Mam Tanzila Abdul Karim: Marxism
Mam Tanzila Abdul Karim: Marxism
MARXISM
The thoughts of Marxism were formulated by Karl Marx in 19th century. According to
Marxism, there are two main classes of people in the world:
1. Capitalist controls the means of production
2. Working class provide the labour.
If the conflicts between these two classes resolved, then the politics of state run smoothly.
Marxism basically means a system of classless society in which the wealth of the state is said
to be distributed equally and all the administrative power of the state are vested in the
working-class people.
Why we need Marxism
When industrial revolution started in Europe, Karl observe that working class exploit by
capitalist. To maximize their profit, capitalists pay minimal wages to working class. In this
situation rich become more richer and labour always remain labour. This theory developed to
discredit capitalism and individualism.
Political System
The Political System of Marxism is composed of a single political Party and Single ideology
which runs all the affairs of the state through its multiple organization. The chief executive or
representative of the state are elected from within that single party. And no Alternative
Political thought and political parties can exercise any activities.
Aim of Marxism
To promote socialism and equal distribution of resources (communism) in community.
Marxist don’t believe in capitalistic system being fair and just.
Examples
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was first leader of Soviet Union who enacted Marxism whereby
production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government.
However, people's Republic of China, north Korea and Cuba can be said as the example of
Marxist state.
Criticism
Economics is a dominant factor that brings change in world. Marxism focus on economy
rather than security issues at international level. Due to this reason Soviet Union divided into
parts.
Foreign Policy
Plan of action adopted by one nation regarding its diplomatic dealings with other countries.
Foreign policies are established as a systematic way to deal with issues that may arise with
other countries.
Objectives of foreign policy:
It seeks to protect the territorial integrity of the country and protect the interests of its
citizens, both with and outside the state.
The objective of foreign policy is maintenance of links with other member of
international community and adoption of policy of conflict or cooperation towards
them with a view to promote its own interests.
The foreign policy of a country seeks to promote and further its national interests of
the country. The primary interests of each state are self-preservation, security and
wellbeing of its citizens.
The foreign policy aims at promotion of economic interests of the country.
The foreign policy aims at enhancement of the influence of the state by expanding its
area of influence the reducing of other states to the position of dependency.
Determinants of Foreign Policy:
Internal determinants
Geographical Factor
Geography of a state is relatively the most permanent and stable factor of its foreign Policy.
The topography of land, its fertility, climate and location are the major geographic factors
which influence the Foreign Policy of a nation. These factors determine both the needs as
well as the capability to fulfil the needs of the people of a nation.
Economic Development
The economic performance of a state provides the key to understanding the state’s ability to
utilize its natural and human resource. The level of economic development also determines
the scope of relations that a nation wishes to establish with other nations.
National interest
Foreign policy of every nation around the world is formulated based on its national interest.
Since seeking its national interests is a universally accepted right of each state. Pakistan’s
national interest lies in enhancing country’s economic, military and cultural power within its
ideological framework.
Ideology
Foreign Policy is a set of principles and a strategic plan of action adopted by a nation to fulfill
the goals of national interest. It has always an ideological content.
Leadership
The qualities of leadership have a deep impact on the country's foreign policy, but their role
is greatly constrained by the governmental and social structure.
External determinants
International regimes and organization
The first and most important factor that constraints or influences the making of foreign
policies is the presence of international laws, international treaties, pacts, trading blocs, and
various international and regional organizations.
World public opinion
World public opinion is more effective when it is supported by the domestic public opinion
of the given state.
Foreign policies of others state
The external environment of a state consists of the presence of the other states. Therefore, the
formulation and operation of foreign policy of a state must take into consideration the
behaviour of their state as well as their foreign policy choices.
DIPLOMACY
The word diplomacy comes from the French word diplomate, which means “diplomat.”
“The act of conducting negotiations between two persons, or two nations at a large scope is
essential to the upkeep of international affairs.”
“Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of
states.”
“Diplomacy is the management of international relations by means of negotiations; the
method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys the
business or art of the diplomats.” (Harold Nicholson)
Functions of Diplomacy:
Representation
A diplomat formally represents his country in a foreign state. He is the normal agent of
communication between his home office and that of the state to which he is accredited. His
representation is legal and political. He can vote in the name of his government.
Reporting:
Reporting is an important and valuable function of diplomacy. Reporting involves the
observation of the political, economic, military and social conditions of the host country and
the accurate transmission of the findings of the diplomat to his home country.
Protection of Interests:
Diplomacy is always at work for protecting and promoting the interests of the nation and its
people living abroad. A diplomat always attempts to prevent or change practices which he
feels are discriminatory to the interests of his country. It is his responsibility to protect the
persons, property and interests of such citizens of his country as are living in the territory of
the state to which he stands posted.
Negotiation
To conduct negotiations with other states is a substantive function of diplomacy. Negotiation
means examining a problem of common interest to solve it. It is mainly through negotiations
that a diplomat seeks to secure agreements and compromises over various conflictual issues
and problems among states.
Types of Diplomacy:
Public Diplomacy:
Public diplomacy, which is carried out by people with a special profession (diplomats,
politicians). Public diplomacy is a means by which the government of one country tries to
influence the society of another country. It is the ability to achieve goals through attractive
offers, rather than bribery and coercion.
Gunboat diplomacy:
the essence of gunboat diplomacy consists in demonstrating strength to achieve foreign
policy goals. This type got its name from the word "gunboat" - a small ship with a serious
artillery armament. The basis of gunboat diplomacy is full recognition of the legitimacy of
using military force to achieve goals of foreign policy.
Preventive diplomacy
Preventive diplomacy is action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent
existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they
occur.
Economic Diplomacy:
Economic diplomacy is a form of diplomacy. Economic diplomacy is the use of the full
spectrum economic tools of a state to achieve its national interests. The scope of economic
diplomacy can encompass the all the main international economic activities of a state
including, but not limited to, policy decisions designed to influence exports, imports,
investments, lending, aid, free trade agreements, etc.
Nuclear diplomacy:
Nuclear diplomacy is the area of diplomacy related to preventing nuclear proliferation and
nuclear war. One of the most well-known (and most controversial) philosophies of nuclear
diplomacy is mutually assured destruction (MAD).
Cultural diplomacy:
Cultural diplomacy is a type of public diplomacy and soft power that includes the "exchange
of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their
peoples to foster mutual understanding"
HUMAN SOCIETY AND NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
There are 10 atomic nuclear countries in the world
1. Russia
At the top, there is Russia with approximately 8500 nuclear missiles. It is famous for the best
quality weapons and the largest country with respect to the area. Russia is the largest
producer of the weapons which made the country number one super power of the world
2. United States
With total of 7200-7700 nuclear missiles, the United States ranked as 2nd country with most
powerful nuclear weapons. According to the study, it has a more organized army with the
best weapons. Also, the country has many complications with China, Russia and Pakistan,
due to which it is known as most hated country of the world.
3. France
In our list, the third position goes to France with a total of 300 nuclear weapons. It is one of
the most powerful countries of the world but facing the terrorist attacks. So, France really
needs much more defence in today’s period. It has deactivated all land based nuclear
weapons and it is in the research for becoming a more powerful country.
4. China
Known as the emerging superpower, China has 250 nuclear weapons and ranked at 4th
number. Moreover, China is restricted to ‘no first use’ policy, that means they can only attack
on countries with these weapons, if any enemy attack with these nuclear missiles.
5. United Kingdom
United Kingdom has ranked at 5th number in the list of top 10 countries with most powerful
nuclear weapons in the world. This country was made its entry in the world of nuclear
weapons in 1956 by opening a nuclear power station
6. Pakistan
Pakistan is ranked at 6th number in the list of countries with most powerful nuclear weapons
in the world. It has a total of 120 nuclear missiles, but it has brought the world to knees in
1998 by launching first nuclear test. Pakistan has made its defence more powerful.
7. India
The 7th rank is for India with 100 nuclear missiles. According to the defence, this country has
purchased third most weapons from Russia, but many experiments of India have failed
because of cold border war with Pakistan.
8. Israel
Israel has a total of 80 nuclear missiles and ranked at 8th number in the list of countries with
most powerful nuclear weapons in the world. It is a popular country, but not in the positive
manners and hated by Muslims as well as by many other countries of the world.
9. North Korea
Having less than 10 nuclear missiles, North Korea is on the 9th number in the race. First time,
they tested their nuclear ability in 2006 and became one of the nuclear power countries in the
world. In 2009 and 2013, they conduct their second and third test of nuclear weapons and
now they have many small nuclear missiles.
10. Iran
The new addition to the list of top 10 countries with most powerful nuclear weapons in the
world is Iran. The country has made few Nuclear weapons and has signed the agreement with
America for the devastation of the Nuclear weapons.
Harmful effect of nuclear power plant
Nuclear radiation accidents
The radioactive waste coming from nuclear power plants is a great threat to Mother Nature
and humans. The devastating effects of Chernobyl disaster still linger in our minds, where the
grave effects on humans can be seen even today.
Impact on humans
The impacts of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombs during the Second World War are
still rife in our memories. Today, the effects of these bombs are still occurring. Children in
Japan are being born with defects. This makes a nuclear power plant more dangerous.
It’s not a renewable energy source
Uranium is also a scarce resource. Once uranium is completely extracted, there will be no
nuclear energy production. Because of its dangerous effects and limited in supply, it doesn’t
qualify as a renewable resource.
Cultivation
Bombing has great impact on cultivation like no crop ripened and the deficiency of minerals.