Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)

Vol-3, Issue-10, 2017

ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

A Review on Polymer, Graphene and

Carbon Nanotube: Properties, Synthesis
and Applications
Binoy Bera
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology,
Kolkata-700064,India
Abstract: In recent days, Polymer is very useful and 1. Introduction
important material for its unique properties and
applications. A Polymer is a large molecule or A Polymer literally means many parts. It is a specific
macromolecule which is composed of several thing, usually a molecule or material made of smaller
repeating subunits, called monomer. Polymers are repeating units which are called monomer. 'Poly'
classified depending on several parameters like means many and 'mer' means meros(units) i.e. when
chemical structure, polymeric structure, many meros join together, then they are called
arrangement of monomer, tacticity etc. It has several Polymer. It has a high molecular mass. Here
applications in the field of industry, science and monomer joins together by using covalent bonding,
medical. Several properties of polymers can be tuned hydrogen bonding etc. On the basis of type of
by embedding different materials with it. Among monomer, it is classified as homopolymer and
them graphene and carbon nanotube are most copolymer. When one type of monomer is used to
desirable material. Graphene is the latest discovery form the Polymer, then they are called homopolymer
belonging to the group of carbon allotropes and a (polyethylene[1], polyvinylidene fluoride[2-4] etc). On
versatile material in nanotechnogy due to its unique the other hand when two or more monomer joins
electronic, optical and mechanical properties. It is a together, then they are called co- Polymer (PVDF -
two dimensional material, a Single layer of graphite. TrFE)[5]. Polymer is also classified as naturally
It has several properties such as conductive, flexible, occurring Polymer and synthetic Polymer. Polymers
highly strong and transparent. On the other side, such as proteins, starch. Cellulose found in nature are
carbon nanotube is most valuable material in several called naturally occurring Polymer[6]. Polymers
applications for its unique electronic, mechanical which are made commercially are called synthetic
and optical properties. Like graphene and graphite, Polymer[7]. Polymer can be classified on several
it is also a carbon based material. Due to its high parameters like chemical structure, polymeric
surface to volume ratio, even a low content of structure, arrangement of monomer, tacticity, thermal
nanotube in polymer matrix can change the behaviour, molecular forces, and method of
interphase or interface region which changes their synthesis[8-12]. On the basis of Polymeric structure, it
properties significantly. The electromagnetism and is classified as linear, branched and cross linked
microwave absorption properties of several material polymers. Linear Polymer consists of a long string of
can be modified by incorporation of desired value of monomers, attached in a linear manner. Branched
carbon nanotube with that material. Dielectric Polymer consists of branches at irregular intervals
properties of several polymer materials also can be along the polymer chain. Cross liked Polymer
modified by embedding carbon nanotube with it. It is contains short side chains that connect different
also acted as a filler material for introducing Polymer chains onto a network. On the basis of
Piezoelectricity in some Polymer material. Here arrangement of monomers, it is classified as block
properties of polymer, graphene and carbon polymers, graft copolymers. On the basis of tacticity,
nanotube has been discussed in brief. Synthesis and polymers are classified as isotactic, syndiotactic and
applications of these three materials are also the key atactic polymers. Isotactic Polymers are those
focus of this paper. polymers whose side groups of the monomers lie on
the same side of the chain. Polymers whose side
Keywords: Carbon; Graphite; Carbon nanotube; chain are arranged in an alternative manner are called
Chemical vapour deposition; drug delivery; syndiotactic Polymer. If the side groups are arranged
graphene; Polymer; tensile strength; tissue in an irregular or random manner, then it is called
engineering; Two dimension. atactic Polymer. On the basis of thermal behaviours
of polymers upon heating, they are classified as
thermoplastic and thermo sets. Polymers are

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Vol-3, Issue-10, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

classified as elastomers and fibres on the basis of and electricity better than any other material, makes
molecular forces. Here number of monomer can be them suitable to integrate into several applications.
from N =100 to N = 10000, even N is may go higher However, due to its unique properties, graphene has
than 100000. Here N is called degree of turned into a hot topic both in the industry and
Polymerizations. N can be determined from this academia. With these unique features, graphene has
formula N = molecular weight of Polymer applications in flexible and wearable electronics,
molecule/molecular weight of monomer. Repeating antennas, pressure sensor design, flexible
units i.e. used in Polymer formation, are often made displays, photovoltaics and rechargeable batteries.
of carbon, hydrogen and sometimes oxygen, Furthermore. It is also used as additive material for
nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, fluorine, Phosphorus producing piezoelectricity in several Polymer
even silicon. Recently porous polymer is much more material[17-26]. The remarkable thing about graphene
interesting due to their porous structure. In that case is that it's 2D crystalline structure. On the other hand,
porosity [13-14] is very important property. Depending the discovery of carbon nanotube[27-29] in 1991
on that property, it is suitable in several applications opened up a new era in material Science and
like energy harvesting, drug delivery, tissue technology. The name of carbon nanotube is derived
engineering e.t.c. In the applications of from their size since the diameters of nanotube as
nanotechnogy, graphene is a versatile two small as 1 nanometer and length upto several
dimensional semiconducting material. Graphene, a centimetres. A carbon nanotube is a tube shaped
Single layer of graphite, is an allotropes of carbon. material which is made of carbon, having a high
Its strucIture is like lots of benzene rings connected aspect ratio. Until the mid-1980's pure solid carbon
together where hydrogen atoms are replaced by the was thought to exist in only two physical forms,
carbon atoms. It is the basic structural element of diamond[30-32] and graphite[33-35]. In 1985, a group of
other allotropes such as graphite, charcoal, carbon researchers led by Richard Smalley and Robert cart
nanotubes and fullerenes. It was originally observed of Rice university in Houston and Harry kroto of the
in electron microscope in 1962, but it was studied university of Sussex in England discovered C60
only while supported on metal surfaces[15]. Later in cluster, a new form of allotropes of carbon. It was a
2004, the material was rediscovered by Andre Geim spherical shape and formed a ball of with 32 faces(12
and Konstantin Novoselov at the university of were Pentagon and 20 were hexagon exactly like
Manchester[16]. soccer ball). After that several allotropes of carbon
like C36, C76 and C84 were also discovered. In 1991,
SUMIO IIJIMA discovered a needle like material
when examining carbon materials under an electron
microscope. Then it was proved to have a graphite
structure and named it as carbon nanotube. It shows
incredible and unique electronic, magnetic and
mechanical properties which have caused researchers
to consider using them in several fields. Now
researchers are doing their experiment on carbon
nanotube as a filler in Polymer based energy
harvesting devices[36-44]. Carbon nanotubes are
composed of carbon atoms linked in a hexagonal
shapes, with each carbon atom covalently bonded to
three other carbon atoms. They are normally
categorised in two types, single walled carbon
nanotube(SWCNT)[45] and multi walled carbon
nanotube(MWCNT)[46]. Carbon nanotubes which
occur as multiple concentric cylinders of carbon
atoms are called multi walled carbon nanotubes. On
the other hand, carbon nanotube which have only one
cylinder are called single walled nanotube. Again
carbon nanotubes has a cylindrical shape, may be
with open ends or closed ends. Diameters of single
walled carbon nanotubes and multi walled carbon
nanotubes are typically from 0.8 to 2 nm and 5 to 20
Figure 1: Classification of polymers nm respectively. Although MWCNT diameters can
exceed 100 nm. However when a graphene layer is
wrapped into a cylindrical or tube structure, they are
Its amazing properties as the lightest and strongest called carbon nanotube. In MWCNT, each tube is
material, compared with its ability to conduct heat

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Vol-3, Issue-10, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

held at a distance from either of its neighbouring 2. Structure and Properties

tubes by interatomic forces.
2.1 Polymer
Polymers are made of several monomers connecting
together. So the basic properties of Polymer is
identified by its constituent monomer. Polymer
properties are also depends on the arrangement of
monomer and how they are connecting each other.
Physical properties of a Polymer are depends on the
size of the length of the polymer chain. Several
properties like melting temperature, boiling
Figure 3: (a) single walled carbon nanotube; (b) temperature, viscosity, resistance to flow are
multiwalled carbon nanotube; (c) carbon nanotube increased due to increase in length of the polymer
with closed end. chain. Polymer is also characterized by its
crystallinity. Semi crystalline Polymer are more
tougher I.e. they can be bent more without breaking
than amorphous polymers. Several other properties
like piezoelectricity , ferroelectricity are determined
by their crystallinity, electro active phase.
Mechanical properties such as tensile strength,
young’s modulus are also important in its application
basis.
Polymer type Ulti Elongati Tensile
mate on(%) modulus
tensil (GPa)
e
stren
gth
(MPa
)
Acetalcopolymer 60 45 2.7
(a) Acetalcopolymer+30 110 3 9.5
%glassfiber
Acrylic 70 5 3.2
Nylon6 70 90 1.8
(b) Polyamide-lmide
Polycarbonate
110
70
6
100
4.5
2.6
Polyethylene 15 500 0.8
Polyethyleneterepht 55 125 2.5
halate
Polyimide 85 7 2.5
Polystyrene 40 7 3

Figure 4: Tensile strength, elongation and tensile

(c) modulus of different polymers.

A Polymer has tensile strength means it is strong

when it is stretched or compressed. To measure the
tensile strength of any Polymer sample, first it is
stretched by a machine such as an instron. This
machine clamps each end of the sample. When it is
stretched, a force F is exerted by the sample. By
simply dividing that force by the cross sectional area
of the sample give the measurement of tensile
strength. When this strength is divided by the strain

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Vol-3, Issue-10, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

(change in length/actual length) gives the young’s and with a tensile stiffness of 150,000,000 Psi), the
modulus. best conductor of heat at room temperature (4.84 ±
0.44) *103 W/m/K and also the best conductor of
electricity (electron mobility more than 15000
cm2/V/S. Graphene also exibit a half integer
Quantum hall effect due to the charge carriers act as
quasi-particles, otherwise known as massless Dirac
fermions. In this effect, the path of the carriers
become curved, leading to an accumulation of
opposite charges at either end of the material. Due to
the 2D structure of graphene, the electron
confinement produces discrete band levels known as
Landau levels, which are filled by the charge
carriers. It can withstand upto 42 N/m of stress with
a youngs modulus of 1.0 TPa.

Figure 6: graphene structure in different ways.

2.3 Carbon Nanotube

Several carbon based material have been discovered
so far. Among them graphite, and carbon nanotube
are interconnected to each other. Graphite is the most
stable form of crystalline carbon. It consists many
layers of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are
strongly bound to each other through covalent
bonding. The layers are weakly bound to each other
by Lagrange vanderwalls type interaction. Here
carbon-carbon distance and inter layer distance are
~0.14 nm and ~0.34 nm respectively. However
graphene is a single atomic layer of crystalline
graphite. When these graphene sheets wrapped into a
cylinder, are called then carbon nanotube. The way
graphene sheets are wrapped, is represented by a pair
of indices(n,m). The integers n and m denote the
number of unit vectors along two directions in the
honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene. If m=0, the
nanotubes are called zigzag nanotubes, and if n=m,
the nanotubes are called armchair nanotubes.
Otherwise they are called chiral. The diameter of this
nanotube can be calculated from its indices (n,m).
D=a/π√(n2+nm+m2)=78.3√[(n+m)2-nm] pm, where a
= 0.246 nm. Single walled carbon nanotube
properties changes significantly with the (n,m)
Figure 5: Characteristics and properties of polymer.
values. It has excellent mechanical[47] and
electronic[48] properties. In MWCNT, the graphene
2.2 Graphene sheets are arranged in concentric cylinder, e.g. ,
In simple terms, graphene is a thin layer of pure a(0,5) single walled carbon nanotube within a layer
carbon. It is a Single tightly packed layer of carbon (0,14) single walled nanotube. Carbon nanotube are
atoms that are bonded together in a hexagonal the strongest and stiffest material yet scientist
honeycomb lattice. Furthermore, it is an allotropes of discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic
carbon in the structure of a plane of sp2 bonded module. Covalent sp2 bonds formed between
atoms with molecule bond length of 0.142 individual carbon atoms, results in showing high
nanometers. Layers of graphene stacked on top of strength[49-52]. However graphene is a two
each other form graphite, with an interplanar spacing dimensional semimetal but carbon nanotube can be
of 0.335 nanometers. It is the thinnest compound at either metallic or semiconducting. For a (n,m)
one atom thick, the lightest material with weight of nanotube, if n=m, the nanotube is metallic. If (n-m)
0.77 milligrams of 1 square meter area. Moreover, it is a multiple of 3 and n≠m and nm≠0, then it is
is the strongest material (100-300 stronger than steel

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semimetallic with a very small band otherwise it is a reducing the temperature to 1000 degree celcius, a
moderate semiconductor. catalyst such as copper is used.

Figure 7: Structure of carbon nanotube. Figure 9: Chemical vapour deposition method for
graphene synthesis

3.3 Carbon Nanotube

Several techniques have discovered so far for
producing carbon nanotubes. Techniques for
producing carbon nanotubes are arc discharge[59],
laser ablation[60], high pressure carbon monoxide
disproportionation[61] and chemical vapour
deposition[62-63]. Most of these properties took place
in vacuum or with process gas. Among all these
Figure 8: Properties of carbon nanotube. methods, chemical vapour deposition is popular and
suitable for preparation of carbon nanotubes. In CVD
technique, a carbon source in the gas phase and a
3. Synthesis energy sources such as plasma or a resistively coil is
used. Furthermore resistively coil is used to transfer
3.1 Polymer the energy to this gaseous molecule. Hydrocarbon
like methane, carbon monoxide and acetylene is used
Polymer is synthesized by using polymerization as a sources of carbon. At high temperature, the
process where monomers joins together using hydrocarbons are broken into hydrogen carbon bond,
covalent bonding. Laboratory synthetic methods are producing pure carbon molecules. This carbon
divided into two categories, step-growth molecules diffuse towards the substrate which is
polymerization and chain-growth polymerization. In heated and coated with catalyst (first row transition
chain-growth polymerization process, monomers are metals like Ni, Fe or Co) where it will bind. Carbon
added to the chain one at a time only and in step- nanotubes are formed if the proper parameters are
growth polymerization chains of monomers combine maintained. All these process happened in a quartz
with one another directly. tube. The advantages of this process such as low
input power, lower temperature range, relatively high
3.2 Graphene purity and possible to scale up the process. In this
method both multi walled and single walled carbon
Graphene can be synthesized in three different ways nanotubes can be formed.
such as chemical vapour deposition[56], chemical or
plasma exfoliation from natural graphite[57],
mechanical cleavage from natural graphite[58].
Among all these methods, chemical vapour
deposition is most common method used for
production of graphene. In CVD process, graphene is
formed on the surface of substrate which is placed in
a reaction chamber. In that process, high heat is
applied to break the carbon bonds of precursor
materials. Normally heat required in that process is
around 2500 degree celcius without catalyst. So for

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ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Figure 10: Chemical vapour deposition process for

CNT synthesis.

2. 4. Applications
4.1Polymer
Today Polymer has several application[64-68] in our
daily life. Synthetic Polymer are used rapidly for
carrying goods. It is also used in industrial
applications. It is used in different industries like
automotive, aerospace, medical, building, carrying
goods, packaging. Polymers can be used as piping
systems for chemicals, transport hoses, conveyor
belt, tanks and a large number of other products.
Polymer properties are also important for their
suitable choice of applications. Polymers are also Used in
used as coating material that provides superior industri
adherence and protection from corrosion. Polymer al
coatings can be applied to metals, ceramics as well as applicat
synthetic materials. Polymer coating into a metallic ion,
surface increases its ionic resistance. Acrylics and polythe
alkyds are widely used in farm equipment and ne bags,
industrial products. Polyurethane is used in conveyor pipes
equipment, aircrafts, radomes e.t.c. Some Polymers e.t.c.
in coating allows the creation of hydrophobic
surfaces and the effective prevention of the sticking Fig. 11: Application of polymers in different field.
of various substances such as adhesives/rubber/
synthetic materials to their surfaces. Natural 4.2 Graphene
polymers are used in drug delivery systems, tissue
engineering applications. Mainly biopolymers are Due to the excellent and amazing properties,
used for this kind of applications. It is also used to graphene has the potential applications to
design artificial skin, bone, cartiledge and several revolutionized entire industries - in the field of
organs. Piezoelectric Polymer like PVDF, PVDF - electricity, conductivity, energy generation, batteries,
TrFE is used in energy harvesting application. This sensors and more. Graphene is the world's strongest
kind of Polymer generates voltage when a material, and so it can be used to enhance the
mechanical force or pressure applied on it. On the strength of other material, specially Polymer which
basis of these properties, it is used for powering self- has less strength. Graphene enhanced composite
powered micro or Nano devices. Piezoelectric materials can find uses in aerospace building
Polymer is also used to harvest energy from different materials, mobile devices e.t.c.. Furthermore,
renewable resources like wind, rain and ocean wave. graphene is the world's most conductive material to
So Polymer (in the form of raw materials, Polymer heat. It is also strong and light which makes it
compounds, foams, structural adhesives and suitable in heat sink Applications. It is also used in
composites, fillers, fibres, membranes, emulsions, battery and supercapacitor applications[69]. So almost
coatings, rubber, sealing materials, solvent) is useful in every field, graphene has suitable application[70].
in all applications.

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Figure 13: Different applications of carbon

nanotube.

5.Conclusion
Polymers are studied in the fields of biophysics,
macromolecular science and Polymer science.
Polymers, Polymer derivatives and Polymeric
combinations which play special and important roles
in diverse field of human activities. Polymers are
normally synthesized through polymerization process
where many monomers bonded together by using
covalent bonding. Polymer is used in carrying goods,
for making pipes. Even energy is harvested through
polymers. Some Polymer gives voltage as output
when they are heated. Based on these properties, they
are used rapidly in sensor and actuator applications.
Figure 12: applications of graphene. Beside this, bio-polymer is used in drug delivery,
tissue engineering applications. So polymers are
widely used in almost every field of science[74-78],
4.3 Carbon Nanotube medical, industry and human day to day life.
Today's the electronic industry is almost based on
Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary electrical
silicon material. Every electronic devices such as
conductivity[71], heat conductivity[72] and mechanical
diode, transistors, metal oxide semiconductor field
properties[73] which makes them suitable in numerous
effect transistors e.t.c. are mostly fabricated by using
applications. It is the best known field emitters of
silicon as raw material. Now the discovery of
any material. Now plastics are used as a replacement
graphene opens a new era for fabricating such kind
of metal in several applications. But they are not
of electronic devices. Graphene alone will never
conductive to electricity. Carbon nanotube has higher
replace silicon for the simple fact that graphene isn’t
aspect ratio and their tendency to form ropes
a semiconductor. A sheet of pure graphene conducts
provides inherently very long conductive pathway
electricity brilliantly, but it can’t shut off the flow of
makes them suitable as a additives with plastics to
electrons. That’s the difference between a conductor
make it conductive so that it could be used as a
and a semiconductor. In that case graphene is useful
replacement of metal in several applications. It is
as additive with other material for fabricating this
also used as electrodes in batteries and capacitors.
type of electronic devices. Nobody can predict what
Though it has potential applications as solar
would be the future. It may happen that graphene
collection, nanoporous filter catalyst supports and as
could take the good position in world electronic
coating matetial. It is also used as additives in several
market. Application of CNT in various fields due to
polymers to make them piezoelectric. This property
its robust structure and metallic or semiconducting
is used in harvesting mechanical energy into
properties makes it one of the promising material in
electrical energy. So in all the fields, CNT is very
nanotechnogy. It has potential of making almost
useful and important material.
every manufacturer product faster, lighter, stronger,
smarter, safer and cleaner. Carbon nanotubes has
theoretically higher performance than copper, which
makes them suitable several applications. As we
progress into an era of nanotechnogy, molecular
devices are becoming promising becoming
alternatives to the silicon technology. Carbon-
nanotube field-effect transistors, are being
extensively studied as possible replacement of silicon
MOSFET. Due to its many unique properties, it is
also used as a additives with several material for
making them suitable in desired applications. So
almost in every field of science and technology CNT
is very useful.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
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