MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WDM Principle
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Foreword
• With the development of

telecommunication, the requirements of the

transmission capacity and service categories

are becoming bigger and bigger, under this

background, WDM technology emerged.

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Objectives

• Upon completion of this course, you will be

able to:
– Describe the concepts, transmission modes and
structure of WDM;
– Classify the different types and characteristics of
the fiber;
– Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
– List the technical specifications for WDM system.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master Limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

How to increase network capacity ？

 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 STM-16→ STM-64
 SDM
 Cost &
 Add fiber &
Complication
equipment
 Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

What's WDM ？

Gas Station

Free Way

Patrol Car
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WDM Concept

• Different signals with specific wavelength are

multiplexed into a fiber for transmission.

SDH signal λ1 λ1 λ 2 λn
IP package

ATM cells λ2
┉
┋
λn
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

System Structure
• The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
– Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
– Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
– Optical Amplifier (OA)
– Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU OTU

O O
OTU M BA LA PA D OTU
U U

OTU OTU

OSC OSC OSC

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Transmission Modes
• Single fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Transmission Modes
• Single fiber bidirectional transmission

MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX

M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U U
4
M
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Application Modes
• Open System

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
0
T 0 T
U 4
U
M

Client Client
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Application Modes
• Integrated System

MUX DMUX

M
4
0 0
4
M

Client Client
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Advantages of WDM
• Ultra high capacity
• Data transparency transmission
• Long haul transmission
• Compatible with existing optical fibers
• High performance-to-cost ratio
• High networking flexibility, economy and
reliability
• Smooth expansion
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

CWDM vs. DWDM

• CWDM: Coarse wavelength
division multiplexing
– spacing of two adjacent
wavelengths: 20 nm

• DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing

– spacing of two adjacent wavelengths: 25 GHz

ITU-T G.694.1 192 wavelengths at the extended C band with 25 GHz channel
spacing 32 extended
160 wavelengths at C band
wavelengths
196.05THz 192.125THz 192.05THz 191.275THz
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

• Nominal central frequency refers to the central
wavelength corresponding to each channel in
WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in
G.692 is based on frequency and spacing series
of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum
spacing 100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Questions
• What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
• Difference between the two transmission
modes
• Difference between the two application
modes
• List the structure of the WDM system.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Summary
• Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM
and CWDM;
• WDM system structure ;
• Transmission and application Modes of WDM
system;
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of DWDM system
5. Technical Specifications
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Structure of Optical Fiber

• Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass
cladding and a plastic wear-resisting coating.
Refraction

n2 Cladding
θ

Reflection n1 Core

Coating
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics of Fiber
• Loss

• Dispersion

• Non-linear
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics of Fiber Loss

• Fiber loss is classified into:

– Absorption loss
– Scattering loss
– Bending loss

• The fiber loss can be calculated according to

the following formula:
– Fiber loss (dB) = fiber length (km) x fiber loss coefficient
(dB/km)
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Attenuation
dB/km

Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band

3
（ OH-
850~900nm

1
nm
）
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
 Attenuation varies with wavelengths.
 The attenuation around 1380 nm goes up sharply due to absorption by hydroxyl ions. This is generally
called "water peak".
 As we can see, the attenuation in C band and F band is the lowest.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Wavelength Ranges in WDM

Band Description Range (nm) Bandwidth (nm)

O band Original 1260–1360 100
E band Extension 1360–1460 100
S band Short 1460–1525 65
C band Normal 1525–1565 40
L band Long 1565–1625 60
U band Ultra-long 1625–1675 50

In a DWDM system, C band and L band are used because the attenuation in the two bands is the
lowest.

In a CWDM system, multiple bands are used, ranging from 1311 to 1611 nm, because attenuation
is not a major restrictive factor in short-distance transmission.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics of Fiber Dispersion

• Fiber dispersion can be classified into:
– Mode dispersion
– Chromatic dispersion
– Polarization mode dispersion

• Dispersion: a physical phenomenon of signal

distortion caused when various modes carrying
signal energy or different frequencies of the signal
have different group velocity and disperse from
each other during propagation.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Chromatic Dispersion
• Chromatic dispersion:
– pulse broadening, cause intersymbol interference
Power
Optical pulses

Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)

• The chromatic dispersion can be calculated according to

the following formula: Time

– CD (ps/nm) = fiber length (km) x CD coefficient (ps/km.nm)

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PMD

 PMD occurs when optical signals in two orthogonal polarizations travel at

different speeds in optical fibers. PMD is one of critical parameters related to
optical fibers.
 PMD occurs randomly. So it is a random variable.
 PMD has the same impact as CD has: resulting in pulse broadening.
 G.652/G.653/G.655 Single-Mode Optical MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Fibers
According to ITU-T, three types of single-mode optical fibers are defined in G.652, G.653, and G.655
respectively. The differences between them are shown in the following table:

Type Definition Scope Main Specifications

The standard single-mode fiber (SMF) Used in both SDH system Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is 0.3– –0.4 dB/km
refers to the fiber whose zero- and DWDM system and the typical value is 0.35 dB/km. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm
G.652 dispersion point (the zero-dispersion band is 0.17––0.25 dB/km and the typical value is 0.20 dB/km.
wavelength) is near to 1310 nm. Dispersion: The allowed value of the zero-dispersion wavelength is 1300– –
1324 nm. The dispersion coefficient of the 1550 nm band is positive and
the typical value of the dispersion coefficient D is 17 ps/(nm.km). The
maximum value is not more than 20 ps/(nm.km).

Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers to Used in the SDH system Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is less than 0.55
the fiber whose zero-dispersion point is but not in the DWDM dB/km and the typical value has not been confirmed. The attenuation
G.653 near to 1550 nm. Compared with G.652 system value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km and the typical value is
SMF, the zero-dispersion point of G.653 0.19–
–0.25 dB/km.
DSF shifts. Dispersion: The wavelengths in the G.653 DSF are near to 1550 nm, usually
1525––1575 nm. The maximum dispersion coefficient is 3.5 ps/(nm.km). The
dispersion coefficient in the DSF is too small or may be 0 for 1550 nm
bands, especially C band.
Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber Used in both SDH system Attenuation: The attenuation value of the 1310 nm band is not specified in
(NZDSF) refers to the fiber whose zero- and DWDM system, but ITU-T. The attenuation value of the 1550 nm band is less than 0.35 dB/km,
G.655 dispersion point is shifted away from more applicable to the usually 0.19––0.25 dB/km.
1550 nm and not within the DWDM DWDM system Dispersion: If 1530 nm < λ < 1565 nm, 0.1 ps/(nm.km) < |D(λ)| < 6.0 ps/
operating wavelength range near to (nm.km). The typical value of the dispersion coefficient of the G.655 NZDSF
1550 nm. varies with vendors and needs to be confirmed based on actual situations,
usually 4.5 ps/(nm.km) and 6 ps/(nm.km).
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation at 1550nm window.
for high rate transmission

Dispersion
coefficient

17ps/nm.km G.655

¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm

G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.
 Non-Linear Effects of Single-Mode Optical
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Fibers
• Fiber Non-linear effects can be classified into:
– Stimulated non-flexible scattering: stimulated Raman
scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
– Kerr-effect: self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase
modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM)
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

SRS
Short wavelength, pump,
and long wavelength

P P
Impacts on the system:
Power unbalance in the
channel
Inter-channel Raman l l
crosstalk
Input Output
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

SBS
• A non-linear phenomenon causing the strong forward
transmission signal converted to backward transmission
when the signal optical power exceeds the SBS
threshold
• SBS power threshold: 9 dBm for single wavelength
channel

Impacts on the system:

When the value exceeds the threshold, strong backward
scattering is caused and intensity noise is repeated.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

XPM/SPM
Self-Phase Modulation (SPM)
The phase varies with the strength of light and is transformed into
waveform distortion.
The impact varies directly with incident power in the channel and is
accumulated along the fiber and transmission sections.

Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

Phase modulation is affected by other channels and the change of phase
due to fiber dispersion causes intensity noises.
Increase the channel spacing to suppress XPM.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

FWM
Definition: Two or three lightwaves with different wavelength interact
with each other, which causes new lightwaves at other wavelengths or
causes new optical wavelength effect on the sideband.

Fiber

f f
f1 f 3 f2 f1 fFWM f3 f2

Impacts: When the new frequency generated by FWM is within the

channel bandwidths, the channel strength may fluctuate and inter-
channel crosstalk may occur.
Factors: dispersion, channel number, channel spacing and signal power
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Note!
• Non-linear effects cannot be eliminated or
compensated for. So they should be restricted
as much as possible!
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Questions
• What’s difference between the refractive index of the cladding and core?

• What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fibers?

• What problems may occur when optical signals are transmitted in single-mode fibers?
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Summary
• Structure of optical fiber

• Types of optical fiber

• Characteristics of optical fiber

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of WDM system
5. Technical Specifications
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

WDM System Key Technologies

 Optical  Optical Multiplexer

Source/receiver and Demultiplexer

Key Tech. in WDM

 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies/code
technology
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Requirements of Optical Source

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

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Direct modulator

LD

Modulation current
 Electro-Absorption (EA) external MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

modulator

LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë

Modulation current
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Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

Modulation current

LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Comparison of Modulators

Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Max. dispersion >12800

1200~4000 7200~12800
toleration (ps/nm)

Cost moderate expensive very expensive

Wavelength
good better best
Stability
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Wavelength Tunable Technology

• Wavelength Tunable Principle

– The wavelengths corresponding to the refractive index and maximum
gain of semiconductor materials vary with the temperature, pressure,
carrier potency, and field strength. Changing these factors can realize
tunable wavelengths.
– Change the temperature and carrier potency and then combine with
such technologies as MEMS, microelectronics, and lightwave circuits to
produce various tunable technologies.

• Advantages of Wavelength Tunable Technology

– Reduction of spare parts stock
– Flexible networking
 Classification of Wavelength Tunable MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Sources
• Based on the number of tunable wavelengths:
– 4-wavelength, 8-wavelength, 20-wavelength, 40-wavelength, 80-
wavelength, 160-wavelength…
• Based on the frequency spacing:
– 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz
• Based on the appearance and structure
– Laser type: the appearance is similar to a common laser.
– Module type: tunable laser + locker + control circuit
• Based on the manufacturers
– Fujitsu, ioLon, Agility, Intel, BandWidth9, Princeton Optronics,
Bookham, GTRAN, QDI, Santur, Vitesse…
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Wavelength Tunable Technology

Thermally tune single DFB (~3nm tuning)
Tunable DBR
SGDBR (eg Agility)
GCSR (eg Altitun)
External cavity (Iolon)
Integrated DFB (NEC)
Electrically pumped MEMs-VCSEL ( BW9)
Optically pumped MEMs-VCSEL (Coretek)
MEMs-DFB array (Santur)
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Code Modulation Technology

Conventional code
…
New code…modulation
modulation technology (NRZ) technology
• Reduce OSNR tolerance.
• Simple, low-cost, and mature • Add dispersion tolerance and PDM

• tolerance.
NRZ for transitional code
elements, sensitive to • Suppress pulse distortion caused by

transmission damage, and non-linear effect of the fiber.

inapplicable to high-speed ultra- • Applied in long-haul DWDM

long-haul DWDM transmission transmission systems.

• Commonly applied in mid- and

short-haul DWDM transmission • CRZ, DRZ, ODB, DQPSK……
systems
Comparison of coding technologies with 10 Gbit/s MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

rate
Coding
Advantage Disadvantage Application
Technology
Narrow spectral width Low ability to prevent non- Applied to the system with
Simple structure of modulation linear effects 10 Gbit/s or lower rate and
NRZ
and demodulation High OSNR tolerance to short-and-medium
Low cost Low dispersion tolerance distance transmission

Wide spectrum bandwidth

Great ability to prevent non- Does not support 25 GHz
Applied to the system with
linear effects system
SuperCRZ 10 Gbit/s and to long-
Lower OSNR tolerance than that Low dispersion tolerance
distance transmission
of NRZ Does not support wavelength
adjustable

Narrow spectrum bandwidth

Supports 25 GHz system
High dispersion tolerance Applied to the system with
SuperDRZ Great ability to prevent non- 10 Gbit/s and to long-
linear effects distance transmission
Supports wavelength adjustable
Cost effective

If the optical power of signals that

are just transmitted into the optical
High dispersion tolerance
fiber is great, the transmission
Great ability to prevent non- Applied to 10 Gbit/s
ODB distance decreases because of
linear effects metropolitan area network
dispersion limited. The ODB is not
Supports wavelength adjustable
applied to long-distance
transmission.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Comparison of coding technologies with 40 Gbit/s
rate

COMPARE ITEM NRZ ODB DRZ （ HW) NRZ-DPSK RZ-DQPSK DP-QPSK

OSNR ★ ★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★★★

CD tolerance ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★
PMD tolerance ★ ★★ ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★
$$ ★★★★ ★★★★ ★★★ ★★ ★★ ★
50GHz × √ × × √ √
Non-linear tolerance ★★ ★★ ★★★ ★★★ ★★ ★
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Receiver

lower sensitivity (usually about -20 dBm) and higher overload point
PIN
(usually about 0 dBm); applicable to short-distance transmission

higher sensitivity (usually about -28 dBm) and lower overload point
APD
(usually about -9 dBm); applicable to long-distance transmission
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

FEC Technology
• Forward Error Correction Technology
– The transmit end adds redundant error correction codes and the receive
end decodes and corrects errors to eliminate errors on the circuit.
– Reduce the OSNR tolerance of the receiver. The reduced OSNR tolerance is
called code gain.
– The FEC capability varies directly with the code gain.

Classification of FEC Technology

– In-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.707, code gain: 3 dB to 4 dB
– Out-of-band FEC: supported by ITU-T G.975/709, code gain: 5 dB to 6 dB
– Extremely robust FEC: no standard is available currently, highest code gain: 7
dB to 9 dB
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Optical Amplifiers

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier

O
A
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

E3 excited state
Decay

1550nm E2 meta-stable state

signal light
Stimulated radiation

1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state

 Er3+ energy level diagram

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Structure of EDFA

Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF

Pumping laser

PD PD

ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Features of EDFA

Advantages
… Disadvantages
…

–Consistent with the low –Fixed gain range

attenuation window –Gain un-flatness
–High energy conversion –Optical surge
efficiency problem
–High gain with little cross-
talk
–Good gain stability
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Automatic Gain Control

λ1~ λn

λ1~ λn Gain

EDF
Pin A Pout

Gain no change!

Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout
splitter pump splitter
PIN PIN
DSP
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Main Performance Parameters of EDFA

• Amplified spontaneous emission noise (ASE)

• Noise figure (NF) = (S/N) in / (S/N) out ≥ 3 dB
• Gain (G) = 10lg (Pout/Pin) (dB)
• Gain flatness: gain balance
• Bandwidth
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Raman Fiber Amplifier

• Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump

30nm
13THz

Gain
Pump1Pump2Pump3

30nm
70~100nm
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Features of Raman

Advantages
… Disadvantages
…

–Flexible gain wavelength –High pump power,

–Simple structure low efficiency and high
cost;
–Nonlinear effect can be
–Components & fiber
reduced;
undertake the high
–Low noise
power;
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Application of OA

OTU OTU
M M M MD
4
U OA OA4 OA4 4M
0
X 0 0 0U
OTU X OTU

Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Optical Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

Fiber

Technologies of WDM/WDD Main parameters of WDM/WDD

Diffraction grating technology Insertion loss
Medium film technology Channel isolation
Coupler technology Channel bandwidth
Arrayed waveguide technology Polarization dependent loss
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Diffraction Grating
grating
Grin lens

λ1
λ2
λ3

λ7
λ8

Input light (λ1, λ2... λ8)

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Thin Film Filter

λ 1- λ 4 λ 1 filter

Self-focusing lens
λ1

λ 3 filter
λ2

λ3

λ4 Glass
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Coupler Multiplexer
λ1
λ2

λ3
λ4

λ5
λ6

。
。

OUT
。.

IN
。
。
。

λ13
λ14

λ15
λ16
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1…n

λ1

λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Interleaver
• Divide a channel of signals with f frequency spacing into
two channels of signals with 2f frequency spacing, and then
the signals are output from two channels.
• It is applied in WDM/WDD that needs denser channel
spacing.

50/100GHz

25/50GHz

50/100GHz
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

OAMD

• OADM can be classified into two types:

– FOADM: fixed OADM (arranged in series or parallel, or
hybrid)
– ROADM: reconfigurable OADM (further classified into
broadcast and select, or into demultiplexing and
switch/multiplexing)
 Diversified Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

(FOADM)

Low costs
 FOADM I Simple structure
Multiple-layer dielectric Maximum of 16 wavelengths
film technology
Serial OADMs

EREG

 FOADM II
Supporting online upgrade
AWG technology
100% wavelength add/drop
Parallel OADMs
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

ROADM: Broadcast and Select

• Input signals are sent from the left side and divided into two channels of
signals (broadcast) after passing through the demultiplexer.
– The dropped channel is selected by a device such as a tunable filter
and then the filter drops the selected channel of signals.
– The straight-through channel passes through WB and is selected and
filtered. This channel of signals and the add channel of signals are
coupled and output.
 ROADM: MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Demultiplexing/Switch/Multiplexing
• All input wavelengths are demultiplexed and cross-
connected to the proper output interfaces (drop or
straight-through) and then combined.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Supervisory Technologies

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel

Technology
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Optical Supervisory Channel 1510

1510 nm
nm // 1625
1625 nm
nm wavelengths
wavelengths
signal
signal rate:
rate: 2.048
2.048 Mbit/s
Mbit/s
receiver
receiver sensitivity:
sensitivity: – 48
48 dBm
dBm
signal
signal code:
code: CMI
• Requirements: transmitting
CMI
transmitting power:
power: 00 dBm
dBm to
to –7
7 dBm
dBm

– Operating wavelength should be different from the pumping

wavelength of OA.
– Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
– Available when OA fails;
– Suitable for long distance transmission.

OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I OTU1
S S
0
OTU2
M U U
C 4 OTU2 C
4 C
C OTU3 M OTU3
0
OTU4 OTU4
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Typical frame structure of OSC

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS …… TS1 TS1 TS1 …… TS31

3 4 5 6

TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte
TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte
TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved
TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Electrical Supervisory Channel

• Features:
– Simple structure & cost saving
– Redundancy supported
– Improve power budget
– Reduce system complexity

S OTU1 0 OTU1 S
OTU2
M
C 4 OTU2 C
4
C OTU3 M OTU3 C
0
OTU4 OTU4
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Questions
• What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulation?

• How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?

• What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?

• What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC signal?
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Summary
• Optical source
• Optical amplifier
• Optical multiplexer
• Supervisory technologies
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of WDM system
5. Technical Specifications
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Restriction Factors of WDM

WDM

Restriction factors

Optical
Optical dispersion Non-linear
DHD JGDJ
signal-to-
power effect
DJ
noise ratio
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Optical Power Budget

• Fiber loss (dB) = P output (dBm) – P input
(dBm) = distance (km) x a (dB/km)
– A. Loss coefficient
• In the 1550 nm window, the loss coefficient of G.652
and G.655 fibers is: a = 0.22 dB/km.

S R

P output Distance L (km) P input

Station A Station B
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Power Topics

• Optical amplifier technology

• Reduction of system insertion loss
 Dispersion MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Chromatic dispersion (ps/nm) = distance (km) x dispersion

coefficient (ps/nm.km)
– G.652 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 17 ps/nm.km
– G.655 fiber: dispersion coefficient = 4.5 ps/nm.km
• Chromatic dispersion is the main factor.
• In long-haul transmission, the dispersion compensation
module (DCM) is adopted for dispersion compensation.

OMS

Distance
L (km)
Station A Station B
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Dispersion Compensation Technology

• Dispersion compensation modes:

– Optical domain dispersion compensation

– Electrical dispersion compensation

– Dispersion management soliton

 Optical Domain Dispersion
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Compensation
• To reduce the impact of the chromatic dispersion, adopt the DCM to compensate for the
accumulated dispersion on the fiber. Currently, the dispersion compensation fiber (DCF)
in the DCM is used for dispersion compensation.
• Dispersion slope compensation
• Broadband dispersion compensation
Dispersion
coefficient G.652

Wavelength
Common DCF
DSCF: dispersion slope
compensation fiber

• PMD is generated randomly and is hard to be compensated.

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OSNR
OTU OTU
M
M M
D
4 OA OA OA OA OA OA 4
0 OTS 1 OTS 2 OTS 3 OTS 4 OTS 5 0
OTU OTU

Power
(dBm) Psignal

PASE

Distance
(km)
OSNR
(dB)

Distance
(km)
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OSNR

• Increase the system signal-to-noise ratio

– Raman amplification technology
– Pre-amplifier with low noise + booster amplifier
with high gain

• Reduce the requirement on signal-to-noise

ratio for the system
– New code modulation technology
– Forward error correction (FEC) coding technology
 The OSNR requirement of different FEC and MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

encoding modes
rate FEC mode Encding OSNR remark
mode requirement
FEC NRZ 26
FEC NRZ 20
AFEC NRZ 18
10Gbit/s
AFEC CRZ 16
AFEC DRZ 14.5
AFEC ODB 16 CD tolerance is 4000ps/nm
AFEC NRZ 20 LBE(S)
AFEC CRZ 17.5
10GE
AFEC DRZ 17
AFEC ODB 19
AFEC DRZ 16.5 LM40
40Gbit/s
AFEC ODB 17
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Non-Linear Technology

• New code modulation technology

• Dispersion management technology
• Fiber-input power control
• Channel spacing technology
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Master limitation of WDM system
5. Technical Specifications
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Related ITU-T recommendations

• G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
• G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
• G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
• G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
• G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
• G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256
systems
and other SDH systems with OA
• G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
• G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
• G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Transmission Channel Reference Points

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Questions
• Which are the ITU-T recommendations

involved for WDM part?

• What is the absolute reference frequency for

WDM systems?
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

THANK YOU