and transport process across cell membrane.
(1 hr)
Unit -2: The concept of free energy, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological
significance. (2 hrs)

Unit -3: Enzymes: Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism
of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis. (4 hrs)
Unit -4: Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose-1-
phosphate, Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation, gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, role of sugar nucleotides in
biosynthesis, and Pentosephosphate pathway. (6 hrs)
Unit -5: The Citric Acid Cycle: Significance, reactions and energetic of the cycle,
Amphibolic role of the cycle. (4 hrs)
Unit -6: Lipids Metabolism: Oxidation of fatty acids, β-oxidation & energetic, α-oxidation,
-oxidation, Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, Biosynthesis of saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid (6 hrs)
Unit -7: Biological Oxidation: Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation, reduction
& its control, respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, Inhibitors of
respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
(6 hrs)
Unit -8: Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing Monomers: Nitrogen
balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino
acids. Formation of bile pigments, hyperbilirubinemia, Purine biosynthesis, Purine
nucleotide interconversion. (6 hrs)
Unit -9: Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids: Brief introduction of genetic organization of the
mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of
DNA and RNA. (4 hrs)
Unit -10: Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis: Genetic code, Components of protein
synthesis, and Inhibition of protein, synthesis. Brief account of genetic engineering and
polymerase chain reactions. Regulation of gene expression. (6 hrs)

PHAR 221 Lab Biochemistry Practical

Proposed topics for practical

1. Preparation of standard buffers (citrate, phosphate and carbonate) and measurement of

pH.
2. Titration curve for amino acids.
3. Separation of amino acids by two dimensional paper chromatography and gel
electrophoresis.
4. Separation of lipids by TLC.
5. Separation of serum proteins by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.
6. Quantitative estimation of amino acids.
7. Quantitative estimation of proteins.
8. Determination of glucose by means of the enzyme glucose oxidase.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

9. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen by alpha- and beta- amylases.

10. Isolation and determination of RNA and DNA.
11. Effect of temperature on the activity of alpha-amylase.
12. Estimation of SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphotase and Bilirubin in the serum.

Books and other resources recommended

1. Conn, E.E. and Stump, P.K. Outlines of Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Jayaraman, J. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi
3. Lehninger, A.L. Biochemistry, Worth Publisher, Inc.
4. Plumer, D.T. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
5. Harper‟s Biochemistry, Lange Publishing Group.
6. Harrow, B and Mazur, A. Textbook of Biochemistry. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
7. Lehninger, A.L. Principles of Biochemistry. CBS Publishers.
8. Martin, D.W., Mayos, P.A. and Redwell, V.M. Harper‟s Biochemistry. Lange Medical
Publications.
9. Mussay, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayos, P.A. and Redwell, V.M. Harper‟s Biochemistry.
Prentice-Hall International.
10. Ramarao Textbook of Biochemistry UBSPD.
11. Stryer, L. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Fransisco.

47
Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 222 Chemistry of Natural Products [45 hours]

Unit-1: Introduction (6 hrs)

Introduction to natural product chemistry, primary & secondary metabolites &

fundamental metabolic pathways–the acetate, shikimate, mevalonate, and
deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways.

Unit-2: Application of chromatographic & spectroscopic techniques. (4 hrs)

Unit-3: Terpenoids(8 hrs)

Chemistry and pharmacological activity of medicinally important monoterpenes

(limonene, menthol), sesquiterpenes (zingiberene), diterpenes (taxol, forskolin,
phorbol, steviol) and triterpenoids (fusidic acid), biogenetic relationship among
monoterpenes.

Unit-4: Carotenoids (4 hrs)

Chemistry & pharmacological activity of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, Vitamin A &

medicinally important xanthophylls-capsorubin & capsanthin.

Unit-5: Glycoside (6 hrs)

Chemistry, biosynthesis (those marked with * only) & pharmacological activity of

digitoxin*, digoxin*, hecogenin, sennosides, diosgenin* and sarsapogenin.

Unit-6: Alkaloids (10 hrs)

Chemistry, biogenesis (those marked with * only) and pharmacological activity of

atropine* and hyoscine*, quinine*, reserpine*, morphine*, papaverine*, ephedrine*,
ergot, and vinca alkaloids.

Unit-7: Lignans (7 hrs)

Chemistry and pharmacological activity of medicinally important lignans (lignans of

Podophyllum spps, Piper cubeba & Linum usitatissimum); flavanoids (flavanoids of
Ginkgo biloba-Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myricetin ; Liquorice-Liquirtin, Liquirtigenin)
and quassanoids (Quassia wood).

PHAR 222 Lab Chemistry of Natural Products Practical

1. Laboratory experiments on isolation, separation, and purification of various
groups of chemical constituents of pharmaceutical significance.

2. Exercises on paper and thin layer chromatographic evaluations of herbal drug

constituents.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Books recommended

1. Paul M Dewick Medicinal Natural Products-A Biosynthetic Approach 3rd Edition.

2. Trieber, Quantitative TLC & industrial Application.
3. Vepoorte Swendson – Chromatography of alkaloids.
4. V K Srivastava – Introduction to Chromatography – Theory and Practice.
5. Harbone – Phytochemical Methods of Chemical Analysis.
6. Ara Dermarderosia – The Review of Natural Products.
7. H F Liskens and J F Jacksons- Modern Method of Plant Analysis- HPLC in Plant
Science.

49
Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 223 Pharmaceutical Engineering II [45 hours]

Unit 1: Heat Transfer: Sources of heat (steam and electricity, Mechanism of heat transfer
(conduction, convection and radiation), Conduction: Fourier‟s law, Conduction through
Single Metal Wall, Compound resistances in series, heat flow throug a cylinder;
Convection: Temperature gradient in forced circulation; Radiation: Black body, Grey
Body Fourier Law (heat flow through a metal wall and through a cylinder); equipments
(heat exchangers and interchangers); Heat exchangers: tubular heater, multi pass heater;
Heat interchangers: Baffles, liquid to liquid interchanger, double pipe heat interchanger,
Numerical on heat transfer [6 hours ]

Unit 2: Evaporation: Introduction, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators:- tube

evaporators (horizontal and vertical), film evaporators (Rising film and falling film),
Forced Circulation Evaporator, multiple effect evaporators. [4 hr]

Unit 3: Drying: Definition, pharmaceutical application of drying, theory of drying (drying

equation), terms used in drying process (bound water, unbound water, equilibrium
moisture content, measurement of EMC, free moisture content, loss on drying, percentage
moisture content, drying rate), behaviours of solids during drying (drying rate curves) ,
Classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries:- Tray Dryer,
Spray Dryer, Fluidised Bed Dryer, Vacuum Dryer, Freeze Dryer and drum dryer,
Numerical on drying [6 hrs]

Unit 4: Distillation: Definition, application, theory of distillation (Raoult‟s law, Dalton's

law, phase diagrams, volatility), general equipments for distillation ( still, condenser,
receiver), Distillation methods( simple distillation, flash distillation, fractional distillation,
principle of working of fractionating column, packed column & plate column (bubble cap
plates), azeotropic and Extractive distillation, steam distillation, distillation under reduced
pressure, rectification), molecular distillation, destructive distillation, compression
distillation, calculation of theoretical plates (Mc. cabe-thiele method), Equipments,
production of WFI in pharmaceutical industries. [6 hours]

Unit 5: Size Reduction and size seperation: Definition, pharmaceutical application of

size reduction, factors affecting size reduction/selection of size reduction equipments, laws
of size reduction (Rittinger‟s Law, Kick‟s Law and Bond theory), mechanism of size
reduction (cutting, compression, impact and attrition), Size reduction equipments (cutter
mill, roller mill, hammer mill, edge and end runner mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill and
colloid mill) [5 hours]

Size Separation: Introduction, Official standards for powders (powder grades according
to IP/BP), sieve analysis using sieve shaker (Sieve size BSS standards), equipments for
size separation (Sieving and Screening equipments:- shaking screens, cyclone separator,
air separator and bag filter) [3 hours]

Unit 6: Mixing: Theory of mixing, applications, mechanism of mixing in solids, degree

of mixing (Perfect mixing, Alternative to mixing (Random & ordered Mixing)) and
statistical evaluation, factors influencing mixing, equipments for solid mixing ( double
cone blender, Ribbon blender, sigma blade blender, planetary mixer, barrel type
continuous mixer, zigzag continuous blender); Mixing of liquids:- mechanism, mixing

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

vessels( baffles) and devices ( propeller, turbines, paddles), flow pattern during mixing,
vortex formation and its prevention, equipments for continuous mixing ( air jet mixers
and jet mixer ) ; Mixing of immiscible liquids- emulsification (equipments: -Silverson
Mixer, colloid mill and ultrasonic emulsifier). Mixing of semi-solids (equipments:- Triple
roller mill). [6 hours]

Unit 7: Automated Process Control Systems - definition, history, advantage and

disadvantage, Automation tools, automated manufacturing, introduction to PID controller,
control panel and PLC. CAM- introduction, origin, advantage and disadvantage,
Introduction and list of Computer added techniques and devices, five basic Technologies
that adopted for CAM, introduce Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System
Architecture and Manufacturing process management [5 hours]

Unit 8: Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions:

Chemical reactors- introduction and type, important process variables of chemical
reactors, aspects of the CSTR, Plug Flow Reactor, Semi-batch reactor, Catalytic reactor,
microreactor and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactors. [4 hours]

PHAR 223 Lab Pharmaceutical Engineering II Practical.

1. Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient
2. Determination of rate of evaporation.
3. Two experiments on distillation.
4. Determination of drying rate and verification of drying curve.
5. Experiments on milling of solid
6. Experiments on sieve analysis.
7. Demonstration of mixing of solids
8. Demonstration of mixing of miscible liquids and study of vortex formation during
liquid mixing.
9. Demonstration of mixing of immiscible liquids
10. Demonstration of APCS.

Books and Other Resouces Suggested

1. Pharmaceutical Engineering –principles and practices by CVS Subrahamanyam, J
T Setty, S Suresh and V K Devi. Vallabh Prakashan Delhi.
2. Pharmaceutical Engineering by K Sambamurthy – new age international publisher.
Reference Books

1. Theory and Practice of industrial Pharmacy by Lachman and Lieberman.

2. Unit Operation by Anthony J Hiki
3. Pharmaceutical Process scale-up: by Michel Levin- Marcel Dekker.
4. Pharmaceutical production facilities; design and application by Cole G- 2nd edition
Taylor Francis, 1998.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 224 Pharmaceutical Microbiology [45 hours]

Unit -1: Introduction (2 hours)

History, branches of microbiology and importance of pharmaceutical microbiology.

Contribution of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur and Alexander
Fleming.

Unit -2: Structure of bacterial cell. (8 hours)

Microscopy– Principle and description of light microscopes and electron microscope.

Structure of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells and their comparison. Theory of staining,
simple, Gram‟s, acid fast, negative, flagella and spore staining methods. Classification of
microbes and their taxonomy. Actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and
viruses. Nutrition, culture media, cultivation, isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi,
viruses. Microbial genetics and mutation.
Unit -3: Control of Microbial Growth (2 hours)

Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and

antiseptics and their evaluation. Sterilization, different methods of sterilization, validation
of sterilization methods & equipments. Introduction to microbiology of water.
Bacteriological examination for assessment of the quality of water. Microbial limit tests
for E. coli and Pseudomonas.

Unit -4: Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products (8 hours)

General methodology, Method of membrane filtration, Method of direct transfer, Negative

product control test, Media for use in sterility testing, diluents, solvents and wash solution
for use in sterility testing. Sterility testing environment. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)
Test, introduction to aseptic technique.

Unit -5: Immunity (8 hours)

Immunity: Definition of antigen and antibody, types of antigens and antibodies,

classification of immunoglobulin, types of immunity.
Antigen-antibody reactions (agglutination, precipitation, neutralization and complement
fixation). Types of Hyper sensitivity reactions.
Definition of infection, non-specific defense mechanisms, bacterial toxins, virulence and
virulence factors and attenuation.
Unit -6: Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids. (10 hours)

Principles and Methods involved in Assay of Antibiotics, Vitamins, Amino acids & Bio-
Sensors in Analysis.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 224 Lab Pharmaceutical Microbiology Practical

Experiments devised to prepare various types of culture media, sub culturing of common
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungus and yeast, various staining methods, various
methods of isolation and identification of microbes, sterilization techniques and their
validation, evaluation of antiseptics and disinfectants, testing the sterility of
pharmaceutical products as per pharmacopoeial requirements, microbial assay of
antibiotics and vitamins.
Proposed List of experiments:

1. Preparation of nutrient broth; 2. Preparation of nutrient agar; 3. Inoculation of bacteria;

4. Isolation of pure cultures; 5. Simple staining; 6. Gram‟s staining; 7.Motility of bacteria;
8. Spore staining; 9. Oligodynamic action of copper; 10. Liquefaction of gelatin; 11.
Starch hydrolysis; 12. Nitrate reduction; 13. H2S production 14. Phenol coefficient; 15.
Chick Martin coefficient; 16. Viable count; 17. Fermentation of carbohydrates; 18.
Microbiology of water;
19. Microbiology of milk; 20. Antibiotic sensitivity test; 21. Morphology of yeast, fungi
and actinomycetes. 21. Sterility testing
Books and other resources Recommended
1. Microbiology by Pelczar, M.J. Reid, R.D. and Chan, E.S. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd.;
2. Medical microbiology edited by Robert Cruick Shank. ELBS edition;
3. Pharmaceutical microbiology by Harrish M. Baillere, Tindal and Co., London;
4. Pharmaceutical microbiology edited by Hugo and Russel, P.g. publishing
company Ltd., New Delhi.
5. 1 Heritage,J Introductory Microbiology.
6. Nester, Anderson, Roberts, Pearsall, Microbiology, McGraw-Hill.
7. Hugo,W B Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
8. Tortora, Gerard Text Book of Microbiology.
9. E.A Rawlins, Betley‟s Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Latest edition.
10. Garg,F C Experimental Microbiology
11. Gaud, R.S Practical Microbiology
12. Recommendations for Sterility Testing- http://www.picscheme.org
13. USP Sterility Testing USP <71>
14. TGA guidelines for sterility testing of therapeutic goods.
15. Denyer SP et al. : Filtration Sterilization : In Principles and Practice of
Disinfection,Preservation and Sterilization (ed. Russell AD et al.) Blackwell
Scientific Publications,Oxford (UK), Latest edition.
16. Hugo WB and Russell AD : Pharmaceutical Microbiology, PG Publishing Pvt.
Ltd., Singapore,3rd edn, Latest edition.
17. Indian Pharmacopoeia: Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi, Vol. II,
1996 and 2007.
18. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, New York, Vol.–1, 21st. edn, 2006.
19. 20. Interference with the LAL Test and How to Address It, LAL Update, October
2005.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 225 - Pharmacology I [60 Hours]

Part -1: General Pharmacology

Unit-1: Introduction to Pharmacology:

Terms used in Pharmacology, Drug nomenclature (0.5 Hr.)

Unit-2: Sources of drugs:

Plant, Animal, Microorganism, Mineral, Inorganic, Synthetic and laboratory (genetic) source with
examples from each source.

Dosage forms: Classification of different dosage forms with examples. (1 Hr.)

Unit-3: Route of drug administration:

Factors governing choice of route of drug administration, Classification (Local and systemic),
Advantages and disadvantages of various routes of drug administration, Characteristics of Topical
and Systemic routes (Oral and Parenteral) (1.5 Hr.)

Unit-4: Pharmacokinetics: (8 Hrs.)

Absorption:

Introduction to biological membranes, Drug transport processes, (including Passive diffusion,

Filtration, Specialized transport, Facilitated diffusion and Pinocytosis).

Factors affecting absorption, Bioavailability (Chemical equivalent and Biological equivalent),

Distribution:

Apparent volume of distribution (Vd), Significance of high and low Vd, Conditions altering Vd,
Redistribution, penetration into brain and cerebrospinal fluid, Passage across placenta, Plasma
protein binding and its significance, examples of few clinically important displacement
interactions.

Metabolism (Biotransformation):

Definiton of first pass metabolis, sites and consequences of drug metabolism, Types with examples
(Phase I and Phase II reaction), enzyme inhibition and its consequence (in brief) and use, First pass
metabolism and its attributes.

Excretion:

Routes (renal and non-renal) of excretion of drugs with few examples.Plasma half-life and its
importance, Clearance Loading dose and Maintenance dose, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and its
indications, Fixed dose Combination (Advantage and Disadvantage)

Unit-5: Pharmacodynamics: (9 hrs)

Introduction, Principles of drug action, Mechanism of drug action, Action through enzymes
(Enzyme inhibition and its type using suitable examples).

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Action through receptors, Terms used in describing drug-receptor interaction, Receptor occupation
theory, Two-state receptor model, nature of receptors, Receptor sub-types, Action-effect sequence.

Transducer mechanisms (G-protein coupled receptors, Receptors with intrinsic ion channels,
Enzyme linked receptors, receptors regulating gene expression), regulation of receptors, Functions
of receptors,

Dose-response relationship (dose response curve), therapeutic index, Drug potency and efficacy,
Selectivity, Risk-benefit ratio, combined effects of drugs.

Tolerance and dependence:

Definition of tolerance and its types (Natural and Acquired), Mechanism of development of
tolerance (Pharmaokinetic Tolerance, Pharmacodynamic Tolerance, Cross tolerance,
Tachyphylaxis), Drug dependence and its types, Drug abuse, addiction and habituation, Drug
withdrawal reactions. (2 hrs)

Pharmacogenetics:

Definition and introduction. Explanation using suitable examples (0.5 hr)

Basic and clinical pharmacokinetics:

Order of reaction (equation only, NO derivation required), Concept and graph for one and two
compartment model.

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic parameters (Vd, Cl and T1/2). (1 hr)

Adverse drug reaction and treatment of poisoning:

Definition and types of ADR, Predisposing factors, Mechanism of ADR types (in brief),
Hypersensitivity and its types, Route of exposure and general method of treatment of poisoning.

(2 hrs)

Unit-6: Bioassay of drug and Biological standardization:

Concept and purpose of bioassay, type and techniques of bioassay assessment. (2 hrs)

Unit-7: Discovery and development of new drugs:

Various phases of clinical trials (1 hr)

Part -2: Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System (15 hours)

Unit-8: Neurohumoral transmission

Classification, Mechanism of action, Side-effects, Contraindications, Precautions and doses of

commonly used drugs:

Differences between Sympathetic, Parasympathetic Nervous system. Steps Involved in

Neurotransmission. Cholinergic Transmission. Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Adrenergic Transmission. Adrenergic Receptors. Prejunctional Regulation of Norepinephrine

Release.

Unit-9: Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics:

Classification, Mechanism of action, Side-effects, Contraindications, Precautions and doses of:

Acetylcholine, Carbachol, Pilocarpine, Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Organophosphate,

Pralidoxime. Atropine, Scopolamine, Hyoscine.

Unit-10: Sympathomimetics and Sympatholytics:

Adrenaline, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Isoprenaline, Dopamine, Dobutamine, Clonidine,

Salbutamol (Albuterol), Salmeterol, Formoterol, Terbutaline and Amphetamine, Prazosin,
Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Propranolol, Methyldopa, Timolol, Atenolol and Metoprolol.

Ganglionic stimulant: Pilocarpine

Ganglionic blocker: Hexamethonium, Mecamylamine, Trimethaphan, Nicotine

Unit-11: Neuromuscular blocker and Local anaesthetic:

Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, Succinylcholine (depolarizing), Tizanidine. Procaine, lidocaine,

Bupivacaine, Topical anesthesia (surface), Infiltration, Plexus block, Epidural (extradural) block
and Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block).

Part 3: Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System (16 hours)

Neurohumoral transmission in the CNS:

Classification, Mechanism of action, Side-effects, Contraindications, Precautions and doses of

commonly used drugs.Steps in neurohumoral transmission.

Unit-12: General anesthetics:

Stages of General Anesthesia, Types and ideal characteristics

Mechanism of action, indication, ADRs, C/I, Doses of commonly used GAs ( Halothane,
Isoflurane, Nitrous oxide, Ketamine, Thiopental)

CNS Stimulants: Methylxantines, Doxapram, Amphetamine.

Unit-13: Alcohol and Disulfiram

Effect of alcohol in CNS, kidney and Liver. Use of Disulfiram for alcohol withdrawal,
Recommended dose, Precautions, Side-effects, Potential interaction.

Unit-14: Anxiolytics, Sedative and hypnotics:

BZDs: Alprazolam, Diazepam, lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide. Phenobarbital: Phenobarbitons.

Unit-15: Drugs used as:

Anti-psychotics: Haloperidol, Clozapine.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Anti-depressants: Fluoxetine, Duloxetine, Bupropion, Amitriptylline, Imipramine, Nortriptyline,

Mood Stabilizers: Valproate semi-sodium, Lithium salts.

Anti-epileptic drugs: Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Oxcarbazepine, and Topiramide . .

Anti-Parkinsonian drugs: Levodopa, Carbidopa, Selegiline.

. PHAR 225 Lab Pharmacology –I Practical

1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.

2. Preparation of different solutions for experiments.
3. Drug dilution, use of molar and W/V solutions in experimental pharmacology.
4. Common laboratory animals and anesthetics used in animal studies.
5. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
6. Some common and standard techniques. Bleeding and intravenous injection,
intragastric administration procedure for rendering animal‟s unconscious, stunning
or redents, pithing of frogs, chemical anesthesia.
7. Experiments on intact preparation :
8. Study of different route of administration of drugs in mice/rats.
9. To study the effect of hepatic microsomal enzyme inhibitors and introduction of
the Pentobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
10. Evaluation of local anesthetics.
11. To study the effect of autonomic drugs on rabbit eye.
12. To study the effect of various agonists and antagonists and their characterization
using isolated preparation like frogs rectus abdominus muscle and isolated ileum
preparation of rat, guinea pig

Books Recommended:
1. C.R.Craig and R.E.Stitzel: Modem Pharmacology
2. Theodore W.Rall, Alan S.Nies and Palmer Taylor: Goodman Gilman's : The
Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics by Alfred Goodman Gilman.
3. D.R.Laurence and P.N.Bennett: Clinical Pharmacology.
4. K.D.Tripathi: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology.
5. R.S.Satoskar and S.D.Bhandarkar: Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
6. F.S.K. Barar: Essentials of Pharmacotherapeuties.
7. H.P.Rang and M.M.Dale: Pharmacology.
8. James Crossland: Lewis's Pharmacology, revised.
9. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Edinburgh University
Pharmacology Staff,
1968.
10. Robert A.Turner and Peter Hebbom: Screening methods in Pharmacology, Vol.1
edited
11. S.K.Kulkarni: Handbook of experimental Pharmacology
12. M.N.Ghosh: Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology
13. lan Kitchen: Text book of invitro Pharmacology
14. U.K.Sheth, N.K.Dadkar, Usha G.Kamat: Selected topics in Experimental
Pharmacology
7. K. K. Pillai: Experimental Pharmacology, CBS, Delhi.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

FIFTH SEMESTER
PHAR 311 Medicinal Chemistry I (60 hours)

Unit- 1: Physicochemical parameters, transducer mechanism, biotransformation &

prodrug – (8hrs)

1.1 Solubility, Partition coefficient, pKa & degree of ionization, Isomerism (Geometrical,
Optical) & bioactivity, Bioisosterism (classical/non classical)
1.2 Types of Drug-receptor interaction, transduction mechanism (G-protein coupled
receptor, ligand gated ion receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor, intracellular receptor)
1.3 Biotransformation (phase I and Phase II - conjugation)
1.4 Prodrug

Unit- 2: Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical Aspects): (7 hours)

2.1.Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship: Introduction, QSAR Parameters, QSAR

Methods, Linear & nonlinear relationship between Log P and Biological activity,
Electronic parameters, Steric substituent constant,effect of electronic and steric parameters
on lipohilicity, Experimental determination of partition coefficients, Methods used in
QSAR studies, achievements & limitation of QSAR and introduction to molecular
modeling. Introduction to Computer aided drug designing (CADD).
2.2. Introduction to Hansch equation, Craig plot, Topliss scheme & Free-Wilson
approach

Study of the following classes of compounds including their chemical classification,

structure and nomenclature, physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, structure
activity relationship (SAR),uses and outline of synthesis (of compounds with star).

Unit- 3: Cholinergic receptors and Drug Affecting Cholinergic Neurotransmission (8

hours).
3.1 Cholinomimetics: Cholinergic receptors, Acetylcholine – biosynthesis and release,
SAR, Classification of Cholinomimetics, Structure, Synthesis, property and use of
Methacholine*, Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine*, Donepezil,
Organophosphate Poisoning and reactivation of phosphorylated Cholinestarase.

3.2 Anticholinergics: Natural Belladonna alkaloids (Atropine sulphate), Semi synthetic

alkaloids (Ipratropium bromide), Synthetic substitutes –Tropicamide*,
Dicyclomine*, Trihexyphenidyl HCl* and Pirenzepine. Drotaverine as
antispasmodic.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit- 4: Adrenergic receptors and Drug Affecting Adrenergic Neurotransmission (8

hours).

4.1 Adrenomimetics- Adrenoreceptors, Dopamine, Epinephrine*, Phenylephrine,

Terbutaline, Salmeterol, Isoproterenol, Resorcinol, Metaproterenol,
Albuterol*(Salbutamol), Phenylephrine, indirect acting (Amphetamine, L-(+)-
Pseudoephedrine,), adrenergics with mixed mechanism of action (Ephedrine,
phenylpropanolamine). Nasal Decongestant – Phenylpropanolamine,
Phenylepherine, Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline.

4.2 Antiadrenergics: α- Adrenergic blockers (ergometrine, Prazosin, Terazosin and

Tamsulosin). - Adrenergic blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol.
Unit- 5: Antihistaminic and Antiulcer (4 hours)
5.1 H1 receptors antagonist –Diphenhydramine*, Tripelennamine, Methapyrilene,
Chlorcyclizine, Promethazine, Terfenadine; Astemizole; Loratadine, Triprolidine,
Cetirizine, Chlorpheniramine Maleate*; Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride.

5.2 H2 receptors antagonist- structure, Cimetidine, Ranitidine and Famotidine.

5.3 Proton Pump Inhibitors; structure, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole and
Esmoprazole.Sucralfate and Bismuth salts.
Unit- 6: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Agents and Neuromuscular blockers: (4
hours)
6.1. Salicylate, Arylacetic acids, Propionic acids, Fenamic Acid, Pyrazoles and Enolic
acid, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid, Indomethacin, Ibuprofen*, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac,
Naproxen, Piroxicam, Ketorolac, Acetaminophen*, Mefenamic acid, Phenylbutazone.

6.2. Skeletal Muscle relaxants: Tubocurarine chloride, Succinylcholine*, Pancuronium,

Baclofen, Danthroline, Tizanidine and Chlorzoxazone.

Unit- 7: Oxytocics and Prostaglandin (2 hours)

Structure, property and uses of - Oxytocin, Ritodrine, Isoxsuprine.Prostaglandins
F2, Prostaglandin E2, Prostaglandin E1, Carboprost, Misoprostol, Bimatoprost.
Unit – 8: Steroids (4 hours)

Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Beclomethasone, Budesonide, Prednisolone*,

Methylprednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Fluticasone and
Mometasone. Estrogens (Estradiol, Diethylstilbistrol), Progesterone, Testesterone,

Unit-9: CVS Drugs (11 hours).

9.1 Cardiac glycosides (Digoxin), Glyceryl nitrate, Propranolol.

9.2 Antihypertensive agents: Reserpine, Prazosin, Terazosin, Clonidine, Hydralazine*,
Sodium Nitroprusside*, Minoxidil, Captopril, Enalapril, Losartan, Nifedipine.
9.3 Diuretics: Acetazolamide*, Hydrochlorothiazide*, Frusemide, Spironolactone and
Mannintol.
9.4 Anticoagulants: Heparin and Warfarin.
9.5 Antiplatelate drugs: Aspirin, Dipyridamol, Streptokinase.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit – 10: Local anti-infective agents (2 Hours)

Ethyl Alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, formaldehyde,: phenols, cresol, hydrogen
peroxide, povidine iodine, halozone, Chlorhexidine gluconate, Gentian violet,
Nitrofurazone, Merbromin. Salicylic acid and benzoic acid.

Unit-11: Sulphonamides (2 Hours)

General structure of sulphonamides, and MOA, Classification and SAR,
Sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim combination (MOA and uses), Sulphadimethoxin,
Sulfacetamide and silver sulphadiazine.

PHAR 311 Lab Medicinal Chemistry II Practical (Minimum 8 experiments)

Synthesis & pharmacopoeial analysis of some medicinal compounds:

 Hexamine
 Dibenzalacetone
 Barbituric acid from Diethyl Malonate
 Benzoic acid from Benzyl chloride
 Benzimidazole from o-phenylenediamine (Phillip‟s Reaction)
 Acetanilide from acetophenone
 P-amino benzoic acid (P-ABA) from P-nitrobenzoic acid
 Benzocaine from para- nitro benzoic acid
 Benzyl alcohol by Cannizoro's reaction
 Benzoylglycine from Benzaldehyde
 Benzoyl Alanine from Benzoyl Chloride.

Books nd other resources recommended:

1. Block JH, Beale JM, editor. Wilson and gisvold‟s textbook of organic medicinal
and pharmaceutical chemistry. 11th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
2004.
2. Lemke TL, Williams DA, editor. Foye‟s principles of medicinal chemistry. 6th ed.
New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
3. Kadam Dr. SS et al. – Principles of Medicinal Chemistry Vol. I and II.Nirali
Prakashan, India.
4. Abraham DJ, editor. Burger‟s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 6th ed.
Vol 1-6. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
5. Hansch C, editor. Hansch‟s comprehensive medicinal chemistry, Delhi: Rajkamal
Electronic Press; 2005.
6. Ariens EJ, editor. Drug design vol. I-X. Noida: Academic Press; 2009.
7. Roth HJ, Kleemann A. Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vol-I. Drug synthesis. New
York: Ellis Horwood Limited; 1988.
8. Lednicer D, Mitscher LA, The organic chemistry of drug synthesis, Volume-1-6.
New York: A wiley-interscience publication; 2005.
9. Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy. 21st ed., vol. I & II, Lippincatt
Willams & Wilkings, New Delhi, 2005.
10. Smith & Williams. Introduction to principles of drug design-Harwood academic
press.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 312 Pharmaceutical Technology I (45 hours)

Unit- 1. Liquid Dosage Forms: (13 hrs)
Liquid dosage forms and route of administration, advantages and disadvantages of liquid
dosage forms. (0.5 hrs)
Solutions: Solvents, Buffers, Viscosicity enhancers and density modifiers, Antioxidants,
Reducing agents, Flavors and Fragrance, Isotonicity modifiers, Types of Oral solutions,
General method of solution manufacturing. (3.5 hrs)
Suspension: Ideal properties of pharmaceutical suspension, Types, Theory of suspension,
Theory of sedimentation, Electrical double layer and Zeta potential, DLVO theory of
colloidal stability, flocculated and deflocculated suspension, Method of floccules
formation, controlled flocculation, structured vehicle formulation, Wetting agents,
suspending and thickening agents. Dispersing agents, flocculating agents. Taste mask of
oral suspension. Quality control and pharmacopeial tests. Recent advances in suspension
formulation – Sustain released suspension, Nanosuspension. (6 hrs)

Emulsion: Type, test for identification of emulsion type, emulsifying agents, stability of
emulsion, preservation of emulsion, method of preparation, quality control including
pharmacopeial tests. (3 hrs)

Unit- 2: Semisolid Dosage Forms (8 hrs):

Ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms, Types (Ointment, Cream, Gels- hydrogel,
organo gel, oleo gel, stimuli responsive hydrogel, poultices, suppositories and passerines,
Trans dermal patch). Precutaneous absorption, Factors affecting precutaneous absorption,
Physiological and pathological condition of skin, formulation of semisolids, Bases types
and gelling agents, method of manufacturing. Permeation enhancement (Physical and
chemical permeation enhancers) and quality controls including pharmacopeial tests.

Unit -3: Suppositories (3 hrs):

Type, uses, Type of bases, Factor affecting drug absorption from rectal and vaginal
suppositories ideal suppository base, Methods of manufacturing, , quality control
including pharmacopeial tests.

Unit-4: Extraction and Galenical products (3 hrs):

Scope, importance, theory of extraction process, infusion, decoction. Digestion,
maceration, Percolation. Factors affecting extraction process.

Unit- 5: Pharmaceutical aerosols (3 hrs)

– Advantage, component of aerosol, Manufacturing methods, filling (Cold filling, Pressure
filling, compressed gas filling), stability testing, Quality control and pharmacopeial tests.

Unit- 6: Ophthalmic preparations (7 hrs):

Challenges of ocular drug delivery, pharmacokinetic consideration, formulation
consideration, Physiochemical properties of drug used in ophthalmic dosage form, Buffer
capacity, pH and isotonicity, instillation volume, Osmotic pressure, formulation approach,
Classical dosage forms (solution, suspension, ointments). Introduction to polymeric

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

delivery system (viscosity enhancing polymers, Mucoadhesive polymer in situ gelling

system), Introduction to colloidal drug delivery system (Nanoparticles, liposome,
niosomes, microparticles), Introduction to delivery approach (Prodrug, penetration
enhancers, cyclodextrin and ocular inserts).

Unit- 7: Cosmetology (8 hrs):

Definition (general and medical cosmetics), Types of cosmetics, Organ wise and body site
wise cosmetics, Introduction to skin types. Sunscreens (mention UVA , UVB, drugs That
Sensitize the Skin to Sunlight, mention ingredients, factors affecting the sunscreen the
effectiveness of preparations), Moisturizers(methods of use, ingredients,
toners(ingredients. Lipistics (ingredients and just idea of manufacturing). Hair (growth
cycle and function, Shampoo and its ingredients, mention hair cream, dye and gel).
Dentifrice (Defination, types- Tooth powder, Tooth paste, Mouth wash, and their
ingredients).
Introduction to Manicure and Pedicure products.

PHAR 312 Lab Pharmaceutical Technology I Practical

1. Preparation, evaluation and packaging of liquid orals like solutions, suspensions and
emulsions, ointments, suppositories, aerosols, eye drops, eye ointments etc.
2. Preparation of pharmacopoeial extracts and galenical products utilizing various methods
of Extraction.
4. Formulation of various types of cosmetics preparations.

Books Recommended
1. Aulton, M.E. Pharmaceutics- The Science of Dosage Form Design. ELBS/Churchill
Livingstone.
2. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A., and Kanig, J.L. The Theory & Practice of Industrial
Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
3. Sagarin & Balsam, M.S. Cosmetic Science & Technology. Vol. 1-3 2nd ed. John Wiley.
4. Poucher‟s Cosmeticology.
5. Ansel, H.C. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. V.M. Verghese & Co.,
Mumbai.
6. Banker, G.S. and Rhode, C.T. Modern Pharmaceutics. Marcel Dekker.
7. Carter, S.J. Cooper & Gunn‟s Tutorial Pharmacy. CBS Publishers, Delhi.
8. Jellinek, J.S. Formulation and Function of Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Kac Chensney, J.C. Packaging of Cosmetics and Toiletries. Newness Butter Worth,
London.
6. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia.
7. Rawlins, E.A. Bentley‟s Textbook of Pharmaceutics. ELBS.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 313 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (45 hours)

Unit 1: Immunology and Immunological Preparations (10 hours)
Principles, antigens and haptens, immune system, cellular humoral immunity,
immunological tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications.
Hypersensitivity, Active and passive immunization; Vaccines- their preparation,
standardization and storage.

Unit 2: Genetic Recombination (8 hours)

Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their
applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs
produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, and HB.

Unit 3: Antibiotics (15 hours)

Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their
standardization. Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermentetor, its
design, and control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of
mutation. Design of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special
reference to penicillin, streptomycin tetracycline and vitamin B.

Unit 4: Microbial Transformation (6 hours)

Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation
processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with
special reference to steroids.

Unit 5: Enzyme immobilization (6 hours)

Techniques of immobilization, factors affecting enzyme kinetics. Study of enzymes such
as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase and streptodomase, amylases and proteases
etc. Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

PHAR 313 Lab Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Practical

1. Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganism from soil.
2. Enzyme immobilization by Ca-alginate method.
3. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration of the given antibiotic.
Antibiotic assay by cup plate method.
4. Collection, Processing, Storage and fractionation of blood.
5. Standardization of Cultures.
6. Microbiological assay of Antibiotics / Vitamins.
7. Production of alcohol by fermentation techniques.
8. Comparison of efficacy of immobilized cells.
9. Isolation of mutants by gradient plate technique.
10. Preparation of bacterial vaccine.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

11. Extraction of DNA.

12. Separation techniques: Various types of Gel Electro Phoresis, Centrifugation.

Sample Experiments

Expt. 1: Immobilization by gel entrapment

1. Acrylamide,2. Bis-acrylamide, 3. TEMED (N,N,N,N'-tetramethylenediamine)

Expt. 2: Protein estimation by Lowry Method
Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium potassium tartrate, Copper sulphate,Folin-
Phenol and
Bovine Serum Albumin
Expt. 3: Estimation of glucose by DNS method
1. 3, 5 dinitrosalicylic acid,2. Sodium hydroxide,3. Phenol,4. Rochelle salt (Sodium
Potassium tartrate),5. Sodium meta bisulphate,6. Phenolphthalein,7. 0.5 M HCl and 8.
Glucose
Other experiments related to the topics covered in theory.

Books & other resources recommended

1. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger, Biotechnology, 2nd Ed, Publ- Panima publication
co-operation, New Delhi.
2. P. F. Stanbury & A. Whitaker, Principles of fermentation technology, Pergamon Press
3. B.P. Nagori & Roshan Issari, Foundations in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
4. Sambamurthy. K, Text Book of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.
5. S. S. Kori, Pharmaceutical biotechnology.
6. Prescott and Dunne, “Industrial Microbiology” MC Caraw Hill Bool Company
7. 8. K. Kielsliched “Biotechnology” Vol 6, Verlegchemic, Switzerland.
9. PF Standury & A. Whitaker, “Principles of fermentation Technology” Pergamon Press,
Oxford
10. OP Ward” Fermentation Technology, Principles, Processes products” Open University
press, Milton Keynes, UK.
11. A. M. Campbelli, Monoclinical antibody technology.
12. A. Wiseman, Handbook of enzyme biotechnology.
13. J. D. Watson, Recombinant DNA technology.
14. Smith and Hood, Molecular biology and biotechnology.
16. Brahamankar & Jaiswal– Biotechnology, SP Publication

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 314 Pharmacology –II (45 hours)

Unit-1: Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System (15 hours)

1.1. MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug interactions of:
Digitalis. Antihypertensive drugs (Hydrochlorothiazide, Calcium channel blockers
as antihypertensive and
1.2. Antianginal: Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem., Enalapril, Losartan,
Telmesartan, Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Atenolol, Metoropolol, Hydralazine, Sodium
Nitropruside, Antianginal- Nitroglycerine, Acebutolol, or non- cardioselectives
beta blockers such as Sotalol.
1.3. Antiarrhythmic drugs (Quinidine, Procainamide, Propranolol, Amiodaron,
Ibutilide, and Magnesium Sulphate).
1.4. Antihyperlipedemic drugs (Statins: Simvastatin, Atrovastatin, Rosuvastatin,
Lovastatin.Fibrates: Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil Fenofibrate. Niacin, Bile acid
sequestrants resins (chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or ursodeoxycholic acid) and
Orlistat.
Unit-2: Drugs used in Shock (2 hours)

Classifications of Shock, Signs and Symptoms, ABC management, Adrenaline,

Dopamine, Dexamethasone and Sodium bicarbonate injection, Management of Septic
Shock.

Unit-3: Drugs acting on the Hematopoietic System (8 hours)

o MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug interactions of

following drugs: Erythropoietin, Iron Requirements and the Availability of Dietary
Iron and Iron Salts, Folic acid and Vitamin B12, Therapy with Parenteral Iron.
o Hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia. View of hematostasis: platelet function, blood
coagulation and fibrinolysis. Heparin, Bivalirudin, Warfarin, Monitoring
Anticoagulant Therapy: The INR (International Normalized Ratio).
Phenprocoumon and Acenocoumarol. Aminocaproic Acid, Aprotinin, Abciximab,
Aspirin, Dipyridamol, Ticlopedine, Clopidogrel, Etamsylate, Protamine sulphate,
Traneximic acid and role of Vitamin K. Blood and plasma volume expanders
(Albumin, Whole Blood,Dextran-70, Etherified starches, Polygeline).

Unit-4: Drugs acting on the urinary system (4 hours)

a. Fluid and electrolyte balance. .

b. Diuretics (Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and
Drug interactions of Acetazolamide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Frusemide,
Spironolactone, Mannitol).

Unit-5: Autacoids and Autacoids Antagonists (6 hours)

1.1 Role of Histamine, Thromboxane and leukotrienes.

1.2 Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins, H1 antihistamins (Clssification, MOA,
Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug interactions of

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Diphenhydramine, Pyrilamine, Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, Cetirizine,

Promethazine, Cyproheptadine, Terfenadine, loratadine, and fexofenadine).
Leukotriene inhibitor (Montelukast).
1.3 H2 receptor antagonists (MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication
and Drug interactions of Cimetidine, Ranitidine and Famotidine).
1.4 5HT3 antagonist (Ondansetron)

Unit-6: Drugs acting on the Respiratory System (5 hours)

a. Anti-asthmatic drugs (Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs,

Contraindication and Drug interactions of Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Formoterol,
Theophylline, Etophylline, Streoids (Fluticasone, Budesonide),
b. Mast cell stabilizer (Chromoglycate). Anti-tussives and expectorants (Codeine,
Noscapine. Dextromethorphan, Promethazine, Triprolidine, Terpine hydrate,
Bromhexine, Ammonium Chloride, Ambroxol).
c. Respiratory stimulants (Doxapram, Caffeine citrate injection).

Unit- 7: Narcotic analgesics, NSAIDs and Anti-gout drugs: (5 hours)

a. Classification, Mechanism of action, Side-effects, Contraindications,
Precautions and doses of commonly used drugs :
b. Narcotic analgesics and antagonists: Morphine, Methadone, codeine,
Fentanyl, Pethidine, Naloxone
c. NSAIDs and Anti-gout drugs: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Paracetamol,
Indomethacin, Nimesulide, Diclofenac, Naproxen, Allopurinol, Colchicine and
Febuxostat, Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone.

Books & other resources recommended

1. Goodman & Gillman‟s: The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics- 11th Edn.
(2006)
2. Pharmacology by Rang and Dale
3. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutic by Satoshkar and Bhandarkar.
4. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutic by F.S.K.Barar.
5. Lewis Pharmacology by Crosslan.
6. Textbook of Pharmacology by Bowman and Rand.
7. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, 36th edition.
8. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology tenth edition, 2007 edited by Bertram G. Katzung,
MD, PhD
9. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition, Copyright ©2009
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 316 Public Health Pharmacy (45 hours)

Unit-1: Introduction (2 hours)

Overview of Public Health & Pharmacy. Concept of health, disease, prevention and
factors influence in health. Concepts of health and disease: Disease causing agents and
prevention of disease.

Unit-2: Epidemiology and Pharmacoepidemiology (14 hours)

Definition, scope, concept and use of epidemiology disease transmission and control
defense mechanism, immunity, immunization and occupational disease. Descriptive
Studies (Case report, Case series and Ecological studies), Analytical Studies (Case control
studies, Cohort studies), Experimental Studies (True experimental studies, Quasi
experimental studies). Methods of quantifying drug interactions/ADR and adherence to
drug therapy in pharmacoepidemiology. Spontaneous reporting, Global drug survillience
and role of pharmacists. Discuss different methods of quantifying adherence to drug
therapy. Methods of quantifying drug interaction using principles of epidemiology, more
specifically the Rothman principle of causation and the Rothman Synergy index. Discuss
different methods of quantifying adherence to drug therapy.

Unit-3: Pharmacoeconomic methodologies (8 hrs)

Describe the Nepalese health care system with respect to: public and private sectors,
persons and organizations that provide health services. Describe how characteristics of the
Nepalese health care system influence prescribing, dispensing, and use of prescription
medications, non-prescription medications, and complementary/alternative medicines.
Describe the effect of self medication to public health.
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), Cost Minimization
Analysis (CMA), Cost Utility Analysis (CUA).

Unit-4: Health Promotion & Disease Prevention (8 hours)

.Principles, scope, planning and Method (induvidal, Group and Mass methods) of health
education in Pharmacy. Describe stakeholders in and partnerships with public/private
health professional and community groups that participate at the system, community, state,
national and/or international levels to promote public health and safety. Planning of health
education program (Rational use, Use of contraceptives, and health hazards of insecticides
and pesticides).

Unit-4: Primary health care (10 hours)

Introduction, elements, Principles (explain 5 majors principles), Implementation of PHC

(in terms of WHO and government of Nepal). History of health care delivery system in
Nepal. Health care delivery system in Nepal and health care management models.

Promotion of pharmacy related issues of health maintenance and disease prevention and
treatment to the lay public and to health professionals.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Describe population level strategies for disease prevention, detection, wellness, promotion
and for resolving identified public health problems in the context of pharmacy practice.

Role of pharmacist in PHC, Theory that approach to the health (biological system,
psychological system, spiritual system, socio-cultural system).First aid treatment of
poisoning, shock, snake bite, burns, fracture and drowning. Diarrhea, vomiting and
dehydration, fluid replacement therapy.
Unit-5: Environmental Pollution (3 hours)

A brief description on environment, pollution, pollutant, waste, type of waste and waste
from pharmaceutical activities, Classification of pharmaceutical waste. Safe disposal
method of pharmaceutical wastes, WHO guidelines for the disposal of pharmaceutical
waste

PHAR 316 Public Health Pharmacy Field Work

Conduct educational diagnosis survey (in hospital or HP or community)
Select topic of interest, Prepare KAP questionnaire, Collect data from patients, Analyze
and interpret data, Find out problem and Prioritize problems.
 Write a plan for the development of a health education action project based on
results of the health education survey
 Observation visit of pharmaceutical industry to know their waste disposal methods
and make a report for the better solution if any.
 List hazards due to food additives and food adulteration
 Organize and conduct a health education action project and assess the effectiveness
of health education in relation to Pharmacy, action project (1 day field)

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Levin BL, Hurd PD, Hanson A. Introduction to Public Health in Pharmacy.
Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2008.
2. The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century. Washington, D.C: National
Academies Press;2003: 97, 417.
3. Bush PJ, Johnson KW. Where is the public health pharmacist? Am J of Pharm Edu.
1979;43:249-253.
4. Berger ML, Bingefors K, Hedblom EC et. al. International society for
pharmacoecomonics and outcomes research. Health Care Cost, Quality and
Outcomes. 2003.
5. Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes: Applications for Patient Care, American
College of Clinical Pharmacy, Kansas City;1997.
6. Beaglehole R, bonita R, Kjellstrom T. Basic Epidemiology. World Health
Organization, Geneva, 1993.
7. MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D. Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. 2nd
Edition.
8. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996.
9. Rothman KJ. Epidemiology: an Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2002

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 317 Pathophysiology (45 hours)

Unit – 1: Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology - Cell injury, death and adaptation. (6
hours)
Occurrence of Cellular adaptations occurring in atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
dysplasia, and metaplasia.
Mechanism of cellular injury from hypoxia, free radicals, chemicals, unintentional and
intentional injuries, infectious agents, immunologic and inflammatory responses, and
genetic factors. Cellular accumulations occurring in response to injury and the subsequent
manifestations of cellular damage. Major types of cellular necrosis, cite examples of the
tissues involved in each type and compare necrosis to apoptosis. Compare the different
theories of aging. Characterize somatic death and its manifestations.

Unit – 2: Acute and Chronic Inflammation. (3 hours)

Acute inflammation: vascular changes, leukocyte cellular events, chemical mediators of

inflammation, outcomes of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation. Role of lymphatics
and lymph nodes in inflammation. Morphologic patterns in acute and chronic
inflammation. Systemic effects of inflammation.

Unit – 3: Cell regeneration, fibrosis, and wound healing. (3 hours)

Regeneration. Control of cell growth and differentiation at sites of injury. Intracellular
matrix and cell-matrix. Repair by connective tissue. Pathologic aspects of repair. Wound
healing, Overview of the inflammatory-reparative response.

Unit – 4: Disorders of Immune System. (3 hours)

Cells of the immune system. Cytokines. Histocompatibility genes. Immune mechanisms of
tissue injury. Autoimmune diseassess. Immunodeficiency diseases.

Unit – 5: Neoplasia. (4 hours)

Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms. Epidemiology of neoplasia.
Carcinogenesis-the molecular basis of cancer. Biology of tumor growth. Etiology of
cancer-carcinogenic agents.
Host defense against tumors-tumor immunity. Clinical features of neoplasia.

Unit – 6: Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis and shock. (3 hours)

Edema, hyperemia and congestion., Hemorrhage. Hemostasis and thrombosis. Embolism,
infarction, shock. Congestive heart failure. Ischemic heart disease. Hypertensive heart
disease and Shock.

Unit–7: Etiology, Pathophysiological features and symptoms of the following

diseases. (27 hours)
Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Peptic ulcer. Chronic
glomerulonephritis. Diarrheal diseases. Jaundice and cholestasis. Diabetes mellitus.
Graves‟s disease. Diffuse nontoxic goiter and multinodular goiter. Osteomyelitis.
Rheumatic and infectious arthritis. Myasthenia gravis. Epilepsy, Degenerative disorders
(Alzheimer‟s disease, Parkinsonism disease), sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis,
and anemias.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Books & Other Resources Recommended

1. Sue E. Huether and Kathryn L. McCance. Understanding Pathophysiology. Mosby.
Latest Edition

2. Clayton, F. Parkinson. Study Guide and Workbook for Understanding Pathophysiology.

Mosby. Latest Edition

3. Corwin E. Handbook of Pathophysiology 2nd edition, Lippincott, 2000 or most recent

edition

4. Hogan, M & Hill, K Pathophysiology, Review & Rationales 2004 Prentice Hall
publishing.

5. Muralitharan Nair and Ian Peate (2009) Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An

Essential Guide for Nursing Students.
6. Kathryn L. McCance and Sue E. Huether (2009) - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children.
7. Carol Mattson Porth and Glenn Matfin - Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of
Altered Health States (International Edition 2010).
8. Barbara E. Gould and Ruthanna Dyer (2010) - Pathophysiology for the Health
Professions.
9. Robert A. Weinberg - The Biology of Cancer. Taylor & Francis -2006.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

SIXTH SEMESTER
PHAR 321 Medicinal Chemistry II (60 hours)
Study of the following classes of compounds including their chemical classification,
structure and nomenclature, physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, structure
activity relationship (SAR), outline synthesis (of compounds with star)

Unit – 1: Drugs Acting on CNS (25 hours)

1.1. General anesthetics (3 hrs)
Classification of General anesthetics, Inhalation anesthetics: Ideal properties of volatile
anesthetics, Nitrous oxide*, Halothane*, and Sevoflurane. Current intravenous anesthetic
agents (non- opioid) Advantage, disadvantage and properties of Thiopental sodium*,
Thiamylal, Propofol,Ketamine and Midazolam. Pre-anesthetic medication and Current
intravenous reversal agents.

1.2. Local anesthetics: (3 hrs)

Procaine, Lignocaine* and Bupivacaine. Local anesthetics for eye surgery, eutectic
mixture and its use, addition of vasoconstrictors in local anesthetic.
1.3. Sedative, Anxiolytics and Hypnotics: (4 hrs)
Barbiturates:, Alprazolam, Diazepam*, Nitrazepam and Lorazepam. Barbiturates verses
Benzodiazepines as hypnotic and sedatives. Miscellaneous: Paraldehyde* Glutethimide,
Chloral Hydrate*, Zolpidem and Zaleplon.

1.4.Neuroleptics (Antipsychotics): (2 hrs)

Haloperidol*, Chlorpromazine*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine and Aripiprazole.

1.5. Anticonvulsants: (2 hrs)

Phenobarbitone, Carbamazepine*, Phenytoin, Clonazepam.

1.6. Antidepressants: (2 hrs)

MAO inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.
Nortryptyline, Amoxepine, Fluoxetine, Citalopram,Sertraline, Amitryptiline, Imipramine,
Doxepin, Bupropion,Lithium Carbonate.
1.7. Opiod Analgesics: (3 hrs)

Morphine, Codeine, Diacetyl morphine, Buprenorphine, Meperidine, Fentanyl,

Pentazocine, Tramadol (structure and properties) and narcotic antagonists: Naloxone.
Antitussive agents: Noscapine, Dextromethorphan, Terpin Hydrate.

1.8. Antiparkinsonics: (3 hrs)

Levdopa, Carbidopa and Amantidine only), Antichlonergics: Benzhexol*
(Trihexyphenidyl), Catechol–O-methyl transferase inhibitors – Entacapone.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Cholinesterase inhibitors – Rivastigmine. Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors – Carbidopa.

Dopamine precursor – Levdopa*, Dopamine agonist – Amantadine

1.9. CNS stimulants: (2 hrs)

Xanthine Derivatives: caffeine* theophylline, aminophylline and etofylline., Analeptics:

Nikethamide, Doxapram and Bemegride. Miscellaneous Central Nervous System
Stilmulants. Mazindol

Unit-2: Antimicrobials (36 Hours)

2.1. Penicillin (4 hours)
β-Lactam antibiotics: Classification, Structure and nomenclature of penicillin‟s, MOA,
classification and sources, General preparation of semi synthetic penicillin, SAR,
Penicillin G* and its properties, Acid resistance (Penicillin v and ampicillin)β-Lactamase
resistance (oxacillin, cloxacillin and flucloxacillin), Broad spectrum(ampicillin,
amoxicillin* and carbenicillin). Combination with Prodrugs (pivampicillin)β-Lactamase
inhibitors (sulbactam, clavulanic acid and imipenem) and MOA, Latent penicillin
(penicillin G procaine and benzathine penicillin).

2.2: Cephalosporin & carbamapenams (3 Hours)

Cephalosporin structure and nomenclature, Cephalosporin C. 1st Generation (cephalexin
and cephadroxil),2nd Generation (cefaclor), 3rd Generation (Cepodoxime, cefotaxime and
cefixime),4th Generation (cefepime), Cephamycin (cefoxitin).
Carbamapenams: Imipenam & Meropenam

2.3. Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol (2 Hours)

Tétracycline, Demeclocycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline.Structure,
property and SAR of the Tetracycline. Structure, property, synthesis and SAR
Chloramphenicol.

2.4. Aminoglycosides, macrolides & lincomycins (2 Hours)

Aminoglycosides: Members, Mode of Action and uses of Aminoglycoside. SAR of
Streptomycin.
Macrolides- Members, Structure, Mode of action and uses.
Lincomycins: Lincomycin.

2.5.Quinolones: (3 Hours)
Classification, Structure, SAR and MOA of Fluoroquinolones. Structure and uses of
Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin* and Ofloxacin*

2.6. Antituberculars and Antileprotics: (4 Hours)

Tuberculosis and classification of anti T.B. drugs, INH* and its SAR, Ethambutol* and its
SAR, Rifampin. Ethionamide, Pyrezinamide* aminosaicylic acid, cycloserine and other
2nd line antitubercular drugs; Dapsone* and Clofazimine

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

2.7. Chemotherapy of Malaria (3hours)

Classification of antimalarial drugs in relation to plasmodium life cycle, properties and
SAR of chloroquine, Mefloquine, Primaquine and Quinacrine. Artemisinin and
derivatives.

2.8. Antifungal agents: (2 Hours)

Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Griseofulvin.

2.9. Antiprotozoal agents: (2 Hours)

Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Secnidazole. Diloxanide furoate,

2.10. Anthelmintics: (2 Hours)

Classification, Piperazine, Diethyl carbamazine, Pyrantel pamoate, Mebendazole,
Niclosamide, Praziquantel, Albendazole*

2.11: Antiviral agents: (3 Hours)

Amantidine hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Lamivudine, Zidovidine and other
Anti-HIV drugs.

2.13. Antineoplastic agents (6 Hours)

Alkylating agents: cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, busulphan, uracil, mustard;
Antimetabolites: mercaptopurine, flurouracil, methotrexate, azothioprine; Antibiotics:
Doxorubicin, Mitomycin; Tubulin Inhibitors: Etoposide, Vincristine, Vinblastine, Taxol
and Docitaxel. Miscellaneous: Cisplatin. Hormones: Mitotane,
Tamoxifen.Immunotherapy: Interferon.

PHAR 321 Lab Medicinal Chemistry II Practical (Minimum 8 experiments)

Synthesis & pharmacopoeial analysis of some medicinal compounds:

 Benzyl from benjoin

 Benzanilide from aniline
 Salicylic acid from methyl salicylate
 Methyl salicylate from Salicylic acid
 Phenytion from Benzoin or Benzil
 Paracetomol from para- nitro phenol or para- aminophenol
 1,4- di hydro pyridine from ethyl aceto acetate
 Quinazolinone from anthranilic acid via benzoxazinone
 Sulfanilamide from acetanilide
 Isoniazid from  -picoline
 Benzocaine from para- nitro benzoic acid
 Methyl orange and methyl red
 Benzoic acid from toluene
 Acetophenone from Benzene

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Books and other resources Recommended

1. Block JH, Beale JM, editor. Wilson and gisvold‟s textbook of organic medicinal
and pharmaceutical chemistry. 11th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
2004.
2. Lemke TL, Williams DA, editor. Foye‟s principles of medicinal chemistry. 6th ed.
New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
3. Kadam Dr. SS et al. – Principles of Medicinal Chemistry Vol. I and II.Nirali
Prakashan, India.
4. Abraham DJ, editor. Burger‟s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 6th ed.
Vol 1-6. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2007.
5. Hansch C, editor. Hansch‟s comprehensive medicinal chemistry, Delhi: Rajkamal
Electronic Press; 2005.
6. Ariens EJ, editor. Drug design vol. I-X. Noida: Academic Press; 2009.
7. Roth HJ, Kleemann A. Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Vol-I. Drug synthesis. New
8. . Lednicer D, Mitscher LA, The organic chemistry of drug synthesis, Volume-1-6.
New York: A wiley-interscience publication; 2005.
9. Remington: The science and practice of pharmacy. 21st ed., vol. I & II, Lippincatt
Willams & Wilkings, New Delhi, 2005.
10. Smith & Williams. Introduction to principles of drug design-Harwood academic
press.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 322 Pharmaceutical Technology II (45 hours)

Unit -1 – Capsules (6 hours)
Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard
gelatin capsules, Manufacture of hard gelatin capsule, size of capsules, method of capsule
filling (manual & semiautomatic), basic formulation(excipients), soft gelatin, Advantages
and disadvantages of soft gel, capsule shell formulation and capsule content: Bloom
strength, Viscosity & iron content, base absorption and minim per gm, Manufacturing of
soft gels: Plate process & Rotary die process, factors in soft capsules, quality control,
stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.
Unit 2 – Microencapsulation (6 hours)
Advantages and disadvantages, Pharmaceutical Application, Fundamental consideration:
Nature of core & coating materials, Stability & release characteristic of coated materials,
Microencapsulation method; Examples illustrating improved stabilization: Stabilization of
Vitamin A Palmitate Oil; Stabilization of incompatible aspirin mixture;
Microencapsulation Techniques: Pan Coating, Air suspension, Microorifice-Centrifugal
Process, Solvent evaporation, Spray drying and spray congealing, Coacervation Phase
separation; General mechanism of drug release from microencapsulated product
Polymerization.
Unit -3 – Tablets (15 hours)
General Concept, Advantages & disadvantages, Types of Tablets, Formulation of Tablets:
Excipients: Diluents with common examples, Binders with common examples ,
Disintegrants with common examples: mechanism of tablet disintegration, Factors
affecting disintegration, superdisintegrants, Antifrictional Agents with common examples,
Miscellaneous Excipients, Operations involved in tablet manufacturing: Dispensing,
sieving, blending, granulation, drying, Lubrication, compression, coating, Tablets
Manufacturing methods: Wet Granulation : Objective of granulation, Mechanism of wet
granulation (Pendular State, Funicular State, Capillary State, Droplet or Suspension State),
Dry Granulation (slugging & roll compaction), Direct compression : ideal DC excipients
requirements,
Compression Machines or tablet press: List of Components or parts of tablet
compression machines, General information of parts & MOC of punches & dies, Brief
knowledge of Standard tooling of compression machines (D, DB, B, BB toolings),
General Tablet press cycle (Filling zone, compression zone, Ejection Zone), general
concept of Single station & multistation rotary compression machine, knowledge of shape
& dimension of tablets & punches (concavity, breakline, embossing), Tablet processing
problems & remedies: capping, lamination, cracking, chipping, sticking, picking, binding,
mottling, double impression;

Tablet Coating: Objectives, components of coating, Tablet properties, Coating Process:

Coating
Distribution: spray application system High pressure airless system, Low pressure air
atomized system, Coating equipments, Parameters of coating process, Facility and
ancillary equipments; Types of tablet coating: Sugar coating ; Film Coating : process
variables, Pan variables. Process air variables, Spray variables, General Coating
suspension Composition; Enteric coating : objectives, common enteric polymers;, Film
defects: causes & remedies; Quality Control test for coated tablets (General Appearance,
Size & shape, Organoleptic Properties, Assay, Content Uniformity test, Mechanical
strength, Friability, Hardness or crushing strength, Disintegration, Dissolution).

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit -4 - Parenteral Products (8 hours)

Preformulation factors, routes of administration, water for injection, pyrogenicity, non-
aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment. Formulation details,
containers and closures and selection. Prefilling treatment, washing of containers and
closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules, vials,
infusion fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scale
manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products. Aseptic Techniques:- source of
contamination and methods of prevention, design of aseptic area, laminar flow bench
services and maintenance. Sterility testing of Pharmaceuticals.

Unit-5: Pharmaceutical Packaging: (10 hours)

Classification of Packaging; Glass containers: props, advantages & disadvantage,
composition & manufacturing of glass, Types of glass, Plastic Containers: properties,
advantages & disadvantages, list of plastic polymers, Drug Plastic interaction (Permeation,
Leaching, Sorption, Chemical reaction, Modification of the materials
properties),Environmental issues, resin identification codes; Collapsible Tubes: Metal,
Foils (PVC, PVdC, Aluminum); Closures: Threaded screw cap, Crown cap, Pilfer proof
closure, Lug cap, Roll On Closure (ROPP); Liners: Closure Liner, Homogenous liner,
Heteroge nous liner, Torque testing of caps, Rubber stoppers, Tamper resistant
packaging: Blister package, Strip package, Alu-Alu pack, bubble pack, shrink pack, Foil,
paper or plastic pouch, Bottle seals, Breakable caps, Sealed tubes (Collapsible Tubes),
Sealed Box (Printed carton duplex), Induction seal.
Brief concept of Packaging equipments (Blister packing machines, Strip packing
machine, Alu-ALu packing machine, Shrink Packing machine, Induction Sealing
Machine, Strapping Machine)

PHAR 322 Lab Pharmaceutical Technology II Practical

1. Experiments to illustrate preparation, stabilization, physical and biological evaluation
of pharmaceutical products like powders, capsules, tablets, parenterals, micro-capsules
(Sterile water for injection, Calcium gluconate injection, Sodium chloride injection,
Formulation, isotonicity, packaging and quality control of the following LVPs as per
British pharmacopoeia. Also explain industrial scale manufacturing processes, Contact
lens solution, Sodium chloride and Dextrose infusion
2. Micro encapsulation (using one solid and one liquid drug) by coacervation and polymer
incompatibility, evaluation of microcapsules.
3. Evaluation of materials used in pharmaceutical packaging.

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Lachman, L. Lieberman, H.A. Kanig, J.L. The Theory & Practice of industrial
Pharmacy. Lea & Febiger, Phialdelphia.
2. Turco, S & King, R.E. Sterile Dosage Forms. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
3. Remington‟s the science and practice of Pharmacy mack Publishing Co. Easton, PA.
4. Lieberman, H.A. Lachman, L. Sachwartz, J.B. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets
Vols 1-3 Marcel Dekker, N.Y.
5. Lieberman, H.A. Rieger, M.M. & Banker, G.S. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse
Systems. Vol 1-2 Marcel Dekker, N.Y.
6. Ridgway, K. Hard Capsules The Pharmaceutical Press, London.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

7. Ansel, H.C. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms KM Verghese.

8. J. Swarbrick, J. Boylan; Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical technology, 2nd ed, Marcel
Dekker,2002.
9. Aulton, M.E. Pharmaceutics- The Science of Dosage form Design ELBS.
10. Avis, K.E. Lachman, L. & Lieberman, H.A. “Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:
Parenteral Medications” Vols. I & II Marcel Decker.
11. I. R. Berry; R.A. Nash; Pharmaceutical Process Validation; 2nd ed, Marcel Dekker,
1993.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 323 Pharmacology –III (45 hrs)

Unit-1: Drugs Acting on GIT (5 hours)
1.1 Anti-ulcer drugs (Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs,
Contraindication and Drug interactions-
1.2 H1 receptor Antagonists, Proton Pump Inhibitors, Ulcer healers, Antacids and
treatment of H pylori ulcer).
1.3 Laxative (Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and
Drug interactions),
1.4 Emetics and anti-emetics (Ipecac syrup, Apomorphine, prokinetics, Promethazine,
Ondansetron, Ginger, Peppermint and Ajwain.).
1.5 Antispasmodics (Dicyclomine, Drotaverine, and Hyoscine Butylbromide)
1.6 Antidiarrhoeal drugs (ORS, causal treatment, Role of Zinc in diarrhea,
Loperamide, treatment of traveler‟s diarrhea).
1.7 Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants.
1.8 Digestive Enzymes.

Unit-2: Pharmacology of Endocrine System (4 hours)

a. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti thyroid drugs,
parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin D.
b. Insulin, oral hypoglycaemic agents & glucagon.
c. ACTH and corticosteroids.
d. Androgens and anabolic steroids. Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives.
e. Drugs acting on the uterus.

Unit-3: Antimicrobials (25 hours)

3.1 Selection and use of Antibacterial agents (Empirical therapy and definitive Therapy)
3.2 Rational of combination of antimicrobials (Antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal).
3.3 Resistance of antimicrobials in example of -lactamase and Mycobacterium).
3.4 Sulfonamides - Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions of (Sulfacetamide, Silver sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxin and Cotrimoxazole).
3.5 Penicillin - Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions of (Benzyl penicillin, Procaine penicillin, Benzathine penicillin, Ampicillin +
Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Flucloxacillin, Methicillin, Azocillin).
3.6 Beta-lactamase inhibitors: Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam.
3.7 Cephalosporin - Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions of (Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Cefaclor, Ceftriaxone, Cefotoxime, Cefixime,
Cepodoxime, Cefepime, Cefpirome, cephalosporin combination with -lactamase inhibitors).
3.8 Monobactams : (Aztreonam)
3.9 Carbapenems : (Imipenem, Meropenem, Faropenem)
3.10 Tetracycline - Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and
Drug interactions of (Tetracycline HCl, Doxycycline, Demeclocycline, Minocycline).
3.11 Chloramphenicol- MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions.
3.12 Macrolides- MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug interactions of
(Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin and Clarithromycin).

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

3.12.1 Aminoglycosides- MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug

interactions of (Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Tobramicin, Amikacin, Netilmicin
and Neomicin)
3.12.2 Antitubercular and Antileprotics- Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs,
Contraindication and Drug interactions of (INH, Rifampicin, Pyrizenamide, Ethambutol,
PAS, Cycloserine). WHO regimen for pulmonary and extrapulmunary tuberculosis,
DOTS. Dapsone and Clofazemine.
3.12.3 Classification, MOA of Fluoroquinolones. Structure and uses of Nalidixic acid,
Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin Levofloxin, Ofloxacin, Gatifloxacin and other member.
3.13 Miscellaneous Antibiotics drugs: Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Colistin Sulphate.
3.13.1 Anthelmintics: Classification, Piperazine, Diethyl carbamazine, Pyrantel pamoate,
Mebendazole, Niclosamide, Praziquantel, Albendazole.
3.14 Antiamoebic: Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Secnidazole, Diloxanide furoate.
3.14.1 Antifungal: Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions of (Nystatin, Natamycin, Amphotericin B, Miconazole, Ketoconazole,
Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Flucytosine, Griseofulvin. Topical Antifungal (Terbinafine,
Caspofungin, Benzoic Acid, Ciclopirox, Tolnaftate).
3.14.2 Antiviral: Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug
interactions of (Acyclovir,Amantadine). Zidovudine and other anti HIV drugs.

Unit-4: Antineoplastic agents (4 hours)

Classification, MOA, Indication, Dosage, ADRs, Contraindication and Drug interactions of:
4.1 Alkylating agents: (cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, busulphan, uracil mustard).
4.2 Antimetabolites: (mercaptopurine, flurouracil, methotrexate, azothioprine).
4.3 Antibiotics: (Doxorubicin, Mitomycin).
4.4 Plant products : (Vincristine, Vinblastine, Taxol).Cisplatin, Mitotane, Tamoxifen, Interferon
alpha.

Unit-5: Immunosuppressant and Immunostimulants (3 hours)

a. Glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus).
b. Antiproliferative and Antimetabolic Drugs (Sirolimus, Azathioprine), Mycophenolate mofetil,
other cytotoxic and antimetabolic agents. Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibodies.
c. Interferons, Interleukin-2, Levamisole. Thalidomide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG).

Unit-6. Principles of Toxicology (4 hours)

a. Definition of poison, general principles of management of poisoning with particular
reference to barbiturates, opioids, organophosphates, Heavy metals and heavy metal
antagonists.

PHAR 323 Lab Pharmacology –III Practical

1. Stagesof chloroform and ether anesthesia with and without premedication.
2. Study of phenobarbitone induced hypnosis (Demonstration).
3. Determination of analgesic activity (codeine/aspirin).
4. Study of anticonvulsant activity.
5. Study of local anesthetic activity.
i) Surface anesthesia activity on rabbits.
ii) Infiltration anesthesia using guinea pigs.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

6. Identification of unknown drugs using rat ileum.

7. Seminars on the drugs studied in theory.

For Practical
1. Pharmacological experiments on isolated preparations by Edinburgh University
Pharmacology Staff, 1968.
2. Robert A.Turner and Peter Hebbom: Screening methods in Pharmacology, Vol.1
edited
3. S.K.Kulkarni: Handbook of experimental Pharmacology
4. M.N.Ghosh: Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology
5. lan Kitchen: Text book of invitro Pharmacology
6. U.K.Sheth, N.K.Dadkar, Usha G.Kamat: Selected topics in Experimental
Pharmacology
7. K. K. Pillai: Experimental Pharmacology, CBS, Delhi.

Books and Other Resources Recommended

1. C.R.Craig and R.E.Stitzel: Modem Pharmacology
2. Theodore W.Rall, Alan S.Nies and Palmer Taylor: Goodman Gilman's : The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Alfred Goodman Gilman.
3. D.R.Laurence and P.N.Bennett: Clinical Pharmacology.
4. K.D.Tripathi: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology.
5. R.S.Satoskar and S.D.Bhandarkar: Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
6. F.S.K. Barar: Essentials of Pharmacotherapeuties.
7. H.P.Rang and M.M.Dale: Pharmacology.
8. James Crossland: Lewis's Pharmacology, revised.
9. Pharmacology by Lippincott.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 324 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (45 hours)

Unit-1: Concept, definition and Introduction: (3 hours)
Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics and their role in formulation development and
clinical setting. Pharamacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and clinical Pharmacokinetics
with respect to design of dosage regimens. Plasma drug concentration Profile.

Unit-2: Review of Pharamacokinetics: (10 hours)

Absorption of Drug (Physicochemical. Physiological. Pharmaceutical. pH partition
hypothesis, Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption-Zero order and first order absorption rate
constant using Wagner – Nelson and Loo-Reigelman method).Drug distribution(Protein
binding (intravascular and extravascular). Significance of drug-protein binding and drug
displacement interactions. Kinetics of protein binding).Drug metabolism. (Study of
factors affecting metabolism. Bioactivation and first pass effect).Excretion: (Introduction,
types of drug excretion, Clearance concept, Mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio,
determination of renal clearance. Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion,
Extrahepatic circulation).

Unit-3: Bioavailability and Bioequivalence (8 hours)

Definition and concept of absolute & relative bioavailability. Methods of assessing
bioavailability. Measures of bioavailability (Cmax, tmax. AUC etc.) Bioequivalence study
and introduction to various study designs. Single dose bioequivalence study and relevant
statistics, Review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalence study in Nepal
and international prespective. Methods for
enhancement of bioavailability. Clinical significance of bioavailability and
bioequivalence.

Unit-4: Dissolution studies. (5 hours)

Introduction to Biopharmaceutical classification system, Mechanism of dissolution, In-
vitro studies, and all latest models: Zero order, Matrix, First order, Higuchi. In-vitro in-
vivo correlation: Definition, objectives & methods. Introduction to pharmacokinetic
models. Physiologic versus compartment approach.

Unit-5: Compartment models (4 hours)

Concepts and their importance in the study of pharmacokinetics. One compartment open
model. Assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after i. v.
bolus, i.v. infusion, i. v. injection with loading dose and oral administration. Percent
absorbed time plot and determination of absorption rates based on one compartment
model. Introduction to „Two compartment model.‟

Unit-6: Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics (4 hours)

Causes of nonlinearity, Detection of non-linearity (saturation mechanism).Michaeles
Menten equation. Definition of Vmax and Km. Determination of Vmax and Km.
Significance of Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics: Case studies.

Unit-7: Clinical Pharmacokinetics (4 hours)

Definition and scope, Therapeutic drug monitoring. Case study of Digoxin and
theophyline. Individualization of Dosage. Dose adjustment in patients with and without
renal and hepatic failure. Design of single dose bio-equivalence study and relevant
statistics. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and their significance in combination therapy.
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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit-8: Numerical (7 hours)

Based on AUC, Elimination half life (t1/2), Volume of distribution (Vd), Clearance (Cl),
elimination rate constant (ke) and amount of drug (X). Dose adjustment in Renal Failure.

PHAR 324 Lab Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Practical

Experiments designed for the estimation of various pharmacokinetic parameters with
given data.
In vitro evaluation of different dosage forms for drug release.
Absorption studies – in vitro.
Statistical treatment of pharmaceutical data.
Suggested Practical
1. In-vitro drug release study of the given powder dosage form using various dissolution
media.
2. In-vitro drug release study of the given uncoated tablet dosage form using different
dissolution media.

3. In-vitro drug release study of the given capsule dosage form using various dissolution
media.
4. In-vitro drug release study of the given film coated dosage form using various
dissolution media.
5. In-vitro dissolution study of the given sustained release dosage form.
6. In-vitro dissolution study of the given fast release (M.D, Dispersible etc.) dosage form.
7. To study the effect of hardness of tablet on dissolution rate.
8. To study the effect of various diluents on dissolution rate of dosage form (Tablets,
Capsules, Ointment etc.).
9. To study the effect of formulation on drug release (powder, suspension etc.).
10. To determine the % protein binding of the given drugs.
11. To determine the effect of protein binding on drug bioavailability.
12. To calculate various Pharmacokinetic parameters from the given zero order drug
release data.
13. To calculate various Pharmacokinetic parameters from the given first order drug
release data.
14. To calculate the various Pharmacokinetic parameters from the given blood data of I.V
bolus injection(one compartment model).
15. To calculate various Pharmacokinetic parameters from the given urinary excretion data
of I.V bolus.injection using both methods (Rate of elimination & sigma minus method one
compartment model).
16. To study the in- vitro drug- drug interaction.
17. To study the passive diffusion of the given drug using cellophane membrane.
18. To study the passive diffusion of the given drug using egg or goat membrane.
19. To determine the various Pharmacokinetic parameters from the given blood data of
oral administration of dosge form.
20. DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS
a) Dissolution Apparatus.
b) Preparation of Buffers & membranes.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

c) Use of semilog paper.

d) Operation of colorimeter & U.V spectrophotometer.

Books and Other Resources Recommended

1. Brahmankar and Jaiswal; Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: A treatise; 2nd
Edition; CBS Publication;2009
2. Leon Shargel and Andrew B. C.Yu: Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
5th Edition; McGraw Hill; 2005.

3. Rowland and Tozer Text book of Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2nd edition, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 1995
4. Robert E. Notari, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics: An Introduction
Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded. Marcel Dekker, New York.2005
5. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
6. J Swarbrick, Current Concepts in the Pharmaceutical Sciences: Biopharmaceutics, Lea
& Febiger, Philadelphia (1970)
7. Javed Ali, Roop.K.Khar and Alka Ahuja: Textbook of Biopharmaceutics and
Pharmacokinetics: 1st edition; Birla Publication, 2001-2002
8. Robinson, J.R.Lee, V.H.L. Controlled Drug Delivery: Fundamentals and
Applications2nd edition, Macel Dekker, New York, 1987
9. H.F.Lodish and J.E.Rothman “The assembly of cell membranes Sci. Am. 240: 48-
63,1979
10. R.I.Oberle, G.L.Amidon; J. Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15:529-544,1987
11. A.Rubinstein, V.H.K.Li and J.R. Robinson In oral sustained release formulation,
Design and Evaluation, New York, Pergamon, 1988 cap. 6
12. Notari, R.E, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics – An introduction Marcel
Dekker Inc. N.Y.
13. Wagner J.G. Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Drugs Intelligence
Publishers, Hamilton.
14. Wagner J.G. Pharmacokinetics for the Pharmaceutical Scientist, Technomic Publishing
A.G. Basel, Switzerland.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 325 Biostatistics (45 hours)

Unit-1: Basic concepts of Statistics (10 hours)

Data, Data Graphic, frequency distribution measures of central tendency (Mean, Median,
Mode, Harmonic mean, Geometric mean and scattering of data, range, Mean, Deviation,
Standard deviation, SEM Applications in Pharmaceutical Validation)

Unit-2: Introduction to probabilities (10 hours)

Binomial and Normal Probabilities distribution.

Unit-3: Sample and sampling method (5 hours)

Sample size and its significance. Sampling techniques and their application in pharmacy.

Unit-4: Hypothesis testing (5 hours)

[T-statistics (Application in dissolution testing of solid dosage forms) chi-square test]

Unit-5: Correlation and Regression (10 hours)

Correlation analysis, Correlation coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

Linear regression analysis (applications in Beer's Lamberts Curve, stability study),
Introduction to curve fitting techniques. Analysis of variance: Introduction and application
of the test in the pharmacokinetic study.

Unit-6: Introduction to Software (5 hours)

SPSS and EPI info.

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Health Research Methodology- A guide for Training in Research methods. WHO.
nd
2. Green, J. 2004. Qualitative methods for health research. 2 ed. London: Sage.
3. Methodology and Techniques of Social Research by Bhandarkar and Wilkinson.
Himalyan Publishing House
4. Research methodology- Methods and Techniques By CR Kothari- Wiley Eastren
limited.
rd
5. Polagar, S. 1995. Introduction to research in the health sciences. 3 ed. Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone.
6. A guide for Research proposal writing, National science Foundation.
7. Mike Saks and Judith Allsop. Researching Health Qualitative, Quantitative and
Mixed Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-1-4129-0364-6. Required.
8. Dr Katherine Jones and Katherine Hooper. Researching Health Companion. Sage.
9. S. Polgar and S.A. Thomas Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences, 5 th
edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, New York (2008).

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

10. Denise F Polit and Cheryl Tatano beck- Nursing Research- Principles and
Methods.7th edition.
11. Albert P.S., and Borkowf, C.B., 2002. “An introduction to biostatistics:
randomization, hypothesis testing and sample size,” in John I. Gallin (ed.),
Principles and practice of clinical research, San Diego: Academic Press,
12. Brody, B.A., 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International
Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, 2002. International
ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva:
CIOMS.
14. Brett A, Grodin M (1991). Ethical aspects of human experimentation in health
services research. JAMA 265:1854-57.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 326 Engineering Drawing

1. Isometric and orthographic projections
2. Basic Engineering Drawing Practice - Bolts, nuts, rivetted fronts, screws, worn screws as per
specification.
3. Drawing of simple pharmaceutical machinery parts.
4. Layout designing of pharmaceutical production units, retail shops and wholesale

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

SEVENTH SEMESTER

PHAR 411 Dosage Form Design [45 hours]

Unit- 1. Preformulation studies: (13 hours)

a) Introduction, goals of preformulation, Study of physical properties of drug and their

effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability.

 Bulk characterization:-Crystallinity and polymorphism, hygroscopicity, Fine

particle characterization, Bulk density and study of powder flow properties (Carr‟s
index, Hausner index, Angle of Repose).
 Solubility Analysis: Ionization constant –PKa; pH solubility profile and common
ion effect –Ksp; effect of temperature; Solubilisation; Partition Coefficient and
dissolution.
 Stability Analysis: Stability in toxicology formulation; Solution stability; PH rate
profile ; solid state stability; bulk stability ; compatibility studies with excipient.
b) Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction,
racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability
of products.

c) Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and

elegancy of formulations.

 Rationale for prodrug formation, potential prodrug candidates, Design and

bioactivation, classification of prodrug ( carrier linked prodrug, metabolic
prodrug), pharmaceutical application of prodrug ( Improvement of taste, odour,
reduction of GI irritation, reduction of pain at site of injection, enhancement of
solubility and dissolution of drug, chemical stability, prolonged duration of
action, site specific drug delivery)
Unit 2: Design, development and process validation methods for pharmaceutical
operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to
tablets, suspensions. (5 hours)

 Introduction to validation, importance of validation, process validation, types of

process validation ( Prospective, Concurrent, Retrospective and Revalidation),
validation team responsibility, elements of validation ( DQ, IQ, OQ and PQ)
 Process validation: Process validation activities ( process design, process
qualification and verification), change control, phases of process validation (Pre-
Validation Phase or the Qualification Phase, Process Validation Phase, Process
Qualification phase and Validation Maintenance Phase); Required Validation
Documents: validation master plan (VMP), Validation protocol (VP), Validation
report (VR) and Standard Operating procedure (SOP).
 Process validation method of solid dosage form ( Tablet): Process overview of
tablet manufacturing process, validation of process parameters in tablet
manufacturing (Focus on process critical parameters of process stages of dry

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

mixing, granulation, wet milling, drying, dry milling, lubrication, compression,

coating and packing)
 Process validation method of suspension dosage form: Process overview;
validation of process parameters of suspension manufacturing (mixing, size
reduction, filling )

Unit-3. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various pharmaceutical

products ( 6 hours)

 Brief introduction of rate kinetics and methods of determination of shelf

 Protection against hydrolysis, oxidation and photochemical degradation.
 Stability testing: Accelerated analysis for chemical stability and limitation
(Arrhenius plot)
 Stability testing protocol: ICH guidelines for storage conditions, concept of
climatic zone as per ICH, stress testing, accelerated and long term stability testing
and on-going testing (focus on drug substance and drug product).
 DDA guidelines for stability testing 2007

Unit 4. Performance evaluation methods (6 hours)

a) In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of

dissolution data: Introduction, Noyes Whitney equation, factors affecting
dissolution rate relating to the solid dosage form (effect of formulation factors and
effect of processing factors), basic knowledge about dissolution apparatus (USP
apparatus I and II).

b) Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures:

Bioavailability and bioequivalence, purpose of bioavailability studies, relative and
absolute bioavailability, Methods of assessing bioavailability (Pharmacokinetic
methods and pharmacodynamic methods).

Pharmacokinetics methods: Plasma data ( tmax, Cmax, AUC), urine data

pharmacodynamic methods: Acute pharmacological effect and clinical response.

c) In-vivo methods of evaluation and statistical treatment:

Unit 5. GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit ( 5 hours)

 GMP – Introduction, Relationship among Quality Elements (Quality

Assurance, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Drugs and Quality
control). Short description of Premises, Personnel and equipments. GMP
regulation in Nepal including “Ausadi Utpadan Samhita”.
 Quality Audit (Types: 3rd Party Audit, 2nd Party Audit, 1st Party Audits, Audit
Categories: System Audit, Conformance Audit, Compliance Audit, Process
Audit, Product Audit and Department Audit. Benefits of audit). Site Master
File, GMP certification: Audit of Hardware, software and Practice.
 Quality Assurance: Concept, function and organizational Approach.
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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit 6. Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled released

formulations (10 hours)

 Introduction to CR/SR preparations, concept of controlled release formulation,

challenges of CR drug delivery system, advantages and disadvantages, Factors
influencing the design and performance of CR products (physiochemical
properties: molecular size and diffusivity, aqueous solubility, ionization constant,
partition coefficient, stability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
considerations: release rate and dose, Biological factors: Absorption, distribution,
metabolism and elimination half life, therapeutic index, duration of action.
 Kinetics of drug release from CRDS: Zero order, first order, Hixson-Crowell
Release Model, Higuchi Release Model and Korsmeyer-Peppas Release Model
 Oral controlled release systems: Dissolution controlled release (Matrix and
encapsulated dissolution), diffusion controlled release (Reservoir and matrix
system), dissolution and diffusion controlled release, Osmotically controlled
release, pH independent formulations, Ion exchange resins.
 Evaluation of CR formulations: Quality control methods( Identity, purity, strength,
stability of the dosage form and drug in the dosage form, disintegration and
dissolution, dosage form appearance, bioavailability of the drug from dosage form.

PHAR 411 Lab Dosage Form Design Practical

1. Preformulation studies including drug-excipient compatibility studies, effect of
stabilizers, preservatives etc. in dosage form design.

2. Experiments demonstrating improvement in bioavailability through prodrug concept.

3. Stability evaluation of various dosage forms and their expiration dating.

4. Dissolution testing and data evaluation for oral solid dosage forms.

6. In-vivo bioavailability evaluation from plasma drug concentration and urinary excretion
curves.

7. Design, development and evaluation of controlled release formulations.

Books and Other Resources Suggested

1. N.K. Jain , Controlled and Novel drug delivery., CBS Publishers and distributors.
New Delhi.
2. Leon Lachman ,Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy , Varghese publishing
house, 3rd edition.
3. Remington‟s, The Sciences and practice of pharmacy- Volume I, II., Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins London, 20th edition.
4. Hillery and loyed, Drug delivery and targeting., Tylor and franicis London. 1st
edition.
5. Yie W. Chien, Novel drug delivery systems., Mareel Dekker Inc.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

6. Ansel, Howard, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems,

Lippincott Williams and Wilkins London, 7th edition.
7. Hamed M. Abelon, Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence, Mack
Publishing Company, Pennsylvania.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 412 Pharmaceutical Management [45 hours]

Unit-1: Concept of Management (12 hours)
Administrative Management (Planning, Organizing, Staffing Directing and Controlling).
Entrepreneurship development, Operative Management (Personnel, Materials, Production,
Financial, Marketing, Time/space, Margin/ Morale) Principles of Management
(Coordination, Communication, Motivation, Decision making, leadership, Innovation
Creativity, Delegation of Authority / Responsibility. Record Keeping), Identification of
key points to give maximum thrust for development and perfection. Total Quality
Management (TQM).
Unit-2: Pharmaceutical Marketing (6 hours)
Functions, buying, selling, transportation, storage financed. Feedback information,
channels of distribution, wholesale, retail, department store, multiple shop and mail order
business.
Unit-3: Salesmanship and Market Research (6 hours)
Principle of sales promotion, advertising, ethics of sales, merchandising, literature,
detailing, Recruitment, training, evaluation, compensation to the pharmacist. Measuring &
Forecasting Market Demand - Major concept in demand measurement, Estimating current
demand Geo-demo- graphic analysis. Estimating industry sales, Market share and future
demand. Market segmentation & Market targeting.
Unit-4: Introduction to Accountancy (5 hours)
Introduction, Accounting Process, Bank Reconciliation, Trail Balance, Profit & Loss
Account, Depreciation, Inventory management & Accounting, Long Lived Assets and
Long term liabilities.
Unit-5: Material Management (4 hours)
A brief description of basic principles of material management, major areas, scope,
purchase, stores, inventory control and evaluation of materials management.
Unit-6: Production Management (6 hours)
A brief description of the different aspects of Production Management. Visible and
Invisible inputs, Methodology of Activities Performance Evaluation Technique Process,
Flow, Process Know-how, Maintenance Management.

Unit-7: Introduction to Microeconomics (6 hours)

Introduction, Supply/Demand and Elasticity, types of market (Monopoly, Competitive,

Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Beri, Market Researth – Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. Chary S.N, Production and Operative Management / Tata Mc Graw Hill.
3. Datta A.K., Material Management / PHI.
4. Chadwick Leslie, The essence of management accounting / PHI.
5. Massie L. Joseph Essentials of Management / PHI.
6. Barthwal R.R, Industrial Economics –. / New Age International.
7. Shreenivasan K.R., An Introduction to Industrial Management –/ Vikas.
8. Daver Rustam S. Salesmanship and Publicity –/ Vikas.
9. Mukopadhyay Sekhar, Pharmaceutical Selling, Sterling Publishers.
10. Koontz H, Weihrich H, Essentials of Management, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
11. Vidya sagar Pharmaceutical Industrial Management, Pharma Book Syndicate

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 413 Pharmacotherapeutics [45 hrs]

1. Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy.(1 hr)

2. Important Disorders of Organ Systems and their Management: (44 hrs)

2.1. Cardiovascular Disorders – Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure, Angina, Acute

Myocardial Infarction, Cardiac arrhythmias (8hrs)

2.2 .CNS Disorders: Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression (7hrs)

2.3 .Respiratory Disease- Asthma, COPD (4hrs)

2.4. Gastrointestinal Disorders-Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis (8hrs)

2.5 Endocrine Disorders-Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid Disorders (3hrs).

2.6 Infectious Diseases-Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract Infection, Enteric Infections, Upper

Respiratory Infection (5hrs).

2.7 Hemopoietic Disorders-Anemias (6hrs)

2.8 Joint and Connective Tissue Disorders-Rheumatic Diseases, Gout and Hyperuricaemia
(1hrs)

2.9 Neoplastic Diseases- Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's diseases (2hrs)

Books and Other Resources Recommended

1. Sathoskar, Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics, Vol. 1 & 2, Publ by Popular
Prakashan, Mumbai.
2. Roger Walker and Cleve Edwards: Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics.
3. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment(CMDT)
4. Washington Manual and Medical therapeutics, 32nd Edition.
5. Bertram. G. Katzung, Basic and clinical pharmacology
6. J.G. Hardman and Lee E. Limbard, Good Mann & Gilmann: The Pharmacological basis of
therapeutics, Mc Graw hill, Health Professions Dvn.
7. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th Edition.
Hamsten, Drug interaction, Kven Stockley.
8. Laurence, DR and Bennet PN. Clinical Pharmacology, Scientific book agency
9. Dr. D.R Krishna, V. Klotz, Clinical pharmaco kinetics, Publ Springer Verlab
10. M Rowland and T N Tozer, "Clinical Pharmacokinetics" 2nd ed Lea & Febiger, NY.
11. Grahame smith and Aronson, Clinical pharmacology and drug therapy
12. Richard A Helms, Text Book of Therapeutics Drug and Disease Management Hardbound.
13. Herfindal E T and Hirschman JL, Williams and Wilkins, Clinical Pharmacy and
therapeutics
14. Applied Therapeutics, The clinical uses of Drugs applied therapeutics INC

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 414 Research Methodology [45 hours]

1. Introduction, meaning and nature of research, scope and objective of research, type of
researches, health research and its benefits. Research Ethics and plagiarism. Health
research, policy and priorities, pharmaceutical researches, indicators in health researches,
pharmaceutical researches, laboratory and survey research (4 hrs)
2. Introduction, significance of valid design (1hr)
3. Research design: Observational Study – types, design, example. Interventional study –
types, design, example. Qualitative Research, meta-analysis, small topics. Foundations of
Quantitative and qualitative Research Design. Identify different types of study design,
including observational, pre-experimental and experimental designs, and their inherent
threats to internal and external validity, (5 hrs)
4. Variables – types, example. Describe the basic issues related to measurement of variables.
(2hours)
5. Confounders and Bias: Confounding, control of confounding. Bias- types, control;
blinding- types, double dummy technique; randomisation – methods,measurement levels
(3 hrs)
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation: (20 hours)
6.1. Gaussian curve, hypothesis testing ( 1hr)
6.2. Confidence interval, p-value, effect size, power (1hr)
6.3. Types of error, reducing error in test (1 hr)
6.4. Parametric and non-parametric tests for difference between groups: data required,
example (2 hrs)
6.5. Chi-square test, Mc Nemar test- Assumption, example, interpretation (2 hrs)
6.6. Tests for ordinal data- Assumption, example, interpretation (2 hrs)
6.7. Central limit theorem, t-distribution, different t-tests- Assumption, example,
interpretation (2 hrs)
6.8. One way Anova- Assumption, example, interpretation, source of variation, post hoc
tests (2 hrs)
6.9. 2 and n- way Anova, multivariate Anova- Assumption, example, interpretation
(2 hrs)
6.10. Relative risk, odds ratio, survival studies (1 hr)
6.11. Correlation- Types, Assumption, example, interpretation (2 hrs)
6.12. Regression- Types, Assumption, example, interpretation (2 hrs)

6.13. Topic selection, defining objective and research question, research hypothesis (1
hour)
6.14. Research report writing, types of report, draft report and presentation and
dissemination plan (2 hours)
7. Data entry in SPSS and other softwares – Lab Practice (2hrs).
Non-parametric tests (SPSS)- 2hrs,
T- tests, One- way Anova (SPSS)- 2 hrs
Correlation, Regression (SPSS)- 2hrs

PHAR 414 Lab Literature Survey and Project Design Practical

Write a project proposal for 8th semester project work and conduct literature survey.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Books and Other Resources Recommended

1. Health Research Methodology- A guide for Training in Research methods. WHO.
nd
2. Green, J. 2004. Qualitative methods for health research. 2 ed. London: Sage.
3. Methodology and Techniques of Social Research by Bhandarkar and Wilkinson.
Himalyan Publishing House
4. Research methodology- Methods and Techniques By CR Kothari- Wiley Eastren
limited.
rd
5. Polagar, S. 1995. Introduction to research in the health sciences. 3 ed. Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone.
6. A guide for Research proposal writing, National science Foundation.
7. Mike Saks and Judith Allsop. Researching Health Qualitative, Quantitative and
Mixed Methods. Sage. ISBN: 978-1-4129-0364-6. Required.
8. Dr Katherine Jones and Katherine Hooper. Researching Health Companion. Sage.
9. S. Polgar and S.A. Thomas Introduction to Research in the Health Sciences, 5 th
edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, New York (2008).
10. Denise F Polit and Cheryl Tatano beck- Nursing Research- Principles and
Methods.7th edition.
11. Albert P.S., and Borkowf, C.B., 2002. “An introduction to biostatistics:
randomization, hypothesis testing and sample size,” in John I. Gallin (ed.),
Principles and practice of clinical research, San Diego: Academic Press,
12. Brody, B.A., 1998. The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International
Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, 2002. International
ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva:
CIOMS.
14. Brett A, Grodin M (1991). Ethical aspects of human experimentation in health
services research. JAMA 265:1854-57.
15. BEVERLEY HANCOCK - Trent Focus for Research and Development in Primary
Health Care: An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Division of General
Practice , University of Nottingham.
16. NATASHA MACK • CYNTHIAWOODSONG, KATHLEEN M.MACQUEEN •
GREG GUEST • EMILY NAMEY - Qualitative Research Methods: A DATA
COLLECTOR‟S FIELD GUIDE. Family Health International.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 415 Forensic Pharmacy [45 hrs]

Unit – 1: Introduction (2 hours)
History of pharmaceutical legislation, Pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical
education in Nepal and Global Perspective.
Unit – 2: An elaborate study of the following: (30 hours)
 Drugs Act, 1978
 Drug Registration Regulation
 Drug Consultative Council and Drug Advisory Regulations
 Drug Standard Regulation
 Drug Inspection Regulation
 Drug Manufacturing Codes
 Good Manufacturing Practices
 Drugs Sale and Distribution Codes
 Pharmacy Council Act
Unit – 3: A brief account on the following: (13 hours)
 Regulatory provisions for veterinary, ayurvedic and other system of medicines
 Company Act of Nepal
 Patents Act 1970.
 National Health Research Council Act
 Professional councils
 Narcotic drugs control act relating to pharmaceutical product and the relation
of act with Drugs Act, 1978
 Drugs banned in Nepal and the reason of drug banning
 Introduction Regulatory affairs in INDIA(Pharmacy act 1948, Drugs and
cosmetics act 1940, Narcotic drugs and pdychotropic substances act 1985)
 A brief account about the Drug & Cosmetic Act of UK, Australia and USA.

Books and Other Resourses Recommended

1. Drug Act of Nepal and Regulations under it.

2. Forensic Pharmacy by B.M. Mithal
3. Laws of drugs in India – Hussain
4. Intellectual Property Law by R.K. Nagarajan
5. Text book of forensic pharmacy by C.K.Kokate and S.B.Gokhale published
by Pharma book syndicate.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 416 Dispensing and Community Pharmacy [45 hours]

Unit-1: Community Pharmacy (4 hours)

1.1. Definition, Scope of community pharmacy, different types of community pharmacy.

1.2.Professionalism in the Community Pharmacy Setting.

1.3. Roles and responsibilities of Community pharmacist, Code of Ethics.

Unit-2: Entrepreneurship in Community Pharmacy and developing business plan. (2 hrs)

Unit-3: Pharmaceutical care: Definition and Principles of Pharmaceutical care. (2 hrs)

Unit-4: Community Pharmacy Management (12 hrs)

4.1. Selection of site, Space layout, and design, Pharmacy workflow

4.2. Staff, Materials- coding, stocking

4.3. Legal requirements and legal structure of ownership.

4.4. Maintenance of various registers

4.5. Computerization of Pharmacy

4.6. Documentation in Community pharmacy

4.7. Patient care process in Community pharmacy

Unit-5: Inventory Control: Purchasing and Inventory control in community pharmacy. (3hrs)

ABC, VED, EOQ, Lead time, safety stock

Unit-6: Prescription: Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in

dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. (2 hrs)

Unit-7: Pharmaceutical calculations (3 hrs)

Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing
recipes percentage solutions, allegation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions,
displacement value etc.

Unit-8: Communication skills in Patient counselling (6 hrs)

Need for good communication, Key communication skills, strategies to overcome barriers. Patient
compliance: Definition, Factors affecting compliance, role of pharmacist in improving the
compliance. Patient information leaflets- content, design, & layouts, advisory labels.

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 Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Unit-9: Health screening services: (8 hrs)

Definition, importance, methods for screening, responding to symptoms. Role of Pharmacist in

OTC drugs, Immunization, Nutrition and Dietary supplements. Smoking cessation, Obesity,
Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus (TYPE II) and Family planning.

Unit-10: Good Community Pharmacy Practice: (3 hrs)

Requirements of premises/layout, equipments, manpower, of material, storage and inventory

control services, documentation.

PHAR 416 Lab Community Pharmacy Practical

1. Categorization and storage of Pharmaceutical products bases on legal requirements of
labeling and storage.

2. Prescription handling and identification of drug interactions, incompatibilities.

3. Health screening services and study of equipments for:- Blood glucose determination
(Glucometer), Blood pressure (BP apparatus) and Lung function test (Peak flow meter)

4. Layout and Design of community pharmacy to incorporate all pharmaceutical care

services.

5. Study of OTC medications List & Available brands.

6. Interpretation of various pathological reports of blood and urine.

7. Techniques of administration of special dosage forms of drugs : Discussion and overhead

picture presentation on proper techniques of administration of :-Inhaler, Eye drops and
ointment, Ear drops, Nose drops, Dry syrups, Suppositories and Vaginal pessaries

(Demonstration of these actual dosage forms and hands on experience at using them)

8. Problem solving / patient care analysis in pharmacy practice, taking drug history, patient
counselling role play.

9. Project report on visit to the nearby Community for Counseling on the rational use of
drugs and aspects of health care.
Books and Other Resources Suggested

1. Churchill Livingstone, Edalker and Edwards- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2nd ed.
1999
2. Clive Edwards and Paul Stillman - Minor Illness or Major Disease? Responding to symptoms
in the Pharmacy, Pharma Press 1995.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

3. Robinson Harma - Patient Care in Community Practice, A Handbook of Non Medical

Healthcare, Pharma Press 1989.
4. Melanie J. Rantucci- Pharmacists talking with Patinents, A guide to Patient Conseling.
Williams and Wilkins. 1997.
5. Cynthia Knapp Dlugosz, The Practitioner's quick reference to Non Prescription Durgs.
American Pharmacists Association. 2009.
6. Jean Venable, Lynne Roman, Kristin Weitzel, Community Pharmacy Practice. American
Pharmacists Association. 2009.
7. WHO Publications: Role of Pharmacist in Health Care, Good Pharmacy Practice, Operational
principle for good procurement practice and WHO Revised drug strategies

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

EIGHTH SEMESTER
PHAR 421 Hospital Pharmacy (45 hours)
1) History and Development of Hospital, Hospital pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy in
Nepal. 1 hr
2) Organization and Structure 1 hr
- Hospitals: Definition, Objectives and Functions, Classifications based on various
criteria, Organization, Management and health delivery system in Nepal.

3) Hospital Pharmacy: 4 hr
a) Hospital Pharmacy, Definition, functions and objectives of hospital pharmacy,
organization, planning and administration of modern hospital pharmacy
services, Location, Layout & flow chart of material and men, personnel, and
facilities required, including equipments,
b) Minimum Standards of practice in Hospital pharmacy.
c) Qualifications, requirements, abilities and evaluation of hospital pharmacist,
responsibilities required for Hospital Pharmacists, workload and remuneration
of hospital pharmacist, pharmacist assistants and supporting staffs, Job
descriptions.
4) Drug Store Management and Inventory Control 4 hr
a) Organization of drug store, Types of material stocked, Storage Condition,
Budgeting for Drugs.
b) Purchase and Inventory Control Principles, Purchase procedures, Estimation of
drug requirements, Determining drug types and quantities required, Lead time,
Monthly consumption, Purchase Specifications, Requisition, Purchase order,
Purchase record, Procurement and Stocking. Control on Purchase, Vendor
selection, ABC analysis, VED analysis.
5) Drug Distribution Systems In Hospitals 5 hr
a) Outpatient Dispensing; Method adopted, Guidelines for Hospital Drug Distribution
Systems.
b) Inpatients Dispensing; Type of drug distribution systems; Individual prescription
order, Floor stock system, Unit dose dispensing system (centralized and
decentralized system), Satellite pharmacy services, Bed side pharmacy, charging
policy, labeling.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

c) Dispensing of controlled drugs, record keeping and stock maintenance.

d) New dispensing systems: Mechanical Drug Dispensing, Computerized Drug
Dispensing.
6) Central Sterile Supply Unit and its management: Type of materials for sterilization,
packaging of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments, supply of sterile
materials. 2 hr
7) Hospital manufacturing and pre-packaging in the Hospital: 6 hr
a) Economic Considerations, Factors affecting make or buy decision, sterile
manufacture and non sterile manufacture, facilities and requirements.
b) Nutritional problems in hospitalized patients, Nutritional assessment and metabolic
requirements, Disease specific support, Home parenteral nutrition with calculations
8) Hospital committees: 6 hrs
Role of Pharmacists in different hospital committee and rational use of drugs

a) Drug and Therapeutic committee: Goals and Objectives, functions, role of DTC in
drug management Cycle, Structure and organization of DTC
b) Infection control committee
c) Antibiotic monitoring committee
d) Research and Ethics committee
9) Nomenclature and uses of surgical Instruments, Surgical supplies and Surgical
Dressings. 2 hrs
10) Managing Formulary process
The Formulary process, The formulary list, Formulary manual, Standard Treatment
Guidelines, Assessing New medicines 4 hrs

11) Radiopharmaceuticals 8 hr
Type of radio Pharmaceuticals, Radioactive half life, Units of Radioactivity and Dose,
Facilities required for the production of radiopharmaceuticals, Production of 99m
Technetium, Measurement of radioactivity (Geiger- Miiller counting, Liquid
scintillation counting, Measurement of gamma radiation), Dosing, Radiation Hazards
and role of pharmacist

12). Computer application in hospital pharmacy 2 hrs

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 421 Lab Hospital Pharmacy Practical

1. Organizational chart of Hospital and hospital Pharmacy.

2. Layout design and workflow of hospital pharmacy.
3. Demonstration of surgical equipments and surgical dressings.
4. Drug List, Emergency Drug list.
5. Adverse Drug Reaction with causality assessment.
6. Drug dose calculation in Children, pregnancy and geriatric patients.
7. Case studies involving different diseases.
8. Prepare formulary of selective drugs.
9. Visit to Hospital pharmacy and prepare a report. (optional)

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Lea and Gebiger, William E. Hassan- Hospital Pharmacy 3rd ed. 1974.
2. Birla Publications, Pratibha Nand and RK Khar- A textbook of Hospital and Clinical
Pharmacy 1st ed. 2001.
3. Vallabh Publications, PC Dandiya and Mukul Mahur- A textbook of Hospital and Clinical
Pharmacy 4th ed. 2005.
4. Churchill Livingstone, Edalker and Edwards- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2nd ed.
1999
5. American Pharmaceutical Association, John Rovers and Jay Currie- A Practical Guide to
Pharmaceutical Care 3rd ed. 2007.
6. Green and Harris - Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists , Chapman and Hall ISBN 0-
412-36000-4
7. Winfield and Richanrds - Pharmaceutical Practice , Churchill Livingstone 1998.
8. Diane M.Collett and Michael E.Aulton, Churchill Livingstone 1990.
9. Clive Edwards and Paul Stillman - Minor Illness or Major Disease ? Responding to symptoms
in the Pharmacy, Pharma Press 1995.
10. Alison Blenkinshopp and Paul Paxton - Symptom in Pharmacy, Blackwell Science 1995.
11. WHO Publications: Role of Pharmacist in Health Care, Good Pharmacy Practice, Operational
principle for good procurement practice and WHO Revised drug strategies.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 422 Drug Delivery System (30 hours)

Unit – 1: Polymer Science (2 hours)
Introduction, synthesis of polymers, polymer classification, biodegradation of polymers,
properties of polymers, pharmaceutical application of polymers.

Unit – 2: Sustained release formulations (4 hours)

Introduction, concept, advantages and disadvantages. Physicochemical and biological
properties of drugs relevant to sustained release formulations, evaluation of sustained
release drug formulations.

Unit – 3: Concept and system design for rate-controlled drug delivery (4 hours)
Classification of controlled drug delivery systems, rate-programmed release, activation
modulated and feedback-regulated drug delivery systems, effect of system parameters on
controlled release drug delivery.

Unit – 4: Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (6 hours)

Concepts, advantages and disadvantages, structure of oral mucosa, transmucosal
permeability, mucosal membrane models, mucoadhesive polymers, permeability
enhancers, in vitro and in vivo methods for buccal absorption. Nasal and pulmonary drug
delivery systems and its applications.

Unit –5: Parenteral controlled release drug delivery systems (4 hours)

Approaches for injectable controlled release formulations and development of
implantable drug delivery systems.

Unit – 6: Targeted drug delivery systems (6 hours)

Principles of targeting, classification, advantages and disadvantages, biological processes
and event involved in drug targeting, microspheres, magnetic microspheres, nanoparticles,
liposomes, niosomes, dendrimers, resealed erythrocytes, and monoclonal antibodies.
Unit – 7: Protein and peptide drug delivery (4 hours)
Introduction, classification and structure of protein, drug delivery systems for proteins and
peptides, manifestation of protein instability and stability.

PHAR 422 Lab Drug Delivery System practical

1. Characterization of polymers.
2. Preparation and evaluation of polymeric microspheres.
3. Preparation and evaluation of microcapsules by different microencapsulation
techniques.
4. Preparation and evaluation of matrix tablets using various polymers.
5. Formulation and evaluation of floating tablets.
6. Study on in vitro diffusion of drugs through various polymeric membranes.
7. Preparation and evaluation of buccal mucoadhesives systems.
8. Preparation and evaluation of drug-free polymeric films.
9. Preparation and evaluation of transdermal patches.
10. Preparation and evaluation of floating microspheres.
11. Preparation and characterization of liposomes.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

12. Preparation and characterization of niosomes.

13. Study of in vitro dissolution of various sustained release formulations of marketed
products.
14. Demonstration of skin sensitivity testing of TDDS on a suitable animal model.

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

1. Preparation and Evaluation of Matrix Tablets
2. Formulation and Evaluation of Film Coated Tablets.
3. Formulation and Evaluation of Enteric Coated Tablets.
4. Preparation and Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems.
5. Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Delivery Systems.
6. Evaluation of Market SR Formulations.
7. Preparation and Evaluation of Alginate Beads.
8. Analytical Method Validation.

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Fried J.R. Polymer Science & Technology, 2nd edition. Prientice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Coleman M.M., Painter P.C. Fundamentals of Polymer Science: An Introductory Text.
CRC Press.
3. Lliun Lisbeth, Davis Stanley S. Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery. Wright Bristol.
4. Robinson J.R., Lee V.H.L. Controlled Drug Delivery. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
5. Juliano R.L., Drug Delivery Systems: Characteristics and Biomedical Applications.
Oxford University Press.
6. Chien Y.W. Novel Drug Delivery Systems. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
7. Vyas S.P., Khar R.K. Controlled Drug Delivery-Concepts and Advances. Vallabh
Prakashan.
8. Mathiowitz E. Encyclopedia of Controlled Delivery. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9. Jain N.K. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. CBS Publishers & Distributors.
10. Carstensent J. T. Drugs and Pharm.Sci. Series, vol. 43, Marcel Dekker Inc.
11. Johnson P., Lloyd-Jones, J.G. Drug Delivery Systems: Fundamentals and
Techniques. VCH.
12. Audus K.L., Juliano R.L. Targeted Drug Delivery. Springer-Verlag.
13. Lee V.H.L. Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery. Marcelk Dekker, Inc.
14. Guy R.H., Hadgraft G. Transdermal Drug Delivery. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
15. Edith Mathiowitz, Donald E. Chickering, Claus-Michael Lehr. Bioadhesive Drug
Delivery Systems: Fundamentals, Novel Approaches and Development. Marcel
Dekker, Inc.
16. Kasliwal N. Liposomes/Niosomes As a Drug Delivery System. Lambert Academic
Publishing.
17. Dietrich G., Goebel W. Vaccine Delivery Strategies. Horizon Scientific Press.
18. Kaufmann S.H.E. Novel Vaccination Strategies. Wiley-VCH.

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 423 Quality Assurance & Instrumental Analysis (60 hours)

Unit – 1: Quality assurance (10 hrs)

1.1. GMP concept and its components, comparison of requirements of WHO guidelines, US FDA
guidelines,
1.2 GLP concept and its components,
1.3. Concept of ISO, difference of GMP guidelines with ISO
1.4. Concept of TQM, Quality Review and Quality Documentation.
1.5. Validation, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.

Unit-2: Instrumental Analysis (50 hours)

2.1. Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry: Introduction, absorption laws, instrumentation,
types of electronic transition, chromophore concept, auxochrome, absorption & intensity
shifts, types of absorption bands, choice of solvent & solvent effects, Woodward-Feiser &
Feiser-Kuhn rules for calculating absorption maxima, applications of UV spectroscopy.(12
hrs)
2.2. Fluorimetry: Introduction, principle, factors affecting fluorescence intensity, instrumentation
& applications of fluorimetry.(3hrs)
2.3. Infrared spectrophotometry: Introduction, theory of IR spectroscopy, modes of vibration,
factors affecting vibrational frequencies, instrumentation, position & intensity of absorption
bands, sampling methods, applications of IR spectroscopy, interpretation of IR spectra,
limitations of IR spectroscopy.(10 hrs)
2.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy including 13C NMR: Introduction, principle,
instrumentation, number of signals, chemical shift & factors affecting chemical shift, internal
standards, shielding & deshielding effects, solvents in nmr, splitting of signals, spin-spin
coupling, coupling constant, double resonance (spin decoupling), nuclear overhauser effect
(NOE), introduction to 13C NMR, applications of NMR spectroscopy, interpretation of NMR
spectra.(12 hrs)
2.5. Mass Spectrometry: Introduction, principle, instrumentation, mass spectrogram, types of ion
produced in mass spectrometer, index of hydrogen deficiency, nitrogen rule, ring rule,
interpretation of molecular spectra & applications of mass spectroscopy. (7 hrs)
2.6. Flame Photometry: Introduction, principle, instrumentation, effect of solvent, applications in
qualitative & quantitative analysis, methods of quantitative analysis, interferences in flame
photometry & limitations of flame photometry.(3 hrs)
2.7. Emission Spectroscopy: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantage & disadvantage of
emission spectroscopy, applications. (2hrs)
2.8. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, detection limit &
sensitivity, interference, applications of AAS. (2hrs)
2.9. X-ray Diffraction: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, applications.(2hrs)
2.10. Thermal methods: Introduction to thermal methods; principle, instrumentation &
application of differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) &
thermogravimetry (TG). (5hrs)
2.11. Radioimmunoassay (3 hrs)

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

Phar 423 Lab Quality Assurance and Instrumental Analysis Practical

1. Quantitative estimation of formulations containing single drug or more than one drug, using
uv-visible spectroscopy.
2. Estimation of Na, K, Ca ions using flame photometry.
3. Estimation of riboflavin, quinine using flame fluorimetry.
4. Workshop to interpret the structure of simple organic compounds using UV, IR, NMR and
MS.
Books and Other Resources recommended
1. Skoog, et al : Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, Thomson Brooks/Cole
2. William Kemp: Organic Spectroscopy (3rd Ed.) 1991, Macmillan Press Ltd., London.
3. R. M. Silverstein, G. C. Balller and T. C. Morrill: Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds. (5thEd.) 1991, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. London.
4. John R. Dyer: Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds,
1965, Prentice-Hall, Inc., London.
5. BK Sharma: Instrumental & Chemical Methods of analysis: Goel Publication
6. Chatwal & Anand: Instrumental & Chemical Methods of analysis: Himalayan
Publication
7. Beckett A H and Stenlake J B, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol. II, The
Athlone Press of the University of London.
8. G. Gauglitz and T. Vo-Dinh; Handbook of Spectroscopy; Wiley-VCH

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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

PHAR 424 Clinical Pharmacy (30 hours)

1) Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Scope of Clinical

pharmacy, Role of Clinical pharmacists (1 hr)
2) Patient data analysis and Prescribing guidelines: (5 hrs)
Interpretation of Clinical laboratory tests used in the evaluation of common disease
states, Haematological parameters, Urine examination, Stool Examination, liver
function tests, pulmonary function tests. Patient's Data collection. Paediatric patients,
Geriatric patients, Pregnant and breast feeding women.

3) Adverse drug reactions: ADRs with special emphasis on epidemiology, classification,

risk factors, monitoring and detecting ADR, assessing causality, reporting ADRs.
(4 hrs)
4) Drug interactions: Define drug-drug and drug-food interactions. Classify and explain
mechanism of drug-drug interactions. (5 hrs)
5) Drug dependence and Drug abuse (1 hr)
6) Describe the investigational drugs and phases of clinical trials, pharmacist's role in
clinical trials, statistical methods of interpretation, legal and ethical considerations.
(4 hrs)
7) Therapeutic drug monitoring and role of pharmacist. (4 hrs)
8) Drug and poison information services: (6 hrs)
Introduction of drug information, Resources available, Design of literature searches,
Critical evaluation of drug information and literature, Preparation of written and verbal
reports and Development of a drug information data base and emergency treatment of
poisoning.

Books and Other Resources recommended

1. Birla Publications, Pratibha Nand and RK Khar- A textbook of Hospital and
Clinical Pharmacy 1st ed. 2001.
2. Vallabh Publications, PC Dandiya and Mukul Mahur- A textbook of Hospital and
Clinical Pharmacy 4th ed. 2005.
3. Churchill Livingstone, Edalker and Edwards- Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
2nd ed. 1999
4. American Pharmaceutical Association, John Rovers and Jay Currie- A Practical
Guide to Pharmaceutical Care 3rd ed. 2007.
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Purbanchal University, Curriculum of Bachelor of Pharmacy (B Pharm) 2007, First revision 2012

5. Green and Harris - Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists , Chapman and
Hall ISBN 0-412-36000-4
6. Winfield and Richanrds - Pharmaceutical Practice , Churchill Livingstone 1998.
7. Clive Edwards and Paul Stillman - Minor Illness or Major Disease ? Responding to
symptoms in the Pharmacy, Pharma Press 1995.
8. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment Lawrence M. Tierney,Jr.Stephen J.
McPhee,Maxine A. Papadakis

PHAR 425 Project Work

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