MODULE 10 - AVIATION LEGISLATION

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Q1. What is the purpose and role of ICAO in International Civil Aviation?

The purpose of ICAO as stated in Chicago Convention of 7 th December 1944 is that

international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner and
that international air transport services may be established on the basis of equality
of opportunity and operated soundly and economically.

The role of ICAO:

Sets international standards for contracting states through, standards and

recommended practices (SARPS), annexes 1 through 18

Monitor implementation of SARPS and annexes 1 through 18 by way of

quality audits

Lead Research on communications, navigation, surveillance / air traffic

management (CNS/ATM)

Regional planning through seven regional offices

Technical cooperation for development

Provide assistance to developing countries to set civil aviation standards

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Q2. Explain the JAA system and EASA Regulatory framework and how EASA
regulatory system works?

The National Aviation Authorities (NAA) of certain European countries met and
agreed to use common and detailed aviation requirements with a particular view to
minimising Type Certification on joint ventures. This agreement led, in 1990, to the
formation of the Joint Aviation Authority (JAA). The agreement also facilitated
easier export and import procedures for aviation products and allowed for easier
maintenance across the member states. As a consequence aircraft certified,
operated and maintained in any JAA State will be accepted in any other JAA state.

The outcome of the meeting between these NAA’s led to the formation of the JAA
and the signing of a document ‘Arrangements Concerning the Development and
Acceptance of Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR)’. Members of the JAA
Committee are representatives from their own NAA (also known as JAA/NAA).

The full member Authorities of the JAA were responsible for the maintenance of
JAR’s. Each full member Authority is represented on the committees and sub-
committees of the JAA. These committees monitor and make recommendations for
amendment to JAR’s. Once accepted NAAs’ are required to adopt those JARs’ into
their national regulatory system. This has again led to different levels of
implementation in different JAA member states.

The European Aviation Safety Agency, EASA, is a new agency of the European Union
which has been given specific regulatory tasks in the field of aviation safety. Its
establishment is key to the implementation of the European Union’s strategy to
maintain and improve the level of aviation safety in Europe and beyond.

As its in-house expertise grows, the Agency shall help the European Commission
to shape new rules for aviation safety in the following areas:

 The certification of aeronautical products, parts and appliances; (Part 21)

 The approval of organisations and personnel engaged in the maintenance of
these products; (Part 145, Part 147, Part M sub-part G, Part M Sub-part F)
 The approval of air operations; (JAR OPS)
 The licensing of air crew; (JAR FCL) and
 The safety oversight of airports and air traffic services and operators.

As a first step however, only first two domains listed above were addressed. The
Agency has also been given the power to manage tasks related to aviation safety
where collective action would be more effective than individual action by EU Member
States. In this connection, it is responsible for the following activities:

 Issuing type certificates for aeronautical products;

 Assisting the European Commission in the monitoring of the application of
common rules as well as in the implementation of the necessary safeguard
measures;
 Providing its technical assistance in contacts and negotiations with the
aeronautical authorities of third countries and international organisations
competent or civil aviation safety and environmental protection; and
 Assisting the European Community and its Member States with their
co-operation and assistance activities with third countries.

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The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) started its work on 28 September
2003, taking over the responsibility for regulating airworthiness and maintenance
issues within the EU Member States. The transition process started with the
European Parliament issuing a Regulation known as an Essential Requirement
(ER), reference safety in all fields of the aviation industry via the following:

REGULATION (EC) No 1592/2002 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF

THE COUNCIL of 15 July 2002 on common rules in the field of civil aviation
and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency.

In comparison EASA was formed by EU regulation has legislative power. Once a rule
is approved by the EC it becomes law for all member states and there is no need of
adaptation.

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Q3. List experience requirements for each category of staff [A, B1.1, B1.2,
B1.3, B1.4, C] in case of no relevant technical training, relevant training and
approved training as specified in Part 66.A.30

1. Category A and subcategories B1.2 and B1.4:

 (i) three years of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft, if no

previous relevant technical training; or
 (ii) two years of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft and
completion of training considered relevant by the competent authority as a
skilled worker, in a technical trade; or
 (iii) one year of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft and
completion of a Part-147 approved basic training course.

2. Category B2 and subcategories B1.1 and B1.3:

 (i) five years of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft if the

applicant has no previous relevant technical training; or
 (ii) three years of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft and
completion of training considered relevant by the competent authority as a
skilled worker, in a technical trade; or
 (iii) two years of practical maintenance experience on operating aircraft and
completion of a Part -147 approved basic training course.

3. Category C with respect to large aircraft:

 (i) three years of experience exercising category B1.1, B1.3 or B2 privileges

on large aircraft or as Part-145 B1.1, B1.3 or B2 support staff, or, a
combination of both; or
 (ii) five years of experience exercising category B1.2 or B1.4 privileges on
large aircraft or as Part-145 B1.2 or B1.4 support staff, or a combination of
both

4. Category C with respect to non large aircraft:

 Three years of experience exercising category B1 or B.2 privileges on non

large aircraft or as Part-145 B1 or B.2 support staff, or a combination of both

5. Category C obtained through the academic route:

 Three years of experience working in a civil aircraft maintenance environment

on a representative selection of tasks directly associated with aircraft
maintenance including six months of observation of base maintenance tasks.

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Q4. What are the requirements to obtain Category C licence & type/task
ratings through the academic route and what are the privileges?

Requirements to obtain Category C licence through the academic route

 Academic degree in a technical discipline, from a university or other higher

educational institution recognized by the competent authority

 Three years of experience working in a civil aircraft maintenance environment

on a representative selection of tasks directly associated with aircraft
maintenance including six months of observation of base maintenance tasks.

 Category C approved type training shall comply with Part 66 Appendix III. In
the case of a category C person qualified by holding an academic degree as
specified in 66.A.30 (a), (5), the first relevant aircraft type theoretical training
shall be at the category B1 or B2 level. Practical training is not required.
Subsequent type training is at Level I.

The Privileges

 A category C aircraft maintenance licence shall permit the holder to issue

certificates of release to service following base maintenance on aircraft. The
privileges apply to the aircraft in its entirety in a Part-145 organization.

 Category C License holder cannot certify individual tasks unless holds

category B1 or B2.

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Q5. List the scope and objectives of level 3 basic knowledge requirement as
specified in Part 66 Appendix I

A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject

A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical

and comprehensive manner

Objectives:

The applicant should

 Know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects.

 Be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical

fundamentals and specific examples.

 Understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject.

 Be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and

schematics describing the subject.

 Be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's

instructions.

 Be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and

apply corrective action where appropriate.

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Q6. List the requirements of type training examination standard as specified
in Part 66 Appendix III

Where aircraft type training is required, the examination must be written and comply
with the following:

 Format of the examination is of the multiple-choice type. Each multiple-choice

question must have three alternative answers of which only one must be the
correct answer. The time for answering is based upon a nominal average of
120 seconds per level 3 question and 75 seconds per level 1 or 2 questions.

 The examination must be of the closed book type. No reference material is

permitted. An exception will be made for the case of examining a B1 or B2
candidate's ability to interpret technical documents.

 The number of questions must be at least one question per hour of instruction
subject to a minimum of two questions per Syllabus subject. The competent
authority of the Member State will assess number and level of questions on a
sampling basis when approving the course.

 The examination pass mark is 75 %.

 Penalty marking is not to be used

 End of module phase examinations cannot be used as part of the final

examination unless they contain the correct number and level of questions
required.

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Q7. Part 145 Appendix IV specifies the conditions for the use of staff not
qualified to Part 66, in accordance with Part 145.A.30 (J) 1 and 2. List five
conditions specified in Part 145 Appendix IV.

Certifying staff in compliance with the following conditions will meet the intent of
145.A.30 (j) (1) and (2):

 The person shall hold a licence issued by the country's National regulations in
compliance with ICAO Annex 1.

 The scope of work shall not exceed the scope of work defined by the National
licence/certifying staff authorization.

 The person shall demonstrate he has received training on human factors and
airworthiness regulations as detailed in Part-66.

 The person shall demonstrate five years maintenance experience for line
maintenance certifying staff and eight years for base maintenance certifying
staff. However, those persons whose authorized tasks do not exceed those of
a Part-66 category A certifying staff, need to demonstrate three years
maintenance experience only.

 Line maintenance certifying staff and base maintenance support staff shall
receive type training at a level corresponding to Part-66 Appendix III level 3
for every aircraft on which they are authorized to make certification. However
those persons whose authorized tasks do not exceed those of a Part-66
category A certifying staff may receive task training in lieu of complete type
training.

 Base maintenance certifying staff must receive type training at a level

corresponding to at least Part-66 Appendix III level 1 for every aircraft on
which they are authorized to make certification

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Q8. Explain the organizations approvals class and rating system specified in
Part 145 Appendix II

Four category classes

Class A

 means that the Part-145 approved maintenance organization may carry out
maintenance on the aircraft and any component (including engines/APUs)
only whilst such components are fitted to the aircraft except that such
components can be temporarily removed for maintenance when such removal
is expressly permitted by the aircraft maintenance manual to improve access
for maintenance subject to a control procedure in the maintenance
organization exposition acceptable to the Member State. The limitation
section will specify the scope of such maintenance thereby indicating the
extent of approval.
 Category A class ratings are subdivided into ‘Base’ or ‘Line’ maintenance. A
Part-145 AMO may be approved for either ‘Base’ or ‘Line’ maintenance or
both. It should be noted that a ‘Line’ facility located at a main base facility
requires a ‘Line’ maintenance approval.

Class B

 means that the Part-145 AMO may carry out maintenance on the uninstalled
engine/APU (‘Auxiliary Power Unit’) and engine/APU components only whilst
such components are fitted to the engine/APU except that such components
can be temporarily removed for maintenance when such removal is expressly
permitted by the engine/APU manual to improve access for maintenance.
The limitation section will specify the scope of such maintenance thereby
indicating the extent of approval. A Part-145 AMO with a category B class
rating may also carry out maintenance on an installed engine during ‘base’
and ‘line’ maintenance subject to a control procedure in the MOE. The MOE
scope of work shall reflect such activity where permitted by the Member
State.

Class C

 means that the Part-145 AMO may carry out maintenance on uninstalled
components (excluding engines and APUs) intended for fitment to the aircraft
or engine/APU. The limitation section will specify the scope of such
maintenance thereby indicating the extent of approval. A Part-145 AMO with
a category C class rating may also carry out maintenance on an installed
component during base and line maintenance or at an engine/APU
maintenance facility subject to a control procedure in the MOE.

Class D

 D class rating is a self contained class rating not necessarily related to a

specific aircraft, engine or other component.

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Q9. What changes to the organization must be notified to the agency as per
Part 145.A.85?

The organization shall notify the Agency of any proposal to carry out any of the
following changes before such changes take place to enable the Agency to determine
continued compliance with this Part and to amend, if necessary, the approval
certificate, except that in the case of proposed changes in personnel not known to
the management beforehand, these changes must be notified at the earliest
opportunity:

 The name of the organization

 The main location of the organization

 Additional locations of the organization

 The Accountable manager

 Any of the persons nominated under 145.A.30 (b)

 The facilities, equipment, tools, material, procedures, work scope or certifying

staff that could affect the approval

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Q10. What personnel requirements need to be addressed by an organization
seeking Part 145 Approval as per Part 145.A.30?

 Accountable manager

 Maintenance management structure (Managers – EASA Form 4)

 Quality Assurance manager (direct access to the accountable manager

 Maintenance man-hour plan (sufficient staff for all tasks)

 Personnel competence controlled (human factors, human performance)

 Qualification of personnel performing NDT or other specialized tasks

 Qualification of category B1 and B2 type certifying staff per Part 66 and task
trained certifying staff as category A for line maintenance

 certifying staff for base maintenance, category C, B1 and B2

 Component certifying staff shall comply with Part-66

 derogation for organization facilities located outside the Community territory

applicable to qualification of certifying staff specified in Appendix IV

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Q11. JAR OPS specifies the mandatory documents, manuals, and forms
required to be carried on each flight. List the documents specified, issuing
authority and the validity period and eight of the forms required.

Documents to be carried on board / Issuing Authority / Validity Period

 The Certificate of Registration / NAA of country of Registry / Usually 12

months but in some countries issued for longer periods

 The Certificate of Airworthiness / NAA of country of Registry / 12 months

 The original or a copy of the Noise Certificate / NAA of country of Registry /

Unlimited validity unless changes to the MTOW and or Thrust Ratings

 The original or a copy of the Air Operator Certificate / NAA of operator / 12

months

 The Aircraft Radio Licence / Telecommunications Authority / 12 months

 The original or a copy of the Third party liability Insurance Certificate(s) /

Insurance Provider / 12 months

Forms to be carried on board

 Operational Flight Plan containing at least the information required in JAR-

OPS 1.1060

 Aeroplane Technical Log containing at least the information required in JAR-

OPS 1.915(a);

 Details of the filed ATS flight plan

 Appropriate NOTAM/AIS briefing documentation

 Appropriate meteorological information

 Mass and balance documentation as specified in Subpart J

 Notification of special categories of passenger such as security personnel, if

not considered as crew, handicapped persons, inadmissible passengers,
deportees and persons in custody

 Notification of special loads including dangerous goods including written

information to the commander as prescribed in JAR-OPS 1.1215(d)

 Current maps and charts and associated documents as prescribed in JAR-OPS

1.290(b)(7)

 Any other documentation which may be required by the States concerned

with this flight, such as cargo manifest, passenger manifest etc.

 Forms to comply with the reporting requirements of the Authority and the
operator

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Q12. What are the items specified in the AOC as per JAR OPS 1.175?

An AOC specifies the:

 Name and location (principal place of business) of the operator

 Date of issue and period of validity

 Description of the type of operations authorized

 Type(s) of aeroplane(s) authorized for use

 Registration markings of the authorized aeroplane(s) except that operators

may obtain approval for a system to inform the Authority about the
registration markings for aeroplanes operated under its AOC

 Authorized areas of operation

 Special limitations

 Special authorizations/approvals e.g.:

o CAT II/CAT III (including approved minima), MNPS, ETOPS, RNAV,
RVSM, Transportation of Dangerous Goods

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Q13. How do you ensure the aircraft continuing airworthiness and the
serviceability of both operational and emergency equipment as per Part M
Subpart C? Marks
allocated
The aircraft continuing airworthiness and the serviceability of both operational and
emergency equipment shall be ensured by:
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 Pre-flight inspections

 Rectification to an officially recognized standard of any defect and damage 7

affecting safe operation

 Taking into account for all large aircraft or aircraft used for commercial air
transport (CAT) where applicable; 8
o Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
o Configuration Deviation List

 Accomplishment of all maintenance in accordance with the approved aircraft 10

maintenance programme specified in M.A. 302 (part of Subpart C)

 For large aircraft or aircraft used for commercial air transport analysis of the 10
effectiveness of the M.A.302 approved maintenance programme

 Accomplishment of any applicable:

o Airworthiness Directive (AD) 20
o Operational directive with a continuing airworthiness impact
o Continued airworthiness requirement established by the Agency
o Measures mandated by the competent authority in immediate reaction
to a safety problem
o Accomplishment of modifications and repairs in accordance with
M.A.304 (in Subpart C)
o For non-mandatory modifications and/or inspections;
o For all large aircraft or aircraft used for commercial air
transport the establishment of an embodiment policy
o Maintenance check flights when necessary
(20 marks allocated. 4 marks for any point, maximum of 5 points are
expected)

MARKING SCHEME

Marks Allocation Total

Marks
1. Technical Content 60
2. Report Style (40 marks allocated is distributed as given below)
2.a Basic grammar, spelling and readability of the language 10

2.b Method of Presentation 20

2.c Logical Conclusion 10

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Q14. Explain the items which shall be recorded in the aircraft continuing
airworthiness record system

M.A. 305 – Aircraft Continuing Airworthiness Record System

 At the completion of any maintenance, the certificate of release to service

shall be entered in the aircraft continuing airworthiness records (log books)

 Each entry shall be made as soon as practicable but in no event more than 30
days after the day of maintenance action

 The aircraft continuing airworthiness records shall contain the current:

o Status of airworthiness directives and measures mandated by the
competent authority in immediate reaction to a safety problem;
o Status of modifications and repairs;
o Status of compliance with maintenance programme;
o Status of service life limited components;
o Mass and balance report;
o List of deferred maintenance

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Q15. How do you access a structural damage and what action you would
take to repair same?

First, damage is assessed to see whether repair solution available within SRM limits.
If solution is available repair can be done using SRM data. IF the damage is beyond
SRM, then repair solution need to be obtain appropriately approved Part 21
organization.

Part 21 – Subpart M specifies the criteria for the design and approval of repairs to
damage outside limits or not specified in approved data such as the Structural Repair
Manual.

An organization not approved under Part 21 Subpart M must utilize such an

organization approved to design repair solutions or Type Certificate or Supplemental
Type Certificate Holder

Any such repair has to be approved by The Agency through the Competent Authority
TC or STC holder under an agreed procedure with the Agency

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Q16. How do you classify components in process oriented maintenance and
explain each type with examples?

Process Oriented Maintenance

 MSG-2
 Hard Time
 On-Condition
 Condition Monitored
 Failure preventive process

Hard Time

 Components having direct adverse effect on safety, Item to be removed at or

before a specific interval
o Calendar
o Check interval
o Cycles
o Hours

 Component subject to overhaul, restoration or scrapping, Examples:

o Motors
o Pumps

On-Condition

 Component checked at specific intervals to determine remaining serviceability

o Hours
o Cycles
o Calendar

 Checks made by measurements or tests, not strip, On failing check,

component to be removed for overhaul or restoration, Examples:
o Flap and slat drive components

Condition Monitoring

 No specific life or period, No maintenance tasks for evaluating life, Fit until
fail, Random failure pattern, No direct adverse effect on flight safety, Must not
have a function hidden from crew, Examples:
o Navigation and communication LRU

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