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Basic Motivation Concepts

This document outlines key concepts in motivation theory, including: - Maslow's hierarchy of needs which arranges human needs in a pyramid from basic physiological needs to growth needs. - Herzberg's two-factor theory which distinguishes between motivators like achievement that drive job satisfaction and hygiene factors whose absence can cause dissatisfaction. - Expectancy theory which proposes that motivation depends on the expectation that effort will lead to good performance and performance will be rewarded. - Equity theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain fair relationships and balance their inputs and outcomes with relevant others.

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sourav kumar ray
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83 views31 pages

Basic Motivation Concepts

This document outlines key concepts in motivation theory, including: - Maslow's hierarchy of needs which arranges human needs in a pyramid from basic physiological needs to growth needs. - Herzberg's two-factor theory which distinguishes between motivators like achievement that drive job satisfaction and hygiene factors whose absence can cause dissatisfaction. - Expectancy theory which proposes that motivation depends on the expectation that effort will lead to good performance and performance will be rewarded. - Equity theory which suggests people are motivated to maintain fair relationships and balance their inputs and outcomes with relevant others.

Uploaded by

sourav kumar ray
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC MOTIVATION CONCEPTS

AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,


YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
1. Outline the motivation process.
2. Describe Maslow’s need hierarchy.
3. Contrast Theory X and Theory Y.
4. Differentiate motivators from hygiene factors.
5. List the characteristics that high achievers prefer in a
job.
6. Summarize the types of goals that increase
performance.
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,
YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

7. State the impact of underrewarding


employees.
8. Clarify key relationships in expectancy
theory.
9. Explain how the contemporary theories
of motivation complement each other.
Defining Motivation

Key Elements
1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

EXHIBIT 6-1
Theory X and Theory Y
(Douglas McGregor)
Two-Factor Theory
(Frederick Herzberg)
Factors characterizing events on
the job that led to extreme job
dissatisfaction

Comparison of Satisfier
and Dissatisfiers

Factors characterizing events on


the job that led to extreme job
satisfaction

EXHIBIT 6-3
Contrasting Views of Satisfaction
and Dissatisfaction

Presence Absence EXHIBIT 6-4


ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)

Concepts:
More than one need can
be operative at the same
time.
Core Needs
If a higher-level need
Existence: provision of
cannot be fulfilled, the
basic material
desire to satisfy a lower-
requirements.
level need increases.
Relatedness: desire for
relationships.
Growth: desire for
personal development.
David McClelland’s Theory of Needs

nPow

nAch nAff
Matching Achievers and Jobs

EXHIBIT 6-5
Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)
Reinforcement Theory

Concepts:
Behavior is environmentally caused.
Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by
providing (controlling) consequences.
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
Equity Theory

Referent
Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Equity Theory (cont’d)

EXHIBIT 6-7
Equity Theory (cont’d)

Choices for dealing with inequity:


1. Change inputs (slack off)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
Equity Theory (cont’d)

Propositions relating to inequitable pay:


1. Overrewarded employees produce more
than equitably rewarded employees.
2. Overrewarded employees produce less, but
do higher quality piece work.
3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce
lower quality work.
4. Underrewarded employees produce larger
quantities of lower-quality piece work than
equitably rewarded employees
Equity Theory (cont’d)
Expectancy Theory

EXHIBIT 6-8
Performance Dimensions

EXHIBIT 6-9
FOR BETTER 1ndONEsia

Sang Merah Putih akhirnya berkibar di Puncak Everest


(8.848 mdpl) setelah Tim Ekspedisi Tujuh Puncak Dunia
(Seven Summits) yang melalui jalur utara yaitu Tibet berhasil
mencapai puncak, Sabtu (19/5/2012).

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