FUNCTIONS

NAME: MILA FACTOR

Page 1 of 23
 THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION

INVESTIGATION 1:
Use Geogebra to complete the following investigations:
Make sketch graphs of the equations below and then complete the table:

Axis of Minimum Maximum

Equation 𝑥-intercept 𝑦-intercept
Symmetry value value

𝑦 = 𝑥2 0,0 0,0 x=0 0,0

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)² -1;0 0;1 x=-1 -1;0

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)² -3;0 0;9 x=-3 -3;0

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)² -5;0 0;25 x=-5 -5;0

𝑦 = (𝑥 – 1)² 1;0 0;1 x=1 1;0

𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² 3;0 0;9 x=3 3;0

𝑦 = (𝑥 – 5)² 5;0 0;25 x=5 5;0

1.1. State how these graphs differ and how they are similar.
What changes?

What stays the same?

1.2. These graphs are all in the form 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 𝑝)².

Describe what happens to the graph as the value of 𝑝 varies.
The graph moves to the right (positive side)

1.3. How can you obtain the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 2)² from the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥² without plotting points?

Page 2 of 23
INVESTIGATION 2:
Study the graphs below then answer the questions that follow:

2.1. Complete the table below:

Function Minimum value Axis of Symmetry Turning point

𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² 3;0 X=3 3;0
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² + 2 3;2 X=3 3;2
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² − 3 3;-3 X=3 3;-3

2.2. State how these graphs differ and how they are the same.
What changes? The y values change

What stays the same? The x values and the axsis of symmetry

2.3. Compare the 𝑥- and 𝑦- values of the turning points of the three graphs. State what you observe.
The y values decrease as the graphs moves down the cartesian plane but the x value stay the same.

Page 3 of 23
2.4. How can we obtain the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² + 2 or 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)² − 3 from the graph of 𝑦 =
(𝑥 – 3)²?

2.5. The graphs are all of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 – 𝑝)² + 𝑞. How do the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 affect the graph?
The p moves the graph side to side and the q moves the graph up and down

INVESTIGATION 3:
We can represent the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥² − 2𝑥 as 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 – 2).
Graphically the function can be represented as:

3.1. Which part(s) of the parabola are positive?

3.2. For which value(s) of 𝑥 will 𝑦 > 0? Explain.

Page 4 of 23
3.3. For which value(s) of 𝑥 will 𝑦 = 0? Explain.
Y=x(x-2)
0=x(x-2)
X=0 or X=2
These are the x intercepts.
3.4. For which value(s) of 𝑥 will 𝑦 < 0? Explain.
1;-1
This is the only point of the graph that goes below the

EXAMPLES:
1. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.

y   x  3 y  x  4
2 2

1. A= 4;1 B=5;4
2. A=-3;1 B=-2;4

Page 5 of 23
2. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.

y  x2 1 y  x2  3 y  x2  4

1 A=1;3 B=2;5
2 A=1;-2 B=2;1
3 A=1;3 B=2;0

3. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.

y  x  2  1
2
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2

1 A=3;0. B=4=3
2 A=0;1 B= 1;-2

Page 6 of 23
 THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
INVESTIGATION 4:
Use Geogebra to complete the following investigations:
Make sketch graphs of the equations below and then complete the table:
Equation 𝑥-intercept 𝑦-intercept Asymptote
NONE 0;1 y= 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥
NONE 0;2 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
NONE 0;8 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥+3
NONE 0;32 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥+5
NONE 0;0.5 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥−1
NONE 0;0.125 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥−3
NONE 0;0.3125 y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥−5

4.1. State how these graphs differ and how they are similar.
What changes?

What stays the same? No x intercept.

4.2. These graphs are all in the form 𝑦 = 2𝑥−𝑝

Describe what happens to the graph as the value of 𝑝 varies.
The p values shift the y intercept up and down

4.3. How can you obtain the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥+2 from the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 without plotting points?

Page 7 of 23
INVESTIGATION 5:
Two exponential graphs are illustrated below:
𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

5.1. What are the values of 𝑏 and 𝑑?

5.2. Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥+5 + 5 on the same set of axes as 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 .

5.3. Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 – 2 on the same set of axes as 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 .
5.4. Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 3 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥 on the same set of axes as 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 .
1 𝑥
5.5. Draw the graph of 𝑦 = 3
𝑏 + 5 on the same set of axes as 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 .

5.6. Now, redo 5.2 – 5.5 for the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑥

Page 8 of 23
5.7. The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑝 + 𝑞 have been shown. State how the values of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑝 and 𝑞 affect the shape
of the graph.
Effect of 𝑎: effects if the graph is decreasing or increasing. Stretch and open up/down

Effect of 𝑏 slope at y intercept

Effect of 𝑝 shift left and right

Effect of 𝑞: shifted vertically upward or downward

INVESTIGATION 6:
Use Geogebra to complete the following investigations:
Make sketch graphs of the equations below and then complete the table:
Equation 𝑥-intercept 𝑦-intercept Asymptote
none 0;1 Y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥
none 0;1 ? Y=0
𝑦 = 2−𝑥
none 0;-1 Y=0
𝑦 = −2𝑥
None 0;32 Y=0
𝑦 = 2𝑥+5
none 0;1/32 Y=0
𝑦 = 2−(𝑥+5)
none 0;-32 Y=0
𝑦 = −2𝑥+5
6.1. State how these graphs differ and how they are similar.
What changes?

What stays the same? X-intercepts and asymtote

Page 9 of 23
6.2. Describe what happens to 𝑦 = 3𝑥 in the following:
𝑦 = 3−𝑥 moves 1 unit to the right

𝑦 = −3𝑥 reflected in opp diection (negative graph)

EXAMPLES:
Use your knowledge of transformations to sketch each of the following graphs. Then answer the accompanying
questions. In each case, sketch the parent graph first (𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ).
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥−3

1.1. Is the function increasing or decreasing? Highlight the correct option. increasing
1.2. Write down the equation(s) of any asymptotes.
Y=0

Page 10 of 23
1.3. Work out and write down the coordinates of any intercepts with axes.
0,1/8

2. 𝑦 = 3−𝑥+1

2.1. Is the function increasing or decreasing? Highlight the correct option. Decreasing
2.2. Write down the equation(s) of any asymptotes.
Y=0

2.3. Work out and write down the coordinates of any intercepts with axes.
0;3

Page 11 of 23
3. 𝑦 = 2𝑥−3

3.1. Is the function increasing or decreasing? Highlight the correct option. increasing
3.2. Write down the equation(s) of any asymptotes.
Y=0

3.3. Work out and write down the coordinates of any intercepts with axes.
0;1/8

4. 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1

Page 12 of 23
4.1. Is the function increasing or decreasing? Highlight the correct option. increasing
4.2. Write down the equation(s) of any asymptotes.
Y=0

4.3. Work out and write down the coordinates of any intercepts with axes.
O;2

5. 𝑦 = 4𝑥+1 − 2

5.1. Is the function increasing or decreasing? Highlight the correct option. increasing
5.2. Write down the equation(s) of any asymptotes.
Y=-2

5.3. Work out and write down the coordinates of any intercepts with axes.
-1/2;0
0;2

Page 13 of 23
 THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
INVESTIGATION 7:
4
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
;𝑥 ≠0
4
7.1. 𝑓 is transformed to ℎ such that ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2; 𝑥 ≠ 0. Explain this transformation in words.

Move hyperbole 2 units up

7.2. A(4; 1) lies on the graph of 𝑓 and its image A’ lies on ℎ. Write the coordinates of A’.

4
7.3. Use Geogebra to sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) where 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 ; 𝑥 ≠ 3

7.4. How do the graphs 𝑓 and 𝑔 differ?

7.5. How do the graphs of 𝑔 and ℎ differ?

4
7.6. Without sketching the graph, state how the graphs of 𝑔 and 𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
+ 2 would differ.

Page 14 of 23
EXAMPLES:
1. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑥−3 𝑦 = 𝑥+4

2. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.
2 2 2
𝑦 =𝑥+1 𝑦 =𝑥−3 𝑦 − −𝑥 + 4

Page 15 of 23
3. Use your knowledge of transformations ONLY to sketch the following graphs on the given set of axes.
Write down the coordinates of the transformed points A and B.
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑥−2 − 1 𝑦 = − 𝑥+1 + 2

Additional notes:

Page 16 of 23
 GRADE 11: TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS
The trigonometric graphs each have their own unique shape.
INVESTIGATION 8:
The Sine Graph:

Amplitude

Amplitude

0
Period = 360

● The standard form 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥

● The amplitude is the highest and /or lowest position the graph reaches from the 𝑥 – axis.
● The 𝑦 – values(function values) increase from 00 to 900 and 2700 to 3600
● The 𝑦- values(function values) decrease from 900 to 2700
● The period of the graph is the time it takes to complete one complete cycle of 3600. This shape repeats
itself every 3600
● The frequency is the number of complete cycles per 3600
● The value of a determines the amplitude of the graph

8.1. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:

𝑥
𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

8.2. What do you notice about the influence of b in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥 ?
Period?

Frequency?

Page 17 of 23
8.3. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:
𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 45°) 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 45°)
8.4. What do you notice about the influence of 𝑞 in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑞) ?

8.5. Complete the following sentences:

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 by _______degrees to the __________.
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 by _______degrees to the ___________.

INVESTIGATION 9:
The Cosine Graph

Amplitude

1 Period = 3600

● The standard form 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥

● The amplitude is the highest and /or lowest position the graph reaches from the 𝑥 – axis.
● The 𝑦 – values (function values) increase from 1800 to 3600
● The 𝑦- values (function values) decrease from 00 to 1800
● The period of the graph is the time it takes to complete one complete cycle of 3600. This shape repeats
itself every 3600.
● The frequency is the number of complete cycles per 3600.
● The value of a determines the amplitude of the graph.

Page 18 of 23
9.1. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:
𝑥
𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

9.2. What do you notice about the influence of b in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 ?
Period?

Frequency?

9.3. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:

𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 45°) 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 45°)
9.4. What do you notice about the influence of 𝑞 in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑞) ?

9.5. Complete the following sentences:

𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 + 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 by _______degrees to the __________.
𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 by _______degrees to the ___________.

INVESTIGATION 10:
The Tangent Graph:

asymptote
asymptote

1 Period = 1800

● The function values (𝑦 – values) increase from 00 to 900 ; 900 to 2700 ; 2700 to 3600.
● The graph is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 90° and 𝑥 = 270°.
Page 19 of 23
 ● The period is 1800 ; because one complete cycle occurs every 1800
● The frequency is 2 ; there are two complete cycles every 3600.
● The vertical lines at 900 and 2700 are called asymptotes; the graphs approach them , but never touch.
● There is no amplitude ( infinite)

10.1. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:

𝑥
𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2

10.2. What do you notice about the influence of b in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑥 ?
Period?

Frequency?

10.3. Use Geogebra to draw graphs of the following functions:

𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 45°) 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 45°)
10.4. What do you notice about the influence of 𝑞 in the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑏𝑥 + 𝑞) ?

10.5. Complete the following sentences:

𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 by _______degrees to the __________.
𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 45°) is the translation (shift) of 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 by _______degrees to the ___________.

EXAMPLES:
1. For each of the following:
a) Write down the period
b) Write down the amplitude
c) Write down coordinates of maximum and minimum points
d) Describe vertical and / or horizontal shifts
e) Write down the equations of any asymptotes
f) Sketch the graph

1.1. 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−270°; 180°]

1.2. 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°]
1.3. 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 30°) ; 𝑥 ∈ [0°; 360°]
1.4. 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 60°) ; 𝑥 ∈ [−360°; 360°]
1.5. 𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 2 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°]
1.6. 𝑦 =𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 + 45°) − 1 ; 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°]

Page 20 of 23
 𝑥
1.7. 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

1.8. 𝑦 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2

2. Consider the following:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 – 𝑝) are
shown.

2.1. Determine the values of 𝑏 and 𝑝.

2.2. Give the period of 𝑓.
2.3. Determine the equation of ℎ(𝑥) if the graph of 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) is obtained by stretching 𝑓 vertically
by a factor of 3.

3. Using your knowledge of transformations and showing all steps, draw the graph of
1
𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 + 180°) − 1
2

4. The following sketch represents the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.

4.1. Determine the co-ordinates of points A, B, C and D.

Page 21 of 23
4.2. What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of the parabola?
4.3. Determine the values of 𝑚 and 𝑐 for the linear graph.

5. Five graphs 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒 are sketched below. They are followed by 10 equations. Match the graph with
the correct equation. Write 𝑎 − 𝑒 with the number of the correct equation.

1. 𝑦 = −3 2. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

3. 𝑥𝑦 = −2 4. 𝑦 =𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥

𝑥
5. 𝑦=2 6. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1

7. 𝑥 = −3 8. 𝑥𝑦 = 2

9. 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 10. 𝑦 = 2𝑥

Page 22 of 23
6. The sketches 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are represented by the following two equations:
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 18
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 – 16

6.1. Which of the above equations belongs to

𝑓(𝑥) and which equation belongs to
𝑔(𝑥)?
6.2. Determine the co-ordinates of the
turning points P and Q.
6.3. Calculate the co-ordinates of R if RS
= 24 units.
6.4. Determine the co-ordinates of T and U.

Page 23 of 23