Report on:-

Uses of Geometrical Dimensional and Tolerance

Introduction:-
Parts manufactured in a shop must meet specific design requirements shown on engineering drawings. GD&T
is a way of specifying engineering design and drawing requirements with particular attention to actual function
and relationship of the part features. The best method for describing how the parts should fit together and
how they function should be one that is understood by people in all stages of the process.

GD&T can be thought of as an engineering design drawing language and a functional production and
inspection technique. It aids manufacturers in sophisticated engineering designs as well as meeting demands
for more completeness, uniformity, and clarity. This unique system uses standard, international symbols to
describe parts in a language that is clearly understood by any manufacturer that is familiar with the standard.

Need/Significance of GD&T:-
Generally speaking, there are many instances that call for GD&T to be used. Some of these instances are listed
below:

 When part features are critical to function or interchangeability.

 When functional gauging techniques are desirable.

 When datum references are desirable to ensure consistency between manufacturing and gauging
operations.

 When computerization techniques in design and manufacture are desirable.

 When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already implied.

 There are many obvious reasons why GD&T makes sense in the manufacturing environment. For example: It
saves money.

 Provides for maximum producibility of a part through maximum production tolerances.

 Ensures that design dimensional and tolerance requirements, as they relate to the actual function, are
specifically stated and thus carried out.

 Adapts to, and assists, computerization techniques in design and manufacturing.

 Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly.

 Provides uniformity and convenience in drawing in drawing delineation and interpretation, thereby reducing
controversy and guesswork.
How are Tolerances Specified:-
• Size

– Limits specifying the allowed variation in each dimension (length, width, height, diameter, etc.) are
given on the drawing.

• Geometry

– Geometric Tolerancing

• Allows for specification of tolerance for the geometry of a part separate from its size

• GDT (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) uses special symbols to control different

Geometric features of a part.

Value of Tolerance:-
• The tolerance for a single dimension may be specified with the dimension and then the tolerance.

The tolerance is total variation between the upper and lower limits.
General Tolerances:-
• These are specified when all dimension in the drawings have the same tolerance.

• These notes are used to reduce the number of dimensions required on a drawing and to promote

drawing clarity.

1. Except where stated otherwise Tolerances on dimensions +-0.010

2. Unless otherwise specified
+-0.007 Tolerance on machined dimensions
+-0.10 tolerance on cast dimensions angular tolerance +-0.1deg.

Tolerances specified for size:-

• Limit Tolerances – (12.75/12.25 )

• Plus/Minus Tolerances

– Unilateral Tolerances - (12.00 + or - xxx)

– Bilateral Tolerances - (12.00 +xxx/- xxx)

These tolerance values indicate the:

MMC: Maximum Material Condition

LMC: Least Material Condition.

Limit Tolerances:-

Plus/Minus Tolerances:-
Allowance and Clearance:-
1. ALLOWANCE:
Allowance is defined as an intentional difference between the maximum material limits of
mating parts. Allowance is the minimum clearance (positive allowance), or maximum
interference (negative allowance) between mating parts. The calculation formula for allowance
is:
ALLOWANCE = MMC HOLE – MMC SHAFT

2. CLEARANCE:
Clearance is defined as the loosest fit or maximum intended difference between mating parts.
The calculation formula for clearance is:
CLEARANCE = LMC HOLE – LMC SHAFT

Types of Fit:-
• Types of Fit

– Clearance fit

• The parts are toleranced such that the largest shaft is smaller than the smallest hole.

• The allowance is positive and greater than zero.

– Interference fit

• The max. clearance is always negative .

• The parts must always be forced together.

– Transition fit

• The parts are toleranced such that the allowance is negative and the max. clearance is
positive.
• The parts may be loose or forced together.

Basic Fits of mating parts:-

Running and Sliding fits (RC) are intended to provide a running performance with suitable lubrication
allowance. The range is from RC1 to RC9.

Force fits (FN) or Shrink fits constitute a special type of interference fit characterized by maintenance
of constant pressure. The range is from FN1 to FN5.

A force fit is referred to as interference fit or a shrink fit. The smallest amount of interference is:

MIN INTERFERENCE = LMC SHAFT - LMC HOLE

The greatest amount of interference is:

MAX INTERFERENCE = MMC SHAFT - MMC HOLE

Locational fits are intended to determine only the location of the mating parts.
Types of Tolerances:-
1) Geometrical Tolerances.

2) Dimensional Tolerances.

Types of Geometrical Tolerances:-

Form Tolerances:

• Straightness

• Flatness

• Circularity

• Cylindricity

Orientation Tolerances:

• Parallelism

• Perpendicularity

• Angularity

Location tolerances:

• Position

• Symmetry

• Concentricity

• Coaxiality

Runout tolerances:

• Circular runout

• Total runout

Advantages of GD&T:
 GD&T instructions are a significant improvement over the traditional methods.

 GD&T is a compact language that can be understood by anyone who has learned the symbols and
it replaces the numerous notes that were often used to describe the part.
 In accordance with the guidelines of ASME Y14.5M and ISO 1101 standards.

 GD&T offers greater design clarity, improved fit, better inspection methods, and more realistic part
tolerances. By emphasizing how features relate to each other, manufacturers can better control the
design, fit and function of parts.

 This process ensures that good parts pass inspection and bad parts are caught and rejected before
they reach the customer.

 Many geometric tolerances require strict inspection methods beyond the capabilities of basic
callipers or micrometres. A coordinate measuring machine is best suited for inspecting most features
and their relationships.

Commonly Used GD&T Terms &Symbols:-

GD&T symbols are known universally as a method of specifying requirements without using notes or
words on the drawing. The symbols are created to look like the requirement they identify. Symbols
can specify things such as repetitive features, diameters, radius, spot faces, and counter bores. Most
of the symbols used between ASME and ISO are identical. However, there are a few differences. The
chart M below outlines some of the most common symbols and their appearance for both ISO and
ASME. There are a few symbols that are used in the ASME Y14.5M, 1994 Standard that are being
proposed for the ISO standards. The symbols marked with an “X” are new or revised from the
previous Y14.5M, 1982 standard.
1. Straightness:
2. Flatness:

3. Circularity
4. Cylindricity
5. Perpendicularity