2 College Mathematics VII

Chapter 1 addition and scalar multiplication defined as

Linear Algebra ( x 1 ,x 2 ) + ( y 1 ,y 2 ) = ( x1+ y1, x2 + y2)
c. ( x1, x2) = ( cx1, cx2)

Solution : Let V(R) = { (x1,x2)| x1,x2 ∈ R}.

In this chapter, we study another algebric structure called the vector
space , the basis and dimension of a vector space, linear Let α , β , γ ∈ V ( R )
transformation and Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a linear ∴ α = ( x1,x2), β = (y1,y2), γ = (z1,z2)
transformation . Let c, c1,c2, ∈ F.
(V1) (V,+) is an Abelian group
1.01 : vector spaces (i) α + β = (x1,x2) + (y1+y2)
= (x1+y1,x2+y2)
Definition : Let F be a field and V be a non- empty set. In V,
(ii) α + ( β + γ ) = ( α + β )+ γ
we define the operations of addition and scalar multiplication α + β
LHS = α + ( β + γ )
and c α where α , β ∈ Vand c ∈ F. Then the set V is called a vector
= (x1,x2) + (y1+z1,y2+z2)
space over the field F if the following axioms are satisfield:
= ( x1+y1+z1, x2+y2+z2)
RHS = (α + β ) + γ
(V1 ) (V,+) is an Abelian group.
= (x1+y1, x2+y2) + ( z1,z2)
(V2 ) (i) c. (α + β ) = c.α + c.β = ( x1+y1+z1,x2+y2+z2)
∴ LHS = RHS .
(ii) ( c1 + c2 ) α = c1α + c2α } ( Distributive axioms) ( iii) There exists 0 = ( 0, 0) ∈ V such that
(V3 ) ( c1c2 ) α = ( c1 )( c2α ) ( 0,0) + ( x1,x2) = (x1, x 2) + (0,0) = ( x1,x2) ∀ ( x1, x2) ∈ V
(V4 ) 1 . α = α ( iv) ∀ α = (x1, x2) ∈ V There exists - α = ( - x1,-x2) ∈ V such
∀α , β ∈ V and c, c1 , c2 ,∈ F that
(x1,x2) + (-x1, - x2) = ( -x1,-x2) +( x1,x2)= ( 0,0) = 0
The vector space over the field F is denoted by V (F). The
elements of F are called scalars and the elements of V are called (V) α + β = (x1,x2) + (y1,y2)
vectors. = (x1+y1, x2+y2)
= ( y1+x1, y2+x2)
The identity of the group (V, +) is denoted by 0 and is called = ( y1,y2) +(x1,x2)
the zero vector or null vector which is unique. = β+α
∴ ( V,+) is an ablian group .
Worked Examples : ( V2) ( i) c ( α + β ) = c ( x1+y1,x2+y2)
(1) The set of all ordered pairs (x 1 , x 2 ) of the elements of = (c(x1+y1),c (x2+y2))
the field of real numbers forms a vector space w.r.t.
 Linear Algebra 3 4 College Mathematics VII

= ( cx1+cy1,cx2+cy2) The vector space of ordered n triples over the field of real
= ( c x1,cx2) + (cy1,cy2) numbers is denoted by Vn (R) or Rn which is called the n
= c ( x1,x2)+ c ( y1,y2) dimenstional space.
= c α +c β .
In particular, if n =2, the vector space is v2(R) which is the
( ii) ( c1+c2) α = ( c1+c2) ( x1,x2) two dimensional plane and if n = 3, the vector space is v3(R)
= ( c1+c2) x1, ( c1+c2) x2) which is the three dimensional space.
= ( c1x1+c2x1,c1x2+c2x2)
= ( c1x1,c1x2)+ (c2x1, c2x2) (4) Prove that the set of all real valued continuous
= c1(x1, x2)+ c2(x1, x2) (differentiable, integrable) fuctions of X defined in the interval
= c1 α +c2 α . [0,1] is a vector space.
( V3) (c1 c2) α = (c1 c2) (x1, x2)
= (c1 c2) x1, (c1 c2) x2 Solution : Let V be the set of all real valued continuous functions
= (c1 (c2 x1) ,c1(c2 x2)) of x defined in [0,1] .
= c1( c2 x1, c2 x2)) Let f,g ∈ v and c ∈ R. then
= c1( c2 (x1, x2)) = c1( c2 α ) ( f+g) ( x) = f(x) +g(x)
and cf (x) = (cf)(x)
( V4) 1 . α = 1.(x1, x2) = ( 1.x1, 1.x2)
(V1) (V,+) is an abelian group .
= (x1, x2) = α .
(i) If f and g are continuous fuctions, then we know that their sum f +
∴ all the axioms of vector space are satisfied . g is also continuous.

∴ V is a vector space over the field of real numbers . (ii) If f ,g,h ∈ V then
f +(g+h) = (f+g)+h
(2) The set of all ordered triplets ( x1, x2, x3) over the field of Now [f +(g+h)] (x) = f (x) + (g + h)(x)
real numbers forms a vector space w.r.t addition and = f(x)+ [g(x) + h(x)]
scalar multiplication defined in the same way as in the = [ f (x) + g(x)]+h(x)
previous example. = (f + g)(x) + h(x)
Proof is similar to the proof of the previous problem. = [ (f + g) + h ] (x)
∴ f + (g + h) = (f + g) + h.
(3) The set all ordered n tuples of the elements of the field F
froms a vector space w.r.t addition and scalar (iii) The function 0(x) = 0 is the identity.
multiplication defined as Q ( 0 + f) (x) =0(x) + f(x) = 0 + f(x) = f(x)
( i) ( x1, x2…………..xn) + (y1,y2,………….yn) and (f + 0)(x) = f(x) + 0(x) = f(x) + 0 = f(x)
= ( x1+y1, x2+y2,……………xn+yn) ∴ 0 + f = f + 0 = f.
( ii) c ( x1,x2…………..xn) = ( cx1, cx2…………, cxn)
( iv) (-f) x = -[f(x)] is the additive inverse of f.
Proof is as in the previous examples . Q (- f) x +f (x) = (-f + f) (x) = 0 (x) =0
and f(x) +( -f) (x) = [f +(-f)] (x) =0 (x) = 0
 Linear Algebra 5 6 College Mathematics VII

( v) (f +g) (x) = f (x) +g(x)

{
( i) α + β = α1 + β1,α 2 + β 2 ........., α n + β n ,....... }
= g (x) +f (x) is also a convergent sequence.
= (g +f) (x) ( ii) α + ( β + γ ) = (α + β ) + γ
∴ f +g = g + f
∴ (V, +)is an abelian group. α + ( β + γ ) = α + { β1 + γ 1 , β 2 + γ 2 ,.........β n + γ n,............}
= {α1 + ( β1 + γ 1 ) ,α 2 + ( β 2 + γ 2 ) ,.....α n + ( β n + γ n ).......}
(v2) ( i) c (f +g) = cf + cg.
[c( f +g )](x) = c[(f+g)x] = {(α1 + β1 ) + γ 1 , (α 2 + β 2 ) + γ 2, ..... (α n + β n ) + γ n .........}
= {α1 + β1 , α 2 + β 2 .........α n + β n , ......} + {γ 1 , γ 2 ,......γ n ....}
= c[ f(x)+g(x)]
= cf(x) +cg(x)
= (cf) (x) + (cg) (x) = (α + β ) + γ
= (cf +cg ) (x)
(ii) (c1+c2)f = c1f+c2f (iii) The identity element is { 0} = { 0, 0, ………0,……..}
(c1+c2)f (x) = c1f(x) + c2f(x)
= c1f+c2f(x) (iv) If α = {α1 , α 2 ,...........α n ........} then
∴ (c1+c2)f = c1f+c2f
−α = {− α 1 , − α 2 ........... − α n , ......}
(v3) (c1 c2) f = c1 ( c2f) is the additive inverse
(c1c2) f(x) = [(c1c2) f] (x) ( v) α + β = { α 1+ β 1, α 2+ β 2,……. α n+ β n……….}
= [c1( c2f)] (x) ={ β 1+ α 1, β 2+ α 2 ………….. β n+ α n……}
= c1 ( c2f)(x)
∴ (c1c2) f = c1 ( c2f) = β +α
( v4) 1. f = f (v2) c( α + β )
(1.f) (x) = 1.f (x) =f(x) ={c( α 1+ β 1),c( α 2 + β 2,) ………c ( α n + β n)…… }
∴ 1. f = f ={c α 1+c β 1, c α 2 + c β 2,……………. c α n + c β n……….}
∴ all the axioms of vector space are satisfied
∴ v forms a vector space . =c{ α 1, α 2 ……… α n,……..}+c { β 1, β 2,…… β n………….}
= cα + c β
( 5) The set of all convergent sequences of real number is a (c1+ c2) α = (c1+ c2) { α 1, α 2 ……… α n,……..}
vector space over the field of real numbers. = {(c1+ c2) α 1, (c1+ c2) α 2 ………(c1+ c2) α n,……..}
Solution: Let {
α = α1 ,α 2, ..........α n ........ } = {c1 α 1+c2 α 1, c1 α 2+ c2 α 2……c1 α n+ c2 α n…….}
={c1 α 1,c1 α 2….. c1 α n}+ {c2 α 1, c2 α 2,….. c2 α n….}
β = { β1 , β 2 ,...........β n ......} = c1{ α 1, , α 2….. α n}+ c2{ α 1, α 2,…. α n….}
γ = {γ 1 , γ 2 ,..............γ n .....} = c1 α + c2 α .
be convergent sequences of real numbers.
( v3) (c1 c2) α = (c1 c2) { α 1, α 2….. α n…….}
(V1) ( V,+) is an abelian group.
 Linear Algebra 7 8 College Mathematics VII

= {(c1 c2) α 1, (c1 c2) α 2….. (c1 c2) α n……} = (c α 1 + c β 1, c α 2+c β 2, …… α n +c β n)

= { c1 (c2 α 1 ) , c1 (c2 α 2),……. c1 (c2 α n)……} = (c α ,c α 2…. α n)+ ( c β 1, c β 2… c β n)
= c1{c2 α 1 , c2 α 2,…….c2 α n……}
= c ( α 1, α 2….. α n) +( β 1, β 2…… β n)
= c1c2 α 1 , α 2,……. α n……}]
= c1(c2 α ) = c α +c β .
(ii) (c1+ c2) α = c1 α + c2 α . Which can be verified easily
( v4)1. α =1{ α 1, α 2….. α n…….}={1. α 1, 1. α 2….1. α n….} (V3) ( c1,c2) α = c1 ( c2 α ) which can be verified easily
= { α 1, , α 2….. α n…….} (V4) 1. α = 1 ( α 1, α 2,…… α n) = (1 α 1,1 α 2,……….1 α n)
= α. = ( α 1, α 2,………. α n)
∴ V is a vector space over the field of complex numbers.
∴ The set of all convergent sequences forms sector space over  x 0  
the field of real numbers (7) Show that the set V =   x, y ∈ R  is a vector space
 0 y  
( 6) The set of all ordered n – triples of complex numbers forms a over the field of reals R. under usual + and x.
vector space over the field of complex numbers. This is denoted  x1 0  x2 0  x3 0
by Cn Solution : A =  , B =  ,C =   ∈V
0 y1  0 y2  0 y3 
Solution : Let V = {(z1,z2, ………zn ) | z1,z2, ………zn ∈ c} and c1 , c2 , c3 ∈ R
Let α , β , γ ∈ V
(v1 )(v, + ) is an abelian group
∴ α = ( α 1, α 2….. α n) , β = ( β 1, β 2……… β n)
 x1 0   x2 0   x1 + x2 0 
γ = ( γ 1, γ 2……….. γ n) (i) A + B =  + =  ∈V
α + β = ( α 1+ β 1, α 2+ β 2…………. α n + β n)  0 y1   0 y2   0 y1 + y2 
c α = (c α 1, c α 2….. c α n). Where c ∈ c. (ii) A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C
( V1) ( V,+) is an Abelian group .  x1 0    x2 0   x3 0 
(i) α + β = ( α 1+ β 1, α 2+ β 2…………. α n + β n) ∈ V LHS =   +  + 
0 y1    0 y2   0 y3  
(ii) α + ( β + γ ) = ( α + β )+ γ which can be easily verified
 x1 + x2 + x3  0
(iii) 0 = ( 0, 0,0,……….0) is the additive identity = 
(vi) ∀α =( α 1, , α 2….. α n) ∈ V, there exists  0 y1 + y2 + y3 
- α = (- α 1, - α 2….. - α n) ∈ V such that   x1 0   x2 0    x3 0 
α +( - α ) = - α + α = (0,0,…………0) = 0. RHS =   +  +  
(V) α + β = α + α  0 y1   0 y2    0 y3 
.  x1 + x2 + x3 0 
= 
(V2) ( i) c ( α + β ) = c ( α 1+ β 1, α 2+ β 2…… α n + β n)  0 y1 + y2 + y3 
= (c( α 1+ β 1), c( α 2+ β 2)…… ( α n + β n)) ∴ Associative law is valid
 Linear Algebra 9 10 College Mathematics VII

(iii) Matrix 0∈ V such that 1 0

I . A = A.I = A where I =  
0 0  x 0   x 0  0 0  x 0 
 + = + =  0 1
0 0  0 y   0 y  0 0  0 y   c1 0 
(iv) – A + A = A + (-A ) = 0 Hence I .c1 = c1.I =   ∈V
 x1 0   x2 0   x1 + x2 0   0 c1 
(v) A + B =  + =  All the axioms of vector space are satisfied.
 0 y1   0 y2   0 y1 + y2  ∴ V is a vector space over the field of real numbers
 x2 0   x1 0
= + = B+ A (8) Show that R2( R ) is not a vector space when + and x are
0 y2   0 y1 
defined as (α1 ,α 2 ) + ( β1 , β 2 ) = (α1 + β1 , α 2 + β 2 )
Hence (v +) is an abelian group.
and α .(α1 , α 2 ) = (αα1 , αα 2 )∀α1 , α 2 , β , β 2 ∈ R
 x 0 x 0 
(v) (i) c1 ( A + B ) = c1   1  + 2  Solution : Let α = 1, β = 2 and (α1 ,α 2 ) = (3, 4)
 0 y1   0 y2  
(α + β ).(α1 , α 2 ) = (1 + 2)(3, 4) = (9, 4)(9,12)
x 0  x 0
= c1  1  + c1  2  and α .(α1 , α 2 ) + β .(α1 , α 2 )
 0 y1   0 y2  = (3, 4) + (6, 4)
 x1 0  = (9,8)
= (c1 + c2 ) A = (c1 + c2 )  
 0 y1  So (α + β ).(α1 , α 2 ) ≠ α .(α1 , α 2 ) + β .(α1 , α 2 )
 (c + c ) x 0  Thus R 2 ( R ) is not a vector space.
= 1 2 1 
 0 (c1 + c2 ) y1 
1.02 properties of vector space
c x 0   c2 x1 0 
= 1 1  +  = c1 A + c2 B Theorem 1 : Let V ( F) be a vector space
 0 c1 y1   0 c2 y1  then ( i) c.0 = 0 Where c ∈ F and 0 ∈ V
( ii ) 0. α = 0 where 0 ∈ F and α ∈ V
∴ Distributive axioms are valid. ( iii) (-c ) α = - ( c α ) = c (- α ) ∀ c ∈ F and α ∈ V
 x 0   (iv ) c ( α - β ) = c α -c β ∀ c ∈ F and α , β ∈ V
(v3) (c1c2 ) A = (c1c2 )  1  Proof : (i) Consider c. α + c. 0 = c ( α +0) =c. α = c. α + 0
 0 y1  
∴ by left cancellation law, c.0 = 0
c c x 0   c2 x1 0  (ii) Consider c. α + 0. α = (c+0 ) . α = c. α +0. α
= 1 2 1  = c1   = c1 (c2 A) = c. α + 0 (from (i))
 0 c1c2 y1   0 c2 y1 
∴ c. α + 0. α = c. α + 0.
(v4) I is the identity of V w.r.t x because By left cancellation law , 0. α = 0

(iii) Consider c. α + (-c) α = [ c+ (-c) ] α

 Linear Algebra 11 12 College Mathematics VII

= 0. α = 0 ( from (ii))
and (-c) α + c α = (-c + c) α Theorem 3: If v(F) is a vector space then the cancellation laws
= 0. α = 0 (from (ii) ) hold .
∴ c α + (-c) α = (-c) α +c α =0 (i) a α = b α ⇒ a=b ; α ≠ 0,a,b ∈ F
∴ (-c) α is the inverse of c. α (ii) aα = a β ⇒ α = β ; a ≠ 0 , α , β ∈v
(- c) α = -(c α ) Proof : (i) a α = b α ⇒ [a +(-b)] α = α +(-b) α
|||ly c (- α ) = - (c α ) ⇒ [ a+ (-b)] α = [ b + (-b)] α
∴ (- c) α = - (c α ) =c (- α ) ⇒ [a + (-b)] α = 0 α
⇒ [ a + (-b) ] = 0
(iv) consider c ( α - β ) = c [ α + (- β )] ⇒ a + (-b) =0 Q α ≠ 0 (given)
= c α +c (- β ) ⇒ a = b.
= c α + (-c) β (iii) since a ≠ 0 ,∴ a-1 exists in F such that
a a-1= a-1a = 1.
= cα - c β ∴ a α = a β ⇒ a-1 (a α ) = a-1(a β )
Theorem 2 : If V(F) is a vector space over a field F,
⇒ (a-1a) α = ( a-1a) β
Then (i) ( −1) α = −α
⇒ 1. α = 1. β
( ii) β + ( α - β ) = α ⇒α = β
(iii) If a α = 0 then either a =0 or α = 0 1. 03 subspaces
Proof : (i) we have (-c) α = − ( cα )
Take c = 1 ∴ (-1) α = - (1. α ) Definition : A non –empty subset w of avector v is said to be a
ie,(-1) α =- α subspace of v over a field F if W is a vector space over F w.r.t. the
(ii) β + ( α - β ) = β + [ α + (- β )] same operation as in V.
= β + [- β + α ] Q (V,+) is commutative Example : The set V of all ordered triples (x1, x2, x3) over the field of
= [ β + (- β ) ]+ α real numbers , is a vector space w.r.t addition and scalar multiplication
=0+ α = α . the set w of all ordered triplets of the form ( x1, x2, 0) isa subset
(iii) a α = 0 (given) of V and W is a subspace of V.
Let a ≠ 0. Then we shall show that α = 0.
Since a ∈ the field F and a ≠ 0, It is easy to verify that W satisfies all the vector space axioms .
there exists a-1 ∈ F such that a-1a = a.a-1= 1. We shall see more example later.
Now α = 1 . α = (a a) -1
α = a-1(a α ) = a-1(0)=0
Again if a α = 0 and α ≠ 0 then we have a = 0 Note : (i) Every vector space has always two subspaces
Otherwise, i.e, if a ≠ 0. then as we have proved above, {0} and V. These are called trivial subspaces
α = 0 which contradicts the assumption that α ≠ 0. and other subspace is called a non-trivial
subspace of V.
∴ a α = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or α =0
 Linear Algebra 13 14 College Mathematics VII

1.04 Criterion for a subset to be a subspace : Theorem 2 : A non-empty subset W of a vector space V is a
subspace of v if and only if
Theorem 1 : A non – empty subset W of a vector space V is a ( i) α , β ∈ W , c1 , c2 ∈ F ⇒ c1α + c2 β ∈ W
subspace of V if and only if
Proof : Since W is closed w.r.t scalar multiplication , c1 α and
(i) α ∈ w , β ∈ W ⇒ α + β ∈ W and c2 β ∈ W. and since W is closed w.r.t addition , c1 α + c2 β ∈ W.
(ii) c ∈ F, α ∈ W ⇒ c α ∈W
∴ If W is a subspace of V. then c1 α + c2 β ∈ W.
Proof : (a) Let W be a vector space over a field F and as c1 α + c2 β ∈ W.
∴ W satisfies all the vector space axioms . choose c1= 1, c2= 1 ∴ 1 α +1 β ∈ W.
∴ W is closed w.r.t. the addition and scalar multiplication . ⇒ α + β ∈W
∴ ∀ α , β ∈ W, α + β ∈ W.
and ∀c ∈ F , Cα ∈ W
and ∀ α ∈ W and c ∈ F, c. α ∈ W ∴ From the previous theorem ( the necessary and sufficient
condition), it follows that W is a subspace of V.
(b) Conversely, let W be a non-empty subset of V such that
the condition (i) and (ii) are satisfied. We have to prove that w is a
∴ W is a subspace of V iff c1 α + c2 β ∈ W.
subspace of V, thus, we have to prove that W satisfies all the vector
space axioms.
Note : whenever we have to prove that W is a subspace of V, it is
(V1) (a) α + β ∈ W, ∀ α , β ∈ W.
enough to verify that W is a non-empty subset of V and
(b) Since α + ( β + γ ) = (α + β ) + γ is satisfied in V, it is ∀ α , β ∈ W , c1 , c2 ∈ F ⇒ c1α + c2 β ∈ W
satisfied in the subset W also .
( c) ∀ α ∈ W, c. α ∈ W. take c = -1 Theorem 3 : The intersection of two subspaces of a vector
∴ ∀ α ∈ W, (-1) α = - α ∈ W. Space V over a field F is a subspace of V.
∴ from condition (i) , α + (- α ) ∈ W i.e, 0 ∈ W.
( d) ∀ α ∈ W, where exists c = -1 ∈ F such that Proof : Let Sand T be two subspaces of V
c α = (-1) α = - α ∈ W S ∩ T = { α | α ∈ S and α ∈ T}.
(e) α + β = β + α is satisfied in V, hence it is satisfied in We have to prove that ∀ α , β ∈ S ∩ T,
the subset W also . c1 α + c2 β ∈ S ∩ T where C1,C2 ∈ F .
( V2) c ( α + β ) = c α +c β α +β ∈ S ∩ T ⇒ α , β ∈ S and α , β ∈ T
and ( c1+c2) α = c1 α +c2 α are satisfied in V. ⇒ c1 α + c2 β ∈ S and c1 α + c2 β ∈ T
Hence they are satisfied in the subset W also. since S and T are subspaces.
(V3) (c1c2) α = c1(c2 α ) is satisfied in V and hence it is satisfied ⇒ c1 α + c2 β ∈ S ∩ T .
in the subset W also.
∴ S ∩ T is a subspaces of V
(V4) 1. α = α . ∀ α ∈ W and 1 ∈ F .
Note : (i) This result can be extended to any finite number
subspaces.
 Linear Algebra 15 16 College Mathematics VII

i.e S1 ∩ S2 ∩ ………… ∩ Sn is a subspaces of V. ⇒ S ⊆ T or T ⊆ S

Whenever S1,S2……… Sn are subspaces of V.
Conversely. Let S and T be two subspaces of V such that S ⊆ T or
(ii) The union of any two subspaces of V need not T⊆S
be a subspace of V.
For eg . In V2 ( R) let S = { ( X ,0) | X ∈ R} ⇒ S ∪T = S or S ∪T = T
and T= { (0,Y) | Y ∈ R} be two subspaces.
∴ S ∪T is also a subspace of V(F)
Then S U T = { α | α ∈ S or α ∈ T}
Worked examples :
Let ( x, 0) , ( 0,y) ∈ S U T
Then ( x,0) + ( 0,y) = (x,y) ∉ S U T. ∀ x,y ∈ R. (1) Prove that the subset W={(x1 ,x2, x3)| x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}of the
vector space V3( R) is a subspace of V3( R).
For eg . ( 1,0) + ( 0,1) = ( 1,1) ∉ S U T. Solution : W is a non – empty subset of V3( R)
∴ Closure axiom is not satisfied w.r.t .+ Let α , β ∈ W and c1,c2 ∈ R.
∴ W is not a subspace of V2 ( R) ∴ α = ( x1,x2,x3) such that x1+x2+x3 = 0
and β = ( y1,y2,y3) such that y1+y2+y3 = 0
Theorem 4 : The union of two subspaces of a vector space V over ∴ c1 α +c2 β = c1( x1,x2,x3)+ c2( y1,y2,y3)
a field F is a subspace if and only if one is contained in the other.
= ( c1x1+c2y1,c1x2+c2y2,c1x3+c2y3)
Proof : Let S and T be two subspaces of V(F) and c1x1+c2y1+c1x2+c2y2+c1x3+c2y3
Let S ∪T be a subspace of V(F) = c1( x1,x2,x3)+ c2( y1,y2,y3) = c1(0) + c2(0) = 0.
T.P.T : S ⊆ T or T ⊆ S ∴ c1 α +c2 β ∈ W
∴ W is a subspace of V3( R).
If S⊄T ⇒ ∃αS; α∉T
and T⊄S ⇒ ∃βT: β∉S (2) Prove that the subset W = { ( x,y,z,)| x-3y +4z = 0} of the
vector space R3 is a subspace of R3.
⇒ α∈S ⇒ α ∈ S ∪T Solution : W is a non empty subset of R3 since at least one element
(0,0,0) ∈ W. Such that 0-3.0+ 4.0 = 0.
β∈T ⇒ β ∈ S ∪T
Let α , β ∈ W and c1,c2 ∈ R.
Since S ∪ T is a subspace of V(F) ∴ α = ( x1,y1,z1) such that x1- 3y1 + 4z1 = 0
α, β ∈ S ∪T ⇒ C1 α+ C2 β ∈ S ∪T ∀ C1, C2 ∈ F β = ( x2,y2,z2) such that x2- 3y2 + 4z2 = 0
∴ c1 α +c2 β = c1( x1,y1,z1) + ( x2,y2,z2)
⇒ β∈S and α∈T = ( c1x1+c2x2,c1y1+c2y2,c1z1+c2z2)
which is a contradiction and c1x1+c2x2-3(c1y1+c2y2)+4c1z1+c2z2)
= c1( x1-3y1+ 4z1) + c2 ( x2- 3y2+4z2)
∴ our assumption is wrong = c1(0) + c2(0) = 0
 Linear Algebra 17 18 College Mathematics VII

∴ c1 α +c2 β ∈ W.  d 2 y1 dy1   d 2 y2 dy 
= c1  2 2
−9 + 2 y1  + c2  2 2 − 9 2 + 2 y2 
(3) Prove that the subset W = { (x, y, z)| x = y = z } is a  dx dx   dx dx 
subspace of V3(R) = c1(0)+c2(0)Q y1,y2 satisfy the given differential equation.
= 0.
Solution : W is a non-empty subset of V (R) 3 ∴ c1y1+c2y2 ∈ W
Let α , β ∈ W ∴ W is a subspace of V.
∴ α = ( x1, y1, z1) such that x1 = y1 = z1
β = ( x2,y2,z2) such that x2 = y2 = z2 (5) Verify whether W = {( x , x , x ) | x
1 2 3
2
1 + x22 + x32 ≤ 1} of the
c1 α +c2 β = c1( x1, y1, z1) + ( x2, y2, z2) V3(R) is a subspace of V3(R).
= ( c1x1+c2x2,c1y1+c2y2,c1z1+c2z2)
x1 = y1 = z1 Solution :
and x2 = y2 = z2 } ⇒ c1x1+c2x2=c1y1+c2y2=c1z1+c2z2 Consider α = ( 1, 0,0) , β = ( 0.0,1)
∴ c1 α +c2 β ∈ W Clearly α , β ∈ W since 12+ 02 + 02 ≤ 1and
∴ W is a subspace of V3( R). 02+ 02 + 12 ≤ 1
Now α + β = ( 1,0,0) + ( 0,0,1) = ( 1,0,1)
(4) If a vector space is the set of real valued continous fuctions and 12+ 02 + 12= 2 which is not less than or equal to 1.
over the field of real numbers, then prove that the set w of ∴ (1,0,1) ∈ W
d2y dy ie, α + β ∉ W ∴ W is not a subspace of V.
solutions of the differential equation 2 2
− 9 + 2 y = 0 is a
dx dx
subspace of V. (6) Examine the subset V = {( a + 2b, a, 2a – b, b | a, b ∈ R)} for a
subspace of R4
Solution :
d2y dy Solution : Let α = (a1 + 2b1, a1, 2a1 – b1, b1)
W = { 2 2 −9 + 2y = 0 }
dx dx β = (a2 + 2b2, a2, 2a2 – b2, b2) are in V
Clearly y = 0 satisfies the given differential equation .
Consider c1α + c2β = c1(a1 + 2b1, a1, 2a1 – b1, b1)
∴ 0 ∈ W and hence W is non-empty.
+ c2(a2 + 2b2, a2, 2a2 – b2, b2)
Let y1and y2 ∈ W and c1,c2 ∈ R then we have to show that
From the addition of order pair in R4,
c1y1+c2y2 satifies the differential equation.
d2 d = (c1(a1 + 2b1, c1a1, c1( 2a1 – b1), c1b1)
Consider 2 2 (c1y1+c2y2 ) – 9 (c1y1+c2y2 ) + 2(c1y1+c2y2 )
dx dx + (c2(a2 + 2b2) , c2 a2, c2 (2a2 – b2), c2 b2)
d 2 y1 d 2 y2 dy dy = (c1(a1 + 2b1+ c2( a2 +2 b2), c1a1+c2 a2, c1(2a1 –b1) +c2 (2a2-b2),
= c1 2
+ 2c2 2
− 9 1 − 9c2 2 + 2c1 y1 + 2c2 y2
dx dx dx dx
Linear Algebra 19 20 College Mathematics VII

c1 b1 + c2 b2)∈ V (5) Examine whether the set V of all orderd pair of integers from
a vector space over the field R of real numbers , w.r.t .
∴ V is a sub space of R4 addition of ordered pairs and scalar multiplication of an
ordered pair.
EXERCISE (6) Verify the following for a vector space : The set of all
polynomials with real co efficient over the field of real
(1) Show that the set V of all ordered pairs of integers does not numbers w.r.t . addition of polynomials and scalar
multiplication of polynomials.
form a vector space over the field R of reals.
 a 0 
(2) Show that the set of all pairs of real numbers over the field of (7) Prove that V =    : a, b ∈ R  is a vector space over
 b 0 
reals define as ( x1 y1 ) + ( x2 y2 ) = ( 3 y1 + 3 y2 , − x1 − x2 ) and the field of real numbers w.r.t addition of matrices and scalar
multiplication of a matrix.
c ( x1 y1 ) = ( 3cy1 − cx1 ) does not from a vector space. (8) Prove that every field F can be considered as a vector space
over F w.r.t the operation in F.
(3) Let V = {( x, y ) x, y ∈ R} and field is the set of reals show (9) Prove that the set of all polynomials over the field of real
numbers is a vector space w.r.t. the addition of polynomials
that V is not a vector space under + and scalar multiplication and scalar multiplication of polynomial

defined as in each of the following cases (10) Prove that the set V = {x + y }
2 x, y ∈ Q where Q is the

( x, y ) + ( s, t ) = (0, y + t ) , k ( x, y ) = ( kx, ky )
field or rationales ,w.r.t . addition and multiplication of real
(i) numbers, is a vector space.
(11) a) Prove that the set of all m x n matrices with real elements
(ii) ( x, y ) + ( s , t ) = ( x + s , y + t ) , K ( x, y ) = ( 0, ky ) is a vector space over the field of real numbers w.r.t
addition and scalar multiplication of matrices.
(iii) ( x, y ) + ( s, t ) = ( x + s, y + t ) , k ( x, y ) = ( kx, y ) b) Show that the set of all matrices of the order n × n with their
elements as real numbers is a vector space over the 〈R+ ⋅〉
with the usual operations of matrices.
(4) Verify whether the following sets from vector spaces w.r.t
c) Show that the set of polynomials
the given operation and the given field.
(i) the field of complex numbers over the field of {0,1, 2, x + 1, x + 2, 2 x + 1, 2 x + 2, x, 2 x} forms a vector
complex numbers
(ii) the field of complex numbers over field of real space over the field ( I 3 , + 3 ×3 ) assuming the usual operations
numbers .
(iii) the field of real numbers over the field of for polynomials.
complex numbers w.r.t the usual addition and (12) Verify which of the following are subspaces:
multiplication.
(i) S = { (a1,0 ,a2) | a1,a2 ∈ R} of V3( R)
Linear Algebra 21 22 College Mathematics VII

(ii)
(iii)
W = { (x,2y,3z) : x,y,z ∈ R} of V3( R)
S= { (x,x,x) : x ∈ R} of V3( R)
(ii ) B = {( a, b, c, d ) a + c = b + d }
(iv) W = { ( x,y,z ) : x,y,z ∈ Q }of V3 (iii ) C = {( a, b, c, d ) ab = cd }
(v) S = { ( x,y,z) : 2x+3y+ z = 0 of V3( R)
(vi) W= { ( x,y,z) : x =y } of V3( R) (iv) D = {( a, b, c, d ) a + b = 0}
2 2

(vii) S = { ( x,y,z) : xy = 0 } of V3( R)

(viii) S = { (x,y,z) | 2 X= 5 y} of V3( R) (v) E = {( 2a + b, 2a − b, 0, c ) a, b, c ∈ R}
(19) Show that the following sub-sets are sub-spaces in v3 ( R )
(13) Which of the following sets are subspaces of the vector
space V of all polynomials over the field of reals.
(i) The set of all polynomials of degree 4
(i ) A = {( 0, b, c ) 0, b, c ∈ R}
(ii) The set of all polynomials of degree ≤ 4 (ii ) B = {( a, b, c ) a − 3b + 4c = 0 ∀ a, b, c ∈ R}
(iii) The set of all polynomials of degree ≤ 5
(iv) The set of all polynomials of degree 5. (iii ) C = {( x, y, z ) ( x + 2 y ), y, − x + 3 y ), ∀ x, y, z ∈ R}

(14) Which of the following are subspaces of the vector spaces (iv) D = {( x, y, z ) x + y + 2 z = 0, ∀ x, y, z ∈ R}
(20) Prove that the set of all solutions ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) of the equation
of all real valued continuous factions defined on [ 0,1], over
R
(i) all function f for which 2f (0) = f(1)
x + 3 y + 2 z = 0 is a subspace of the vector space v3 ( R )
(ii) all function f for which f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [ 0,1]
(iii) all function f for which f (x) = 1. (21) Let v = s and W be the set of all ordered triplets ( x, y, z )
(15) Show that w = { }
( x, 0, 0 ) x ∈ R is a subspace of R3 over
such that x − 3 y + 4 z = 0 . Prove that W is a subspace of R3.
the field Reals R. (22) If a vector space is the set of real valued continuous functions
(16) Show that any plane passing through the origin is a subspace over the field of real numbers, then prove that the set W of
if V3(R).
solutions of the differential equation y ′′ − 4 y′ + 3 y = 0 is a
(17) Prove that w= {(x, y, 0 ) | x ∈ R} is a subspace of R3 over the
subspace of V.
field of Reals R.
Answers
(18) Determine whether or not the following subjects of R4 are
( 4) (i) yes, (ii) yes, (iii) no (5) no (6) yes
Sub space.

(i) A = {( a, b, c, d ) a + b = c + d } (12) (i) yes, (ii) yes,

(vi) yes (vii)no(viii)yes
(iii)yes (iv) no (v) yes

(13) (i) no, (ii) yes, (iii) yes, (iv) no.

 Linear Algebra 23 24 College Mathematics VII

cα = (cc1) α 1+ (cc2) α 2+…………+ (ccm) α m

(14) (i) yes,(ii) yes,(iii) yes = a linear combination of α i.
∴ c α ∈ S.
(18) (i), (ii), (v) yes ∴ S is closed w.r.t. scalar multiplication.
∴ S is a subspace of V.
1.05 Linear span of a set Now ,we shall that S is the smallest subspace containing
α 1, α 2,………. α m
Definition : Let V be a vector space over the field F. Let W be any other subspace of V such that α 1, α 2,……….
and α 1, α 2,…….. α mbe any m vectors of V. Any vector of the form α m ∈W
c1 α 1+ c2 α 2,+……+cm α m where c1,c2,…………cm ∈ F is called a We shall show that S ⊂ W
linear combination of the vectors α 1, α 2………. α m. Let α = C1 α 1+ C2 α 2+…………+ Cm α m ∈ S
∴ α ∈W
Definition : Let V be a vector space over the field F. and S be any ∴ S⊂W
non-empty subset of V. Then the linear span of S is the set of all ie ,S is the smallest subspace containing α 1, α 2,………. α m .
linear combination of any finite number of elements of S and is
denoted by L(S) Note :- (1) The subspace of all linear combination of the set of
given vector space is called the subspace generated by
∴ L(S) = { C1 α 1+ C2 α 2+………+ Cm α m : α i ∈ S and ci∈ F}, these vectors or spanned by these vectors .
i = 1, 2,…..m. (2) The subspace spanned by any nonzero vector α of a
vector space V, consists of all scalar multiples of α .
Theorem 1 : Let α 1, α 2,………. α m be m vectors of a vectors Geometrically ,it represents a line through the origin and
space V over the field F. Then the set of all linear α.
combinations of α 1, α 2,……. α m is a subspace of (3) The subspace spanned by any two non zero vectors
V and it is the smallest subspace containing all the α and β , which are not multiples of each other
given vectors.
represents a plane passing through the origin, α and β .
Proof : Let S be the set of linear combinations of α 1, α 2,…… α m
ie.,S ={ α | α =C1 α 1+C2 α 2+……+ Cm α m;C1 ∈ F}, i =1,2,….m Worked Examples
Now S is non-empty Q every α 1 can be written as 1. α 1 and hence
(1) Express the vector ( 2,-1,-8) as a linear combination of the
α 1∈ S vectors ( 1,2,1 ), (1,1,-1), (4,5,-2).
Let α , β ∈ S
∴ α = c1 α 1+ c2 α 2+…………+ cm α m Solution : ( 2,-1,-8) = a ( 1,2,1) + b (1,1,-1) +c ( 4,5 , -2)
β = d1 α 1, + d2 α 2+,….dm α m where cid i ∈ F. = ( a,2a,a) + ( b,b-b) + (4c,5c, -2c)
∴ α + β = (c1+d1) α 1+( c2+d2) α 2,+ …….+ (cm+dm) α m = ( a+b+4c ,2a + b +5c ,a- b-2c )
= a linear combination of α 1, α 2,………. α m
∴ a + b + 4c = 2 --------(1)
2a + b +5c = -1 --------(2)
∴α + β ∈ S
 Linear Algebra 25 26 College Mathematics VII

a - b –2c = -8 --------(3) = ( a +b+4c+,2a + b +5c,a-b-2c)

Solving these simultaneous equations for a,b, c we get ∴ a +b + 4c = 1 . . (1)
(1) – (2) ⇒ -a – c =3 or a +c = - 3 2a + b + 5c = - 3 . . . (2)
(2) + (3) ⇒ 3a + 3c or a + c = - 3. a –b – 2c = 5 . . (3)
(1) –(2) ⇒ -a – c = 4 ⇒ a + c = - 4 . . (4)
Now giving some value for c, say , c = 1, we get a = -4. (2) + (3) ⇒ 3a +3c = 2 . . . (5)
Substituting these values of a and c in (1) weget 2
-4 + b + 4 = 2 ∴ b = 2 ⇒a+c= . . . (6)
3
∴ ( 2, -1,-8) = - 4 ( 1, 2, 1) + 2 ( 1, 1, -1) + 1 (4,5,-2)
The equation are inconsistent since (4) contradicts (6)
∴ There do not exit scalars a,b, c such that (1,-3,5) is expressed as a
Note : The linear combination is not unique since by choosing c = 0,
linear combination of ( 1,2,1) , (1,1,-1),(4,5,-2).
we get a = -3 and b = 5.
∴ ( 1, -3,5) does not lie in the span of the given vectors.
(2) Prove that ( 3,-7,6) is in the span of the vectors  −1 −1 1 
Consider  , ,  = a (1,2,1) + b (1,1,-1) + c (4,5,-2)
( 1, -3,2),( 2,4,1),(1,1,1).  3 3 3
= ( a +b+4c+,2a + b +5c,a-b-2c)
Solution : To prove that ( 3, -7,6) is in the span of the vectors 1
( 1, -3,2),( 2,4,1),(1,1,1), we have to express ( 3, -7,6) as a linear ∴ a +b + 4c = - ⇒ 3a + 3b + 12c = - 1 …………( 1)
combination of these. 3
( 3, -7,6) = a ( 1, -3,2) +b( 2,4,1) + c (1,1,1) 1
2a + b + 5c = - ⇒ 6a + 3b + 15 c = - 1 ………(2)
= (a + 2b + c , -3a +4b + c , 2a +b + c) 3
∴ a + 2b + c =3 ------------(1) 1
-3a +4b + c = -7 -----------(2) a –b – 2c = ⇒ 3a – 3b – 6c = 1 …………(3)
3
2a +b + c =6 ----------(3)
(1) - (2) ⇒ - 3a – 3c = 0 ⇒ a +c = 0.
(1) – (2) ⇒ 4a –2b = 10 ⇒ 2a-b = 5……..(4)
(2) + (3) ⇒ 9a +9c = 0 ⇒ a + c = 0.
(2) – (3) ⇒ -5a +3b = - 13 ……(5)
Choose c = 1 , ∴ a = - 1
Multiple (4) by 3 ∴ 6a –3b = 15 ………(6)
(3) + (6) ⇒ a = 2
Substituting these in (1) we get
∴ (4) ⇒ 4 - b = 5 ⇒ b = -1 -3 + 3b + 12 = -1
(1) ⇒ -2 +c = 3 ⇒ c = 3. 3b = -10
∴ (3,-7 ,6) = 2 ( 1,-3,2) –1 (2,4,1) + 3 (1,1,1)
10
∴ b=-
 −1 −1 1  3
(3) Which of the vectors ( 1,-3,5) and  , ,  is in the span  −1 −1 1  10
 3 3 3 ∴  , ,  = - 1 ( 1,2,1) - (1,1,-1) + (4,5,-2)
of ( 1,2,1), (1,1-1) and (4,5,-2).  3 3 3 3

Solution : (1,-3,5) = a (1,2,1) + b (1,1,-1) + c (4,5,-2)

 Linear Algebra 27 28 College Mathematics VII

 −1 −1 1  = ( k1,2k1,+ k2,0)
∴  , ,  lies in the span of the vectors ∴ k1 = a, 2k1 + k2= b.
 3 3 3 ⇒ 2a + k2 = b
(1,2,1), (1,1,-1) ,(4,5,-2). ⇒ k2 = b – 2a.

3 −1 ∴ ( a,b,0) = a (1,2,0) + (b-2a) (0,1,0)

(4) Verify whether   is in linear span of
1 −2  Hence (a,b,0) is expressed as linear combination of (1,2,0) and
(0,1,0).
1 1   1 1  1 −1 ∴ xy- plane is spanned by (1,2,0) and (0,1,0).
0 −1 ,  −1 0  , 0 0 
     
Solution : (6) Find the subspace spanned by the vectors ( 3,0,0) and (0,0,-5)
of the vector space V3(R )
 3 −1  1 1   1 1 1 −1
0 −1 + b  −1 0  + c  0 0 
Solution : Any vector subspace S is of the form
 =a
 1 −2        a(3,0,0) + b (0,0,-5) where a,b ∈ R
= (3a,0,0) + (0,0,-5b)
= (3a, 0,-5b)
a + b + c a + b − c 
=   ∴ S = { (3a, 0,-5b) : a,b ∈ R }.
 0 − b + c −a + 0 + 0 
a + b + 0 a + b − c  (7) For what value of k, the vector (1, k, 5) is a linear combination
= 
 −b − a  of vectors (1, -3, 2) and (2, -1, 1)
∴ a + b +c = 3 ,a + b – c = - 1 Solution : Let (1, k, 5) = C1(1, -3, 2) + C2 (2, -1, 1)
- b = 1, -a=-2
= (C1 + 2C2, -3C1,-C2, 2C1 + C2)
∴ b = -1 , a = 2, ∴c = 2 Equating the respective components
3 −1 1 1   1 1  1 −1
Hence   = 2  −1  + 2 
C1 + 2C2 = 1 . . . (1)
1 −2  0 −1  −1 0  0 0  -3C1 – C2 = k . . . (2)
3 −1
∴ lies in the span of the given vectors. 2C1 + C2 = 5 . . . (3)
1 −2 
From (1) - 2(3) ⇒ C1 + 2C2 = 1
(5) Prove that the xy – plane is spanned by the vectors 4C1 + 2C2 = 10
( 1,2,0) and (0,1,0) in R3 ____________
-3C1 = - 9 ⇒ ∴ c1 = 3
Solution : xy – plane is { (a,b,0) |a,b ∈ R} Substituting C1 = 3 in (1) we get C2 = -1
( a,b,0) = k1(1,2,0) + k2 ( 0,1,0) If system of equations are consistent then
 Linear Algebra 29 30 College Mathematics VII

-3(3) – (-1) = k
k = -8
(10) Let α = ( 1, 2, 1) β = (3, 1, 5) and γ = (-1, 3, -3) of V3(R).
3 −1
(8) Write the vector A =   , in vector space 2 x 2 matrices α, β } {α
Show that {α α, β , γ} are the same subspaces of V3®
1 −2
1 1   1 1 Solution: Let T = {α, β} S = {α, β, γ}
as a linear combination of B =   , C =  −1 0
0 −1   Since T ⊂ S, we have L(T) ⊂ L(S)
 1 − 1 Let δ ⊂ L(S) ⇒ C1 α + C2 β + C3 γ = δ . . . (1)
D= 
0 0  γ ⊂ T(T) ⇒ a1 α + b2 β = γ
Solution : Let A = C1 B + C2C + C3D
a1(1, 2, 1) + b1(3, 1, 5) = (-1, 3, -3)
3 −1 1 1   1 1 1 −1 ⇒ a1 + 3b1 = -1
1 −2  =C1 C1 0 −1 + C2  −1 0  + C2 0 0 
        2a1 + b1 = 3
C + C2 + C3 C1 + C2 − C3  a1 + 5b1 = -3
= 1 
 −C2 −C1  Solving the above, a1 = 2, b1 = -1
Equating the respective elements Thus 2α - β = γ
1 = -C2, -2 = -C1, 3 = C1 + C2 + C3
∴ C2 = -1, C1 = 2 C3 = 2 (1) ⇒ C1 α + C2 β + C3 (2α - β) = γ
∴ Given vector A is a linear combination with B, C, D for the (C1+ 2 C3) α + (C2 - C3)β = γ
above constants. i.e.,
A = 2 – C+ 2D. ∴ δ is a Linear combination of the set S

(9) Show that 3x2 + x + 5 polynomial is the linear span of the set ∴ L(S) ⊂ L(T)
S= {x3, x2 + 2x, x2 + 2, 1 - x} ∴ L(S) = L(T)
Let 3x2 + x + 5 = c1(x3)+ c2(x2 +2x)+c3(x2 + 2)+c4 (1-x)
Exercises
= c1(x3)+ x2 (c2 +c3) + x (2c2 - c4)
+2c3 (1-x)+ c4 1. Express the vector (1, -2, 5) as a linear combination of the
vectors (1, 1, 1) (1, 2, 3), (2, -1, 1).
Equating the respective degree terms, 2. Prove that (2, -5, 4) can not be expressed as a linear
c1 = 0, c2 + c3 = 3, 2c2 - c4 = 1, 2c3 + c4 = 5 combination of (1, -3, 2) and (2, -1, 1)
3. Write the vector (1, 7, -4) as a linear combination of vectors
Solving : c2 = 3, c3 = 0, c4 = 5 α1(1, -3, 2) and α2(2, -1, 1) vector space V3(R).
∴ 3x2 + x + 5 = 3 ( x2 + 2x) + 5( 1 – x) ∈ L(S)
 Linear Algebra 31 32 College Mathematics VII

4. Is the vector α = (2, -5, 3) in V3( R ) a linear combination of (a) 5x2+ 9x + 5, (b) 6x2 + 2 ,
vectors α1 = (1, -3, 2) α2 = (2, -4, -1) α3 = (1, -5, 7) (c) 3x2 + 2x + 2 , (d) 0.
5. Show that the vector α = (2, 2, 3) is in the span of the vectors
α1 = (2, 1, 4) α2 = (1, -1, 3) and α3 = (3, 2, 5) Answers
6. a) Find K so that (1, K, 5) is a linear combination of (1, -3, 2) 1. (1, -2, 5) = -6(1, 1, 1) + 3(1, 2, 3) – (2, -1, 1)
and (2, -1, 1) 3. (1, 7 -4) = -3α1 + 2α2
b) For what value of K will the vector (1, -2, K) be a linear 4. No. 6. a) K = -8 b) K = -8
combination of the vectors (3, 0, -2) & (2, -1, -5)
7. Prove that the xz-plane may be spanned by the vectors 9. 2 (1,-3,2) + (-1) (2,4,1)+ 3(1,1,1)
(3, 0, 1) and (-3, 0, 2)
3
8. In R show that the plane X = 0 may be spanned by the 10. 1( 3,0,4) + 2(-2,2,-4)
vectors (0, 2, 2) and (0, 4, 1).
9.
Express ( 3,-7,6) as a linear combination of the vectors ( 11. N0
1,-3,2), (2,4,1), (1,1,1) in V3(R ) .
10. Express ( -1 ,4,-4) as a linear combination of the vectors 12. (i), ( ii), (iv) are expressible
(3,0,4) and (-2,2,-4) in R 3
13. (a) , (c), (d) are linear combinations
11. Can the vectors ( 3,1,4) be expressed as a linear combination
of (2,3,1) and (1,2,3)?
14 (a) yes, (b) no, (c) yes, (d) yes
12. Examine whether the vectors (i) (3,3,3,), (ii) ( 4,2,6)
(iii) (1,5,6), (iv) (0,0,0) can be expressed as a linear 15 (a) 3p1 – 4p2 + p3 (b) 4p1 – 2p3
combination of the vectors (1,-1,3) and ( 2,4,0).
1
13. Which of the following are linear combination of (c) (p1 – p2 + p3) (d) O(p1 + p2 + p3)
 1 2  0 1   4 −2  2
A=  , B ,C  
 −1 3   2 4   0 −2  1.06 Linear Independence and Dependence:
 6 3  −1 7 0 0  6 −1 
( a)   , (b)   , (c)   , (d)   Definition : A set { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n } of vectors of a space V
 0 8 5 1 0 0  −8 −8  over a field F said to be linearly independent if there exist scalars c1 ,
c2 , cn such that c1 α 1 +c2 α 2 + ……+cn α n =0 then c1= 0, c2
14. Which of the following sets span V3(R). =0…….. cn =0
a) { ( 1,1,1),(2,2,0),(3,0,0)
b){ ( 2,-1,3),( 4,1,2),(8,-1,8)} Definition : A set { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n } of vectors of a vector
b) { ( 1,2,1),(2,1,0),(1,-1,2)} space V over a field F is said to be linearly dependent if it is not
c) { ( 1,0,0),(1,1,0), (1,1,1),(0,1,0)} linearly independent. i.e., the set { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n } of a vector
space over a field F is said to be linearly dependent if there exist
15. Express the following as linear combination of scalars c1, c2,……………………, cn not all zero such that c1 α 1 +c2 α 2
P1= 4x2+ x + 2, ……+cn α n =0
P2 = 3x2- x + 1 , P3 5x2 + 2x + 3
 Linear Algebra 33 34 College Mathematics VII

Note : The null set φ is always taken as linearly independent set. ∴ c1=0,c2=0,c3=0

Worked Examples: ∴ S={ α , β , γ } is linearly independent

(1) Show that the set S = {( 1,0,0)}, (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} is linearly (3) Prove that the set S = {(1,3,2), (1,-7,-8), (2,1,-1)} is linearly
independent in V3(R). dependent.

Solution : Let e1= (1,0,0), e2 = (0,1,0), e3 = (0,0,1) Solution : Let α = (1,3,2), β = (1,7-8), γ = (2,1-1)
Consider c1e1+c2e2+c3e3 = 0
∴ c1 α +c2 β +c3 γ = 0
⇒ c1(1,0,0)+c2(0,1,0)+c3(0,0,1)=(0,0,0)
⇒ c1(1,3,2)+c2(1,-7,-8) +c3(2,1,-1) =(0,0,0)
⇒ ( c1,0,0)+(0,c2,0 )+c3(0,0,c2)=(0,0,0)
⇒ (c1 + c2 + 2c3, 3c1- 7c2 + c3, 2c1- 8c2 – c3) = (0,0,0)
⇒ (c1,c2,c3)=(0,0,0)
⇒ c1 + c2 + 2c3 = 0, 3c1- 7c2 + c3 = 0 2c1- 8c2 – c3 = 0
⇒ c1=0,c2=0,c3=0
⇒ c1= 3k ,c2 = k ,c3 = - 2k any arbitrary k.
∴ S ={e1,e2, e3} is linearly independent.
∴ c1 α +c2 β +c3 γ =0 need not imply c1 = 0, c2 = 0 ,c3 = 0
(2) Show that the set S {(1,1,1),((2,2,0), (3,0,0)} is linearly
independent. ∴ S = { α , β , γ } is linearly dependent.

Solution : Let α = (1,1,1), β = (2,2,0), γ = (3,0,0) 1.07 Standard properties of linearly independent and dependent
sets
∴ c1 α +c2 β +c3 γ =0
Theorem 1 : Let V be a vector space over a field F . then
⇒ c1 (1,1,1)+ c2 (2,2,0) +c3(3,0,0)=(0,0,0)
(i) The set of vectors V containing the null vector is
⇒ (c1+ 2 c2+3c3,c1+2c2, c1)=(0,0,0) linearly dependent

⇒ c1+2c2+3c3=0,c1+2c2=0,c1=0 (ii) The set consisting of single vector α of V is linearly

independent if and only if α ≠ 0
c1=0,c1+2c2=0 ⇒ 2c2=0,
(iii) Every non-empty subset of a linearly independent set
c1=0,c2=0,c1+2c2+3c3=0 ⇒ c3=0 of a vectors of V is linearly independent.
 Linear Algebra 35 36 College Mathematics VII

(iv) Any super set of a linearly dependent set is linearly

dependent. (iii) Let S be a linearly independent subset of V.

Proof : Let T be sub set of S

(i) Let S = { α 1, α 2 ,… α n } be a set of vectors of V If T is a null set ,then it is linearly independent.

containing the zero vector . Let α 1 = 0 If T is a non-empty set, then S may be a finite set or an infinite set.

then 1. α 1 + 0. α 2 + ……..+ 0. α n = 0 Q 1. α 1 = α 1= 0. (a) Let S be a finite subset of V.

∴ there exists a linear combination of the form Let S = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n }

c1 α 1+ c2 α 2+ ………………cn α n = 0 in which c1 ≠ 0 Let T = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α m} where 1 ≤ m ≤ n.

(i. e, not all ci= 0) Let c1,c2,……………….cm ∈ F be such that

∴ S is linearly dependent. c1 α 1+ c2 α 2 +……………. cm α m =0

(ii) Let { α } be a set consisting of a single vector . Then c1 α 1+ c2 α 2 +…………. cm α m +0α m+1+ …+ 0 α n = 0

Let { α } be linearly independent . we shall prove that α ≠ 0 ⇒ c1 = c2 = ................. = cn = 0. since S, is linearly independent .

If α = 0 , then { α } is a set consisting of the null vectors and hence ∴ T is linearly independent set.
from (i) { α } is linearly dependent .
(b) Let S be a finite set.
Which contradicts that { α } is linearly independent.
If T is a finite subset of S, then as T is a finite subset of an infinite
∴ α ≠ 0. linearly independent set S,

Conversely, let α ≠ 0 then ∴ T is linearly independent .

c . α = 0 ⇒ c = 0 or α = 0. If T is an infinite subset of S, let W be any finite subset of T.

But α ≠ 0 ∴ c = 0 ∴ W is linearly independent as Sis linearly independent

∴ { α } is linearly independent . ∴ T is linearly independent .

 Linear Algebra 37 38 College Mathematics VII

(iv) Let S = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n }be a linearly dependent set so −c1 c c

that c1 α 1+ c2, α 2 +……………. cm α m = 0 ⇒ at least one c1 ≠ 0. ∴α k = α1 − 2 α k ............ k −1 α k −1
ck ck ck
Consider the super set { α 1, α 2 ,……… α i…. α m, α n} then ∴ α k is a linear combination of its preceding ones.

c1 α 1+ c2, α 2 +……………+.ci α i+………+ cm α m+ c α n= 0 (ii) Condition sufficient :

i.e ,if one of the vectors say α k is expressed as a linear combination
In this equation, there is atleast one Ci ≠ 0. of its preceding ones , then set
S = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n} is linearly dependent .
Hence the super set { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α 1……. α m, α } is not α k = c1 α 1,+ c2 α 2 +,…………+ ck-1 α k-1
linearly independent ∴ c1 α 1,+ c2 α 2 +,…………+ ck-1 α k-1 - α k = 0 .

∴ it is linearly dependent . This is be written as

c1 α 1,+ c2 α 2 +,…………+ ck-1 α k-1+ (-1) α k+ 0 α k+1
Theorem 2 : A set of non-zero vectors { α 1, α 2 ,………… α n } of a + ……….+0 α n= 0.
vectors space V(F) is linearly dependent if and only if some one of
those vectors say α k( 2 ≤ k ≤ n ) is expressed as a linear In this equation ,there is atleast one scalar –1 which is not
combination of its preceding ones. Equal to 0 Hence the set S ={ α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n} is linearly
dependent .
Proof : (i) condition necessary:
Note : Two vectors are linearly dependent iff one is a multiple of the
i.e , if = { α 1, α 2 ,……… α n }is linearly dependent then to prove that other.
α k is expressed as a linear combination of α 1, α 2 ,……… α k-1 where
2 ≤ k ≤ n. Since S is linearly dependent, there exist scalar C1 not all Theorem 3 : A subset S = { ( x1, x2, x3), (y1, y2, y3) ,( z1, z2, z3)} of
zero such that c1 α 1, + c2 α 2 +,…………+ ck α k+ …………cn α n = 0 V3(R) is linearly dependent iff.

Let Ck be the last non-zero scalar. x1 x2 x3

y1 y2 y3 = 0
If k = 1, then C1 α 1 = 0 ⇒ α 1 = 0 Q ci ≠ 0.
z1 z2 z3
α 1 = 0 is a contradiction to the hypothesis that α 1, α 2 ,………… α n
are non-zero vectors . Proof : The set S is linearly dependent if there exist scalars
c1,c2,c3 not all zero such that
∴ k ≠ 1 ∴ 2 ≤ k ≤ n.
Now c1 α 1,+ c2 α 2 +,…………+ ck α k = 0 ( ck ≠ 0) c1 ( x1, x2, x3) + c2 (y1,y2,y3) + c3( z1, z2, z3) = (0,0,0)
 Linear Algebra 39 40 College Mathematics VII

i.e , iff (c1x1+ c2y1+ c3z1, c1x2+ c2y2+ c3z2, c1x3+ c2y3+ c3z3) = (0,0,0)
i.e iff the equations Let W be the subspace spanned by the elements of S.

c1x1+ c2y1+ c3z1 = 0 Since S is linearly dependent , it must contain a vector say
α k which is a either 0 or it is expressed as a linear combination of its
c1x2+ c2y2+ c3z2 = 0 preceding ones.

c1x3+ c2y3+ c3z3 = 0 has a non –trivial solution. Even if we delete this vector α k from S , still it spans the
subspace W.
 x1 x2 x3 ′
Repeating this process of deleteing a vector, we arrive at a

i.e., iff the coefficient matrix y1 y2 y3  is singular.
 subset S1 of S which spans the subspace W and no elements of which
 z1 z2 z3  is linear combination of its preceding ones.

∴ the final set S1 is linearly independent .

x1 y1 z1
i.e., iff the determinant x1 y2 z3 = 0 Conversely, if S has proper subset S1, whose elements span
the same subspace as S does, then it contains an element which is a
x3 y3 z3 linear combination of the elements of itself.

x1 x2 x3 Hence the theorem .

or y1 y2 y3 = 0 since A = AT . Theorem 5 : A finite set of vector of a vector space V containing

z1 z2 z3 non –zero vectors has a linear independent subset which span the
same subspace.
Hence the proof of the theorem. Proof : The proof of this theorem is the same as that of the first part
of the previous theorem.
i.e The set S is linearly independent if the determinant ≠ 0
Theorem 6 : If n vector span a vector space V, over a field F and r
Note : This theorem can be extended to a subset of n vectors in the vectors of V are linearly independent then n ≥ r.
vector space Vn (R ) .
Proof : Let S = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n} be a set of n vector of V
Theorem 4 : A set of vectors is linearly dependent if and only if it which spans V.
contains a proper subset spanning the same subspace.

Proof : Let S = { α 1, α 2 ,……………. α n} be a linearly dependent set Let T ={ β 1, β 2,………. β r } be a set of r linearly independent
of vectors of the vector space V. vectors of V.
 Linear Algebra 41 42 College Mathematics VII

Since S spans V, every vectors of V is a linear combination of α 1,

α 2 ,……………. α n. Which still generate V.

∴ β 1 ∈ V is also a linear combination of α 1, α 2 ,………… α n. Repeat this process of deleting one α and including one β , till all
the β ’s are exhausted.
Hence (by theorem 4) the set T1={ β 1, α 1, α 2 ,………. α n} is linearly
dependent and spans V. To do this , the number of α ’s must be greater than or equal to the
number of β ’s. i.e ,n ≥ r. which proves the theorem.
∴ There exists a vector say α i ∈ TI which is a linear combination of
the proceeding ones. Worked Problems

This cannot be β 1 since it belongs to the linearly independent T. (1) Prove that the set S = { (1,2,1),(2,1,0),(1,-1,2) } is linearly
independent.
Deleting this vector α I from TI we get
Solution : Consider the determinant
S1={ β 1 , α 1, α 2 ,………… α i −1 , α i +1, ……… α n.} 1 2 1
Now S1 is linearly dependent and still spans V. 2 1 0 = 1(2 - 0) – 2 ( 4 - 0) + 1 (-2 -1)
1 −1 2
∴ β 2 ∈ V is a linear combination of the elements of S1
= 2 – 8 – 3 = -9 ≠ 0.
Hence the set Tα ={ β 2, β1 , α1 , α 2 ,.........α n } is linearly dependent and
spans V. ∴ The set S is linearly independent.

∴ there exists a vector say α j ∈ Tα which is a linear (2) Show that the vectors (1, 1, 2, 4), (2, -1, -5, 2), (1, -1, -4, 0) and
(2, 1, 1, 6) are linearly dependent in R4.
combination of the preceding ones.
1 1 2 4
This cannot be β α since it belongs to the linearly independent
set T. 2 −1 −5 2
Solution : Consider
1 −1 −4 0
Deleting this vector α j from Tα we get 2 1 1 6

Sα = { β 2, β1 , α1 , α 2 ,......... α i −1 , α i +1, ,… α j-1 α j+1 …… α n} C2 – C1, C3 + (-2)C1, C4 + (-4) C1

 Linear Algebra 43 44 College Mathematics VII

1 0 0 0
−3 −9 −6 Consider c1(x2 –1) + c2 (x+1) +c3(x –1) = 0.
2 −3 −9 −6
= = 1 −2 −6 −4
1 −2 −6 −4 ⇒ c2 x2-c1+ c2x + c2 + c3x –c3 = 0
−1 −3 −2
2 −1 −3 −2 ⇒ c1x2+ (c2+c3) x+ ( -c1+ c2-c3) = 0

1 3 2 ⇒ c1 =0 ,c2 + c3 = 0, -c1 + c2 –c3= 0

= (−3)(−2)(−1) 1 3 2 = 0
⇒ c2 + c3 = 0, c2 –c3= 0 ⇒ c2 = 0,c3 = 0
1 3 2
∴ c1 (x2-1) + c2 (x-1) + c3(x-1) = 0 ⇒ c1=0,c2= 0,c3=0
∴Given set is L.D.
∴ S is linearly independent .
(3) Show that S = { ( 1,2,4), 1,0,0), (0, 1, 0) 0,0,1) } is linearly
dependent in V3 (R ). (5) Prove that the four vector α 1 = (1,0,0), α 2= (0,1,0), α 3=
(0,0,1), α 4= (1,1,1) in V3 (R) are linearly dependent but any three
Solution : S can be written as of them are linearly independent.

S = { ( 1,0,0), (0,1,0) (0,0,1) ,(1,2,4).} Solution :

Consider 1 ( 1,0,0) + 2 (0,1,0) + 4 (0,0,1) Let c1(1,0,0) + c2(0,1,0) + c3(0,0,1) + c4 (1,1,1) = (0,0,0)

= (1,0,0) + (0,2,0) + (0,0,4) ⇒ (c1+ c4, c2+ c4, c3+ c4) = (0,0,0)

= ( 1,2,4) ⇒ c1+ c4,= 0 c2+ c4,= 0 c3+ c4= 0.

∴ ( 1,2,4) can be expressed as a linear combination of its ∴ If c4 = -k, c1= k, c2 = k c3 = k. Now choosing k = 1, we get
preceding vectors as 1 (1,0,0) + 2 ( 0,1,0) + 4 ( 0,0,1)
c1 α 1 + c2 α 2+ c3 α 3 + c4 α 4 = 0 ⇒ α 1 + α 2 + α 3 - α 4 = 0.
∴ S is linearly dependent .
∴ { α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4} is L.D.
(4) Find whether the set = { x2– 1, x + 1, x -1} is linearly
independent in the vector space of all polynomials over the field of Now let us show that { α 1 α 2 α 3}is L.I.
real numbers.
c1 α 1 + c2 α 2+ c3 α 3 = 0
Solution : S = { x2 –1,x+1,x –1}
⇒ c1(1,0,0) + c2(0,1,0) + c3(0,0,1) = (0,0,0)
 Linear Algebra 45 46 College Mathematics VII

⇒ ( c1, c2, c3) = (0,0,0)

⇒ (a+ c) α +( a-b-2c) β + c γ = 0
⇒ c1 = 0, c2 = 0, c3 = 0
⇒ a+ c = 0 a-b-2c = 0 c= 0 since α , β γ are L.I
∴ { α 1, α 2 , α 3} is L.I
⇒ a = 0,b = 0 ,c = 0 ( by solving the equations.)
(6) If α , β , γ are linearly independent vectors in a vector
space V( F), then prove that ⇒ α + β , α - β , α -2 β + γ are linearly independent.
(i) α + β , β + γ , γ + α
EXERCISE
(ii) α + β , α - β , α - 2 β + γ are also linearly independent.
1. Show that S = {(1, 2, 3) (1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) (0, 0,1)} is a linear
Solution : (i) Consider dependent subset of the vector space R3 (R ).

a( α + β ) + b ( β + γ ) + c( γ + α ) = 0 2. Show that {1, x, x2, x3, . . . } is Linear independent of vector

space F(x) of all polynomials over the field F.
⇒ aα + a β + b β + b γ + c γ + cα = 0
3. Prove that if two vectors are L.I one of them is a scalar
multiple of the other.
⇒ (a α + c α ) + (a β + b β ) + (b γ + c γ )= 0
4. Prove that the set of vectors which contains the zero vector is
⇒ (a+ c) α + (a + b) β + (b + c) γ = 0 L.D.

⇒ (a+ c) = 0, (a + b) = 0 (b + c) = 0 since α , β , γ are L.I. 5. Prove that every superset of linear dependent set of vectors is
L.D.
⇒ a = 0, b = 0, c = 0 (by solving the equations)
6. Show that the following vectors in V3(R) are L.D
⇒ α + β , β + γ , γ + α are linearly independent. a) (1, 2, 3) (4, 1, 5) (-4, 6, 2)
b) (3, 0,-3) (-1, 1, 2) (4, 2, -2) (2, 1, 1)
c) (1, 1, 2, 4) (2, -1, -5, 2) ( 1, -1, -4, 0) (2, 1, 1, 6)
(ii) a ( α + β ) + b( α - β ) + c( α - 2 β + γ ) = 0
7. Show that the following vectors in V3 ( R ) are L. I
⇒ a α + a β +b α -b β +c α - 2c β + c γ = 0 a) {(1, 1, 1) (1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1)}
b) {(1, 2, -3) (1, -3, 2), (2, -1, 5)}
⇒ a α + c α + a β -b β - 2c β + c γ = 0 c) {(1, 1, -1) (2, -3, 5) (-2, 1, 4)}
d) {(1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 0) (3, 0, 0)}
Linear Algebra 47 48 College Mathematics VII

8. Which of the following set of vector are L.D 1.08 : Basis and Dimension
a) {(2, -1, 4) (3, 6, 2) (2, 10, -4)}
b) {(1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 0) (3, 0, 0)} Definition : Let V be a vector space over a field F . A subset B of
c) {(1, 3, 3) ( 0, 1, 4) (5, 6, 3) (7, 2, -1)} V is called a basis of V if (i) B is linearly independent and
d) {(1, 2, 1, 2) (3, 2, 3,2) (-1, -3, 0, 4) (0, 4, -1, -3)}
e) {(1, 0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1, 1)} (ii) B spans V.
f) {(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0) (-1, 0, -1)}
g) {(1, 2, 1) (-1, 1, 0) (5, -1, 2)} Definition : A vector space V is said tobe finite dimensional if it has
a finite basis.
9. Which of the following subset S of the vector space of all real
valued functions defined over the interval (0, ∞) linear Definition : The dimension of a finite dimensional vector space V
independent (L. I) over a field F is the number of elements in a basis of V and is denoted
by dim V.
1. S = {x, sinx cosx} 2. {x, x2, e2x}
3. S = {cosx, sinx, sin(x +1)} 4. {logx, 2logx, 3logx} Worked Example :
5. S = {cos2x, cos2x, sin2x} 6. {1, sinx, sin2x}
(1) The set S = { (1,0,0),(0,10),(0,0,1)} is a basis of V3( R).
10. Which of the following subsets of the vector space of all real
Solution : (i) S is linearly independent.
valued functions defined over the interval (0, ∞) Linearly
dependent (L.D) Consider c1 (1, 0, 0) + c2(0,10) + c3(0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
2
a) {x – 4, x + 2, x - x2}
2

3 ⇒ (c1, c2, c3) = (0, 0, 0)

b) {2 – x + 4x2, 2 + 10x – 4x2, 3 + 6x + 2x2}
c) {1 + 3x + 3x2, x + 4x2, 5 + 6x + 3x2, 7 + 2x – x2} ⇒ c1 = 0, c2 = 0, c3 = 0
d) {3 + x + x2, 2 – x + 5x2, 4 – 3x2}
c) {2x3 + x2 + x +1, x3 + 3x2 + x – 2, x3 + 2x2 – x + 3} ∴ c1 (1, 0, 0 ) + c2(0, 1, 0 ) + c3( 0, 0, 1) = 0

Answers ⇒ C1 = 0, C2 = 0, C3 = 0

1. (1, -2, 5) = -6(1, 1, 1) + 3(1, 2, 3) – (2, -1, 1) ∴ S is linearly independent.

3. (1, 7 -4) = -3α1 + 2α2
4. No. 6. a) K = -8 b) K = -8 (ii) S spans V3( R). ie, any vector (x1, x2, x3) in V3( R). can be
expressed as a linear combination of (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) .
8. a, b, e, g – independent ; c, d, f – L. D
(x1,,x2, x3) = x1 (1, 0, 0) + x2(0, 1, 0) + x3(0, 0,1)
9. (1) (2), - L. I 10) a c) - L.D..
 Linear Algebra 49 50 College Mathematics VII

Hence S is a basis of V3( R).

⇒ a1= 0, a2 = 0,…….ar = 0
These vectors are denoted by e1, e2, e3 repectively and are
called standard basis vectors and S is called the standard basis. since by equality of polynomials, the coefficients are 0.

Since the basis contains 3 elements ,the vector space is finite This proves that S is L.I.
dimensional and Dim V = 3
If f(x) is an arbitrary member of F [x] of all polynomials,then
(2) Determine whether the set S = {(2,1),(1,-2),(1,0)} is a basis of we can write
R2 . ( M O2 )
f(x) = a0.1+ a1x + a2x2 + ………….+ amxm.
Solution : Consider c1(2,1)+c2(1,-2)+c3(1,0) = (0,0)
i.e., f(x) can be expressed as a linear conbination of a finite number of
⇒ (2c1+ c2+ c3, c1-2c2 ) = (0,0) elements of S.

⇒ 2c1+ c2+ c3 = 0 c1-2c2 = 0 ∴ S spans F[x] .

⇒ 2c1+ c2 = - c3 c1-2c2 = 0 ∴ S is a basis of F[x].

−2c3 −c Note : (a) The vector space F[x] has no finite basis .
⇒ c1 = , c2 = 3 and c3 is arbitrary.
5 5 (b) F[x] is an infinite dimensional vector space.
∴ S is not linearly independent . Theorem on basis and dimension
2
Hence S is not a basis of R . Theorem 1: Any two bases of a finite dimensional vector space V
have the same finite number of elements.
(3) Show that the infinite set S = {1, x,x2,………..xn ,……} is a
basis of the vector space F [x] of all polynomials over the field F. Proof : Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over a field F.
Solution : (i) In order to show that S is LI:, we have to show that
Let S={ α 1, α 2,…….. α n}and T = { β 1, β 2,…… β n} be
every finite subset of S is L.I.
two bases of V.
Let T = { xm1,xm2, ………..xmr } be an arbitrary finite subset
of S, so that each m1 is a non – negative integer. We have to prove that n = m.

For any scalars a1,a2,……………….ar we have Since S is a basis ,S spans V.

a1xm1+a2xm2+……………….+arxmr = 0 Since T is a basis ,T is linearly independent.

 Linear Algebra 51 52 College Mathematics VII

∴ (by Theorem 6 on linearly independent vectors of section 2.07)

m≤n ………………(1) If T generates the entire space V, then the set T must contain
more or equal number of vectors than in S. But has (n-1) which is < n
Similarly ,since S is a basis ,S is L.I elements .

and since T is a basis ,T spans V. Hence T cannot span V.

∴ (by the same theorem 6) n ≤ m ………(2) ∴ No set of (n-1) elements can span V.

from (1) and (2), m= n. Theorem 3 : Any linearly independent set of elements of a finite
dimensional vector space V is a part of a basis.
Theorem 2 : In an n-dimensional vector space V,
Proof : Let S= { α 1, α 2,………… α k} be a linearly independent
(i) any ( n + 1) elements of V are linearly dependent. subset of an n dimensional vector space V.

(ii) none of the set of ( n- 1) elements can span V Now we shall determine vectors α k+1, α k+2,……… α n
Proof : (i) Let S = { α 1, α 2,………… α n} be a basis of an n Such that { α 1, α 2,……… α k, α k+1, ,…… α n} is a basis of V.
dimensional vector space V.
Clearly k ≤ n.
Let T be any set consisting of ( n+1) elements .
If k = n ,then clearly S is a basis of V, since any linearly
Since S is a basis ,it spans V. independent subset of V is a basis of V.

If T is linearly independent , then we must have the number of If k < n , then S is not a basis of V.
elements in T less than or equal to the number of elements in S.
Let T be the subspace spanned by the vectors of S.
But T has more elements i.e,( n +1) than in S (i.e,n)
Since S is linearly independent, we have T ≠ V.
∴ T is linearly dependent .
i.e, T is a proper subset of V.
∴ any ( n + 1) elements of V are linearly dependent.
∴ there exists a non zero vector α k+1 ∈ V such that α k+1 ∉ T.
(ii) Let S = { α 1, α 2,………… α n} be a basis of V.
∴ The set { α 1, α 2,………… α k, α k+1} is linearly independent.
Let T be any set containing ( n- 1) elements.
If k +1 = n then { α 1, α 2,………… α k, α k+1} is a basis of V.
Since S is a basis ,it is linearly independent.
 Linear Algebra 53 54 College Mathematics VII

If k + 1 ≠ n, we repeat the above process till we get n linearly Note : (i) Since the dimension of a vector space is the number of
independent vectors α 1, α 2,……… α k, α k+1, ,……… α n which form elements in a basis, the number of non –zero rows in E is
a basis of V. the dimension of the subspace spanned by the rows of A.

Theorem 4: For n vector of n dimensional vector space V to be a (ii) Since the rank of a matrix is the number of non-zero
basis, it is sufficient that they span V or that they are rows, the dimension of the subspace spanned by the rows
linearly independent. of A is equal to the rank of A.

Proof : Let S = { α 1, α 2,………… α n} span V. (iii) To find the basis and the dimension of a subspace
spanned the vectors, reduce the matrix whose rows are the
∴ there exists a linearly independent subset T of S which also spans V given vectors to echelon form.

∴ T is a basis . Worked Examples :

Since dim V = n ,the number of elements in T is n. 1. Determine whether the set of vectors

But T is a subset of S which also has n elements. {(1, 2, 3) (-2, 1, 3), (3, 1,0) } is a basis of R3. (N 2002 )
1 2 3
∴ T = S and hence S is a basis of V.
Secondly if S is linearly independent, then it is a part of a basis Solution : Consider −2 1 3
(by theorem 3) and this basis has n elements (Q dim V = n ) and hence 3 1 0
S itself is a basis.
= 1(0 - 3) -2 (0 - 9) + 3( -2 -3
Theorem 5 : Let A be any m × n matrix which is equivalent to
a row reduced echelon matrix E. Then the non- = -3 + 18 – 15 = 0
zero rows of E form a basis of the subspace ∴ The vectors are L.D
spanned by the rows of A.
∴ It is not a basis of R3
Proof : Since E is the echelon form of A, it follows that the non- 2. Define basis and dimension of a vector space. Determine the
zero rows of E are linearly independent, and hence form a basis of
the subspace spanned by the rows of E. basis of the subspace spanned by the vectors

Since A and E are equivalent, the rows of A and E generate   1 −5   1 1   2 −4   1 −7  

 , , , 
the same subspace.   −4 2   −1 5   −5 7   −5 1  
∴ the non-zero rows of E form a basis of the subspace spanned by Solution : Let S be the above set. S = {A, B, C, D}
the rows of A.
 Linear Algebra 55 56 College Mathematics VII

1 −5 −4 2 1 −5 −4 2  1 2 0  1 2 0
1 1 −1 5   0 6 3 3  R3 − R1 1 1 1   0 2 1  R2 + 3 2 R1
   R − 2R     R + R
 2 −4 −5 7 0 6 3 3  3 1
 2 0 1   0 2 1  3 3 1
    4
R − R
 1 −7 −5  0 −2 −1 −1
1
1
1 2 0 
 1 −5 −4 2 0 2 1 R3 + 2 R1
0 6 3 R − R1  
 3  3  0 0 0 
1
0 0 0 0  R4 + R2
  3 In the final matrix has two non zero rows.
0 0 0 0
The final matrix has two non-zero rows
∴ subspace is {(1, −2,3)( 0, −1,1)}
Dimension of the subspace = 2
  1 −5 0 6 
∴ Subspace is   ,   ∴ S is linearly dependent set.
  −4 2   3 3  
To find the subspace of A
∴ Dimension of the subspace = 2
 1 2 0  1 2 0 
3. Find the basis and dimension of the subspace spanned by the 1 1 1  0 2 1  R2 + 3 2 R1
vectors (1, 2, 0), (1, 1, 1) (2, 0, 1) of the vector space V3(z3)     R3 + 3 R1
 2 0 1  0 2 1 
where z3 is the field of integer modulo 3.
Solution : Let S = {(1, 2, 0), (1, 1,1) , (2, 0, 1)} 1 2 0 
0 2 1  R3 + 2 R1
1 2 0  1 2 0   
   0 −1 1  0 0 0
Consider A = 1 1 1
   
 2 0 1   0 −4 1  In the final matrix has two non zero rows. Thus the subspace

A = 1(1-0) – 2(1 - 2) + 0
Is {(1, 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 2,1)} and its dim = 2.
4. Find the dimension and basis of the subspace spanned by the
= 1 + 2 = 0 under + mod 3.
vectors {(2, 4, 2) (1 , -1, 0) (1, 2, 1), (0, 3, 1)} in V3( R )
∴ S is linearly dependent set.
(M 02, M 2000)
To find the subspace of A
Solution : Let S be the given set. D[V3( R )] = 3
 Linear Algebra 57 58 College Mathematics VII

Any subset of V3( R ) containing more than 3 vector are L.D. = 2+4–6=0
2 4 2 1 2 1 ∴ Given set is L.D
 1 −1 0  1 −1 0  1 ∴ It is not a basis of V3(R).
Consider   R1
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 To find the dimension and basis of the subspace of S
   
0 3 1 0 3 1
 1 −2 3   1 −2 3 

Consider A = 1 −3 4
 0 −1 1 R2 − R1
1 2 1     R −R
 0 −3 −1  −1 1 −2  0 −1 1 3 1

.   R2 − R1 R3 − R1
0 0 0 
   1 −2 3 
0 3 1   0 −1 1  R3 − R2
 
1 2 1  0 0 0 
0 −3 −1
  R4 + R2 The final matrix has two non-zero rows
0 0 0 
  ∴ Subspace is {(1, 2,, 3) (0, -1, 1)}
0 0 0 
Dimension of the subspace = 2.
In the last matrix has two non zero rows
∴ Subspace is S1 = {(1, 2, 1) (0, -3, -1)}
6. Prove that {(1, 2,1) , ( 3, 4, −7 )( 3,1,5)} is a basis of V3 ( R )

The dimension of the subspace S1 ie d(S1) = 2. 1 2 1 


Solution : Let A = 3 4 −7
 〈 N 2001 〉
 
5. Define basis and dimension of a vector space. Find basis and 3 1 5 

dimension of subspace of V3 ( R ) spanned by 1 2 1 

0 −2 −10  R2 − 3R1
{(1 , -2, 3) ( 1, -3, 4) (-1, 1, -2)} (N 02) (M 01)
  R3 − 3R1
 1 −2 3  0 −5 2 

Solution : Consider A = 1 −3 4

  A = 1( −4 − 50 ) ≠ 0.
 −1 1 −2 
∴ It is L.I. ∴ It is a basis of V3 ( R )
A = 1( 6 – 4 ) + 2 ( -2 + 4 ) + 3 ( 1 – 3)
 Linear Algebra 59 60 College Mathematics VII

7. Define basis and dimension of a vector space. Examine

∴ a + b = x1 , 2b – 3c = x2 -a + b +2c = x3.
whether the set of vectors ( 2,1, 0 ) , (1,1, 2 ) and (1, 2,1) is a basis
Adding first and third equations,we get 2b+2c = x1+ x3.
of the space V3 ( R ) .
Now 2b+2c = x1+ x3
Solution : Define basis and dimension.
2b – 3c = x2
 1 −1 2 
Consider A =  2 1 0  subtracting 5c = x1+ x3- x2
1 2 1 
x1 + x3 − x2
∴ c=
A = 1(1 − 0 ) + 1( 2 − 0 ) + 2 ( 4 − 1) 5

= 1+ 2 + 6 ≠ 0 2b – 3c = x2
∴ Given set of vectors are L. I.
3 ( x1 + x3 − x2 )
It is a basis of V3 ( R ) ∴ 2b − = x2
5

or 10b = 5x2 + 3(x1+ x3- x2 )

(8) Show that the vectors ( 1,0,-1), (1,2,1), (0,-3,2) form a
basis of V3( R ) = 2x2 + 3x1+ 3x3.
Solution : Let α = ( 1,0,-1) β = (1,2,1) γ = (0,-3,2) 2 x2 + 3 x1 + 3 x3
1 0 −1 ∴b =
10
Consider 1 2 1 = 1(4 + 3 ) –1, (-3, -0) = 7 + 3 = 10 ≠ 0
Now a + b = x1
0 −3 2
∴ The set {α , β , γ } is L.I 2 X 2 + 3 x1 + 3 x3
i.e, a = x1 -
10
Any vector (x1,x2,x3) in V3( R ) can be expressed as a linear
combination of α , β , γ . 10 x1 − 2 x2 − 3 x1 − 3 x3
=
10
Let ( x1, x2, x3) = a = ( 1,0,-1) +b (1,2,1) + c (0,-3,2)
7 x1 − 2 x2 − 3 x
= ( a + b ,2b – 3c, -a + b +2c) a=
10
 Linear Algebra 61 62 College Mathematics VII

Hence (x1, x2, x3) can be expressed as a linear cobination . Hence

{α , β , γ } spans V3R. ∴ {α , β , γ } is a basis of V3(R). 1 1 1
 0 −3 −2 
  3 (R2 ) and 3(R4)
9. Determine a basis of a subspace spanned by the vectors 0 6 3
 
( 2,-3, 1),(3,0,1),( 0,2,1), (1,1,1) of V3 R.  0 −15 −3
Solution : Let S = { ( 2,-3, 1),(3,0,1),( 0,2,1), (1,1,1) } 1 1 1 
 0 −3 −2 
S contain 4 elements and dim V3 R. = 3   (R3 + 2R2) and (R4 – 5 R2)
 0 0 −1
∴ S is linearly dependent.  
0 0 7 
Now consider the matrix of vectors
1 1 1 
 2 −3 1  0 −3 −2 
3 0   R4 + 7R2.
1  0 0 −1
A=
0 2 1  
  0 0 0 
1 1 1
1 1 1 
Let us reduce A to echelon form using elementary row transformations. 0 1 2 / 3  1 
 −
0 1   3 
R2 and (-1) R3.
1 1 1 0
3 0  
 1 0 0 0 
A ( R1 ↔ R4 )
0 2 1
  This is in the echelon form . There are 3 non-zero rows.
 2 −3 1
∴ Corresponding to these nonzero rows the vector are (1,1,1),
1 1 1  (3,0,1), ( 0,2,1) and these form a basis of the subspace spanned by S.
 0 −3 −2 
  (R2 – 3R1) and (R4 – 2 R1) ∴ Basis is (1,1,1) ,(3,0,1),( 0,2,1) and basis has 3 elements
0 2 1  and hence dimension of the subspace is 3.
 
 2 −5 −1 10. Show that the vectors (1.i.0),(2i,1,1),(0,1+ I,1- i ) form a basis of
V3(c)
 Linear Algebra 63 64 College Mathematics VII

Solution : Let S= { (1, i ,0) ,(2i,1,1),(0,1+i, 1- i ) }

These form the basis of V3(c) and hence the dimension of V3(c) is 3.
Consider the matrix of the vectors
11. In a vector space V3( R), let α = (1, 2, 1) , β = ( 3, 1,5 ),
1 i 0  γ = (-1, 3, -3). Prove that the subspace spanned by { α β } and

A= 2i 1 1  { α , β , γ } are the same .

 0 1 + i 1 − i 
Solution : Consider the matrix

1 i 0  1 2 1
0 3 1  R2 − 2i ( R1 )  
 A= 3 1 5
 
 0 1 + i 1 − i 
 −1 3 −3

1 i 0  1 2 1
0 3 1  3( R3 )  
 Det A = 3 1 5 = 1(-3 –15 ) –2 (-9 + 5) + 1( 9 + 1)
 
0 3(1 + i ) 3(1 − i ) 
 −1 3 −3

1 i 0  = -18 + 8 + 10 = 0
0 3 1  R3 − (1 + i ) R2
 ∴ The set S = {α , β , γ } is L.D
0 0 2 − 4i 
∴ It has a subset which spans the same subspace as the given set of
1 i 0  vectors.
  1
 0 1 1  1 ( R2 ) and ( R3 )
 3 3 2 − 4i 1 2 1 
0 0 1  Now A
0 −5 2  (R – 3R ) and (R + R )
    2 1 3 1

0 5 −2
This is in the echelon form . There are three non-zero rows.

∴ These non-zero rows determine the basis.

Corresponding to these, the vectors are (1, i, 0), (2i,1,1), (0,1+i, 1- i )}

 Linear Algebra 65 66 College Mathematics VII

1 2 1 
1 2 1    ∴ S is L. I
 0 −5 2  (R + R )  0 1 − 2   −1  ( R2 )
  3 2
 5 5  Hence S is a basis of M2 ( R )
 0 0 0  0 0 0 
  Since S contains 4 elements, dim [M2 (R ) ] = 4
This is in the echelon form .There are two non-zero rows. 13. Find the dimension and basis of the subspace spanned by
{(1, 3, 2, 4) , (1, 5, -2, 4), (1, 2, 3, 4), (1, 6, -3, 4) } in V4 (R ).
Corresponding to these non-zero rows,the vectors are

α = (1,2,1) and β = (3,1,5) . 1 3 2 4

1 5 −2 4
Solution : Consider
∴ { α β } and { α , β , γ } span the same subspace. 1 2 3 4
1 6 −3 4
 1 0   0 1   0 0   0 0  
12. Show that S = S =    , 0 0  , 1 0  , 0 1   form a
  0 0        1 3 2 4
basis of the vector space M2® of 2 x 2 matrices. Find its dimension. 1 2 −4 0
= R2 − R1 , R3 − R1 , R4 − R1
0 −1 1 0
a b 
Solution : Let   ∈ M 2 ( R) 0 3 −5 0
c d 

a b  1 0 0 1  0 0  0 0  2 −4 0
Let   = a  +b  +c  +d   = 1 −1 1 0 = 0
c d  0 0 0 0  1 0  0 1 
3 −5 0
∴ S spans M2®
∴ The vectors are linearly dependent.
1 0  0 1  0 0  0 0  0 0 
and C1   + C2   + C3   + C4  =  ∴ The four vectors do not form a basis.
0 0  0 0  1 0  0 1  0 0 
Consider the three vectors {(1, 3, 2, 4), (1, 5, -2, 4), (1, 2, 3, 4)}
 C C2   0 0 
⇒ 1 =  The matrix of the vectors
C3 C4  0 0

⇒ C1 = 0, C2 = 0, C3 = 0, C4 = 0.
 Linear Algebra 67 68 College Mathematics VII

1 3 2 4 
  (1) × 3 – (2) ⇒ y + 5z = 0 -------------(5)
A = 1 5 −2 4
 
1 2 3 4  (1) × 4 - (3) ⇒ y + 5z = 0 --------------(6)

(1) × 6 - ( 4) ⇒ y + 5z = 0 ------------(7)
1 3 2 4 
1 2 −4 0  R –R and R – R ∴ (5) or (6) or(7) ⇒ y = -5z
  2 1 3 1

0 −1 1 0 
∴ (1) ⇒ x = 4z

1 3 2 4 ∴ If z = k,x = 4k, y = - 5 k.
 0 1 −2 0  1 ( R )
 2 2  x   4k  4
 0 −1 1 0 
∴  y  =  −5k  = k  −5
   
 z   k   1 
1 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 
 0 1 −2 0  0 1 −2 0 
    ∴ Basis = { ( 4, -5,1) }
0 0 −1 0  0 0 1 0 
∴ Dimension = 1
This is in the echelon form and there are three non-zero rows.
15. Extend the linearly dependent set { (0,1,2) ,(3,2,1)} to a basis
∴ The three vectors corresponding to these three non-zero rows are (1, of R3.
3, 2, 4), (1, 5, -2, 4), (1, 2, 3, 4). They form a basis of V4 (R ) and dim
[V4 ( R )] = 3 Solution : Let S = { (0,1,2) ,(3,2,1)}

14. Determine the dimension and basis for the solution space of the (0,1,2) = a (3,2,1)
system x + y + z = 0 ,3x + 2y –2z = 0, 4x + 3y – z = 0, 6x + 5y + z= 0.
= (3a ,2a,a)
Solution : x+y+z=0 --------(1)
∴ 3a = 0, 2a = 1 , a = 2
3x + 2y –2z = 0 ----------(2)
These equation are inconsistent
4x + 3y – z = 0 -------(3)
∴ It is not possible to express (0,1,2) as a (3,2,1)
6x + 5y + z= 0 --------(4)
∴ S is L.I
 Linear Algebra 69 70 College Mathematics VII

Include the vector (1,0,0) to S .

(i) { (2,1), (3,0),} (ii) { ( 4,1), (-7,-8) }
Consider the matrix of the vectors.
(iii) {( 0,0), (1,3),} (iv){(3,9), ( -4,-12)}
1 0 0 
A = 0 1 2
(v) {( 2,1), (1,-1), (0, 2)} (vi){( 1,2,3), (-2,1,3), (3,1,0)}

 3 2 1  (vii) {(3,1,-4), (2,5,6), (1,4,8)},

(viii) {(2,-3,1), (4,1,1), (0,-7,1)}

1 0 0 
 0 1 2  R − 3R (ix) {( 1,-1.0), (0,31), (1,2,1), (2,4,2)}
  3 1

0 2 1  (x) {(1,6,4), (2,4,-1), (-1,2,5)},

1 0 0  (xi) { ( 1,2,2,1),(0,2,0,1)(1,-2,2,-1)}
0 1 2  R − 2 R
  3 2 (xiii) { ( 1,3,2,4), (1,5,-2.4), (1,2,3,4), ( 1,6,-3,4)}
 0 0 −3
(2) Which of the following sets of vectors are bases of the vector
space of polynomials :
1 0 0 
0 1 2  − 1  R (i) { 1- 3x + 2x2,1 + x +4x2,1- 7x}in p2
   3  3
 0 0 1  3 1
(ii) { X,X – x,x4+ x2, x + x 2+ x4+ } in p 4
2
This is in the echelon form . There are three non-zero rows in this
(iii) { 4 + 6x + x2 ,-1 + 4x + 2x2 , 5 + 2x- x2} in P2
∴ The non-zero rows form a basis , corresponding to these non-zero
rows, the vectors are ( 1,0,0) ,90,1,2) ,(3,2,1) (iv) {1 + x + x2, x + x2 ,x2} in P2
∴{ ( 1,0,0) ,(0,1,2) ,(3,2,1)} is a basis of R3 and its dimension = 3. (v) {-4 + x + 3x2, 6 + 5x + 2x2, 8 + 4x + x2 } in P2
EXERCISE (3) Determine the dimension and basis of the solution space of the
system of equations :
(1) Verify whether the following sets of vectors form bases of V2(
R) or V3(R). If not, find a basis and the dimension of the (i) x + y – z = 0,-2x + y + 2z = 0 ,-x + z = 0
subspaces spanned by these vectors.
 Linear Algebra 71 72 College Mathematics VII

(ii) 2x + y + 3z = 0,x + 5z = 0,y + z = 0 (M 02)

(iv) not a basis ;Basis { (1,3) } ; dim = 1
(iii) x – 3y + 2z = 0, 2x –6y + 2z = 0 ,3x –9y + 3z = 0
(v) not a basis ;Basis { ( 2,1),(1-1)}; dim = 2
(iv) x –4y + 3z –w = 0 , x-8y + 6z-2w = 0.
(vi) Basis
(4) Which of the following set of vectors is a basis of the
space of all 2 × 2 matrices over R. (vii) basis ;Basis {( 1,2,3) (3,1,0)} ; dim = 2

 3 6   0 −1  0 −8   1 0   (viii) not a basis ;Basis { ( 2,-3,1), (4,1,1) }; dim =2

(i)      
 3 −6  −1 0   −12 −4   −1 2   (ix) not a basis ;Basis { ( 2,4,2),(1,-1,0)} ; dim = 2

 1 0  0 1  −1 0   0 0   (x) not a basis ;Basis { (1,6,4),(2,4,-1) }; dim = 2

(ii)     
 0 1  1 0  0 1   −1 0   (xi) not a basis ;Basis {( 1,2,2,1),(0,2,0,1)}; dim = 2

  2 1   −1 2   0 5   3 1   (xii) not a basis; Basis {( 1,3,2,4),(1,5,-2,4), (1,2,3,4)};

(iii)       dim = 3
  4 3  −2 −2 0 −1 1 2  
(2) (i) not a basis (ii) basis (iii) not a basis
 0 0  1 1  1 0  0 1 
(iv)      (iv) basis (v) basis
 1 1  0 0 1 0  0 1 
(3) (i) Basis = {(1,0,1)}; dim = 1
 1 −5  1 1  2 −4  1 −7  
(v)  (ii) has no basis ; dim= 0
   
 −4 2  −1 5  −5 7  −5 1  
(iii) Basis = {( 3,1,0) ,(-10,1)}; dim = 2
(5) Let be the space spanned by α = cos x, β = sin x, 2 2
(iv) Basis = {( 4,1,0,0), (-3,0,1,0), (1,0,0,1)};dim = 3
γ = cos 2x. Is { α , β , γ } a basis of W ? If not , find a basis and
dimension. (4) (i) Basis, (ii) asis, (iii) not a basis,

Answers (iv) Basis (v) not a basis.

(1) (i) Basis (ii) basis (5) not a basis ; any two of α , β , γ form a basis; dim = 2

(iii) not a basis ;Basis { (1,3) } ; dim = 1

 Linear Algebra 73 74 College Mathematics VII

1.09 Linear Transformations

= (3(x1+ x2, ) + 2 ( y1 + y2),
In this section ,we study mapping from one vector space into another
vector space . 3(x1+ x2, )- 4 ( y1 + y2))

Definition : Let U and V be two vector spaces over a field F. Then the = (3x + 2y1,3x1 –4y1) + ( 3x2 + 2y2, 3x2- 4y2)
mapping T:U → V is said to be a linear transformation if
= T (x1,y1) + T ( x2,y2)
(i) T ( α + β ) = T ( α ) + T ( β ) ∀α , β ∈ U
= T ( α ) + T( β )
and (ii) T (c. α ) = c.T ( α ) , ∀c ∈ F and α ∈ U .
and c α = c = (x1,, y1)= (cx1 ,c,y1)
Definition : Let U be vector space over a field F. Then the linear
transformation T : U → U is called a linear map on u ∴ T (c α ) = T (cx1, cy1)

Note : (1) In the linear transformation , u and v are vector spaces over = ( 3 (cx1) + 2 (c,x1), 3(cx1)-4 (cy1)
the same field F.
= (c (3x1 + 2y1), c (3x1 – 4y1))
(2) In the condition the + sign on the LHS is the + of the
vector space u and + sign on the RHS is the + of the vector = c (3x1 + 2y1, 3x1 – 4y1)
space V. similarly the scalar multiplication on the LHS is the
scalar multiplication of u and that on the RHS is the scalar = cT (x1,, y1)
multiplication of v.
= cT (c α )
Worked Examples :
∴ T : V2 (R ) → V2 (R ) is a L.T . and hence is a linear map
(1) T: V2 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) is defined` by on V2 (R )

T (x,y) = ( 3x + 2y ,3x –4y).verify whether T is a linear (2) Define T: R3 → R3 by T (x,y,z) = 2x + y ,y-z,2y + 4z). Verify
transformation. whether T is a linear transformation.

Solution : α = (x1,, y1) , β = ( x2, y2) Solution : Let α = ( x1,y1,z1) , β = (x2,y2,z2)

∴ α + β = (x1+ x2, y1 + y2) ∴α + β = (x1+ x2, y1+ y2, z1+ z2)

∴ T ( α + β ) = T (x1+ x2, y1 + y2) ∴ T ( α + β ) = 2(x1+ x2) + (y1+ y2), (y1+ y2)

 Linear Algebra 75 76 College Mathematics VII

- ( z1+ z2), 2(y1+ y2) + 4(z1+ z2)

ie, T( α )+T( β ) = (x +y,2(x2 +y2) x3 +y3) ………….(2)
= (2x1+ y1+ 2x2+y2, y1-z1+y2-z2, 2y1+4z1+2y2 + 4z2)
From (1) and (2 ) ,it is clear that
= (2x1+ y1, y1-z1, 2y1+4z1)+ (2x2+y2, y2-z2, 2y2 + 4z2)
T ( α + β ) ≠ T( α )+T( β )
= T ( x1,y1,z1)+ T(x2,y2,z2)
Hence T is not a linear transformation.
= T ( α ) + T( β )
Note : Powers of a variable can not form L.T.
c α = c ( x1, y1, z1) = ( cx1,,cy1, cz1)
(4) Define a mapping T : V3(F ) → V2(F ) by T (a1,a2,a3) =
∴ T ( c α ) = T ( cx1,cy1,cz1) (a2,a3). Verify whether T is a linear transformation.
= (2(cx1) + (cy1), cy1- cz1,2(cy1)+4(cz1)) Solution : Let α = (a1,a2,a3) , β = (b1,b2,b3)
= (c((2x1+ y1, y1-z1, 2y1+4z1)
( α + β ) = ( a1+b1,a2+b2,a3+b3)
= cT ( x1,y1,z1)
T (α + β ) = T( a1+b1,a2+b2,a3+b3)
= cT ( α )
= (a2+b2,a3+b3)
∴ T is a L.T.and hence is a linear map on R3.
= (a2,a3) + (b2,b3)
(3) T: V1(R ) → V3(R ) is defined by T(x) = (X,2X2,X3) . verify
whether T is a linear transformation. ( M 02 ) = T (a1,a2,a3) + T(b1,b2,b3)

Solution : Let α = x , β = y = T( α )+T( β )

∴ T ( α + β ) = T( x +y ) cα = c (a1,a2,a3) = (ca1, ca2,ca3)

ie, T ( α + β ) = (x +y,2(x +y)2,( x +y)3)…………(1) T( c α ) = T (ca1,ca2, ca3)

= (ca2, ca3)
T( α )+T( β ) = T (x) + T(y)
= c (a2, a3)
= (x,2x2,x3)+(y,2y2,y3)
= cT (a1, a2, a3) = cT ( α )
 Linear Algebra 77 78 College Mathematics VII

∴ T is a linear transformation. show that the mapping T: M( R) → M( R) defined by

T(A) = AB+BA, ∀ A ∈ M( R) , is a linear
(5) Define the mapping T : V2(R ) → V2(R ) by T (x,y) = transformation .
(xcos θ - ysin θ ,xsin θ + ycos θ ). Verify whether T is a linear
transformation. Solution : Let A,C ∈ M( R) be any arbitrary elements.

Solution : Let α = (x1,y1) , β = (x2,y2) T (A+C) = (A+C) B+B(A+C)

T ( α + β ) = T (x1+ x2, y1+ y2) = AB + CB +BA + BC

= ( AB+BA) + (CB+BC)
= ((x1+ x2)cos θ - (y1+ y2) sin θ , ( x1+ x2) sin θ
= T (A) + T(C)
+ (y1+ y2) cos θ )
Let k ∈ R
= (x1 cos θ - y1 sin θ , x1sin θ + y1 cos θ )
T (k.A) = (k. A)B + B(K. A)
+ (x2 cos θ - y2 sin θ , x2sin θ + y2 cos θ )
= k.(AB + BA)
= T (x1,y1) + T (x2,y2)
= kT(A)
= T ( α )+T( β )
∴ T is a linear transformation.
T( c α ) = T (cx1,cy1) 7. Prove that if T : V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) is defined by

= [(cx1 cos θ - cy1 sin θ , cx1sin θ + cy1 cos θ )] T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 2, y − x + 2 ) is a linear transformation

= ( c(x1 cos θ - y1 sin θ ), c (x1sin θ + y1 cos θ ) T (α + β ) = T ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) 

= c (x1 cos θ - y1 sin θ , x1sin θ + y1 cos θ ) = T ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 z1 + z2 ) 

= cT ( α ) = ( x1 + x2 + z1 + z2 , y1 + y2 − ( x1 + x2 ) + z1 + z2 )
∴ T is a linear transformation and hence is a linear map = ( x1 + z1 , y1 − x1 + z1 ) + ( x2 + z2 , y2 − x2 + z2 )
on V2(R )
= T (α ) + T ( β )
(6) Let M(R ) be the vector space of all 2 × 2 matrices
over R and B be a fixed non-zero element of M( R) .
 Linear Algebra 79 80 College Mathematics VII

Also T ( cα ) = T c ( x, y, z )  = T [ cx, cy, cz ] T ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x + 3 y, y + z + 1) is a linear transformation.

= ( cx + cz, cy − cx, cx + cz ) = c ( x + z , y − x + z ) ( A 2004 )

Solution : Let α = ( x1 y1 z1 ) β = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
= c T (α )
T (α + β ) = T [ ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ]
∴ T is a linear transformation
8. Prove that T : V2 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) defined by = [2 ( x1 + x2 ) + 3 ( y1 + y2 ) , ( y1 + y2 ) + ( z1 + z2 ) + 1]
T ( x, y ) = ( x cos θ + y sin θ , x tan θ + y cosθ ) is a linear ≠ [ 2 x1 + 3 y1 , y1 + z1 + 1] + [ 2 x2 + 3 y2 , y2 + z2 + 1]

transformation. ∴ T is not linear transformation.

Solution : Let α ( x1, y1 ) and β = ( x2 , y2 ) Note : when a constant is present, it cannot form L.T.

T ( c1 α +c2 β ) = T c1 ( x1 , y1 ) + c2 ( x2 , y2 )  10. Prove that T = R 3 → R 2 defined by

T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, y + 2 z ) is a linear transformation
= T [ c1 x1 + c2 x2 , c1 y1 + c2 y2 ]
( N 2004 )
= c1 ( x1 cos θ + y1 sin θ ) + c2 ( x2 cos θ + y2 sin θ ) ,
Solution : Let ∝ = ( x1 , y1 , z1 , ) β = ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
c1 ( x1 tan θ + y1 cos θ ) + c2 ( x2 tan θ + y2 cos θ ) 
T [ c1 α + c2 β ] = T c1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + c2 ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) 
= c1 ( x1 cos θ + y1 sin θ , x1 tan θ + y1 cos θ )
= T [ c1 x1 + c2 x2 , c1 y1 + c2 y2 , c1 z1 + c2 z2 ]
c2 ( x2 cos θ + y2 sin θ , x2 tan θ + y2 cot θ )
= c1 x1 + c2 x2 + c1 y1 + c2 y2 , c1 y1 + c1 y2 + 2 ( c1 z1 + c2 z2 ) 
= c1T ( x1 , y1 ) + c2T ( x2 , y2 ) .
= ( c1 x1 + c1 y1 , c1 y1 + 2c1 z1 ) + ( β x2 + β y2 , β y2 + z β z2 )
∴ T is linear transformation.
Note : The above problem can also be done using = c1 [ x1 + y1 , y1 + 2 z1 ] + c2 [ c2 x2 + c2 y2 , c2 y2 + c2 z2 ]

T (α + β ) = T (α ) + T ( β ) and T ( c.α ) = cT (α ) . = c1T (α ) + c2T ( β )

9. Verify whether T : R 3 → R 2 defined by ∴ T is a linear transformation.

 Linear Algebra 81 82 College Mathematics VII

1.10 properties of linear transformation.:

(iii) Let us prove this result by Mathematical induction.
Theorem 1: If T : U → V is a linear transformation, then
Let P(n) : T (C1 α 1 + C2 α 2+……….+Cn α n)
(i) T(0) = 0′ where 0 and 0′ zero vectors of U and V
respectively. = C1T( α 1) + C2T( α 2)+……….+CnT( α n).

(ii) T(- α ) = -T ( α ) , ∀α ∈ U If n =1 , P(1) = T (C1 α 1 ) = C1T( α 1)

(iii) T(C1 α 1+C2 α 2+….+Cn α n) Since T is linear , P(1) is true.

= C1T( α 1)+C2T( α 2)+….+ CnT( α n) Let n = m, P(m) : T (C1 α 1 + C2 α 2+………+Cm α m)

Proof : = C1T( α 1) + C2T( α 2)+……….+CmT( α m).

(i) ∀α ∈ U We have to show that P(m+1) is true

T ( α +0) = T( α ) + T(0) since T is a L.T. T(C1 α 1 + C2 α 2+……….+Cm+1 α m+1)

⇒ T( α ) = T ( α ) + T(0) = T (C1 α 1 + C2 α 2+……….+Cm α m) + T (Cm+1 α m+1)

⇒ T ( α ) + 0’ = T ( α ) + T (0) = C1T( α 1) + C2T( α 2) + ………. + CmT( α m)

⇒ 0’= T (0) (by left cancellation law in V) + Cm+1T( α m+1)

⇒ T(0) = 0’ ∴ P(m+1) is true.

(ii) T ( α +(- α )) = T( α ) + T(- α ) since T is linear. Since P(1) is true and P(m) is true ⇒ P(m+1) is true, by
mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.
i.e T(0) = T ( α ) + T (- α )
Theorem 2: If β 1, β 2,…… β m is any basis of the vector
i.e., 0 = T( α ) + T(- α ) Q T (0) = 0 ’
space U and α 1, α 2,…… α m are any m
vectors of the vector space V, then there exists
Similarly 0’ = T (- α ) + T( α ) one and only one linear transformation
T : U → V such that T( β i ) = α i for
∴ T (- α ) is the additive inverse of T( α )
i = 1, 2, ……….m.
i.e., T (- α ) = -T( α )
 Linear Algebra 83 84 College Mathematics VII

Proof : Let α ∈ U be any arbitrary vector of U.

= T ( α ) + T( β )
∴ α = c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,+………. +cm β m for
c α = c(c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,+………. + cm β m)
c1, c2,………..cm ∈ F.
= cc1 β 1 +cc2 β 2,+………. + ccm β m
Define T : U → V by
∴ T (c α ) = T (cc1 β 1 + cc2 β 2,+………. + ccm β m)
T( α ) = c1 α 1 +c2 α 2,……… cm α m .

We shall prove that this is the required L.T. for this we shall show = cc1 α 1 + cc2 α 2,……… ccm α m

that
= c (c1 α 1 + c2 α 2,……… +cm α m )
(i) T is linear
= cT(c1 β 1 + c2 β 2,+………. + cm β m)
(ii) T( β i ) = α for i = 1,2,……….m.
= cT ( α )
i

(iii) T is unique.
∴ T is a linear transformation.
(i) Consider α , β ∈ U
(ii) β i =0. β 1+0. β 2,+……… +0. β i−1

∴ α = c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,+………. +cm β m

+ 1. β 1+0. β i+1
+…….+0. β m

β = d1 β 1 +d2 β 2,+………. +dm β m

∴ T ( β i ) = T(0. β 1 +0. β 2,+………. +0. β i−1
α + β = (c1+ d1) β 1 +(c2+ d2) β 2,+……. +(cm+ dm ) β m
+ 1. β 1+0. β i+1
+…….+0. β m)
T( α + β ) = T[(c1+ d1) β 1 +(c2+ d2) β 2,+… +(cm+ dm ) β m]
= 0α1 + 0α 2 K + 0α i −1 + 1.α i +1 + K + 0α m
= (c1+ d1) α 1, +(c2+ d2) α 2,+……… +(cm+ dm) α m.

= 0. α +0. α 2,+… +0. α + 1. α α 1+0. +….+0. α

= c1 α 1+d1 α 1 +c2 α 2+d2 α 2, +…… + cm α m.+ dm α m.
1 i−1 i+1 m

= (c1 α 1+c2 α 2,……cm α m ) + (d1 α 1+d2 α …… dm α m ) =α i

=T(c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,+…… +cm β m)+ (d1 β 1 +d2 β 2,+…… +dm β m ) ∴ T( β i ) = for i = 1,2,…….m.
 Linear Algebra 85 86 College Mathematics VII

(ii) If possible let there be another linear transformation

ie, T(e1) + 2T(e2) = (3,0) …………..(1)
S :U → V such that S ( β i
)=α i
and 2T(e1)+ T(e2) = (1.2) …………….(2)
S (α ) = S(c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,+………. + cm β m)
Solve (1) and (2) for T(e1) and T(e2)

= c1S( β 1) +c2S( β 2,)+………. + cmS( β m) Multiply (2) by 2 and subtract from (1)

= c1 α 1 +c2 α 2,……… + cm α m We get -3 T(e1) = (3, 0) –(2, 4)

= T (c1 β 1 + c2 β 2,+………. + cm α m) ie,- 3T(e1) = (1, -4)

= T (α )  −1 4 
∴ T(e1) = , 
 3 3
∴ S (α ) = T( α ) or any arbitrary vector α ∈ U
From (2) T(e2) = (1,2) -2 T(e1)
∴ S = T. Hence L.T is unique.

Remark: From this theorem, to determine a linear transformation T  −1 4 

= (1,2) –2  , 
from U into V, first define T on a basis of U and then extend to the  3 3
remaining elements of U by expressing them as a linear combination
of the basis elements. This is called linear extension of T. we shall  5 −2 
illustrate this process in the following worked examples. = , 
3 3 
Worked examples :
Now T (x,y) = T [x(1,0) + y(0,1)]
(1) Find a linear transformation T : V2( R) → V2( R) such
that T(1, 2) = (3, 0) and T (2, 1) = (1, 2) = T[x e1+y e2]

Solution : Let us express (1, 2) and (2,1) as linear combination of = xT(e1)+y T(e2)
the basis vector e1 = (1,0) and e2 = (0,1).
 −1 4   5 −2 
=x  ,  +y  , 
(1,2) = 1(1,0) + 2 (0,1) = 1e1 + 2 e2  3 3 3 3 
(2,1) = 2 (1,0) + 1(0,1) = 2e1 + 1e2.
 −x 5y 4x 2 y 
= + , − 
∴ T (e1 + 2 e2) = T (1,2) and T (2e1 + 1e2) = T (2,1)  3 3 3 3 
 Linear Algebra 87 88 College Mathematics VII

 −x + 5y 4x − 2 y 
ie, T(x,y) =  ,  is the required linear 2T (e1) + T(e2) = (1, 2, 1) ……………(2)
 3 3 
transformation. Solve equation (1) and (2) for T(e1) and T(e2).

(2) Find a linear transformation T: V3( R) → V2( R) such that Subtracting (1) from (2) weget
T (1,0,0) = (-1,0), T (0,1,0) = (1,1),T (0,0,1) = (0,-1)
 2 2 −1 
Solution : e1= (1,0,0), e2 = (0,1,0), e3 = (0,0,1) 3T(e1) = (2, 2, -1) ⇒ ∴ T(e1) =  , , 
3 3 3 
∴ T (e1) = (-1,0), T(e2) (1,1),T(e3)= (0,-1)
Subtracting in (1) we get
Now, (x, y, z) = x(1,0,0)+ y(0,1,0) + z(0,0,1)
 2 2 −1 
∴ T (x,y,z) = T[x(1,0,0)+y(0,1,0)+z(0,0,1)] T(e2) = (-1, 0, 2)+  , , 
3 3 3 
= xT(e1) + yT (e2)+zT(e3)
 −1 2 5 
i.e., T(e2 ) = , , 
= x (-1,0)+ y (1,1) + z (0,-1)  3 3 3
= (-x + y ,y-z) T (x,y) = T [x(e1) + y(e2) ]
ie, T(x,y,z) = ( y-x,y-z) = xT (e1) + yT (e2)
(3) Find a linear transformation T:R2 → R3 such that
 2 2 −1   −1 2 5 
=x  , ,  +y  , , 
T (-1,1) = (-1,0,2) and T (2,1) = (1,2,1)  3 3 3   3 3 3

Solution : Let us express (-1,1)and (2,1) as linear combination of  2x − y 2x + 2 y −x + 5 y 

e1= (1,0) and e2 = (0,1) = , , 
 3 3 3 
(-1,1) = - 1 (1,0) + 1(0,1) = - e1+ e2
 2x − y 2 ( x + y ) 5 y − x 
(2,1) = 2 (1,0) + 1(0,1) = 2 e1+ e2 ∴ T(x,y) =  , , 
 3 3 3 
∴ T (-e1+ e2) = T (-1,1) and T(2 e1+ e2) = T (2,1).
(4) Find a linear transformation T : R3 → R3 such that
i.e, - T (e1) +T (e2) + = (-1, 0, 2) ……………(1)
T (1,1,1) = (1,1,1), T (1,2,3)= (-1,-2,-3) and T (1,1,2) = (2,2,4).
 Linear Algebra 89 90 College Mathematics VII

Solution : Let us express (1,1,1), (1, 2, 3),(1,1, 2) as linear

combinations of e1 = (1, 0, 0) ,e2 = (0,1, 0) ,e3 = (0, 0, 1) f( p + q) = (p +q) (0) = p(0) + q (0)

(1,1,1) = 1 e1+ 1 e2 + 1 e3 = f(p) + f(q)

(1,2,3) = 1 e1+ 2 e2 + 3 e3 f(cp) = (cp)(0) = c(p(0)) = c f(p)

(1,1,2) = 1 e1+ 1 e2 + 2 e3 ∴ f : V → V is a linear map.

T(1,1,1) = T( e1+ e2 + e3) (6) If T:R2 → R2 is a linear transformation such that

T (1,0) = (1,1) and T(0,1) = (-1,2) . Show that T maps the
T(1,2,3) = T( e1+ e2 + e3) square with vertices (0,0) , (1,0) , (1,1) , (0,1) into a
parallelogram.
T(1,1,2) = T( e1+ e2 + e3)
Solution : T (1,0) = (1,1) ,T (0,1)= (-1,2)
ie, T( e1)+ T(e2 )+ T (e3) = (1,1,1) …(1)
Let (x,y) ∈ R2 .
T( e1)+ 2T(e2 )+ 3T(e3) = ( -1,-2,-3) ...(2)
∴ (x,y) = x ( 1,0) + y (0,1)
T( e1)+ T(e2 )+ 2T (e3) = (2,2,4) . . .(3)
∴ T (x.y) = x T (1,0) + y T (0,1)
Solve the equation (1), (2) and (3) for T( e1), T(e2 )and T (e3)
= x(1,1) + y (-1,2)
We get T( e1), = (4,5,8), T(e2 ) = (-4-5,-10), T (e3)= (1,13)
= (x –y, x + 2y)
Now (x,y,z) = x e1+ y e2 + z e3.
∴ T (x.y) = (x –y, x + 2y)
∴ T (x,y,z) = x T( e1)+ T(e2 )+ T (e3)
T (0,0) = (0,0) ≡ A
= x (4, 5, 8) + y (-4, -5, -10) + z (1, 1, 3)
T(1,0) = (1,1) ≡ B
ie, T(x, y, z) = ( 4x – 4y + z, 5x –5y + z, 8x-10y + 3z)
T (1,1) = (0,3) ≡ C
is required linear transformation.
T ( 0,1) = (-1,2) ≡ D
(5) If V is the vector space of all polynomial over R, show that
the mapping f: V → V defined by f(p) = p(0) isa linear map. ∴ A,B,C,D are the vertices of a quadrilateral.

Solution : Let p, q ∈ V ∴p+q∈ V

 Linear Algebra 91 92 College Mathematics VII

To show that ABCD is a parallelogram, we have to show

that the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other. ………………………………………………………

 0+0 0+3  3 T( α m) = Cm1 β 1 + Cm2 β 2+ ………….+ Cmn β n.

Mid point of AC =  ,  =  0, 
 2 2   2
The coordinates of T ( α i), i = 1,2, …..m w.r.t the basis β 2 of
V determine an m × n matrix
 1 −1 1 + 2   3 
Mid point of BD =  ,  =  0, 
 2 2   2
 c11 c12 .... c1n 
c  c11 c21 .... cm1 
∴ Diagonals bisect each other  21 c22 .... c2 n  c c .... cm 2 
A =  .... .... .... ....  =  12 22
∴ ABCD is a parallelogram.    .... .... .... .... 
 .... .... .... ....   
1.11 Matrix of a linear transformation cm1 cm 2 .... cmn   c1n c2 n .... cmn 

In this section we shall study how to associate a matrix to

This matrix A is called the matrix of linear transformation T
a linear transformation and conversely how to associate a linear
relative to the bases B1 and B2 . conversely , given a matrix A=
transformation to a matrix.
(Cij)mxn, we shall associate a linear transformation T:U → V
Let U and V be two vector spaces of dimensions m and n where U and V are vector spaces of dimensions m and n
respectively. respectively.

Consider the bases B1 = { α 1, α 2,………. α n}and

Let B1 = { α 1, α 2 ,…… α n} and B2 = { β 1, β 2,……. β n}
B2 = { β 1, β 2….. β n} of U and V respectively.
be the bases of U and V respectively.

Let T:U → V be a linear transformation defined We shall define a linear transformation T: U → V by defining the
values of T on the vectors of B1 as:
By T( α i) = Ci1 β 1 + Ci2 β 2+ ………….+ Cin β
T( α 1) = C11 β 1 + C12 β 2 + …………+ C1n β
n.
n.

T( α 1) = C11 β 1 + C12 β 2 + …………+ C1n β

T (α ) = C21 β 1 + C22 β 2 + …………+ C2n β n.
n.

T (α ) = C21 β 1 + C22 β 2 + …………+ C2n β n.

……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………
 Linear Algebra 93 94 College Mathematics VII

T( α m) = Cm1 β 1 + Cm2 β 2+ ………….+ Cmn β n. 1 1 

1 0 1   
Now we extend T linearly to the entire space V. Further the linear 1 1 0  is 0 1 
  1 0 
transformation T is unique. Hence every matrix can be associated
to a linear transformation.
3. If T : V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) is defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( y − x, y − z )
We shall illustrate these in the following examples.
Find matrix of T ( N 2001 )
Worked examples:
Solution : Let e1 , e2 , e3 , ∈ V3 ( R)
1. Find the coordinates of the vector α = ( 4, 2 ) belongs to R3
T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = ( 0 − 1, 0 − 0 ) = ( −1, 0 )
{
relative to the ordered pair B = (1,1)( 3,1) }
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1, 0 ) = (1 − 0,1 − 0 ) = (1,1)
Let ( 4, 2 ) = a1 (1,1) + b1 ( 3,1) T ( e3 ) = T ( 0, 0,1) = ( 0 − 0, 0 − 1) = ( 0, −1)
⇒ 4 = a1 + 3b1 and 2 = a1` + b1 ∴ The matrix of the L.T is
⇒ a1 = 1, b1 = 1
 −1 0 
∴ (1,1) is the relative bases.  1 1  is  −1 1 0 
   0 1 −1
 0 −1  
2. Find the matrix of the linear transformation T = R 2 → R 3

defined by T ( x, y ) = ( x + y, y + 2 z + x )
4. Find the matrix of the linear transformation
Solution : Let e1 = (1, 0 ) , e2 = ( 0,1) ∈ R 2
T : R 3 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( x − y + z , 2 x − z , x + y − 2 z )
f1 = (1, 0, 0 ) , f 2 = ( 0,1, 0 ) , f3 = ( 0, 0,1) ∈ R 3

Solution : Let e1 , e2 , e3 ∈ R 3 ( M 1999 )

T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0 ) = (1, 0,1) = 1 f1 + 0 f 2 + 1 f3
T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = (1, 2,1)
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1) = (1,1, 0 ) = 1 f1 + 0 f 2 + 1 f 3 T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1, 0 ) = ( −1, 0,1)
The matrix linear transformation of T ( e3 ) = T ( 0, 0,1) = (1, −1, −2 )
∴ The matrix of the L.T is
 Linear Algebra 95 96 College Mathematics VII

1 2 1  1 −1 1 
 −1 0 1  is  2 0 −1 7. Find the matrix of the linear transformation
    T : V2( R ) → V2( R ) defined by T (x,y) = (x,-y) w.r.t the
 1 −1 −2  1 1 −2  standard basis of V2( R ).

5. Find the matrix of the L.T ., T : R 3 → R 2 de defined by Solution :

T ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x + 3 y, y + 2 z ) w.r.t standard bases T (x,y) = (x,-y)

Solution : Let e1 , e2 , e3 ∈ R 3 , the standard bases ( A 2004 ) T (e1) = T (1,0) = (1,0)

T ( e1 ) = (1, 0, 0 ) = ( 2, 0 ) T (e2) = T (0,1) = (0,-1)

T ( e2 ) = ( 0,1,0 ) = ( 3,1) 1 0 
The matrix of linear transformation is  
0 −1
T ( e3 ) = ( 0, 0,1) = ( 0, 2 )
8. Find the matrix of the linear transformation
The matrix linear transformation is
T: V2( R ) → V3( R )such that T (-1, 1) = (-1, 0, 2) and
2 0  T (2, 1) = (1, 2, 1). (M 2000)
 3 1  is  2 3 0 
  0 1 2 Solution : (-1,1) = - 1e1 + 1e2
 0 2   
(2,1) = 2e1 + 1e2
6. Find the matrix of the linear transformation T : R 3 → R 2
T (-1,1) = T (-e1 + e2) and T (2,1) = T (2e1+ e2)
Defined by T ( x, y ) = ( 2 x + y, x − 2 y ) ( N 04 )
i.e., -T (e1) +T(e2) = (-1,0,2) ………..(1)
Solution : Let e1 , e2 ∈ R2
2T (e1) + T(e2) = ( 1,2,1) …………(2)
T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0 ) = ( 2,1) ; T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1) = (1, −2 )
Solve these equation for T(e1) and T(e2).
2 1  2 1 
The matrix L.T. is   is  
 1 −2  1 −2 
Subtracting (1) and (2) we get

3T (e1) = (2,2,-1)
 Linear Algebra 97 98 College Mathematics VII

 2 2 −1 
∴ T (e1) =  , ,  10. Find the matrix of the linear transformation T:R4 → R3
3 3 3  defined by T(x1, x2, x3, x4) = (x1+ x2 + 2x3 + 3x4,x1 + x3 –x4, x1+ 2x2)
w.r.t the bases B1 = (1, 1, 1, 2), (1,-1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1), ((0,1,0,0) and
 2 2 −1   −1 2 5  B2 = { (1, 2, 3), (1, -1, 1),(2, 1, 1)}
∴ T(e2) = (-1,0,2) +  , ,  =  , , 
 3 3 3   3 3 3
Solution : B1 = {( 1,1,1,2) ,(1,-1,0,0). (0,0,1,1),((0,1,0,0)}
The matrix of L.T .is
B2 = { (1,2,3), (1,-1,1),(2,1,1)}
2 −1  T (1,1,12) = (1+1+2+6, 1 + 1-2,1 + 2) = ( 10, 0, 3)
2 2 −1  3 3
3  
3 2 2 T (1,-1,0,0) = ( 1-1 +0 +0,1+0-0,1-2) = (0,1,-1)
 =
3

 −1 2 5 3 3
  T (0,0,1,1) = ( 0+ 0 +2 + 3,0 +1-1,0 + 0) = ( 5,0,0)
 −1
 3 3 3  5
 3 3  T ( 0,1,0,0) = ( 0 +1 + 0 +0,0+0-0,0+2) = (1,0,2)

9. Find the matrix of the linear transformation Now (10, 0, 3) = a(1, 2, 3) + b (1,-11) + c (2,1,1)

T:V3( R) → V2( R) defined by T(x,y,z) = ( x + y,y + z) w.r.t = (a + b +2c, 2a-b + c, 3a + b+c)

standard basis.
∴ a+b + 2c = 10, 2a-b + c = 0.3a + b +c = 3
Solution : the standard basis are (1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1).
−11 19 41
Solving for a, b, c, we get a = ,b = ,c = .
∴ T (1,0,0) = ( 1 + 0,0 + 0) = (1, 0) 9 9 9
T (0, 1, 0) = ( 0 + 1, 1 + 0) = (1, 1) −11 19 41
∴ (10, 0, 3) = (1, 2,3) + (1, −1,1) + ( 2,1,1)
T (0, 0, 1) = ( 0 + 0, 0 + 1) = (0, 1) 9 9 9

∴ The matrix of the linear transformation is (0, 1, -1) = a (1,2,3) + b (1,-1,1) + c(2,1,1)

= (a +b + 2c,2a-b+c,3a + b +c)
1 0 
1 1  1 1 0 
=   ∴ a +b +2c = 0, 2a –b + c = 1, 3a + b +c = 2
 
0 1  0 1 1 
Solving these equation ,we get
 Linear Algebra 99 100 College Mathematics VII

−2 −8 5
a = ,b = ,c = . 11. Find the linear transformation for the matrix
9 9 9
 −1 0 
−2 −8 5  
∴ (0,1,-1) = (1, 2,3) − (1, −1,1) + ( 2,1,1) A= 2 0 with respect to
 
9 9 9  1 3
Similarly we have
(i) B1 = {(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1) and B2 = {(1,0),(0,1)} and
(5,0,0) = ( a +b+ 2c,2a - b + c,3a + b + c)
(ii) B1 = {(1,2,0),(0,-1,0)(1,-1,1) and B2 = {(1,0),(2,-1)}
∴ a + b +2c= 5, 2a-b+c = 0, 3a + b + c = 2
Solution : (i) the given bases are:
−10 5 25
Solving these equations we get a = ,b = ,c =
9 9 9 B1 = {(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1) B2 = {(1,0),(0,1)}

−10 5 25  −1 0 
∴ (5,0,0) = (1, 2,3) + (1, −1,1) + ( 2,1,1)  
9 9 9 The matrix is A= 2 0
 
and (1, 0, 2) = ( a + b + 2c, 2a - b + c, 3a + b + c)  1 3

∴ a + b +2c = 1, 2a - b + c = 0, 3a + b+ c = 2 Define the linear transformation.

4 7 −1 T:V3(R ) → V2( R) by
Solving these equations we get a = ,b = ,c = .
9 9 9
T (1,0,0) = (-1) (1,0) + 0 (0,1) = (-1,0)
4 7 1
∴ (1,0,2) = (1, 2,3) + (1, −1,1) − ( 2,1,1) T(0,1,0) = 2(1,0) + 0(0,1) = (2,0)
9 9 9
T (0,0,1) = 1 (1,0)+ 3 (0,1) = (1,3)
∴ The matrix of the linear transformation is
∴ T (e1) = ( -1,0)
 −11 19 41
   −11 −2 −10 4  T (e2) = (2,0)
1  −2 −8 5  1
=
 19 −8 5 7 
9  −10 5 25 9 T (e3) = (1,3)
   41 5 25 −1
 4 7 −1
Now T (x,y,z) = T (x e1+ y e2+ z e3)
 Linear Algebra 101 102 College Mathematics VII

= x T (e1) + y T (e2) +z T (e3)

∴ T (1,-1,1) = T (e1-e2+e3)
= x(-1,0) + y (2,0) + z (1,3)
ie, T (e1) – T(e2) + T(e3) = (7, -3) ……….(3)
= (-x + 2y + z ,0+0 + 3z)
Solving the equations (1) ,(2) and (3) ,we get from (2)
= (-x + 2y + z,3z)
T(e2) = (-2, 0)
ie, T(x,y,z) = ( -x + 2y + z,3z)
from (1) T (e1) + 2T(e2) = (-1,0)
(ii) The bases are B1 = {(1,2,0),(0,-1,0),(1,-1,1)}
∴ T (e1) = (-1,0) – (-4,0) = (3, 0)
B2 = {(1,0),(2,-1)}.
from (3), we get (3, 0) + (2, 0) + T(e1) = (7, - 3)
Define the L.T : V3 ( R) → V2( R) by
∴ T(e1) = (7, -3)-(3, 0)- (2, 0)
T (1,2,0) = (-1)9(1,0) + 0(2,-1) = (-1,0)
ie,T(e3) = (2, -3)
T(0,-1,0) = 2(1,0) + 0(2,-1) = (2,0)
∴ T(x,y,z) = T (xe1 + ye2+z e3)
T(1,-1,1) = 1(1,0) + 3 (2,1) = (7,-3)
= xT(e1)+yT(e2) + zT(e3)
Now (1,2,0) = 1(1,0,0) + 2(0,1,0) + 0(0,01)
= x(3,0) + y (-2,0) + z (2,-3)
∴ T (1,2,0) = T ( 1e1+ 2e2 + 0e3)
= (3x- 2y +2z,-3z)
ie,T (e1) + 2T(e2) = (-1,0) ………….(1)
(12) Find the linear transformation or the matrix
(0,-1,0) = 0(1,0,0)- 1(0,1,0) + 0(0,0,1)
0 1 −1
= 0e1-1e2 +0e3 
A= 1 0 0  w.r.t

∴ T (0,-1,0) = T (0e1-1e2 + 0e3) 1 −1 0 

ie,-T(e2) = (2,0) …………..(2)

(i) Standard bases B1 = B2 = {e1,e2,e3}
(1,-1,1) = 1(1,0,0) –1(0,1,0) + 1(0,0,1)
(ii) B1= B2= {(0,1,-1),(-1,1,0),(-1,-1,0)}
= 1e1-1e2 + 1e3
 Linear Algebra 103 104 College Mathematics VII

Solution : (i) Bases B1= B2 = {e1, e2, e3}

ie, T(e2) – T(e3) = (0,2,0) …………(1)
Define the L.T ; T: V3 ( R) → V3 ( R) by
(-1,1,0) = -1.e1 + 1.e2 + 0.e3
T(e1) = T(1,0,0) = 0e1-1e2 + 1e3 = (0,1,-1)
∴ T(-1,1,0) = -T (e1)+ T(e2) + 0 T(e3)
T (e2) = T (0,1,0) = 1e1+0e2 + e3 = (1,0,0)
ie,-T(e1) + T(e2) = (0,1,-1) ………..(2)
T (e3) = T ( 0,0,1) = 1e1 – 1e2 + 0e3 = (1,-1,0)
(-1,-1,0) = -1. e1 –1. e2 + 0.e3
∴ T(e1) = (0,1,-1), T (e2) = (1,0,0), T (e3) = (1,-1,0)
∴ T (-1,-1,0) = - T (e1) -T(e2) + 0 T(e3)
T (x,y,z) = T (xe1+ye2 + ze3)
ie, - T (e1) -T(e2) = (1,0,-1) ………..(3)
= x T(e1) + y T (e2) + z T (e3)
Solving equation (1), (2), (3) we get
= x(0,1,-1) + y(1,0,0) + z (1,-1,0)
 −1 −1   −1 1 
ie, T(x,y,z) = (y + z, x-z, -x) is the required linear transformation. T (e1) =  , ,1 , T(e2) =  , , 0  ,
 2 2   2 2 
(ii) Bases B1 = B2 = {(0,1,-1),(-1,1,0),(-1,-1,0)}
 −1 −3 
T(e3) =  , ,0
Define the L.T T:V3 ( R) → V3( R) by  2 2 
T (0, 1,-1) = 0(0,1,-1) + 1(-1,1,0) –1(-1,-1,0) ∴ T (x,y,z) = T (xe1+ye2 + ze3)
= (0,2,0)
 −1 −1   −1 1   −1 −3 
=x  , ,1 + y  , , 0  + z  , , 0 
T(-1,1,0) = 1(0,1,-1) + 0 (-1,1,0) + 0 (-1,-1,0)  2 2   2 2   2 2 

= (0,1,-1)  x y z x y 3z 
i.e T (x,y,z) = − − − , − + − , x  is the
T(-1-10) = 1(0,1,-1) -1 (-1,1,0) + 0 (-1,-1,0)  2 2 2 2 2 2 
required
= (1,0,-1) 13. Find the linear transformation T : R 3 → R 2 corresponding to

Now (0,1,-1) = 0e1-1.e2 - 1e3  1 2 3

the matrix   w.r.t the bases
∴ T (0,1,-1) = 0 T(e1) + 1 T (e2) -1 T (e3)
 −1 1 0 
 Linear Algebra 105 106 College Mathematics VII

B1 = {(1, 0, 0 ) , ( 0,1, 0 ) , ( 0, 0,1)} to B2 = {( 2,1) , ( 3,1)} (A 04) T ( x, y ) =  x (1, 0 ) + y ( 0,1)  = x ( 2,1) + y ( −3,1)
Solution: T (1, 0, 0 ) = 1( 2,1) − 1( 3,1) = ( −1,0 ) = ( 2 x − 3 y, x + y )
T ( 0,1, 0 ) = 2 ( 2,1) + 1( 3,1) = ( 7,3) From the given basis B1 ,

T ( 0, 0,1) = 3 ( 2,1) − 0 ( 3,1) = ( 6,3) T (1,1) = ( 2 − 3,1 + 1) = ( −1, 2 ) =

1 3
(1,1) − (1, −1)
2 2
Let ( x, y , z ) ∈ R 3 5 5
T (1, −1) = ( 2 + 3,1 − 1) = ( 5, 0 ) = (1,1) + (1, −1)
2 2
( x, y, z ) = C1 (1, 0, 0 ) + C2 ( 0,1, 0 ) + C3 ( 0, 0,1) = ( C1 , C2 , C3 )
1 5
∴ C1 = x, C2 = y, C3 = z 2 2
∴ Required matrix Transformation is =  
∴ ( x, y, z ) = x (1, 0, 0 ) + y ( 0,1, 0 ) + z ( 0, 0,1)  −3 5
 2 2 
T ( x, y, z ) = xT (1, 0,0 ) yT ( 0,1, 0 ) zT ( 0, 0,1)
1 2
15. For the matrix   find the corresponding linear trans-
= x ( −1, 0 ) y ( 7,3) z ( 6,3) 3 4 
= ( − x + 7 y + 6 z , 3 y + 3z ) formation T : R 2 → R 2 w.r.t the bases {(1, 0 ) , (1,1)}
14. If the matrix of linear transformation T on V2 ( R ) relative to Let ( x, y ) ∈ R 2 , ( x, y ) = a1 (1,0 ) + b1 (1,1)
 2 −3  x = a1 + b1 , y = b, ∴ a1 = x − y ,
standard basis of V2 ( R ) is   then what is the matrix of T
1 1  ⇒ ( x, y ) = ( a + b, b )
{
relative to the basis B1 = (1,1) , (1, −1) } = ( x − y, y )
Solution : Let e1 & e2 are standard basis of V2 ( R ) for the given
⇒ ( x, y ) = ( x − y )(1, 0 ) + y (1,1)
Matrix T (1, 0 ) = 2 (1, 0 ) + 1( 0,1) = ( 2,1)
T ( x, y ) = ( x − y ) T (1, 0 ) + yT (1,1)
T ( 0,1) = −3 (1, 0 ) + 1( 0,1) = ( −3,1)
= ( x − y )( 4,3) + y ( 6, 4 )
For ( x, y ) ∈ V2 (R)
 Linear Algebra 107 108 College Mathematics VII

= ( 4 x − 4 y + 6 y, 3x − 3 y + 4 y ) Thus the matrix linear transformation is

2 2
= ( 4 x + 2 y, 3x + y ) 1 0  is  2 1 1
   2 0 1
This is the matrix transformation. 1 1   
16. Find the matrix of the linear transformation
17. Find the matrix of the linear transformation T : R 2 → R 3
T : V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) defined by T = ( x + y, y + z ) relative
defined
(i) standard bases of V3 ( R ) and V2 ( R )
by T ( x, y ) = ( 2 y − x, y, 3 y − 3x ) relative to bases
to bases

{ }
(ii) B1 = (1,1,1) , (1, 0, 0 ) (1,1, 0 ) of V3 R
B1 = {(1,1)( −1,1)} and B2 = {(1,1,1) , (1, −1,1)( 0, 0,1)}
(iii) B2 = {(1, 0 ) ( 0,1)} of V ( R )
2 Solution : T (1,1) = (1,1, 0 ) = a1 (1,1,1) , + a2 (1, −1,1) + a3 ( 0, 0,1)
Solution : case (i) e1 , e2 , e3 are the standard bases of
⇒ a1 + a2 = 1 a2 = 0, a1 + a2 + a3 = 0
V3 (R) & e1 & e2 are of V2 (R)
⇒ a1 = 1 a2 = 0, a3 = −1
T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = (1, 0 ) = 1(1, 0 ) + 0 ( 0,1)
T ( −1,1) = ( 3,1,6 ) = b1 (1,1,1) + b2 (1, −1,1) + b3 ( 0,0,1)
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1,0 ) = (1,1) = 1(1, 0 ) + 1( 0,1)
⇒ b1 + b2 = 3, b1 − b2 = 1, b1 − b2 + b3 = 6
T ( e3 ) = T ( 0, 0,1) = ( 0,1) = 0 (1, 0 ) + 1( 0,1)
⇒ b1 = 2, b2 = 1, b3 = 3
Thus the matrix linear transformation is
 1 2
1 0 −1
1 0  ∴ Matrix L.T. is   is  0 1 
1 1  is 1 1 0  2 1 3 
  0 1 1   −1 3 
0 1   
EXERCISE.
(ii) T (1,1,1) = ( 2, 2 ) = 2 (1, 0 ) + 2 ( 0,1)
1. Find the coordinates of the vector α ∈ R n relative to the
T (1, 0, 0 ) = (1, 0 ) = 1(1, 0 ) + 0 ( 0,1) ordered basis mentioned

T (1,1, 0 ) = (1,1) = 1(1, 0 ) + 1( 0,1) a) α = ( 3, −4 ) B = {(1, 0 ) , ( 0,1)}

 Linear Algebra 109 110 College Mathematics VII

b) α = ( −4, −1, 2 ) B = {(1,1,1) (1, 2,3) (1, 0, 0 )} (i) T : R 3 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 y + z , x − 4 y,3 x ) w.r.t

2. Find the matrix of the following transformation : the bases {(1,1,1) , (1,1, 0 ) , (1, 0, 0 )}
(i) T : V2 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) defined by T ( x, y ) = ( 3 x, x − y )
(ii) T : R 2 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( − x + 2 y, y,3 y − 3 x ) w.r.t.
(ii) T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( z − 2 y, x + 2 y − z )
{
the bases B1 = (1, 2 )( −2,1) , B2 = } {( −1, 0, 2 ) , (1, 2,3) , (1, −1, −1)}
(iii) T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, 2 y 2 y − x )
(iii) T : R 2 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( x, y, 0 ) w.r.t the standard
(iv) T : R 2 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( 3 x − y, 2 x + 4 y, 5 x − 6 y ) bases
(v) T : R 2 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 2 y − z , (iv) T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( x + 4 y, 2 x − 3 y ) w.r.t

y + z, x + y − 2 z ) B1 = {e1 , e2 } B2 = {(1,3)( 2,5 )}

(vi) T : R 3 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( 3 x − 2 y + z , x − 3 y − 2 z ) 6. For the matrix and the bases find the matrix transformation

3. Find the matrix for the following 1 −1 0 2 ′

(i)   w.r.t the standard bases
a) T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( −1,1) = ( −1, 0, 2 ) T ( 2,1) = (1, 2,1)  3 4 1 −4 

b) T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( 2,1) = ( 3, 4 ) T ( −3, 4 ) = ( 0,5 )  1 3 ′

(ii)  −1 1  w.r.t the standard bases of R3 and R2
4. Find the matrix of the following :-  
 2 0 
(i) T : R 3 → R 2 defined by T ( e1 ) = 2 f1 − 2 f 2 , T ( e2 ) = f1 + 2 f 2 ,
7. For the following matrices and bases, determine the linear
T ( e3 ) = 0 where {e1 , e2 e3 } and { f1 , f 2 } are standard basis of
transformation, such that the matrix is the matrix of T w.r.t the
3 2
R and R bases
(ii) T : R → R defined by T (1,1,1) = (1,1,1) T (1, 2, 3 ) = ( −1, 2, 3 )
3 3
 2 1
  B1 = {( −2,1)(1, 2 )}
and T (1,1, 2 ) = ( 2, 2, 4 ) (i) 0 1 w.r.t
 
 3 3
(iii) T : R 2 → R 3 defined by T ( −1,1) = ( −1, 0, 2 ) , T ( 2,1) = (1, 2,1)
B2 = {(1, −1, −1) , (1, 2,3) , ( −1, 0, 2 )}
5. Find the matrix of the following transformation
 Linear Algebra 111 112 College Mathematics VII

1 0 0   3 −6 6 
     −1 0 1  1 0 0 
(ii) 0 1 0 w.r.t a) Standard bases 5) (i) 3 −6 5 (ii)   (iii)  
   
0 0 1   2 −2 −1  3 1 2 0 1 0 

{
b) B1 = (1,1,1)(1, 0, 0 )( 0,1, 0 ) }  −1 −2 6
(iv)  
 1 1 5
B2 = {(1, 2,3)(1, −1,1)( 2,1,1)}
6) (i) T ( x, y, z , t ) = ( x − y + 2t , 3 x + 4 y + 2 z − 4t )
1 0 −1
(iii)   w.r.t B1 = {(1,1)( −1,1)} (ii) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x − y − 2 z , 3 x + y )
2 1 3 
B2 = {(1,1,1)(1, −1,1)( 0, 0,1)}  2 x + 4 y − x − 2 y −17 x + y 
7) (i) T ( x, y ) =  , , 
Answers
 5 5 5 
 7x + 9 y −12 x − 4 y 
 1
a)  −
7
b) ( −7, 3, 0 ) T ( x, y ) =  , x , 
1)   5 5 
 2 2
(ii) a) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x, y, z )
 0 1 1 0 −1
3 1     
2) (i)   (ii) −2 2 (iii) 1 2 2 b) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + 2 y − 2 z , − x + y + 2 z , x + y + z )
   
0 −1  1 1  0 0 0 
(iii) T ( x, y ) = ( 2 y − x, y, 3 y − 3x ) .
 1 0 1 3 1
 3 2 5    
(iv) 
−  (v)  2 1 1  (vi)  −2 −3 1.12 : Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation
 1 4 6   −1 1 2   1 −2 
To a linear transformation T : U → V, we associate two
1  2 2 −1 1 12 11  sets called the Range space and the null space .
3) a)   b)
3  −1 2 5  11  9 22  Definition : Let T : U → V be a linear transformation
.then the range of T is the set of all images of the elements of U
 2 −1 4 1 8  under T, and is denoted by R (T) i.e. R (T) = { T( α ) : α ∈ U },
    1  2 2 −1
4) (i) 1 2 (ii) −4 −1 −10 (iii)  R (T) is also called the range space. Clearly R(T) ⊆ V.
    3  −1 2 5 
 0 0   1 1 3 
 Linear Algebra 113 114 College Mathematics VII

Definition : Let T : U → V be a linear transformation.

Then the kernel of T is the set of all elements of U whose images ∴ k v1 ∈ R(T)
under T are 0′ the zero elements of V, and is denoted by
N(T).N(T) is also called the null space. ∴ R(T) is closed under addition and scalar multiplication.

i.e, N(T) is non-empty Q 0 ∈ U:T (0) = 0’ and N(T) ⊆ U. Hence R(T) is a subspace of V.

Theorem 1: If T : U → V is a linear transformation, then R(T) is a (ii) Let u1,u2 ∈ N (T)

subspace of V and N(T) is a subspace of U.
∴ T(u1) = 0’and T(u2) = 0’
Proof : (i) To prove that R(T) is a subspace of V.
Now T (u1+u2) = T(u1)+ T(u2) Q T is linear .
Let v1,v2 ∈ R(T)
= 0′ + 0′ = 0′
∴ there exist u1,u2∈ U such that
∴ u1+u2 ∈ N (T)
T(u1) = v1 and T(u2) = v2.
Let c be a scalar .
Now , v1 + v2 = T(u1)+ T(u2) = T (u1+u2) Q T is linear .
T(cu1) = cT (u1) Q T is linear .
= T(u) where u = u1+u2 ∈ U.
= c. 0′ = 0′
∴ there exist some vector u ∈ U such that
∴ c u1 ∈ N (T)
T(u) = v1 + v2
∴ N(T) is closed w.r.t addition and scalar multiplication.
∴ v1 + v2 ∈ R(T)
∴ N(T) is a subspace of U.
Let k be any scalar.
Theorem 2 : Let T:U → V be a linear transformation . Then T
Then k v1 ∈ V since V is a vector space . is one-one if and only if N(T) = {0} where 0 is the zero
elements of U
∴ k v1 = k T (u1) since v1 ∈ R(T).
Proof : I part : Let T be one-one .
= T (ku1) since T is a linear.
∴ T( α 1) = T( α 2) ⇒ α 1 = α 2 , ∀ α 1 , α 2 ∈ U
∴ there exists an elements ku1 ∈ U such that k v1 = k T (u1)
Let α ∈ N (T)
 Linear Algebra 115 116 College Mathematics VII

∴ T( α ) = 0′ space R (T) is called the rank of T and is denoted by R (T) and the
dimension of the null space (or the kernel) of T is called the
But T(0) = 0′ nullity of T and is denoted by n (T).

∴ T( α ) = T(0) Theorem 3 : Let T:U → V be a linear transformation .If the

vectors α 1, α 2,…….. α n generates U then the vectors. T
This ⇒ α = 0 as T is one-one. ( α 1) ,T ( α 2),…………T( α n) generates R (T).

∴ we have proved that it α ∈ N (T) then α = 0. Proof : Let S = { α 1, α 2,…….. α n}

∴ N (T) = {0} Since S spans U, every vector α ∈ U can be expressed as a

linear combination of the vectors α 1, α 2,…. α n.
II part : let N(T) ={0}
Now T ( α 1) ,T ( α 2),…………T( α n) ∈ R(T)
T( α 1) = T( α 2) Since R (T) is a subspace , any linear combination of these vectors
is also in R(T)
⇒ T( α 1) - T( α 2) = 0’ Let β ∈ R(T) . This implies that there exists an α ∈ U such that
T( α ) = β .
⇒ T( α 1) +(- T( α 2)) = 0’
Since α ∈ U, α = c1 α 1+ c2 α 2,+…….. +cn α n .
⇒ T( α 1) + T(- α 2) = 0’ since - T( α 2) = T(- α 2). Since β ∈ R (T), β =T( α )= T(c1 α 1+ c2 α 2,+….. +cn α n )
= c1T( α 1)+ c2T( α 2),+…….. +cnT( α n)
⇒ T( α 1- α 2) = 0’since T is linear since T is linear .
∴ β ∈ R(T) ⇒ β = a linear combination of
⇒ α 1- α 2 ∈ N (T). T( α 1),T( α 2),…….. T( α n)
ie, β ∈ R (T) ⇒ β is in the linear span of T( α 1),T( α 2),……..
But N(T) = {0} consisting of only elements 0
T( α n)
∴ α 1- α 2 = 0 ∴ R (T) is in the span of T( α 1),T( α 2),…….. T( α n).
∴ T T( α 1),T( α 2),…….. T( α n) generates R(T)
∴ α 1= α 2
Remark : From the above theorem, to find the range and rank of T,
Hence T ( α 1) = T ( α 2) ⇒ α 1= α 2
find the matrix A of the linear transformation and reduce it to echelon
form E.
∴ T is one-one . Then (a) The basis of R (T) is the set of non-zero rows of E.
(b) The rank of T = dimension of R(T)
Definition : If T:U → V is a linear transformation from a vector = number of non-zero rows of E.
space U into another vector space V, the dimension of the range
 Linear Algebra 117 118 College Mathematics VII

Theorem 4 : Rank - nullity Theorem : ⇒ c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,………. +cs β s ∈ N (T)

Let T : U → V be a linear transformation and U be a finite ∴ c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,………. +cs β s can be expressed as a linear
dimensional vector space . Then
combination of the elements of the basis B1 of N ( T ).
dim R(T) + dim N(T) = dim U.
i.e., r (T) + n (T) = dim U. Or rank + nullity = dim (domain) ∴ c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,………. +cs β s = d1 α 1,+ d2 α 2,
+…….. +dn α n.
Proof : Let U be a vector space of dimension m. ⇒ d1 α 1,+ d2 α 2,+…….. +dn α n - C1 β 1- C2 β 2,-……-Cs β s = 0
i. e., dim U = m. Since B2 is a basis of U it is linearly independent.
Since N (T) is a subspace of the finite dimensional vector ∴ d1 = 0, d2 = 0, ………dn 0, c1= 0 ,c2 = 0,………cs = 0
space U, dimension of N (T) is also finite. ∴ c1 T( β 1) +c2 T( β 2),………. +cs T( β s) = 0
Let dim [N(T)] = n ie, nullity n (T) = n. ⇒ c1= 0 ,c2 = 0,…..cs = 0
Since N(T) is a subspace of U,n ≤ m. ∴ S is linearly independent .
Let β 1 = { α 1, α 2,…….. α n} be a basis of N (T) ∴ S is a basis of R (T)
∴ β 1 is linearly independent in U. ∴ dim [R(T)]= s
We shall extend this set β 1 to a basis of the vector space U. Hence from (1) we get
Let this basis of U be dim [N(T) + dim [R(T)] = dim U
i.e., n(T) + r(T) = m
β 2 = { α 1, α 2,…….. α n, β 1, β 2,………. β s}
or rank + nullity = dim (domain)
Clearly n + s = m .
Now T( α 1),T( α 2),…….. T( α n) , T( β 1), T( β 2),………. Worked Examples :
T( β s) ∈ R ( T)
But T( α 1) = 0′ T( α 2) = 0’….. T( α n) = 0′ (1) Find the range space, kernel, rank and nullity of the following
since α 1, α 2,…….. α n, ∈ N ( T ) linear transformation .Also verify the rank-nullity theorem.
Let S = { T( β 1), T( β 2),………. T( β s)} T : V2( R) → V2( R) defined by T (x1,x2) = (x1 + x2, x1)
We shall show that this set S of s vector is a basis of R ( T ). Solution : we shall find the matrix of T w.r.t. the standard
(i) S spans R ( T ) basis { (1,0,),(0,1)} of V2 ( R)
Since β 2 is a basis of U, it spans U.
Hence the set { T( α 1),T( α 2),…… T( α n) , T( β 1), T(1,0) = ( 1 + 0,1) = ( 1,1)
T( β 2),………. T( β s)}spans R (T)
Since T( α 1) = 0, T( α 2) = 0,….. T( α n) = 0 T (0,1) = (0 + 1,0) = (1,0)
∴ the set S = { T( β 1), T( β 2),………. T( β s)}spans R(T).
1 1 
(ii) S is linearly independent. ∴ The matrix A of T is  
Consider c1 T( β 1) +c2 T( β 2),………. +cs T( β s) = 0 1 0 
⇒ T (c1 β 1 +c2 β 2,………. +cs β s ) = 0 Q T is linear,
 Linear Algebra 119 120 College Mathematics VII

1 1  1 1  Hence the rank – nullity theorem is verified.

A=  ~  R2 – R1
1 0  0 −1 2. Verify Rank – nullity theorem for the linear transformation

This is in echelon form T : V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) defined by

T ( x, y , z ) = ( y − x, y − z)
There are two non-zero rows.

∴ rank of T = 2 Solution : e1 , e2 , e3 , ∈ V3 ( R )

Hence R(T) is the subspace generated by (1, 1) and (0,-1). T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = ( −1, 0 ) = α1
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1, 0 ) = (1,1) = α 2
∴ R(T) = {x1 (1,1) + x2 (0,-1)}
T ( e3 ) = T ( 0,0,1) = ( 0, −1) = α 3
= {(x1,x1) + (0,- x2)}
 −1 0  1 0  1 0 1 0 
= { x1, x1- x2} for x1, x2 ∈ R       R3 − Rur2 0 1 
Consider
 1 1 − R2 − Rr1 0 1  uuuuuuu
R1 1 1  uuuuuuu
uuur
ie., the range space = {x1, x1 – x2 } = V2(R)  0 −1 0 1  0 1  0 0 

To find N(T) The final matrix is in echelon form. It has two non-zero rows
∴ dim R ( T ) = 2
Let T (x1, x2) = 0
R (T ) = {(1, 0 ) , ( 0,1)} ∈ V2 ( R ) = Range space.
⇒ (x1 + x2, x1) = (0,0)
To find nullity : T ( x, y, z ) = ( 0,0 )
⇒ x1 + x2 = 0, x1 = 0
⇒ ( y − x, y − z ) = ( 0, 0 )
⇒ x1 = 0, x2 = 0. ⇒ y − x = 0 and y−z =0
∴ N(T) contains only zero element of V2 ( R) ⇒x= y=z

∴ N(T) = {(0,0,0)} ,i.e, the null space = {(0,0,0)} ∴ The null space N ( T ) = {( x, x, x ) x ∈ R}
∴ dim [N(T)] = 0 i.e, nullity = 0. ∴ Nullity = N ( T ) = 1.
Thus Rank + Nullity = 2 + 1 = 3 = Dim ( V3 (R) )
∴ Rank + nullity = 2 + 0 = 2 = dim V2 ( R)
 Linear Algebra 121 122 College Mathematics VII

3. Find the linear transformation T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) = x [1,1, 0] + y ( 0,1,1) + z (1, 2,1)

whose image space ( range ) is spanned by {(1, 0, −1) , (1, 2, 2 )} = ( x + z, x + y + 2 z, y + z)

Solution : The L.T can be determined when the images of the 5. Find a L.T V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) whose kernel is spanned by
Vectors belonging to a basis of V3 ( R ) is known.
{(1,1,1) , (1, 2, 2 )}
Let T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = (1, 0, −1)
Solution : T (1,1, −1) = ( 0, 0, 0 ) = T (1, 2, 2 )
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1, 0 ) = (1, 2, 2 )
{
∴ consider s = (1,1, −1)(1, 2, 2 ) , (1, 0,0 )( 0,1,0 )( 0, 0,1) }
T ( e3 ) = T ( 0,0,1) = ( 0, 0, 0 )
span V3 ( R ) but linearly dependent.
∴ T ( x, y, z ) = T [ xe1 + ye2 + ze3 ]
Let ( x, y, z ) = c1 (1,1, −1) + c2 (1, 2, 2 ) + c3 (1, 0, 0 )
= xT ( e1 ) + yT ( e2 ) + zT ( e3 )
x = c1 + c2 + c3 , y = c1 + 2c2 , z = −c1 + 2c2 + 0
= x (1, 0, −1) + y (1, 2, 2 ) + z ( 0, 0, 0 )
y+z
from y & z , 4c2 = y + z ⇒ c2 =
= ( x + y, 2 y, − x + 2 y ) − (1) 4
( 1 ) is the required transformation.  y+z y−z
c2 = y − 2c2 = y −  =
4. Find the linear transformation T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) whose  2  2
∴ c3 = x − c1 − c2
image space is spanned by {(1,1, 0 ) , ( 0,1,1)(1, 2,1)}
 y−z  y+z
Solution : Let T ( e1 ) = T (1, 0, 0 ) = (1,1, 0 ) = x − − 
 2   4 
T ( e2 ) = T ( 0,1,0 ) = ( 0,1,1) =
4x − 2 y + 2z − y − z 4x − 3 y + z
=
4 4
T ( e3 ) = T ( 0, 0,1) = (1, 2,1)
∴T ( x, y, z ) = c1T (1,1, −1) + c2T (1, 2, 2 ) + c3T (1, 0, 0 )
∴ T ( x, y , z ) = T [ xe1 + ye2 + ze3 ]

= xT ( e1 ) + yT ( e2 ) + zT ( e3 )
 Linear Algebra 123 124 College Mathematics VII

1 1 2 
 
~ 0 −2 −2 ( R2- R1)
 y−z y+z 4x − 3 y + z
=  T (1,1, −1) + T (1, 2, 2 ) + T (1, 0, 0 )  
 2  4 4 0 0 1 

This is in the echelon form and there are three non-zero rows .
 y−z y+z 4x − 3 y + z
=  T (1,1, −1) + T (1, 2, 2 ) + T (1, 0, 0 ) ∴ dim [R(T) ] = 3 .ie, rank of T= 3
 2  4 4

 y−z y+z 4x − 3 y + z ∴ R(T) = the subspace generated by (1,1,2),(0,-2,-2),(0,0,1)

=  ( 0, 0, 0 ) + ( 0, 0, 0 ) + ( 0, 0,1)
 2  4 4
= x1 (1,1,2) + x2 (0,-2,-2) + x3(0,0,1)
 4 x − 3 y + zx 
=  0, 0,  − (1) = (x1,x1-2x2,2x1- 2x2+x3) : x1,x2,x3 ∈ R
 4 
(1) is the required transformation. ie, the range space = {( x1,x1-2x2,2x1- 2x2+x3) : x1,x2,x3 ∈ R}

6. T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = ( x + y, x – y, 2x + z) . Find = R3.

To find N(T)
the range space, null space ,rank and nullity of T and verify rank Consider T(x1, x2, x3) = ( x1 + x2, x1 – x2, 2x1 + x3) = (0, 0, 0)

of T + nullity of T = dim(R3). ⇒ x1 + x2 = 0, x1 – x2 = 0 2x1 + x3 = 0

Solution : Let us find the matrix of A of the linear transformation ⇒ x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0.

w.r.t. the standard basis{ (1, 0, 0), (0, 1,0), (0,01)} ∴ T (x1, x2, x3) = {(0, 0, 0)} consisting of only zero
T (1, 0, 0) = ( 1 +0,1- 0, 2 + 0) = (1, 1, 2) elements.

T (0, 1, 0) = (0 + 1, 0-1, 0 + 0) = (1, -1, 0) ∴ dim [N(T)] = 0 ie, nullity = 0

T (0, 0, 1) = (0 + 0, 0 - 0, 0 + 1) = (0, 0, 1) and N(T) = {(00,0)}ie., the null space = {( 0,0,0)}.

1 1 2  Rank + nullity = 3 + 0 =3= dim [R3]

∴ 
The matrix A of T is A = 1 −1 0

  Hence the rank – nullity theorem is verified
0 0 1 
 Linear Algebra 125 126 College Mathematics VII

7. T: V3( R) → V4 ( R) is defined by To find N(T)

T (e1) = (0,1,0,2), T(e2) = ( 0,1,1,0), T (e3) = ( 0,1,-1,4) T(x1, x2, x3) = 0

Find range space , null space ,rank and nullity of T and verify the ⇒ T[x1 ( 1, 0, 0) + x2 (0,1,0) + x3 (0, 0, 1) ] = (0,0,0,0)
rank nullity theorem. ( M 2002)
⇒ x1 T (1,0,0) + x2 T (0,1,0) + x3 T (0,0,1) = (0,0,0,0)
Solution : The matrix A of L.T is
⇒ x1 ( 0,1,0,2) + x2 (0,1,1,0) + x3 (0,1,-1,4) = (0,0,0,0)
0 1 0 2 
  ⇒ (0, x1+ x2 + x3 , x2 – x3 , 2x1 + 4x3 ) = (0,0,0,0)
A= 0 1 1 0
 
0 1 −1 4  ⇒ x1+ x2 + x3 = 0, x2 – x3 = 0, 2x1 + 4x3 = 0.

0 1 0 2  ⇒ x1 = -2x3, x2 = x3,x3 = x3.

 
~ 0 0 1 −2 R2-R1 and R3 – R1.
  ∴ N(T) = { ( -2x3 , x3, x3) : x3 ∈ R}.
0 0 −1 2 
∴ dim [N(T)] = 1 i.e, nullity of T = 1.
0 1 0 2  ∴ rank of T + nullity of T = 2+1 = 3 = dim [V3 ( R) ].
 
~ 0 0 1 −2 ( R3 + R2)
  Hence the rank – nullity theorem is verified .
0 0 0 0 
8. T:V3 ( R) → V2 ( R) is defined by
This is in the echelon form.
T (e1) = (2,1); T(e2) = ( 0,1); T (e3) = ( 1,1)
There are two non- zero rows in this :
Find the range space , kernel ,rank and nullity of T and verify
Hence dim [R(T)] = 2 i.e., rank of T = 2.
Rank + nullity = dim (domain)
R(T) = The subspace generated by ( 0,1,0,2) and (0,0,1,-2).
Solution : The matrix of T w.r.t. {e1,e2,e3} is
= {x1 (0, 1, 0, 2) + x2 (0, 0, 1, -2x) : x1,x2 ∈ R}

= { (0, x1, x2, 2x1 – 2x2) : x1, x2 ∈ R}

 Linear Algebra 127 128 College Mathematics VII

 2 1 1 1 9. Determine the linear transformation T:V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R)

   
A = 0 1 ~ 0 1 R1 ↔ R3
whose images are generated by the vectors (0,1),(1,1).
   
1 1  2 1 Solution : consider the standard basis {(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)} of
V3 ( R)
Defines T (1,0,0) = (0,1)
1 1  1 1 
 
~ 0 1 R3 ↔ 2 R1
 
~ 0 1 R3 + R2 .
T (0,1,0) = (!,1)
   
0 −1 0 0  T ( 0,0,1) = ( 0,0)
T(x,y,z) = T [x(1,0,0) + y (0,1,0) + z (0,0,1)]
This is in echelon form and there are 2non-zero rows in it . = x T (1,0,0) + y T (0,1,0) + z T (0,0,1)
∴ dim [R(T)] = 2 i.e, rank of T = 2.
= x (0,1) + y (1,1) + z (0,0)
∴ Range space = { x1(1.1) + x2 (0.1)}
= ( 0+ y + 0, x + y + 0)
= { (x1,x1+ x2): x1,x2 ∈ R}.
ie, T(x,y,z) = (y,x + y)
To find kernel,
10. Find the linear transformation T:R4 → R3 whose null space is
T (x1,x2,x3) = T [x1e1+ x2e2 + x3e3] generated by ( 1,2,0,-4) , (2,0,-1,-3).
= x1 T(e1)+ x2 T(e2) + x3 T(e3)
Solution : Define T: R4 → R3 such that
= x1 (2,1) + x2 (0,1) + x3 (1,1)
= ( 2x1 + x3 , x1 + x2 + x3) T ( 1, 2, 0, -4) = ( 0, 0, 0) and T (2, 0, -1, -3) = (0, 0, 0)
T (x1,x2,x3) = 0 ⇒ (2x1 + x3, x1 + x2 + x3) = (0,0) Consider the basis of R4 with (1, 2, 0, -4) and (2, 0, -1, -3)

⇒ 2x1 + x3 = 0, x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 As two vectors and including (1, 0, 0, 0), (0,1,0,0),(0,0,0,1) and

⇒ x1 = x1, x2 = x1 , x3 = -2x1 (0,0,0,1)to them .

∴ T (x1,x2,x3) = 0 ⇒ (x1,x2,x3) =( x1, x1, - 2 x1) i. e, S = {(1,2,0,-4) , (2,0,-1,-3), ( 1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,0),(0,0,0,1) ,

∴ N(T) = { (x1, x1, - 2 x1) : x1 ∈ R}. (0,0,0,1)} spans R4 but linearly dependent .

in particular ,if x1 = 1 ,N ( T) = {(1,1,-2)} To make it linearly independent , delet those vectors in S

which can be expressed as linear combination of the preceding
∴ dim N ( T ) = 1 i.e, nullity of T = 1 ones, so that we get the required basis
∴ rank + nullity = 2 + 1 = 3 = dim (domain)
Consider ( 2,0,-1,-3) = a ( 1,2,0,-4)
Hence the rank –nullity theorem is verified.
⇒ ( 2,0,-1,-3) = ( a,2a,0,-4a)
Linear Algebra 129 130 College Mathematics VII

⇒ a = 2 ,2a = 0 ,0 = -1,-4a = -3 which is impossible ⇒ x1T (1, 2, 0, −4 ) + x2T ( 2, 0, −1, −3) + x3T (1, 0, 0, 0 )
Consider ( 1,0,0,0) = a ( 1, 2, 0, -4) + b (2, 0, -1,-3) + x4T ( 0,1, 0, 0 ) = ( 0, 0, 0 )
= ( a + 2b, 2a, -b, -4a - 3b) ⇒ x1 ( 0, 0,0 ) + x2 ( 0, 0, 0 ) + x3 (1, 0, 0 ) + x4 ( 0,1,0 ) = ( 0, 0, 0 )
⇒ a + 2b = 1, 2a = 0,-b = 0, -4a –3b = 0. ⇒ ( x3 , x4 , 0 ) = ( 0, 0,0 )
⇒ a = 1,a = 0,b = 0, which is impossible. ⇒ x3 = 0, x4 = 0
∴ ( x1 , x2 , x3, x4 ) = ( x1 , x2 , 0, 0 )
= x1 (1, 0, 0, 0 ) + x2 ( 0,1, 0, 0 )
Consider (0,1,0,0) = a (1,2,0,-4) + b ( 2,0,-1,-3) + c ( 1,0,0,0)
⇒ ( 0,1,0,0) = ( a + 2b + c, 2a,-b, -4a –3b)
∴ N ( T ) is spanned by {(1, 0, 0, 0 ) , ( 0,1, 0, 0 )} which is L.I
⇒ a + 2b + c = 0, 2a = 1,-b = 0,-4a –3b = 0.
∴ nullity of T = 2.
1 But (1, 2, 0, −4 ) , ( 2, 0, −1, −3) also belong to N ( T ) and are L.I.
⇒ a = , b = 0, a = 0 which is impossible
2 Hence they form a basis of N ( T )
Consider ( 0,0,1,0) = a ( 1,2,0,-4) + b (2,0,-1,-3) + c (1,0,0,0) ∴ N ( T ) is generated by (1, 2, 0, −4 ) and ( 2, 0, −1, −3)
+ d (0,1,0,0)
1.13 Singular and non-singular linear transformation.
⇒ ( 0,0,1,0) = ( a + 2b + c, 2a + d, -b,-4a-3b)
⇒ a + 2b + c = 0, 2a + d = 0,-b = 1,-4a –3b = 0 Definition : Let U and V be two vector spaces over the same
field F. A linear transformation T : U → V is said to be singular,
3 5 −3 If there exists a non-zero vector α such that T (α) = 0′ and
⇒ a= ,b = -1, c = , d = .
4 4 2 T : U → V is said to be non-zero vector of V.
∴ ( 0, 0,1, 0 ) is expressed as a linear combination of its
Theorem 1 : A linear transformation T : U → V of vector spaces
preceding ones.
U and V over the same field F, is non-singular if
Hence (1, 2, 0, −4 )( 2, 0, −1, −3)(1, 0, 0, 0 )( 0,1, 0, 0 ) is a basis of and only if T maps every linearly independent
R4 subset of U onto a Linearly independent subset of
For this basis T : R 4 → R 3 is defined as V
Proof : (i) Let T be non-singular.
T (1, 2, 0, −4 ) = ( 0, 0, 0 ) T ( 2, 0, −1, −3) = ( 0, 0, 0 )
Let S = {α1 , α 2 LLLα } be a linearly independent subset of U.
T (1, 0, 0, 0 ) = (1, 0, 0 ) T ( 0,1, 0, 0 ) = ( 0,1, 0 )
∴ T is linear.
We shall show that {T (α ) , T (α )LLLT (α )} is
1 2 n linearly
independent.
T ( x1 , x2 , x3, x4 ) = ( 0, 0, 0 )
Consider a1T (α1 ) + a2T (α 2 ) + LLL + anT (α n ) = 0′
 Linear Algebra 131 132 College Mathematics VII

⇒ T ( a1α1 + a2α 2 + LLL + anα n ) = 0′ Q T is linear. Cor I : A linear transformation on a finite dimensional vector
space is onto if and only if T is non-singular
⇒ Ta1α1 + a2α 2 + LLL + anα n = 0′ Q T is non-singular
⇒ a1 = 0, a2 = 0LLL an = 0′ Q S is L.I. Proof : T is invertible iff T is one-one and onto and T is one-
one and onto if and only if T is non-singular.
∴ S ′ is linearly independent.
Cor 2 : Let U and V be two finite dimensional vector speaces
(ii) Conversely, let T map every linearly independent subset of
ofve the same field F and let T be a linear transformation from U onto
U onto a linearly independent subset of V.
V. Then dim U=dim V if and only if T is non-singular.
If α is a non-zero vector of U, then {α } is L.I and hence by
{ }
hypothesis T (α ) is L.I. Proof : Since dim U = dim[R(T)] + dim[N(T) ]

Consequently, T (α ) ≠ 0′ ∴ dim U = dim V ⇔ dim U = dim [R(T)] Q R(T) = V.

Hence T (α ) = 0′ ⇒ α = 0 ⇔ dim[N(T) ] = 0

∴ T is non-singular. ⇔ dim N(T) = 0

Theorem 2: A linear transformation T : U → V is an ⇔ T is non-singular.
Isomorphism if and only if T is non-singular.
Proof : (i) Let T be an isomorphism
∴ T is one-one. Worked Examples
Let α ∈ U and T (α ) = 0′ 1. Give an example of a linear map which is one – one but not
But T ( 0 ) = 0′ onto
∴ T (α ) = T ( 0 ) ⇒ α = 0 Let P(t) be a vector space of polynomials over the field of Reals.
∴ T (α ) = 0′ ⇒ α = 0. Define T : p ( t ) → p ( t ) by T (α ) = tα ∀α ∈ p ( t )
∴ T is non-singular.
T is one –one Q T (α ) = tα ∀α ∈ p ( t )
(ii) Conversely, let T be non-singular.
⇒ tα = t β
⇒ T (α ) − T ( β ) = 0 ⇒α = β
⇒ T (α − β ) = 0 Q T is linear T is not onto Q there exist no polynomial α such
⇒ α − β = 0 Q T is non-singular T (α ) = p ( t )
⇒α = β .
2. Show that T = R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( x − y, x − 2 y )
∴ T is one-one.
 Linear Algebra 133 134 College Mathematics VII

is non – singular and find its inverse. 1. Show that each of the following L.T is non – singular and find
Solution : Given T ( x, y ) = ( x − y , x − 2 y ) its inverse
a) T : R 3 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y + z , y + z , z )
If ( x − y, x − 2 y ) = ( 0, 0 )

⇒ x − y = 0, x − 2 y = 0 b) T : R 3 → R 3 defined by T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + z , x + y + z , y + z )

⇒x= y=0 c) T : R 3 → R 3 defined by

∴ T is non – singular T ( x, y , z ) = ( x + y − 2 z , x + 2 y + z , 2 x + 2 y − 3 z )
Let T −1
( x1 , x2 ) = ( y1 , y2 )
⇒ ( x1 , x2 ) = T ( y1 , y2 ) Answers

⇒ ( x1 , x2 ) = ( y1 − y2 , y1 − 2 y2 ) 1. a) T-1 = ( x – y, y – z, z) b) T-1 = ( y – z, y – x, x – y + z)

⇒ y1 − y2 = x1 , y1 − 2 y2 = x2 c) T-1 = ( - 8x – y + 5z, 5x + y – 3z, z – 2x )

⇒ y2 = x1 − x2 , y1 = 2 x1 − x2
1.14 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of a linear transformation
∴T −1 ( x1 , x2 ) = ( 2 x1 − x2 , x1 − x2 ) − (1)
Definition : Let A be a square matrix over a field. F. The
(1) is the required inverse matrix A - λ I where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of
3. Give an example of a linear map which is onto but not one – A and λ is an indeterminat, is called the Characteristic matrix of A.
one.
Definition : If A is a square matrix of order n x n then the
Solution : Let p ( t ) : set of polynomials over the field R determinant A − λ I is a non-zero polynomial of degree n in λ .
This polynomial is called the Characteristic polynomial of A.
dα
Define T : p ( t ) → p ( t ) by T (α ) = ∀ α ∈ p (t )
dt Definition : The equation A − λI = 0 is called the
It is onto but not one – one because Characteristic equation of A or Eigen equation of A.
T ( 2x + 4x + 7) = T ( 2x + 4x − 7)
2 2
Definition : The roots of the characteristic equation A − λ I
⇒ 2x + 4x + 7 ≠ 2x + 4x − 7
2 2 = 0 are called the Characteristic roots or Eigen Values of A.

EXERCISE
 Linear Algebra 135 136 College Mathematics VII

a11 a12 ......... a1n 7−λ 6

∴ A − λI = 0 ⇒ =0
a21 a22 ......... a2 n 5 8−λ
If A = ............................. ⇒ (7 − λ )(8 − λ ) − 30 = 0
............................. ⇒ λ 2 − 15λ + 26 = 0
⇒ (λ − 2)(λ − 13) = 0
an1 an 2 ......... ann
⇒ λ = 2, λ = 13
Then A − λ I = 0
1 0 −1
a11 − λ a12 ......... a1n  
(ii) Let A = 1 2 1
a21 a22 − λ ......... a2 n  
 2 2 3 
⇒ ............................. =0
1 − λ 0 −1 
............................. 
∴ A − λI =  1 2−λ 1 
an1 an 2 ......... ann − λ
 2 2 3 − λ 
⇒ (a11 − λ )(a22 − λ )................(ann − λ ) + terms with atmost (n-2) A − λ I ⇒ (1 − λ )[(2 − λ )(3 − λ ) − 2] − 1[2 − 2(2 − λ )] = 0
factors of the form aii − λ ⇒ (1 − λ )(λ 2 − 5λ + 4) − (−2 + 2λ ) = 0
∴ c(λ ) = (−1)n [λ n + cn −1λ n −1 + cn − 2 λ n − 2 + ......... + c1λ + c0 ] = 0 ⇒ λ 2 − 5λ + 4 − λ 3 + 5λ 2 − 4λ + 2 − 2λ = 0
where cn −1 , cn − 2 ....................c1 , c0 are constant. ⇒ −λ 3 + 6λ 2 − 11λ + 6 = 0
⇒ λ 3 − 6λ 2 + 11λ − 6 = 0
Worked Examples : ⇒ λ = 1, 2, 3.
(1) Find the eigen values of the matrices ∴ the Eigen values are 1,2,3.
1 0 −1
7 6   (2) If A is any square matrix, then prove that A and AT have the
(i)   (ii) 1
 2 1  same eigen values.
5 8   2 2 3  ( A − λI ) = AT − ( λ I )
T T
Solution : Consider
7 6 = AT − λ I
Solution : (i) Let A = 
5 8 
But A − λ I = ( A − λ I ) = AT − λ I
T

7 − λ 6 
∴ A − λI =  ∴ A and AT have the same characteristic (or Eigen) equation
 5 8 − λ  and hence the same Eigen values.
 Linear Algebra 137 138 College Mathematics VII

Definition : Let T : V → V be a linear transformation of an n Ax = λ x fro a given λ forms a subspace of Rn called the Eigen
dimensional vector space V, and A be the matrix of the linear space of A corresponding to λ.
transformation T. Then the characteristic equation (or Eigen
equation) of T is defined as the characteristic equation of A i.e., Working rule to find the Eigen vectors of a L.T.
A − λ I = 0. The roots of the characteristic equation (or the equation) (i) Find the matrix A of the linear transformation T : V → V .
A − λ I = 0 are called the characteristic roots of the Eigen values of (ii) Find the Eigen equation of A i.e., A − λ I = 0
T. (iii) Find the Eigen values λ = λ1 , λ2 , λ3 LL by solving the
Definition : If T : V → V is a linear transformation of an equation A − λ I = 0
dimensional vector space V, A is an n × n matrix of T, and λ is an
(iv) Then to find the Eigen vector corresponding to λ = λ1 ,
Eigen value of T, then the vector x = ( x1 , x2 LL xn ) which satisfies
put λ = λ1 in [ A − λ I ] x = 0. we get n equations in n unknowns.
the equation Ax = λ x is called the Eigen vector corresponding to the
value of λ. The solution of this corresponding to λ1.
The vector x = ( x1 , x2 LL xn ) can be represented as the
Similarly, determine the Eigen vectors corresponding to
 x1  λ = λ2 , λ = λ3 . etc.
x 
column matrix  
2

M Worked Examples :

 
 xn  (1) Find the basis for the Eigen space of the L.T.
T : R 2 → R 2 defined by T ( x, y ) = ( x + y, y ) .
The equation Ax = λ x for the values of λ = λ1 , λ2 LL λn in Solution : First, we shall find the matrix of T w.r.t standard
the {
basis (1, 0 ) , ( 0,1) }
Matrix for is
T (1, 0 ) = (1, 0 )
 x1   λ x1 
 a11 a12 L a1n  x  λ x  T ( 0,1) = (1,1)
a a22 L a2 n   2  2
 21 ⋅  ⋅  1 0
∴ The matrix of the L.T. is A = 
L L L L   =   
  ⋅  ⋅  1 1 
L L L L
⋅  ⋅  Eigen equation of A is A − λI = 0
 an1 an 2 L ann     
 xn  λ xn  1− λ 0
i.e., =0
n×n 1 1− λ

The set of all vectors x ∈ R n which satisfy the equation

 Linear Algebra 139 140 College Mathematics VII

⇒ (1 − λ )(1 − λ ) − 0 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 − λ ) (1 − λ )( 4 − λ ) + 2  = 0
⇒ λ = 1, λ = 1 ⇒ ( 2 − λ ) ( λ 2 − 5λ + 6 ) = 0
Let x = ( x1 , x2 ) be a vector in R2
⇒ ( 2 − λ )( λ − 2 )( λ − 3) = 0
Then Ax = λ x
⇒ ( A − λI ) = 0 ⇒ ( 2 − λ ) ( λ − 3) = 0
2

1 − λ 0   x1  0  ⇒ λ = 2, 2,3.
⇒  =  ∴ Eigen values are 2,3
 1 1 − λ   x2  0  Consider Ax = λ x
 (1 − λ ) x1  0  i.e., ( A − λ I ) x = 0
⇒ = 
 x1 + (1 − λ ) x2  0  2 − λ 0 0   x1  0 
⇒ (1 − λ ) x1 = 0, x1 + (1 − λ ) x2 = 0.  1− λ 2   x2  = 0 
  
i.e.,
 1
Put λ = 1, we get x1 = 0, x2 = 0.  0 −1 4 − λ   x3  0 
∴ The Eigen vector is (0, 0) 1 i.e., ( 2 − λ ) x1 + 0 x2 + 0 x3 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 0
The Eigen space is { (0,0) }
x1 + (1 − λ ) x2 + x3 = 0 ⇒ (1 − λ ) x2 + 2 x3 = 0
(2) Find the Eigen of the L.T. T : R → R defined by 0 x1 − x2 + ( 4 − λ ) x3 = 0 ⇒ − x2 + ( 4 − λ ) x3 = 0
3 3

T ( x, y , z ) = ( 2 x + y , y − z , 2 y + 4 z )
Solution : T (1, 0, 0 ) = ( 2, 0, 0 ) Put λ = 2 ∴− x2 + 2 x3 = 0 ⇒ x2 = 2 x3

T ( 0,1, 0 ) = (1,1, 2 )
∴ If x3 = k , x2 = 2k
T ( 0, 0,1) = ( 0, −1, 4 )
2 0 0 ∴ the vector is (0,2k,k) ∴ (0,2,1)` is a basis of the
∴ The matrix of L.T is A = 1 1 2  Eigen space corresponding to λ = 2
 0 −1 4 
Put λ = 3, then −2 x2 + 2 x3 = 0 ⇒ − x2 + x3 = 0 and
∴ Eigen equation is A − λ I = 0
2−λ 0 0 − x2 + x3 = 0 ∴ x2 = x3 = k
⇒ 1 1− λ 2 =0
0 −1 4−λ ∴ the vector is (0,k,k). ∴ (0,1,1) is a basis of the
Eigen space corresponding to λ = 3.
 Linear Algebra 141 142 College Mathematics VII

(3) Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the linear
transformation T : R 3 → R 3 defined by T ( e1 ) = (1,1, 0 ) , 3± 5 3− 5
∴ the Eigen values are λ = 0 , , .
T ( e2 ) = ( 0,1,1) T ( e3 ) = (1, 2,1) 2 2

Solution : The matrix of the L.T. is Ax = λ x ⇒ ( A − λ I ) x = 0

1 − λ 1 0   x1  0 
1 1 0  
⇒  0 1− λ 1   x2  = 0 
  
A = 0 1 1 
 1 2 1 − λ   x3  0 
1 2 1 
⇒ (1 − λ ) x1 + x2 = 0
∴ The Eigen equation is A − λ I = 0
(1 − λ ) x2 + 1x3 = 0
1− λ 1 0
⇒ 0 1− λ 1 =0 1x1 + 2 x2 + (1 − λ ) x3 = 0
1 2 1− λ
Put λ = 0. ∴ x1 + x2 = 0 --(1)
⇒ (1 − λ ) (1 − λ ) − 2  − 1( 0 − 1) + 0 = 0
2
  x2 + x3 = 0 --(2)

⇒ (1 − λ ) ( λ 2 − 2λ − 1) + 1 = 0 x1 + 2 x2 + x3 = 0 --(3)

⇒ λ 2 − 2λ − 1 − λ 3 + 2λ 2 + λ + 1 = 0 (1) is x1 + x2 = 0. ∴ x2 = − x1

⇒ λ 3 − 3λ 2 + λ = 0 ∴ from (2) we get x3 = − x2

3± 9− 4 i.e., x3 = x1
⇒ λ = 0, λ =
2
∴ The vector ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = ( x1 , − x1 , x1 )
3 ± 52
=
2
 Linear Algebra 143 144 College Mathematics VII

∴ {(1, −1,1)′} is a basis of the subspace corresponding to λ=0

 1+ 5 5 + 3 
= x1 1, , 
 2 2 
3+ 5  3+ 5 
Put λ = ∴ 1 −  x1 + x2 = 0 --(4)
2  2   ′
 1 + 5 5 + 3  
∴ 1, ,   is a basis of the subspace.
 2 2 
 3+ 5   
1 −  x2 + x3 = 0 --(5)
 2 
3− 5
Put λ =
 3+ 5  2
x1 + 2 x2 +  1 −  x3 = 0 --(6)
 2 
 3− 5 
∴ 1 −  x1 + x2 = 0 ---(7)
 2 
 3+ 5   1+ 5 
From (4) x2 = − 1 −  x1 =   x1
 2 
  2   3− 5 
1 −  x1 + x2 = 0 ---(8)
 2 
 3+ 5   1+ 5 
From (5) x3 = −  1 −  x1 =   x1
 2 
  2   3− 5 
x1 + 2 x2 +  1 −  x3 = 0 ---(9)
 2 
 1 + 5  1 + 5 
=  
  x1
 2  2   −1 + 5   1− 5 
x2 = −   x1 =   x1
 2   2 
6+2 5 3+ 5
i.e., x3 = x1 = x1
4 2
6−2 5   3− 5 
=   x1 =   x1
  1 + 5   5 + 3  ′  4   2 
∴ The vector is  x1 ,   x1 ,   x1 
  2   2  
  1 − 5   3 − 5  ′
∴ The vector ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) =  x1 ,   x1 ,   x1 

  2   2  
 Linear Algebra 145 146 College Mathematics VII

 1 − 5 3 − 5 ′ (iii) T: V2(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y) = (x2, y)

= x1 1, , 
 2 2 
(iv) T: V2(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y) = (3x+2y, 3x-
4y)
 ′
 1 − 5 3 − 5  
∴ 1, ,   is a basis of the subspace. (v) T: V2(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y) = (x+y, y)
 2 2  
 
(vi) T: R2 →R2 defined by T(x, y) = (2x+y, x-y)
EXERCISE
(vii) T: R3 →R2 defined by T(x, y,z) = (2x+y, 3y-4z)
I 1) Show that V3 ( R ) → V2 ( R ) defined by
(viii) T: R3 →R1 defined by T(x, y, z) = 2x-3y+4z
(i) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, y + z ) is a linear transformation (N 03)
(ix) T: R3 →R3 defined by T(x, y,z) = (x,y,z)
(ii) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x − y, y − z ) is a linear transformation
(x) T: R3 →R3 defined by T(x, y,z) = (x+2y-z, y+z,
(iii) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y + z , x − y ) is a linear transformation
x+y-2z)
(N 03)
(iv) T ( x, y, z ) = ( 2 x − 3 y,3 y + 4 z ) is a linear transformation (xi) T: R2 →R3 defined by T(x, y) = (x+y, 2y, x+1)

T: R2 →R4 defined by T(x, y) = (x,y,y,y)

(v) T ( x, y, z ) = ( y − x, y − z ) is a linear transformation (095)
(xii)

(xiii) T: V3(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y,z) = (x+z,

2) Prove that T : R 3 → R 3 defined by
x+y+z)
(i) T ( x, y, z ) = ( x + y, x − y, 2 x + z ) is a L.T ( M 93 )
(2) Find the linear transformation :
3) Prove that T ( x, y ) = ( x + y, x − y, y ) is a linear transformation.
(i) T: R2 →R1 dif T(1, 1) =3, T (0, 1) = - 2
( A 98)
(ii) T: R2 →R2 if T(1, 1) = (3, 0), T (2, 1) = (1, 2)
II 1) Verify whether the following are linear transformations: (iii) T: R2 →R4 if T(1, 1) =(1, 1, 1, 1),
(i) T: V2(R) →V3(R) defined by T(x, y) = (x, y, 0) T (1, -1) = (1, -1, -1, -1) (3, 0)
(ii) T: V2(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y) = (2x, y)
 Linear Algebra 147 148 College Mathematics VII

(iv) T: V2(R) → V3(R) if T(1, 2) = (3, -1, 5), T (1,1,1) = 3 , T ( 0,1, −2 ) = 1, T ( 0, 0, 0 ) = −2.
T(0, 1) = (2, 1, -1)
(7) Consider the basis s = { x1 , x2 , x3 } of R3 where x1 = (1,1,1)
(v) T: R2 →R2 if T(2, 1) = (3, 4), T(-3, 4) = (0, 5)
x2 = (1,1, 0 ) x3 = (1, 0, 0 ) . Express ( 2, −3,5) in terms of the
(vi) T: R2 →R2 if T(1, 1) = (1, -1,1, -1), T(-1, 2) = (-1, -
2, -1, -2) vectors x1, x2 , x3
(vii) T: R3 →R3 if T(1, 0, 0) = (4, 5, 8), 8) For the following linear transformation, find the range space,
T(1, -1, 0-) = (8, 10, 18) ; T(0, 1, 1) = (-3, -4, -7) null space, rank, nullity and verify the rank – nullity

(viii) T: R3 →R3 if T(1, 1, 1) = (1, 1, 1) theorem.

T(1, 2, 3) = (-1, -2, -3) ; T(1 ,1, 2) = (2, 2, 4) (i) T: V3(R) → V3(R) defined by T(x, y, z) =
(x+ y, x – y, 2x + z)
(ix) T: R2 →R3 if T(1, 0) = (1, 0, 1), T(0, 1) = (-
1, 1, 1) (ii) T: V3(R) →V2(R) defined by T(x, y, z) = (y-x, y-z)

(x) T: R3 →R3 if T(1, 1, 1) = (2,1, 1), T(1, 2, 1) = (3, (iii) T: V3(R) →V2(R) defined by
2, 1) T(1, 0, 0) = (1, 0, 0)
T(e1) = e1 + e2 + e3, T(e2) = e1 - e2 + e3
(3) Let M(R) be a vector space of all n x n matrices over R and B
be any fixed non-zero matrix of M(R). Show that T(e3) = e1 - 3e2 + 3e3
T : M ( R ) → M ( R ) defined by (i) T ( A ) = AB – BA, (ii)
T(A) = BA (iii) T ( A ) = AB2 + BA are linear transformations (iv) T : R3 → R4 given by T (1, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 0, 2)
and (iv) T(A) = B + A is not linear unless B is a zero matrix.
T(0, 1, 0) = (0, 1,1, 0), T(0, 0, 1) = (0, 1, -1, 4)
(4) (i) Show that T : R2 → R2 defined by T(x, y) = ( x + 2, y + 3)
is not linear. (v) T: R3 → R3 given by T (x1, x2, x3) = (x1, x3, x2)

(ii) Show that T : R→ R defined by T(ab) = ab is not linear (vi) T : R3 → R3 given by

(5) If V is the vector space of all real valued functions defined on T(x, y, z) = x + y, x + z, y + z
(0, 1), then show that T : V→ R2 defined by T(f) = {f(0), f(1)} is
linear. (vii) T : R3 → R3 given by T(e1 ) =e1 –e2 ; T(e2 ) =2e1 +e3;
(6) Find ( x, y, z ) when L.T is defined by
T(e3) = e1 + e2 + e3
 Linear Algebra 149 150 College Mathematics VII

(viii) T : R3 → R2 given by T(e1 ) = (2, 1), T(e2 ) = (0, 1),

T(e3 ) = (1, 1) (iv) T: R3 → R3 defined by T(1, 0, 0) = (1, -3, 3),
T(0, 1, 0) = (3, -5, 3), T(0, 0, 1) = (6, -6, 4)
(ix) T : R3 → R3 given by
(v) T: R3 → R3 defined by T(1, 0, 0) = (-3, 1, -1),
T(1, 0, 0) = (1, -1, 0), T(0, 1, 0) =(2, 0, 1), T(0, 1, 0) = (-7, 5, -1), T(0, 0, 1) = (-6, 6, 2)

T(0,0, 1) = (1, 1, 1) (vi) T: R3 → R3 given by T(e1) = (3, 2, 4),

T(e2) = (2, 0, 2), T(e3) = (4, 2, 3)
(x) T : R3 → R2 given by T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y + z)
(vii) T: R3 → R3 given by
(9) Find a linear transformation T : R → R whose range space is
3 4

generated by (1, 2, 0, -4) and (2, 0, -1, -3) T(x, y, z) = (3x + 2y + z, x + 4y + z, x + 2y + 3z)
(A 97)
(10) Find a linear transformation T : R3 → R3 whose range space
is generated by (1, 2, 3) and (4,5,6) (viii) T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) given by

(11) Find the linear transformation T : R4 → R3 whose kernel is T(x, y, z) = ( x, x + y, z)

generated by (1, 2, 3, 4) and (0,1, 1, 1)
(ix) T : V3 ( R ) → V3 ( R ) given by
(12) Find the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 whose null space
is generated by (1, 1, -1) and (1, 2, 2) T(x, y, z) = ( 3x, 2y +z, -5y-2z)

(13) Find the linear transformation T : R3 → R3 whose range (x) T: R3 → R3 given by

space is spanned by {(1, 2, 2) , (1, 0, -1)}
T(x, y, z) = (x + 3z, 2x + y – z, x – y + z)
(14) Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following linear
transformations: Answers

(i) T: V2(R) → V2(R) defined by T(1, 0) = (1, 2) ; I. 6. 8x − 3 y − 2z 7. 5 x1 − 8 x2 + 5 x3

T(0, 1) = (3, 2)
II (1) (iii), (xi) are not linear. The others are linear
(ii) T: V2(R) → V2(R) defined by T(e1) = (1, 4),
T(e2) = (2, 3)  5 y − x 4x − 2 y 
(2) (i)T (x, y) = 5x – 2y, (ii) T( x, y) =  , 
(iii) T: R3 → R3 defined by T(e1) = (4, 0,1),  3 3 
T(e2) = (-2, 1, 0), T(e3) = (-2, 0, 1)
(iii) T(x, y) = (x, y,y, y),
 Linear Algebra 151 152 College Mathematics VII

(iv) T ( x, y) = (-x + 2y , -3x + y, 7x - y)

(viii) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(0, 1), (1, 1)}
 12 x + 9 y 
(v) T (x, y ) =  , x + 2 y  (vi) T(x, y) = (x, -y, x, -y) N(T) = {(1, 1, -2)} Rank = 2, nullity = 1
 11 
(ix) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(1, 1, 0), (2, 0, 1)},
(vii) T(x, y, z) = (4x – 4y + z, 5x – 5y + z, 8x – 10y + 3z)
N(T) = {(1, 1, -1)} Rank = 2, nullity = 1
(viii) T(x, y, z) = (4x – 4y + z, 5x – 5y + z, 8x – 10y + 3z)
(x) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(1, 0), (0, 1)}
(ix) T(x, y) = (x-y, y, x + y)
N(T) = {(1, -1, 1)} Rank = 2, nullity = 1
(x) T(x, y, z) = (x + y, y, z)
9. T(x, y, z) = (x + 2y, 2x-y, -4x-3y)
6. 8x – 3y – 2z, (7) 5x1 – 8x2 + 5x3
10. T(x, y, z) = (x + 4y, 2x+ 5y, 3x+6y)
8. (i) R(T) = {(x, x + y, 2x + y)}, x , y ∈ R
11. T(x, y, z) = (x + y –z, 2x + y – t , 0)
N(T) = {(0, 0, 0)} Rank = 3, nullity = 0
4x − 3 y + z
(ii) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(1, 0), (0, 1)} = V2 (R ) 12. T(x, y, z) = (0, 0, )
4
rank = 2, nullity = 1
13. T(x, y, z) = (2 + y, 2y, 2y - x)
(iii) {(1, 1, 1), (1, -1, 1), (1, -3, 3)} rank =3, nullity = 0
14. (i) λ = 4, -1; (2, 3), (1, -1) (ii) λ = 5, -1; (1,1), (-2, 1)
(vi) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(0, 1, 1,0), (0, 1, -1,4)},
(iii) λ = 1, 2, 3 ; (0, 1, 0 ), (1, -2, -2)
N(T) = {(-2, 1, 1)}
(iv) λ = 4, -2; (1, 1,2), (0, 1, 1)
(v) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1,0),
(v) λ = 2, 4, -2 ; (1, 1, -4) ; (1, 1, 0)
(0, 0, 1)}, N(T) = {(0, 0, 0)} rank = 3, nullity = 0
(vi) λ = 0, -1, 7 ; (1, 2, -2) (vii) λ = 2, 6 ; (1, 2,- 3), (1, 2,1)
(vi) R(T ) = R3, N (T) = {(0, 0, 0)} rank = 3, nullity = 0
(viii) λ = 1 ; (1, 0, 2) (ix) λ = 3 ; (1, 0, 0)
(vii) R(T) = subspace spanned by {(1, 1, 0), (2, 0, 1)},
(x) λ = 2; (7, 6, -15)
N(T) = {(1, 1, -1)} Rank = 2, nullity = 1