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8
MAPEH
-­ Arts

*# 

PCN-­ART08G3WK21-­29A
 Did you enjoy your travel in East Asia and gained lots of information
and their contributions to world arts? This time let’s visit India,
Central Asia and West Asia and know more about their work of arts
compared to the arts of East Asia, Southeast Asia and the
Philippines.

In this module, you will learn:

how the visual arts wereproduced and how it can be classified into specific periods,
each reflecting particular religious, political and cultural developments

how it intertwines with the enriching history, religions and philosophies of the
subcontinent

how strong sense of design can be observed in their modern as well as in their
traditional forms

how they exhibit ornate, very intricate and colorful motifs in their artworks where
unusually free expression may be seen

what are the five independent republics, that comprises Central Asia

West Asia is a region that encompasses Western Asia and part of North Africa

245
http://images.redstate.com/files/map9-middle-east-and-cent.gif

246
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you, as a learner, are expected to:

analyze art elements (color, line, shape, etc.) and

principles (texture, proportion, emphasis, harmony etc.) in
the production of arts and crafts
understand how art plays a significant role in the daily life
and activities of the people
describe the unique lines, forms, shapes and colors found in their folk arts
use the different motifs and designs as manifested in their folk arts
identify contributions made by the named countries in the field of arts like
architecture, painting, and folk arts
compare the development of crafts in specific areas of a country, according to
traditional specialized expertise, functionality, and availability of resources
appreciate the ethnic and unique characteristics of art form and style through
creating and viewing similar artworks
compare the artworks of the Philippines with the artworks of India, Central Asia
and West Asia in terms of forms, motifs, shapes and designs.
Appreciate their art forms, motifs and themes by using them in an appropriate
programs, school activities, celebrations and in personal hobbies

Examples of Visual arts of India

247
 After reading our objectives, let’s proceed with our activity to
test how well versed you are about the arts of India

PRE- ASSESSMENT

ACTIVITY 1: Indian Crepe (Group Work)

You will need the following materials:

Dark-colored crepe paper/or any colored paper

Bleach (i.e., Clorox)
Plastic cups
Cotton buds

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw your design on a piece of paper.

2. Spread out the crepe paper or the colored paper on a flat surface.
3. Pour a small amount of bleach in a plastic cup. Take care not to spill any on your
clothes or to get any on your skin.
4. Lightly dip the tip of a cotton bud in the bleach.
5. Create designs on the crepe paper by gently drawing lines with the cotton buds.
Be careful not to tear the thin crepe paper.
6. Decide on the pattern: repeated or alternative motifs, radial, or border design.

248
RUBRICS
Indicators 5 3 1
1. Considered the suggestions of each member
to come up with a presentable work
2. Followed instructions correctly
3. Shared and applied the skills and talents on
the activity
4. Manifested enjoyment while working with
other group members

Points Descriptive Equivalent Grade

16 – 20 Excellent 95%
11 – 15 Very Good 90%
6 – 10 Fair 85%
1–5 Needs Improvement 80%

I’m sure you enjoyed your first activity. You were able to show your
creativity and skills in creating designs demonstrating the elements and
principles of art.
This time, you will apply other elements of art aside from shapes
and designs

ACTIVITY 2: Lines and curves – Map of life

MATERIALS NEEDED:
Oslo paper
Pen, pencil or colored pencils

DIRECTIONS:
1. Recall some of your remarkable childhood memories.
2. Using the diagram below sketch or draw the places that have been a part of your
life and are of interest to the members of your family.
Example: From your house, church, malls, parks and school.
3. Answer the questions found on the next page.

249
Write your answers to the following questions in your notebook:

1. Why are those places important to you and your family? How were you able to reach
those places?
2. What features made those places memorable to you and your family?
3. How did these places affect you and the other members of your family?
4. What type of lines can you see on your sketch?

Let us now proceed with our first lesson on Indian

Art.

250
 PART I. KNOW
LESSON 1: Periods of Indian Art

Ancient Period (3900 BCE-1200 CE)

Some evidences of the early civilization
are bronze and copper statuettes and steatite
seals, which show vigor and concern for
surface texture as constantly characterized in
Indian art.

The Ajanta Caves of

Maharashtra, India are 30 rock-cut cave
monuments that date back from the 2nd
century BCE to the 600 CE, including
paintings and sculptures considered to be
masterpieces of Buddhist religious art , as
well as frescos that are reminiscent of
the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. Ajanta Caves of Maharashtra

Classical Period ( 5th to 6th centuries)

The image of Shiva (as illustrated in the picture), the

destroyer, develops into Shiva the Cosmic-dancer
represented by a four-armed figure, where one hand holds
the fire with which he destroys, another holds a drum,
which is the first sound heard in the world during creation,
then the third arm points up in a reassuring gesture, and a
fourth arm points down to the dwarf in which he dances to.

Islamic Ascendancy (1192-1757) or Transitional Period

This was the period of evolution from Vedism into Hinduism or Brahmanism. The two
great Indian epics: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana emerged in this period.

251
 Mogul period ( 16th Century)
Moguls contributed to the enrichment of
Indian culture, in painting and in architecture.
The most splendid example is the Taj Majal built
in 1632 by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.

Diwali lamps for sale in the market

Diwali is celebrated by Hindus in

India and all around the world in October
or November. It is the Hindu New Year
and is either a 3-day or 5-day holiday
depending on where you come from.

It is a very exciting and colorful holiday,

where homes are cleaned to welcome
the New Year and windows are opened
so that the Hindu goddess of wealth,
Lakshmi, can enter. Hindus believed that she cannot enter a house which is not lit up,
so every household burns special Diwali clay lamps (diyas)
to light the way for the goddess, which is why the holiday is
also known as the 'Festival of Lights'.

Today you are going to learn about an

Indian art that I know you will enjoy.
Keep on reading.

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LESSON 2: RANGOLI

Rangoli is one of the most beautiful and most pleasing art forms of India. It is
comprised of two words:'rang' meaning 'color' and 'aavalli' meaning 'colored creepers' or
'row of colors'. Rangoli, the art of making designs or patterns on the walls or the floor of
the house, uses finely ground white powder
along with different colors. Numerous
households in the Indian subcontinent make
use of Rangoli designs for decorating the
courtyard of their house.

http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/rangoli-with-diya.jpg

The traditional form of Rangoli made

use of designs and motifs based on nature,
such as mangoes, creepers, flowers,
swans, peacocks, etc. Even the colors in
the traditional art form were extracted from
natural dyes, like barks of trees, leaves,
indigo plant, etc. These days, synthetic
dyes have more or less replaced the
natural dyes of the earlier times.
http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/peacock-rangoli.jpg

The materials used in the Rangoli patterns of today give either a very flat
appearance or a 3-D effect. Rangoli designs include geometric patterns, the swastika,
lotus, trident, fish, conch, creepers, leaves, trees, flowers, animals, etc.

253
LESSON 3: PAKISTAN

Pakistani architecture is divided into four

recognized periods:
Pre-Islamic
Islamic
Colonial
Post-Colonial

Mohenjo
Daro

Around the middle of the 3rd millennium

BCE, an advanced urban culture developed
for the first time in the region, with large
buildings, some of which still survive to this
day likeMohenjo Daro, Harappa,and Kot
Diji which areamong the pre-Islamic
settlements that are now tourist attractions.

Kot Diji
Across Pakistan, brightly colored flamboyant trucks, painted with images of
idealized landscapes, famous personalities, flowers, and trees, turned village lanes,
city streets, and long-distance highways into a gallery without walls; a free-form,
kaleidoscopic exhibition in motion.

Truck Art of Pakistan

254
 Other arts of Pakistan includes painted chests and jars
Did you appreciate the truck art of Pakistan? Let us now tour
the other parts of Central Asia. Just keep on reading.

LESSON 4: UZBEKISTAN, KAZAKHSTAN, TAJIKISTAN

People who inhabited the

region of present
Uzbekistan are known for
making printed cloth.
Printed table-cloths,
curtains, bed-spreads,
shawls and various
coverlets were utilitarian and
served as a daily-round
ornament as well.

Uzbekistan ceramics hold a prominent place

among the numerous forms of popular applied art.
Applied arts in ancient Kazakhstan were part of
life’s daily routine.
Clothing, utility tools, yurts, and horses’ saddles
were always decorated using nomadic patterns
and design.
Kazakhstan’s visual arts are relatively young. In
ancient times, nomads used to draw on rocks and,
today, these petroglyphs can be found throughout
Kazakhstan.
Fine art in Kazakhstan varies in style, direction,
and genre. The most captivating work by
Kazakhstan artists in different periods can be seen
in museums across the country.

255
 Tajiks have been making fabrics, utensils,
musical instruments, carpets, furniture,
jewelry, and many other things for many
centuries.
The art of decorative carving is very
important for local residents. Carving is
mostly present in architectural monuments,
household structures and objects, musical
instruments, and souvenirs.
When Islam came, Tajik’s carving
gradually changed to Arabian inscriptions
using images of people and animals while
some carvers prefer “vegetative,”
geometrical patterns. In architecture,
ornaments in the form of lotus, tulips, and
other flowers are more common.

256
 Let’s now visit the neighboring countries of Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan and Tajikistan

LESSON 5: TURKMENISTAN AND KYRGYSTAN

The most unique and beautiful carpets in the world are produced
by Turkmenistan. These vary in shape and purpose. Carpet weaving
is an ancient art, and each tribe developed its own distinctive pattern.

The traditional arts include felt manufacture,

jewelry making, woodwork, ceramics, and silverwork.

Turkmen carpets have been traditionally woven out

of wool, cotton, and silk by women, using horizontal
looms. The method of weaving has been modernized,
but the beauty and quality of the fabrics remain.

Turkmenistan is also the source of keteni, a

homespun silk that is used for the beautiful dresses
worn by Turkmen women on special occasions. The
embroidery uses different patterns that are as unique
as a family seal.

"KETENI" CLOTH IS AN OBJECT OF ONE OF THE WONDERFUL

TRADITIONS OF THE TURKMEN PEOPLE
Kyrgyz women produce a wide
range of textiles, mostly from the felt of
their sheep. Nowadays ancient patterns
are adapted to the tourist and export
market, but it is still a living tradition and
that all yurts and most houses contain
hand-made carpets or rugs called
shirdaks.

257
 Large elaborately embroidered wall hangings
called Tush kyizare traditionally made in Kyrgyzstan
and Kazakhstan, by elder women to commemorate
the marriage of a son or daughter.
Colors and designs are chosen to symbolize
Kyrgyz traditions and rural life. Flowers, plants,
animals, stylized horns, national designs, and
emblems of Kyrgyz life are often found in these
ornate and colorful embroideries.
Flat cushions called xxx are usually made in
shadow-pairs. These are seen on every chair,
padding the seat.

After visiting Central Asia, we will now fly to West Asia.

LESSON 6: ARTS AND CRAFTS OF WEST ASIA

West Asia is rich in

cultural heritage, and this
is clearly evident in the
variety and quality of
regional arts and crafts.

Arts-Crafts--Middle-East-Design

258
Typical artistic forms from the region include:

embroidery
ceramics
wood carving
inlaid wood designs
Calligraphy
hammered metalwork
blown glassworks

Metalwork craftsman hammering a

design

Although these are some of

the most acclaimed art forms
contributed by West Asia, their
aesthetics can be seen in almost
any product from the region
even including such things as
handmade soap from Syria or
Lebanon.

a Lebanese man sculpting soap

blocks

259
 PART II. PROCESS
ACTIVITY 1: Rangoli Art

After learning about Rangoli, I will now let you experience how to make one.

You will need:

Glue
Plain paper plate
Pencil
Colored sand
(different colors)

DIRECTIONS:

1. Sketch your design lightly in pencil or chalk in ¼ illustration board.

2. When you are happy with your design, finalize the outline with heavier lines.
3. Use glue to outline your design.
4. Roll the paper plate into a cone and snip a small hole in the narrow end.
5. Fill the larger opening with colored sand. Use your finger as a stopper on the
small hole you made. This is how you will control the flow of the sand.
6. Fill in your design with sand according to your choice and color combination. This
is the most interesting step, and usually the most fun.

260
 7. Apply different design patterns:
- Repeated - Radial pattern

i.

- Alternating - Border pattern

8. Display your work in class.

SELF ASSESSMENT (To be answered in the notebook):

1. Is my work worth emulating? How was I able to come up with this emulous project?
2. Were the colors and designs applied properly?
3. In what part of theproject did you enjoy the most?

261
ACTIVITY 2: DIWALI MOBILE

Let’s imagine that we are from India and are about to take part in
the Diwalicelebration. The place of celebration is fully lighted with
diya. Everyone is asked to hold a diya to make the place look festive
and brighter.

Here is the procedure for the diya mobile.

You will need:

Yellow textured paper or pages of magazine

Textured paper in a bright color
Gold cord
Gold glitter glue
String
Scissors
Puncher

Instructions:
1. Cut out a flame shape from yellow paper and a diya shape from the other paper.

2. Make a hole at the bottom of the flame and another in the middle of the diya.

3. Tie them together with the gold cord.

4. Make a hole at the top of the flame and tie on some gold cord for hanging.

5. With glitter glue or a gold pen, write ‘Happy’ on the flame and ‘Diwali’ on the diya.

262
ASSESSMENT:

How did I use Was I able to employ

different art elements
recycled materials in
and principles in
this project? making this project?

Was I able to Did I enjoy

follow directions working on this
correctly? praise-worthy
project?
project?

What Philippine
designs look Is my mobile
similar to the moving?IfIfnot,
moving? not,
designs of India? what can I do to
make it move?

In this lesson, you will further understand how lines, colors, shapes, balance, and
repetition can give more meaning and significance to the art of Central Asia. This will
help you:
a. Understand the processes in art
b. Determine its impact to you as an individual
c. Learn the importance of appreciating a work of art
d. Understand its relationship to other countries around you.

263
 I want you to show your skill in designing and showcasing
the art of Tajikistan. Are you ready?

ACTIVITY 3: VIDEO PRESENTATION – TRUCK ART

Uploaded by journeymanpictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EhNAib0b6Q

Guide Questions
1. Describe the unique lines, color, forms, and shapes found in Pakistan’s truck art.
2. Give your impressions on how Pakistanis use the elements of arts in their artwork.
3. Compare our Pinoy jeep with their truck art with regard to the color, design, forms,
and shapes.

I want you to view a video about the Truck Art of Pakistan. Enjoy!

ACTIVITY 4: CANDLE SCULPTURE

MATERIALS NEEDED:

Old newspaper
pencil
Candle – 2” in diameter
Sketch of your chosen design

Nail pusher
Black permanent marker

DIRECTIONS:
1. Spread out the old newspaper to protect your work area.
2. Sketch your chosen design on the candle using your pencil. Use geometric
shapes and patterns like scrollwork and curved lines.
3. With the nail pusher, carve the design on the candle. Use the subtractive
technique to cut away the unwanted part.
4. Highlight the design with the use of a black permanent marker.

264
 Rubric
CATEGORY Excellent - 5 Good – 4 Fair – 3 Poor - 2

Following Student the Student followed Student followed The student did not
Directions directions correctly. most of the some of the follow instructions.
directions. directions.

Creativity and Student output is Student output is Student output is fair Student output is
Workmanship very creative and good and tidy. and has few errors. dull with lots of
tidy. errors

Pattern Pattern of Southeast Pattern of Southeast Pattern of Southeast There is no visible

Asian culture is well- Asian culture is Asian culture is pattern of Southeast
defined and used visible but not somewhat visible Asian culture.
from beginning to clearly defined. but not continuous.
end.

Numerical Descriptive Grade Equivalent

11 – 15 Excellent 95%
8 - 10 Good 85%
6 Need Improvement 75%

ACTIVITY 5: Clay Pot Designing

MATERIALS:
Old newspaper
Black and white acrylic paint
Small clay pot
Pencil
Brushes of different sizes

265
PROCEDURES:
Prepare your work place by spreading old newspaper as your placemat.
1. Choose either the white or black paint as your base. Apply the paint and let it
dry.
2. Plan the design you want to be painted on your pot. Keep in mind the
elements and principles of design in Indian art.
3. Using your pencil, sketch out your design on the pot.
4. Use your paint and brush to create your design. Let it dry.
5. Display your work for assessment.

Rubric
CATEGORY Excellent - 5 Good – 4 Fair – 3 Poor - 2

Following Student the Student followed Student followed The student did not
Directions directions correctly. most of the some of the follow instructions.
directions. directions.

Creativity and Student output is Student output is Student output is fair Student output is
Workmanship very creative and good and tidy. and has few errors. dull with lots of
tidy. errors

Pattern Pattern of Southeast Pattern of Southeast Pattern of Southeast There is no visible

Asian culture is well- Asian culture is Asian culture is pattern of Southeast
defined and used visible but not somewhat visible Asian culture.
from beginning to clearly defined. but not continuous.
end.

Numerical Descriptive Grade Equivalent

11 – 15 Excellent 95%
8 - 10 Good 85%
6 Need Improvement 75%

266
ACTIVITY 6: BORDER DESIGN IT!

MATERIALS:
Black cartolina
Pair of scissors
Stapler
Long bond paper
Glue
Emulsion
Paintbrush

DIRECTIONS:
1. Cut out two 5“x7“rectangles of black cartolina. Set aside one rectangle.
2. On one of the cartolina rectangles, draw an inside rectangle, measuring
0.5 inchesfrom the outside edges. Cut out and discard. You will now have
a frame.
3. Place the frame on top of the other rectangle. Staple three of the outer
edges together so that a 4" by 6" photo can fit inside.
4. Cut the bond paper into 8 lengthwise strips.
5. From the sample design above, create your design by cutting the strips of
bond paper.
6. Paste the strips of paper on the frame-shaped cartolina as a border.Trim
as needed.
7. Apply emulsion with a brush and let it dry.
8. Put in your photo after finishing your work.
9. Display your work for critiquing.

Did you know?

that the suffix “stan” means “land of”?

that the countries in Central Asia have the same flora and fauna?
that they have the same religion, beliefs, and customs?

267
 After reading the above lesson, I want you to experience an art
work that will bring out the creativity in you. Are you ready?

ACTIVITY 7: SOAP SCULPTURE

YOU WILL NEED:

Soap preferably Ivory or Perla

Nail pusher
Pencil
Old newspaper
Black pentel pen

DIRECTIONS:

1. Prepare your working area by spreading out an old newspaper to

gather soap scrapings.
2. Decide on what design you would like to carve on your soap.
3. Use the nail pusher to scrape out part of the soap you want to remove.
4. Highlight your design with the black pentel pen.
5. Clean up after work.

QUESTIONS TO ANSWER:
1. Which part of the procedure did you find difficult to do?
2. How did you achieve the design of your work?
3. What technique was applied best for scraping the design in the soap?
4. How can you make all the parts evenly designed?
5. How did you feel while doing the activity?

Examples of soap carvings

268
 PART III. REFLECT AND UNDERSTAND
ACTIVITY: GUESS MY COUNTRY!
Identify the country I came from in Central Asia. Describe the designs, forms,
colors and style to signify the country where we came from.

ASSESSMENT:

Make caricatures of faces using dots and lines to express how much you
understand the lessons and how can you relate the culture of other countries to our
own country.

Explain your drawing.

Very Happy Surprised Amazed Sad

269
KEEP IN MIND:

Art plays a significant role in the daily life

and activities of the people of India, Central
Asia, and West Asia.

Unique lines, forms, shapes, colors ,

motifs, and designs are manifested in the
art of India, Central Asia, and West Asia.

Resourcefulness and clarity are keys to

successful art activities.

The art of India, Central Asia, and West

Asia, reflects the dominant attitudes toward
important aspects of life of the period which produce them as mirror of cultural
history.

We can better understand and appreciate a work of beauty and vitality by

understanding its place in historical continuity.

TEST YOURSELF

A. INDIA
Identify what is being described in each number. Choose the answer from the
box.

Diwali Rangoli Shiva Lakshmi

Diyas

______________1. The art of making designs or patterns on the

walls or floors of houses
______________2. Hindu goddess of wealth
______________3. A four arm dancing Hindu goddess
______________4. India’s Festival of Lights
______________5. Clay lamp to light the way of the goddess

270
B. CENTRAL ASIA AND WEST ASIA

Multiple Choice: Read the directions correctly. Choose the best answer.
Write the letters only

______1. Country known for making printed table cloth, curtains, bed spreads and
shawls
A. Uzbekistan C. Tajikistan
B. Kazakhstan D. Pakistan
______2. Country in Central Asia known for utensil making, musical instruments,
furniture and jewelry
A. Pakistan C. Uzbekistan
B. Tajikistan D. Kazakhstan
______3. A homespun silk used for beautiful dresses worn by Turkmen women
A. shirdaks C. keteni
B. Tush Kyiz D. Diyas
______4. It is a large elaborately embroidered wall hanging made in Kyrgystan and
Kazakhstan
A. keteni C. shirdaks
B. frescoes D. tush kyiz
______5. Images created by removing part of the rock surface by incising, picking
and carving
A. petroglyphs C. calligraphy
B. hieroglyphs D. ochre

PART IV. PERFORMANCE

ACTIVITY:

1. Create an art exhibit focusing on the Arts of Central and West Asia using your own
artworks.

2. You need to prepare the exhibit area for your audience.

3. Answer questions from your audience regarding your artworks.

4. The exhibit should be documented.

271
ASSESSMENT:

CRITERIA VERY GOOD GOOD AVERAGE NEEDS

(10 Points) (6 Points) (4 Points) IMPROVEMENT
(2 Points)
ORDER Exhibit was Some parts of Several Artworks were
arranged the exhibit exhibited placed
properly were out of artworks were disorderly
place out of place
COOPERATION All group Some group Most of the Only 1 member
members members did group exhibited his/her
have artworks not exhibit members did artworks.
in the exhibit their artworks not exhibit
their artworks
RESOURCEFULNESS All members Most of the Some of the Only 1 member
used recycled members members used recycled
materials used recycled used recycled materials.
materials materials
Total Points
Highest Possible Score: 30 pts. Score
Equivalent Rating:
Very Good: 25-30=100 pts. Rating
Good: 21-25=90 pts
Average: 16-20=80 pts
Needs Improvement : 6-15= 70 pts.

GLOSSARY
Aesthetic - pertaining to, involving or concerned with pure emotion and
sensation as opposed to pure intellectuality

Carving - act of fashioning or producing by cutting into or shaping solid

material, such as wood

Conch - is a common name that is applied to a number of different medium

to large-sized sea snails or their shells. The term generally applies to
large sea snails that have a high spire and a siphon canal

Deity - is a being, natural,supernatural or preternatural, with superhuman

powers or qualities, and who may be thought of as holy, divine,
or sacred

Distinctive - having a special quality, style, attractiveness, etc; notable

Diwali - a festival celebrated by Hindus in India and all around the world in
October or November. It is the Hindu New Year and is either a 3-day or
5-day holiday depending on where you come from.

272
Diyas - special Diwali clay lamps
Ecological -the branch of sociology concerned with the spacing and
interdependence of people and institutions.

Emulating -to strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation

Emulous -eager or ambitious to equal or surpass another

Encompass - to enclose; envelop; to constitute or include

Flamboyant - marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or

behavior

Frescos - a technique of mural painting executed upon laid lime. Water is used
as the vehicle for the pigment and, with the setting of the plaster, the
painting becomes an integral part of the wall.

Inscriptions - something inscribed; a historical, religious, or other record cut,

impressed, painted or written on stone, brick, metal or other hard
surface

Kaleidoscope - is a cylinder with mirrors containing loose, colored objects such

as beads or pebbles and bits of glass. As the viewer looks into one
end, light entering the other creates a colorful pattern, due to
the reflection off of the mirrors.

Keteni - a homespun silk that is used for the beautiful dresses worn by
Turkmen women on special occasions

Lakshmi - the Hindu goddess of wealth

Loom - a hand-operated or power-driven apparatus for weaving fabrics,
containing harnesses, lay, reed, shuttles, treadles, etc.

Nomads -a group of people that moves from one place to another

Ochre - is the term for both a golden-yellow or light yellow brown color and for
a form of earth pigmentwhich produces the color.

Ornament - an accessory, article, or detail used to beautify the appearance of

something to which it is a part.

Ornate - elaborately or sumptuously adorned, often excessively or showily so.

Petroglyph - (also called rock engravings) are pictogram and logo

gramimages created by removing part of a rock surface by incising,
picking, carving, and abrading.

Pictogram - a picture or symbol for a word or group of words

273
Rangoli - the Indian art of making designs or patterns on the walls or the floor of
the house, uses finely ground white powder along with different colors.

Repeated -a duplicate or reproduction of something;

a decorative pattern repeated, usually by printing, on a
textile or the like.

Shawl - a simple item of clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders, upper body
and arms, and sometimes also over the head. It is usually
a rectangular or square piece of cloth, which is often folded to make a
triangle. Sometimes it can also be triangular in shape. Other shapes
include oblong shawls.

Shirdaks - hand-made carpets or rugs; flat cushions made in shadow-pairs,

made by Kyrgyz women

Shiva -is a major Hindu deity, and is the Destroyer or Transformer among the
Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine,
represented by a four-armed figure

siphon canal - is an anatomical feature of the shells of certain groups of sea snails

swastika - an equilateral cross with four arms bent at 90 degrees. The

word swastika came from the Sanskrit word svastika, meaning any
lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons
and things to denote auspiciousness.

Tajiks - an ethnic group originating from Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan,

Iran, Russia and China

Trident - a three-pronged spear; the traditional weapon of the Hindu god Shiva
used as a geometric design for Rangoli

Utilitarian - having regard for utility or usefulness rather than beauty,

ornamentation, etc.

Vegetative - noting the parts of a plant not specialized for reproduction

Voluptuous - focused attention on the female body as a source

of aesthetic pleasure, sexual attraction, fertility, and reproduction,
considered an ideal or preferred body shape, both for attractiveness
and for health reasons.

Yurt - is a portable, bent wood-framed dwelling structure traditionally used

by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.

274
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276
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