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Problem 1: Fabry-Perot Displacement Sensor: EE 231, Lasers Spring 2007 Problem Set 2 Due 5PM 25 April

This document provides the details of Problem Set 2 for the course EE 231 Lasers in Spring 2007. It includes 4 problems related to analyzing different laser cavity configurations and their properties. Problem 1 involves analyzing the sensitivity of a Fabry-Perot interferometer displacement sensor. Problem 2 examines the beam spot sizes on the mirrors of a stable resonator cavity. Problem 3 considers the stability of a Fabry-Perot cavity with a lens. Problem 4 analyzes the transmission and reflection of a three mirror cavity. The document provides background information and specific questions for each problem.

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Husam Abduldaem Mohammed
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56 views2 pages

Problem 1: Fabry-Perot Displacement Sensor: EE 231, Lasers Spring 2007 Problem Set 2 Due 5PM 25 April

This document provides the details of Problem Set 2 for the course EE 231 Lasers in Spring 2007. It includes 4 problems related to analyzing different laser cavity configurations and their properties. Problem 1 involves analyzing the sensitivity of a Fabry-Perot interferometer displacement sensor. Problem 2 examines the beam spot sizes on the mirrors of a stable resonator cavity. Problem 3 considers the stability of a Fabry-Perot cavity with a lens. Problem 4 analyzes the transmission and reflection of a three mirror cavity. The document provides background information and specific questions for each problem.

Uploaded by

Husam Abduldaem Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 231, Lasers Spring 2007

Problem Set 2 Due 5PM 25 April

Problem 1: Fabry-Perot Displacement Sensor


We have seen in class that the transmission (or reflection) of a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is strongly
dependent on wavelength: in the vicinity of a resonance frequency, a small change in frequency results in a
large change in transmission. Equivalently, a small change in the spacing between the two reflectors can
induce a large change in the transmission. This strong sensitivity is used in numerous optical sensors,
devices that measure often extremely small quantities with high resolution and dynamic range. This
problem explores a basic interferometric sensor that will give you a good idea of their overall principle and
performance.

Consider a FPI made of two plane lossless mirrors spaced by a distance L and with equal reflectivities R.
One mirror is mounted on a rigid support, and the other on a movable support which, via some mechanical
device unimportant for this problem, allows this second mirror to move freely with respect to the first
mirror while remaining parallel to itself, so that the FPI length can be varied while keeping the
interferometer perfectly aligned. A laser of very narrow linewidth (much narrower than the FPI linewidth
Δνcav) is launched into the FPI. The laser power incident on the FPI is P0. When a small displacement is
applied to the second mirror, it modifies the mirror spacing, hence modifies the FPI transmission. By
measuring the power transmitted by the FPI with a standard power meter, a user can thus detect and
measure the displacement applied to the movable mirror.

(a) For small displacements (δL << L), find the sensitivity S of the displacement sensor, defined as
S=δP/δL, where δP is the change in transmitted power due to a displacement δL. (20 points)
(b) Assume you have entire freedom to choose the laser frequency anywhere in the range [νm, νm+1], where
νm and νm+1are two particular adjacent resonance frequencies of the FP (assume that the value of m is
known). Within this range, the expression derived in (a) shows that there are three frequencies for
which S is zero. What are these frequencies? Explain the reason for the zero sensitivity at each of these
frequencies. A little hand-drawn diagram of the transmission spectrum of a FP should help predict the
answer. (5 points)
(c) Now consider a FPI with L = 1 mm and R = .99. Suppose we tune our laser’s frequency so that ν = ν3000
+ (1/2)∆νcav. What is the wavelength corresponding to this frequency? What is the minimum
measurable displacement (in nm) if P0 = 1 mW, and the minimum change in power that our detector
can measure is δP = 1nW. (5 points)

Problem 2: Simple Stable Resonators


The simple two-mirror stable Fabry-Perot resonator is widely used in practical lasers, such as a He-Ne
laser. To get a feel for the range of mode sized that can realistically be obtained in such a structure,
consider the following questions. Make the realistic assumption that the cavity has one flat mirror and one
with a radius of curvature 40 cm and that the wavelength is 633 nm (the output wavelength of the red He-
Ne).

(a) Make plots of the beam radius on the two mirrors as a function of the length of the cavity, from 1 cm
up to 39.99 cm. (10 points)
(b) How long must the cavity be to have a 1 mm spot radius on the curved mirror? What is the spot size on
the flat mirror? (5 points)
(c) How long must the cavity be to have a 1 cm spot radius on the curved mirror? What is the spot size on
the flat mirror? (5 points)
(d) For the cavity considered in part (c), what happens if the cavity length changes by ±100 µm? In fact,
the fabrication tolerances required to obtain a mode as large as 1cm in a stable cavity of typical length
is prohibitive. In cases where a large mode diameter is required other means, such as cavities
containing beam expanding telescopes or unstable cavities (ch. 21 Siegman) are used. (5 points)
EE 231, Lasers Spring 2007
Problem Set 2 Due 5PM 25 April

Problem 3: Fabry-Perot Cavity with a Lens


Consider a Fabry-Perot cavity of length L. If the cavity mirrors are flat, we have seen in lecture that the
cavity is marginally stable. Placing a positive (focusing) lens of focal length f in the center of the cavity
will result in a stable cavity for some range of focal lengths. For what range of focal lengths will the cavity
be stable? (20 points)

As we will see later, this is not a bad model for some practical lasers, in which the laser gain medium is a
cylindrical rod which is hotter in its center than at its periphery, due to the absorbed pump power, and
through the temperature dependence of the refractive index thus develops a “thermal lens”.

Problem 4: Three Mirror Cavity


Consider the air-filled, lossless cavity shown in the figure below. The three mirrors are identical and
lossless, and they are equally spaced by a distance L. Each mirror is made of a planar glass substrate,
shown in gray in the figure. One side of each mirror is coated with a multilayer dielectric coating that
makes its reflectivity high. Each one of these coatings is shown in the figure as a vertical line to indicate its
position with respect to the two cavities. The field reflection coefficient of each coating is r (power
reflection R) and its field transmission t (power transmission T). The other side of each mirror is coated
with a multilayer dielectric coating that makes its reflectivity zero (this is called an anti-reflection (AR)
coating). These sides are shown in the figure without a vertical line. Recall from lecture 3 (slide 14) that
when a wave reflects off the air side of a reflective coating, it picks up an additional π phase shift; when it
reflects off the substrate side, or an AR coating from either side, it picks up no additional phase shift.

(a) We label Ei the field incident on the leftmost mirror, and E1 and E2 the fields just after the first and the
second mirrors. Write (but do not solve) the self-consistent equations for E1 and E2. Write equations
for Et and Er in terms of E1, E2 and Ei. (20 points)
(b) Solve the system of four equations from part (a) to find the transmitted and reflected fields Et and Er in
terms of the input field Ei. (5 points)
(c) What is the overall transmission coefficient Ttot = |Et/Ei|2. Plot Ttot as a function of frequency for R =
0.1, 0.5, and 0.9. What is the maximum value of Ttot? At what frequencies does this maximum occur?
(5 points)
(d) Using your expression for Er from part (b), find the overall power reflection coefficient Rtot = |Er/Ei|2.
Check your work by plotting Rtot + Ttot for R = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9. Justify physically the form of these
last three curves. (5 points)

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