ISBN: 9788183715744

Automobile Engineering
Second Edition

H
EC Dr. K.K. Ramalingam
Professor and Head (Retd.)
Department of Automobile Engineering
Anna University, M.I.T - Campus
Chennai - 600 044
IT
SC

SCITECH PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PVT. LTD.

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 ISBN: 9788183715744

Contents

Chapter 1 Vehicle structure 1.1 - 1.42

1.1 Types of automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
1.2 Vehicle construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

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1.2.1 Multiaxle truck vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3
1.2.2 Trucks with fifth wheel arrangement . . . . . . . . 1.4
1.2.3 Wheel tractors and crawler tractors . . . . . . . . . 1.5
1.2.4 Trailers and semitrailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6

EC
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.2.5 Dump trucks or dumpers . . . . . . .
1.2.6 Two wheelers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Components of an automobile . . . . . . . . .
Components of the chassis . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Constructional aspects of the frame .
1.5.2 General form of the frame . . . . . .
1.5.3 Frame material . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 Stresses in frame members . . . . . .
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. 1.8
. 1.8
. 1.12
. 1.13
. 1.15
. 1.15
. 1.16
. 1.16
. 1.17
1.5.5 Car frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.18
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1.5.6 Truck frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19
1.5.7 Two wheeler frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.20
1.6 Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.21
1.6.1 Components of a vehicle body . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
1.6.2 Types of vehicle body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
1.6.3 Vehicle body design aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.24
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1.6.4 Vehicle body construction aspects . . . . . . . . . . 1.25

1.6.5 Classification of body work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.26
1.6.6 Parts of a car body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30
1.6.7 Vehicle layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.32
1.7 Aerodymanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.36
1.7.1 Aerodynamic drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.36
1.7.2 Aerodynamic lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.37
1.7.3 Side force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.37
1.7.4 Body shape and expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.37
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.38
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.41

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 ISBN: 9788183715744

Chapter 2 Engines 2.1 - 2.129

2.1 Automotive engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
2.1.1 Four stroke petrol engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1
2.1.2 Two stroke petrol engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3
2.1.3 Four stroke diesel engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6
2.1.4 Two stroke engines compared to four stroke
engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7

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2.1.5 SI and CI engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8
2.1.6 CI engines - merits and demerits . . . . . . . . . . 2.9
2.1.7 Application of SI and CI engines . . . . . . . . . . 2.10
2.1.8 Power output of different types of automotive
engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11

EC
2.2
2.1.9 Typical power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Components of an engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Crankcase and oil sump . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Cylinder liner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 Main bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5 Cylinder head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.6 Cylinder head gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 2.11
. 2.12
. 2.16
. 2.16
. 2.18
. 2.21
. 2.21
. 2.23
2.2.7 Intake manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23
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2.2.8 Exhaust manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25
2.2.9 Crank gear unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.26
2.2.10 Valves and valve operating mechanism . . . . . . . 2.40
2.2.11 Variable valve timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.48
2.2.12 Decompressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.49
2.2.13 Air filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.49
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2.2.14 Exhaust pipe assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50

2.2.15 Material for engine components . . . . . . . . . . . 2.51
2.3 Cooling systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.52
2.3.1 Effects of inadequate cooling and overheating of
engine parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.53
2.3.2 Optimum cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54
2.3.3 Types of cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54
2.3.4 Radiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.64
2.3.5 Cooling fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.67
2.3.6 Water pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.68
2.3.7 Temperature indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.69

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2.3.8 Thermostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.70

2.3.9 Problems with liquid cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.72
2.4 Lubrication systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.73
2.4.1 Purpose of lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.74
2.4.2 Methods of lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.75
2.4.3 Lubricating oil pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.79
2.4.4 Oil pressure indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.80

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2.4.5 Oil sump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.82
2.4.6 Pressure relief valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.83
2.4.7 Lubricating oil filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.84
2.4.8 Sludge formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.84
2.4.9 Oil consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.85

EC
2.5

2.6
2.4.10 Lubrication in two wheeler engines . . . . .
Turbocharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Supercharging and engine performance . . .
2.5.2 Mechanical supercharging and turbocharging
2.5.3 Degree of supercharging . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.4 Types of superchargers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine emission control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 Emissions from automobiles . . . . . . . . .
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. 2.85
. 2.87
. 2.87
. 2.88
. 2.90
. 2.90
. 2.91
. 2.91
2.6.2 Pollution control techniques for SI engines . . . . . 2.96
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2.6.3 Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.99
2.6.4 Reduction of diesel pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.101
2.6.5 Vehicle noise reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.103
2.7 Electronic engine management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.105
2.7.1 Control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.106
2.7.2 Control system components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.106
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2.7.3 Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.107

2.7.4 Sensor types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.107
2.7.5 Electronic control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.108
2.7.6 Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.109
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.109
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.126

Chapter 3 Engine Auxiliary Systems 3.1 - 3.84

3.1 Carburetor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1
3.1.1 Fuel feed system of carburetor engines . . . . . . . 3.3
3.1.2 Types of carburetors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

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3.1.3 Mixture strength (air fuel ratio) . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8

3.1.4 Compensating devices in a carburetor . . . . . . . . 3.10
3.1.5 Choking device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11
3.1.6 Idling device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12
3.1.7 Accelerating device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.13
3.1.8 Richer coasting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.15
3.1.9 High speed system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.15

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3.1.10 Air induction swirl system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.16
3.1.11 Dual carburetor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17
3.1.12 Computer controlled carburetor . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17
3.1.13 Exhaust gas heating of mixture . . . . . . . . . . . 3.19
3.2 Fuel injection in SI engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20

EC 3.2.1 Components of the injection system . . . . .

3.2.2 Electronic fuel injection system . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Bosch Mono Jetronic system . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Bosch L-Jetronic system . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.5 Bosch LH- Jetronic system . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Components of a battery . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Number of cells in a battery . . . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Battery capacity and rating . . . . . . . . .
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. 3.23
. 3.26
. 3.26
. 3.27
. 3.27
. 3.27
. 3.30
. 3.30
3.3.4 Battery efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.30
IT
3.3.5 Battery testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31
3.3.6 Battery recharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31
3.3.7 Care of the battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.32
3.4 Electrical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.33
3.4.1 Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.35
3.4.2 Why alternators (AC generator) are popular ? . . . . 3.36
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3.5 Starting motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.37

3.6 Starter drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43
3.7 Lighting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.46
3.7.1 Wiring circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.48
3.7.2 Automotive lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50
3.8 Ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50
3.8.1 Battery ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.51
3.8.2 Magneto ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.62
3.8.3 Electronic ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.63
3.9 Voltage current regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.69
3.10 Cut out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.71

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Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.72

Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.83

Chapter 4 Transmission Systems 4.1 - 4.79

4.1 Types of transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1
4.1.1 Clutch, gearbox and live axle transmission . . . . . 4.2

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4.1.2 Clutch, gearbox and dead axle transmission . . . . . 4.3
4.1.3 Dedion shaft drive transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
4.1.4 Power transmission to the wheels . . . . . . . . . . 4.4
4.1.5 Four wheel drive transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6
4.1.6 Mechanical transmission of cross country trucks . . 4.7

EC 4.1.7 Continuously variable transmission (CVT) . . . .

4.1.8 Infinitely variable transmission (IVT) . . . . . . .
4.1.9 Automatic transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.10 Electronic transmission control . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.11 Traction of the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.12 Transmission efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.13 Four wheel electronic traction support (4ETS) . .
4.2 Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 4.8
. 4.9
. 4.9
. 4.10
. 4.11
. 4.12
. 4.12
. 4.12
4.2.1 Principle of operation of a clutch and requirements . 4.13
IT
4.2.2 Clutch types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14
4.3 Manual and automatic gear boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.24
4.3.1 Types of gear boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.25
4.3.2 Electronic automatic gear box . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.38
4.4 Gear shift mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.38
4.5 Over drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.39
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4.6 Fluid flywheel or fluid coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.40

4.7 Torque converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.42
4.8 Propeller shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.44
4.8.1 Functions of the propeller shaft . . . . . . . . . . . 4.44
4.8.2 Propeller shaft - construction aspects . . . . . . . . 4.45
4.9 Slip joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.46
4.10 Universal joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.47
4.10.1 Universal joint details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.47
4.10.2 Driving and driven shaft speeds . . . . . . . . . . . 4.48
4.10.3 Constant velocity universal joint . . . . . . . . . . . 4.49
4.10.4 Location of universal joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.50

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4.11 Final drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.51

4.11.1 Final drive gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.52
4.11.2 Crawler mounted tractor final drive . . . . . . . . . 4.53
4.12 Differential in the drive line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.54
4.12.1 Functions of the differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.54
4.12.2 Differential construction and operation . . . . . . . 4.55
4.12.3 Friction in the differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.59

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4.12.4 Differential lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.59
4.13 Rear axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.60
4.13.1 Types of live rear axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.62
4.13.2 Single and double reduction axles . . . . . . . . . . 4.63
4.13.3 Different arrangements of double reduction axle . . 4.64

EC
4.14 Hotchkiss drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.15 Torque tube drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 5 Steering, Brakes and Suspension

Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 4.67
. 4.68
. 4.69
. 4.78

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5.1.1 Parts of a wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1
IT
5.1.2 Types of wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2
5.1.3 Wheel sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4
5.2 Tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5
5.2.1 Tubeless tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
5.2.2 Tubed tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
5.2.3 Parts of a tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6
SC

5.2.4 Types of tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8

5.2.5 Tyre section profiles - contours and sizes . . . . . . 5.12
5.2.6 Tyre tread pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.13
5.2.7 Tyre material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.14
5.3 Wheel alignment parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.15
5.4 Steering geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.22
5.4.1 Davis steering gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.23
5.4.2 Ackermann - Jeantaud steering linkage . . . . . . . 5.24
5.4.3 Four wheel steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.25
5.4.4 Steering system requirements and functions . . . . . 5.26
5.4.5 Steering action / control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.27

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5.4.6 Steering system types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.28

5.4.7 Steering system components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.28
5.5 Types of steering gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.35
5.6 Power steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.38
5.7 Front axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40
5.8 Suspension systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.42
5.8.1 Front suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.45

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5.8.2 Rear suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.50
5.8.3 Leaf spring suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.52
5.8.4 Dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.54
5.8.5 Controlled suspension system . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.56
5.8.6 Air suspension system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.56

EC 5.8.7 Suspension of six wheeled vehicles

5.9 Braking systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9.1 Service brake and emergency brake
5.9.2 Classification of brakes . . . . . .
5.9.3 Mechanical brake system . . . . .
5.9.4 Hydraulic brake system . . . . . .
5.9.5 Pneumatic brake system . . . . . .
5.9.6 Vacuum brakes . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 5.59
. 5.60
. 5.60
. 5.61
. 5.65
. 5.72
. 5.74
5.9.7 Disc brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.75
IT
5.10 Dual brake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.78
5.11 Antilock or antiskid device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.79
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.94

Chapter 6 Alternative Energy Sources 6.1 - 6.30

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6.1 Compressed natural gas (CNG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

6.1.1 Salient features of CNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
6.1.2 Mixture formation and combustion . . . . . . . . . 6.2
6.1.3 Power output and efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2
6.1.4 Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
6.1.5 CNG Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4
6.1.6 CNG in Diesels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5
6.2 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5
6.2.1 LPG system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6
6.3 Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7
6.3.1 Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7

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6.3.2 Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8

6.3.3 Salient features of alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8
6.3.4 Long distance fleet test with ethanol . . . . . . . . . 6.9
6.3.5 Operation with methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9
6.3.6 Alcohol in diesels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10
6.4 Gasohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11
6.5 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11

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6.5.1 Salient features of hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11
6.5.2 Operation with hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12
6.5.3 Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13
6.6 Electric vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13
6.6.1 Drive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.13

EC
6.7
6.6.2 Energy accumulator battery . . . . . . . .
6.6.3 Step down gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.6.4 Electric vehicles developed . . . . . . . .
Hybrid vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.7.1 IC Engine as power source . . . . . . . .
6.7.2 Hybrid drive with mechanical energy store
6.7.3 Hybrid drive with electrical energy store .
6.7.4 Hybrid drive with IC engine and electrical
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6.7.5 Hybrid drive trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.19
6.7.6 Hybrid vehicles developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.21
6.8 Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.26
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.26
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.30
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Chapter 7 Innovations and Developments in

Automotive Vehicles 7.1 - 7.21
7.1 Areas of international competitiveness in automotive technology 7.1
7.2 Developments in automotive vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1
7.3 Electronics in automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3
7.4 Cruise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4
7.5 Electronic stability program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4
7.6 Wheel drive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5
7.7 Drive by wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6
7.8 Electronic diesel control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6

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7.9 Seat adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7

7.10 Safety systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8
Short Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.10
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12
Vehicle specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.13
References - SAE transaction papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18

H
Chapter 8 Emerging Trends in Automotive
Diesels 8.1 - 8.18
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1
8.2 Indirect injection and direct injection engines . . . . . . . . . 8.1

EC
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8.4
8.5

8.6
8.7
8.8
Ignition delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical fuel injection system . . . . . . . .
8.5.1 Jerk pump injection system . . . . . . .
8.5.2 Distributor fuel injection system . . . .
8.5.3 Constant pressure common rail system .
Fuel injection nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit injector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantity of fuel injected . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8.9 Injection timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9
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8.10 Atomization of fuel jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10
8.11 Cam driven and common rail injection systems . . . . . . . . 8.11
8.12 Trends in common rail injection system . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11
8.13 Common rail split injection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12
8.14 Components of a common rail system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12
8.15 Four valve engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.13
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Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.1 - I.2

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