EC6403-Electromagnetic Fields

UNIT-I & II

By
Dr.H.UMMA HABIBA
PROFESSOR
SVCE/ECE

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 UNIT-I-What is Electromagnetics?
•Study of effect of charges at rest and in motion
•Application of electric and magnetic fields
Electrical Engineering is Applied Electromagnetics:
- Circuit Theory
- Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws
- Current
- Resistance
- Capacitance
- Inductance
- Voltage
- Electric and Magnetic Energy
- Power, Electric Machines
- Antennas, Waves and Wave Propagation, Optics
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 Why Electromagnetics?
Electrical Engineering is Applied Electromagnetics
• As devices get smaller and smaller, and frequencies get higher and higher,
circuit theory is less able to adequately describe the performance or to
predict the operation of circuits.

• At very high frequencies, transmission line and guided wave theory must
be used - high speed electronics, micro/nano electronics, integrated circuits.

• Other applications of Electromagnetics –BASIC THEORY

Microwave Communication Systems
Optical fiber Communication Systems
Satellite Communication Systems
TV,RADAR,RADIO,REMOTE SENCING
Antennas and wave propagation
Optical Computing
Electromagnetic Interference, Electromagnetic Compatibility
Biology and Medicine/Medical Imaging
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 Why Electromagnetics?
• As use of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum increases, the
demand for engineers who have practical working knowledge
in the area of electromagnetics continues to grow.

• Electromagnetic engineers design high frequency or optoelectronic

circuits, antennas and waveguides; design electrical circuits that
will function properly in the presence of external interference
while not interfering with other equipment.

• The electromagnetics technical specialty prepares future engineers

for employment in industry in the areas of radar, antennas, fiber
optics, high frequency circuits, electromagnetic compatibility
and microwave communication.

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 •Study of effect of charges at rest and in motion
•Types-Positive and Negative
•Field-Spatial distribution of a quantity which may
or may not be a function of time.
•Two approaches-Inductive, Deductive
•Idealized Model
•Vector Algebra
•Vector Calculus
•Co-ordinate systems
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 Cartesian Coordinates

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 Cylindrical Coordinates

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 Spherical Coordinates

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Vector Differential Operator
 ∇-Partial 3-D operator-Like +,-

 Gradient

 Divergence

 Curl

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 Gradient-∇T
Gradient can also be used to measure
how a scalar field changes in other
directions
Maximum space rate of that function
T-Temperature
∇T- Temperature Gradient
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 Gradient-∇T
 Find the gradient scalar system at point P (1, 5,-2)

 Find ▼.t = (∂ t /∂x) ax + (∂ t /∂y) ay+ (∂ t /∂z) az

 =2xyax’+x2ay’+eZaz’ = 10 ax’+ay’+0.135 az’

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 Divergence- ∇.F
•Divergence is a vector operator that measures the magnitude of a
vector field's source or sink at a given point, in terms of a signed scalar.
•Divergence-Net outward flux per unit volume
•For example, consider air as it is heated or cooled.
•The relevant vector field for this example is the velocity of the moving
air at a point.
•If air is heated in a region it will expand in all directions such that the
velocity field points outward from that region.
•Therefore the divergence of the velocity field in that region would have
a positive value, as the region is a source.
• If the air cools and contracts, the divergence has a negative value, as
the region is a sink.

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 Curl-
∇xFthat describes the infinitesimal rotation of
Curl is a vector operator
a 3-dimensional vector field-Net circulation/unit area

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 Divergence theorem
divergence theorem states that the outward flux of a vector field through
a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence over
the region inside the surface.
The divergence theorem can be used to calculate a flux through a closed
surface that fully encloses a volume, like any of the surfaces on the left.
It can not directly be used to calculate the flux through surfaces with
boundaries, like those on the right. (Surfaces are blue, boundaries are
red.)

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 Stokes' theorem
Surface integral of the curl of a vector field over a surface is equal to the
line integral of the vector field over its boundary.

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 Coulomb's law
The magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point
charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the
magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
The force is along the straight line joining them. If the two charges have
the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if they
have different sign, the force between them is attractive.

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 Electric field Intensity
An electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space the
Coulomb force experienced by a test charge.

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Electric field Intensity
 A point charge +2 nCis located at the origin. What
is the value of potential atP(1,0,0) m?

 And

 17.97

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Point, line, Surface and Volume
Charge distributions
 Principle of superposition-Total field=vector sum of
the individual field

 Electric Field due to discrete charges –Linear function

 Charges-Q1,Q2,…..Qn.

 Electric field E=E1+E2+…….En

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Electric Field due to discrete and continuous charges

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Introduction to line, Surface and
Volume Integrals

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Electric field due to continuous charge distribution
The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube),
surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area

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 Electric Flux Density-Gauss Law

 The electric flux through a closed surface S enclosing

any volume V, Q is the total charge enclosed within S,
and ε0 is the electric constant.
 The net flux passing normal through the unit
surface area is called the electric flux density
denoted by .
 The and both act in the same direction.
 The electric field due to any charge configuration is a
function of permittivity , while the electric flux
density is not.

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Electric Flux Density
 A uniform surface charge of is situated at z = 2
plane. What is the value of flux density at
P(1,1,1)m?


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 Electric potential, Relationship between potential and electric field
 V=W/Q- Work
 done /Unit charge

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Electric Dipole
 Two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite
sign, separated by a very small distance give rise to an
electric dipole.

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Electrostatic Energy & Energy Density

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UNIT-II-Conductors and Dielectrics in Electric Field

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Continuity equation
 The continuity equation of the current is based on the
principle of conservation of charge. The principle
states that charges neither be created nor be
destroyed.

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Polarization

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Resistance of a conductor

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Method of images

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 THANK YOU

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