Optional Features Contents - 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 THERMAL OPTION
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Mathematical Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2.1 Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2.2 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.2.2.1 Energy-Balance Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
1.2.2.2 Transport Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.2.2.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.2.2.4 Mechanical Coupling — Thermal Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.2.2.5 Fluid Coupling — Thermally Induced Pore Pressures . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.2.3 Advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.2.3.1 Energy Balance for Convective-Diffusive Heat Transport . . . . . 1-6
1.2.3.2 Fluid Mass Balance (Slightly Compressible Fluid) . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.2.3.3 Transport Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
1.2.3.4 Thermal-Mechanical-Pore Pressure Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
1.2.3.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
1.3 Numerical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.3.1 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.3.1.1 Finite-Difference Approximation to Space Derivatives . . . . . . . 1-9
1.3.1.2 Nodal Formulation of the Energy-Balance Equation . . . . . . . . . 1-9
1.3.1.3 Explicit Finite-Difference Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11
1.3.1.4 Implicit Finite-Difference Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13
1.3.1.5 Thermal-Stress Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 16
1.3.1.6 Thermal Pore-Pressure Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 16
1.3.2 Advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17
1.3.2.1 Stability and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17
1.4 Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 19
1.4.1 Thermal Conduction-Only Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 19
1.4.2 Thermal Advection-Conduction Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 20
1.4.2.1 Steady-State Conduction Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 21
1.4.2.2 Forced Advection and Free Advection Simulations . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 21
1.4.2.3 Synchronization of Fluid and Thermal Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 21
1.4.3 Thermal-Mechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22
1.4.4 Thermal Coupling to Pore Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24
1.5 Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25
1.5.1 FLAC 3D Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25
1.5.2 FISH Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 32
1.6 Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 33

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1.7 Verification and Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35

1.7.1 Thermal Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35
1.7.1.1 Conduction in a Plane Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35
1.7.2 Thermal Conduction — Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 42
1.7.2.1 Heating of a Hollow Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 42
1.7.2.2 Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 51
1.7.3 Thermal Conduction — Poro-Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 60
1.7.3.1 Thermal-Pore Pressure Coupled Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 60
1.7.4 Thermal Conduction-Advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 65
1.7.4.1 One-Dimensional Solution of Thermal Transport by Forced Con-
vection and Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 65
1.7.4.2 Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated
from above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 79
1.7.4.3 Steady-State Convection in a Saturated Porous Medium Heated
from below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 83
1.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 122

2 CREEP MATERIAL MODELS

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Description of Creep Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.1 Classical Viscoelasticity (Maxwell Substance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.2 Burger’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.2.3 The Two-Component Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.2.4 A Reference Creep Law for Nuclear-Waste Isolation Studies . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.2.5 The Burger-Creep Viscoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 12
2.2.6 The Power-Law Viscoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 17
2.2.7 The WIPP-Creep Viscoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 19
2.2.8 A Crushed-Salt Constitutive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23
2.2.8.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23
2.2.8.2 Constitutive Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25
2.2.8.3 Viscous Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 26
2.2.8.4 Viscous Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 26
2.2.8.5 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 26
2.3 Solving Creep Problems with FLAC 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27
2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27
2.3.2 Creep Timestep in FLAC 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27
2.3.3 Automatic Adjustment of the Creep Timestep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 29
2.3.4 Temperature Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 29
2.4 Input Instructions for Creep Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 30
2.4.1 FLAC 3D Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 30
2.4.2 FISH Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 37

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2.5 Verification and Example Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 38

2.5.1 Parallel-Plate Viscometer — Classical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 38
2.5.2 Parallel-Plate Viscometer — WIPP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 45
2.5.3 Cylindrical Cavity — Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 50
2.5.4 Cylindrical Cavity — Viscoplastic Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 58
2.5.5 Cylindrical Cavity — WIPP Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 62
2.5.6 Spherical Cavity — Power Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 68
2.5.7 Oedometer Test on a Maxwell Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 78
2.5.8 Oedometer Test on a Generalized Kelvin Substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 81
2.5.9 Compression Test on a Maxwell, Kelvin and Burger Substance . . . . . . . 2 - 85
2.5.10 Viscoplastic Responses to Loading/Unloading of a Sample . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 90
2.5.11 Plastic Response of the WIPP-Creep Viscoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 96
2.5.12 Compression Test with the WIPP-Creep Viscoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . 2 - 99
2.5.13 Compression Tests with the Crushed-Salt Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 101
2.5.13.1Hydrostatic Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 101
2.5.13.2Shear Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 104
2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 110

3 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Relation to Equivalent-Linear Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.2.1 Characteristics of Equivalent-Linear Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.2.2 Characteristics of Fully Nonlinear Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.3 Dynamic Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.3.1 Dynamic Multi-stepping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.4 Dynamic Modeling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12
3.4.1 Dynamic Loading and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12
3.4.1.1 Application of Dynamic Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 12
3.4.1.2 Baseline Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 16
3.4.1.3 Quiet Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 18
3.4.1.4 Free-Field Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19
3.4.2 Mechanical Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 25
3.4.2.1 Rayleigh Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 27
3.4.2.2 Example Application of Rayleigh Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 29
3.4.2.3 Guidelines for Selecting Rayleigh Damping Parameters . . . . . . 3 - 33
3.4.2.4 Local Damping for Dynamic Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 35
3.4.2.5 Spatial Variation in Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 38
3.4.2.6 Structural Element Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 40
3.4.2.7 Artificial Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 40
3.4.2.8 Hysteretic Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 44

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3.4.3 Wave Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 64

3.4.4 Dynamic Pore-Pressure Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 67
3.4.4.1 Finn and Byrne Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 67
3.4.4.2 Simulation of the Liquefaction of a Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 72
3.5 Solving Dynamic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 76
3.5.1 Procedure for Dynamic Mechanical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 76
3.5.1.1 Grid Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 77
3.5.1.2 Initial Static Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 79
3.5.1.3 Dynamic Conditions and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 81
3.5.2 Procedure for Coupled Dynamic Mechanical/Groundwater Simulations 3 - 85
3.5.2.1 Undrained Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 86
3.5.2.2 Dynamic Pore Pressure Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 92
3.6 Validation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 95
3.6.1 Natural Periods of an Elastic Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 95
3.6.2 Comparison of FLAC 3D to SHAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 99
3.6.3 Slip Induced by Harmonic Shear Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 106
3.6.4 Hollow Sphere Subject to an Internal Blast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 117
3.6.5 Comparison of Hysteretic Damping with SHAKE91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 128
3.6.5.1 Acceleration History and Response Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 131
3.6.5.2 Acceleration Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134
3.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 139

4 WRITING NEW CONSTITUTIVE MODELS

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.2.1 Base Class for Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.2.2 Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4.2.3 Registration of Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
4.2.4 Information Passed between Model and FLAC 3D during Cycling . . . . . 4-6
4.2.5 State Indicators of Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4.3 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11
4.3.1 Utility Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11
4.3.2 Example Constitutive Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11
4.3.3 FISH Support for Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 15
4.3.4 Creating User-Written Model DLLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 16
4.3.5 Loading and Running User-Written Model DLLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 17
4.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 18

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TABLES
Table 1.1 System of SI units for thermal problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 33
Table 1.2 System of Imperial units for thermal problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 34
Table 2.1 Notation for the WIPP formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 11
Table 3.1 Numerical fits to Seed & Idriss data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 51
Table 3.2 Moduli appropriate to various deformation modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 95
Table 3.3 Material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 96
Table 3.4 Comparison of theoretical and calculated (FLAC 3D) dynamic period T of oscil-
lation for three modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 96
Table 3.5 Soil deposit profile and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 128
Table 3.6 Numerical fits to Seed & Sun data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 130
Table 4.1 Failure states and bit assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

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FIGURES
Figure 1.1 FLAC 3D grid for conduction in a plane sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 36
Figure 1.2 Comparison of temperatures for the explicit-solution algorithm (analytical val-
ues = crosses; numerical values = lines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 39
Figure 1.3 Comparison of temperatures for the implicit-solution algorithm (analytical
values = crosses; numerical values = lines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 42
Figure 1.4 FLAC 3D grid for heating of a hollow cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 44
Figure 1.5 Temperature distribution at steady state for heating of a hollow cylinder . . . 1 - 49
Figure 1.6 Radial stress distribution at steady state for heating of a hollow cylinder . . . 1 - 49
Figure 1.7 Tangential stress distribution at steady state for heating of a hollow cylinder 1 - 50
Figure 1.8 Axial stress distribution at steady state for heating of a hollow cylinder . . . . 1 - 50
Figure 1.9 FLAC 3D grid for an infinite line heat source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 52
Figure 1.10 Temperature distribution at 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 59
Figure 1.11 Radial displacement distribution at 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 59
Figure 1.12 Radial and tangential stress distributions at 1 year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 60
Figure 1.13 Comparison of temperature versus distance at three different times for convec-
tion and conduction acting in the same direction (solid lines) and conduction
alone (symbols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 77
Figure 1.14 Comparison of temperature versus distance at three different times for con-
vection and conduction acting in opposite directions (solid lines) and con-
duction alone (symbols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 77
Figure 1.15 Comparison of numerical (symbols) and analytical (solid lines) temperature
versus distance profiles at steady state for convection and conduction acting
in the same direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 78
Figure 1.16 Comparison of numerical (symbols) and analytical (solid lines) temperature
versus distance profiles at steady state for convection and conduction acting
in opposite directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 78
Figure 1.17 Comparison of numerical (symbols) and analytical (solid lines) pore pressure
profiles at steady state for a porous saturated layer heated from above . . . 1 - 83
Figure 1.18 FLAC 3D grid and location of monitoring points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 85
Figure 1.19 Initial temperature contours — conduction solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 85
Figure 1.20 Initial pore pressure contours — conduction solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 86
Figure 1.21 Temperature contours and flow vectors after 1000 supersteps — Ra = 42 . . . 1 - 87
Figure 1.22 Temperature contours after 7000 supersteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 87
Figure 1.23 Evolution of temperature at 5 control points after 7000 supersteps . . . . . . . . . 1 - 88
Figure 1.24 Evolution of temperature at 5 control points after 77,000 supersteps . . . . . . . 1 - 89
Figure 1.25 Temperature contours on a plane perpendicular to the x-axis after 77,000 su-
persteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 89
Figure 1.26 Pore pressure contours and flow vectors after 77,000 supersteps . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 90
Figure 1.27 Temperature contours, analytical steady-state solution,
Rayleigh = 4π 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 91

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Figure 1.28 Steady-state temperature contours and flow vectors for 8 × 1 × 1 box, Ra =
42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 97
Figure 1.29 Close-up view of temperature contours and flow vectors for 8 × 1 × 1 box, Ra
= 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 98
Figure 1.30 Steady-state temperature contours and flow vectors for a 1 × 1 × 1 box, Ra =
381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 103
Figure 1.31 Steady-state temperature contours and flow vectors — coarse grid . . . . . . . . . 1 - 108
Figure 1.32 Steady-state temperature contours and flow vectors — medium grid . . . . . . . 1 - 109
Figure 1.33 Steady-state temperature contours and flow vectors — fine grid . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 109
Figure 2.1 Schematic of Burger’s model, with definition of variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Figure 2.2 Parallel-plate viscometer showing velocity streamlines (Jaeger 1969) . . . . . . 2 - 39
Figure 2.3 FLAC 3D grid for parallel-plate test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 42
Figure 2.4 Contours of x-velocity from FLAC 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 43
Figure 2.5 Contours of x-velocity from the analytical solution (from gridpoint extra array
1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 43
Figure 2.6 Contours of σxx from FLAC 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 44
Figure 2.7 Contours of σxx from the analytical solution (from zone extra array 1) . . . . . 2 - 44
Figure 2.8 Contours of x-velocity from the FLAC 3D WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48
Figure 2.9 Contours of x-velocity from the FLAC WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48
Figure 2.10 Contours of σxx from the FLAC 3D WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 49
Figure 2.11 Contours of σxx from the FLAC WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 49
Figure 2.12 FLAC 3D grid for cylindrical cavity test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 51
Figure 2.13 Comparison of radial velocity at steady state —
FLAC 3D (Table 1) versus analytical (Table 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 56
Figure 2.14 Comparison of radial and hoop stress at steady state —
FLAC 3D radial stress (Table 12) versus analytical radial stress (Table 2) and
FLAC 3D hoop stress (Table 13) versus analytical hoop stress (Table 3) . . 2 - 57
Figure 2.15 History of radial velocity at the cylindrical cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 57
Figure 2.16 History of timestep for cylindrical cavity test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 58
Figure 2.17 Radial and hoop stress at steady state — comparison between viscoplastic and
viscoelastic solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 59
Figure 2.18 Plastic state at steady state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 59
Figure 2.19 Comparison of radial velocity at steady state —
FLAC 3D WIPP model (Table 1, symbol), analytical (Table 11, line) versus
radial distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 67
Figure 2.20 Comparison of radial and hoop stress at steady state —
FLAC 3D WIPP model radial stress (Table 2, symbol), analytical radial stress
(Table 12, line), FLAC 3D WIPP model hoop stress (Table 3, symbol), ana-
lytical hoop stress (Table 13, line) versus radial distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 68
Figure 2.21 FLAC 3D grid for the spherical cavity test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 70
Figure 2.22 Comparison of radial velocity at steady state — FLAC 3D (Table 1, symbol),
analytical (Table 11, line) versus radial distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 76

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Figure 2.23 Comparison of radial and hoop stress at steady state — FLAC 3D radial stress
(Table 2, symbol), analytical radial stress (Table 12, line), FLAC 3D hoop
stress (Table 3, symbol), analytical hoop stress (Table 13, line) versus radial
distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 76
Figure 2.24 History of radial velocity at the spherical cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 77
Figure 2.25 History of timestep for spherical cavity test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 77
Figure 2.26 Oedometer test on a Maxwell substance: analytical and numerical stress values
versus time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 79
Figure 2.27 Oedometer test on a Maxwell substance: analytical and numerical strain values
versus time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 79
Figure 2.28 Oedometer test on a generalized Kelvin substance: analytical and numerical
stress values versus time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 83
Figure 2.29 Oedometer test on a generalized Kelvin substance: analytical and numerical
stress values versus time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 83
Figure 2.30 Vertical strain versus time — Maxwell substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 86
Figure 2.31 Vertical strain versus time — generalized Kelvin substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 87
Figure 2.32 Vertical strain versus time — Burger substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 87
Figure 2.33 Axial stress versus time for slow compression test — Cvisc, Cpow and Mohr
models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 91
Figure 2.34 Axial stress versus time for rapid compression test — Cvisc, Cpow and Mohr
models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 92
Figure 2.35 Creep unloading after less plastic flow — Cvisc, Cpow and Mohr models . . 2 - 92
Figure 2.36 Creep unloading after more plastic flow — Cvisc, Cpow and Mohr models . 2 - 93
Figure 2.37 Axial stress versus time for several loading excursions — Cvisc, Cpow and
Mohr models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 93
Figure 2.38 Contours of strength parameter kshear for rapid-loading case . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 100
Figure 2.39 Comparison of numerical and analytical prediction for fractional density . . . 2 - 103
Figure 2.40 Comparison of numerical and analytical prediction for fractional density for
uniaxial compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 107
Figure 2.41 Comparison of numerical and analytical prediction for fractional density for
biaxial compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 108
Figure 2.42 Histories of axial and lateral displacement for uniaxial compression . . . . . . . 2 - 108
Figure 2.43 Histories of axial and lateral displacement for biaxial compression . . . . . . . . 2 - 109
Figure 3.1 Modulus and damping ratio versus cyclic strain for elastic/plastic model . . . 3-6
Figure 3.2 Flow chart for determination of gridpoint multiplier, Mgp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Figure 3.3 x-velocities at model base (GP 55) and top of wall (GP 688) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11
Figure 3.4 Types of dynamic loading and boundary conditions available in FLAC 3D . . . 3 - 13
Figure 3.5 Primary and reflected waves in a bar — stress input through a quiet boundary 3 - 16
Figure 3.6 The baseline-correction process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 17
Figure 3.7 Model for seismic analysis of surface structures and free-field mesh . . . . . . . 3 - 21
Figure 3.8 Side and corner free-field boundaries in a FLAC 3D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 22

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Figure 3.9 x-velocity histories at top of model with free-field boundaries

GP 102: main grid
GP 380: corner FF
GP 176: y-side FF
GP 274: x-side FF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 25
Figure 3.10 Variation of normalized critical damping ratio with angular frequency . . . . . 3 - 28
Figure 3.11 Plot of vertical displacement versus time, for gravity suddenly applied to a
cube of elastic material (no damping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 31
Figure 3.12 Plot of vertical displacement versus time, for gravity suddenly applied to a
cube (mass and stiffness damping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 31
Figure 3.13 Plot of vertical displacement versus time, for gravity suddenly applied to a
cube (mass damping only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 32
Figure 3.14 Plot of vertical displacement versus time, for gravity suddenly applied to a
cube (stiffness damping only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 32
Figure 3.15 Plot of velocity spectrum versus frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 33
Figure 3.16 Comparison of fundamental wavelengths for bars with varying end conditions 3 - 35
Figure 3.17 Displacement history — 5% Rayleigh damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 37
Figure 3.18 Displacement history — 5% local damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 37
Figure 3.19 Velocity histories at a free surface for spatial variation in damping . . . . . . . . . 3 - 39
Figure 3.20 x-velocity histories for plane-strain model without artificial viscosity . . . . . . 3 - 43
Figure 3.21 x-velocity histories for plane-strain model with artificial viscosity . . . . . . . . . 3 - 43
Figure 3.22 Modulus reduction curve for sand (Seed & Idriss, 1970 — “upper range”).
The data set was taken from the input file supplied with the SHAKE91
code download. (See
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/software/shake91/ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 44
Figure 3.23 Shear stress vs shear strain, with one reversal to show the effect of memory
(Example 3.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 47
Figure 3.24 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for sig3 model — secant modulus
values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Idriss data also shown. . . . 3 - 55
Figure 3.25 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for sig3 model — damping
values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Idriss data also shown. . . . 3 - 55
Figure 3.26 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for default model — secant
modulus values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Idriss data also
shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 58
Figure 3.27 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for default model — damping
values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Idriss data also shown. . . . 3 - 59
Figure 3.28 Shear stress vs shear strain for base of the layer; default FLAC 3D hysteretic
model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 61
Figure 3.29 Shear stress vs shear strain for middle of the layer; default
FLAC 3D hysteretic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 61
Figure 3.30 Acceleration history for base of layer vs time (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 62
Figure 3.31 Acceleration history for middle of layer vs time (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 62
Figure 3.32 Acceleration history for surface of layer vs time (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 63
Figure 3.33 Unfiltered velocity history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 65

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Figure 3.34 Unfiltered power spectral density plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 65

Figure 3.35 Filtered velocity history at 15 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 66
Figure 3.36 Results of filtering at 15 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 66
Figure 3.37 Pore pressure (top) and effective stress (bottom) for shaking table, using
Eq. (3.59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 74
Figure 3.38 Pore pressure (top) and effective stress (bottom) for shaking table, using
Eq. (3.60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 75
Figure 3.39 Grid for earth dam and foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 78
Figure 3.40 Contours of vertical stress after gravity loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 80
Figure 3.41 Acceleration histories for base (bold line) and crest (fine line) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 84
Figure 3.42 Displacement records (in x- and y-directions) at crest of dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 84
Figure 3.43 Contours of final displacement magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 85
Figure 3.44 Dam resting on foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 86
Figure 3.45 Deformation after 10 sec. of shaking — Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 91
Figure 3.46 Pore pressure history at a zone in the base of the dam — Mohr-Coulomb
model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 91
Figure 3.47 Deformation after 10 seconds of shaking — finn model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 93
Figure 3.48 Pore pressure history at a zone in the base of the dam — finn model . . . . . 3 - 94
Figure 3.49 Input acceleration at bottom of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 99
Figure 3.50 One-dimensional model containing two materials (history locations are also
shown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 100
Figure 3.51 Horizontal acceleration at top of model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 101
Figure 3.52 Shear strain history at 35 ft depth in model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 102
Figure 3.53 Shear stress history at 35 ft depth in model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 103
Figure 3.54 Transmission and reflection of incident harmonic wave at a discontinuity . . 3 - 107
Figure 3.55 Problem geometry and boundary conditions for the problem of slip induced
by harmonic shear wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 110
Figure 3.56 Time variation of shear stress at points A and B, for elastic discontinuity
(cohesion = 2.5 MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 112
Figure 3.57 Time variation of shear stress at points A and B, for slipping discontinuity
(cohesion = 0.5 MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 112
Figure 3.58 Time variation of shear stress at points A and B, for slipping discontinuity
(cohesion = 0.1 MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 113
Figure 3.59 Time variation of shear stress at points A and B, for slipping discontinuity
(cohesion = 0.02 MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 113
Figure 3.60 Comparison of transmission, reflection and absorption coefficients (points de-
note FLAC 3D results) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 114
Figure 3.61 1D grid to approximate spherical symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 119
Figure 3.62 3D grid — one-eighth of problem is modeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 120
Figure 3.63 Radial displacement histories at r = 2.051 a, 3.424 a and 4.867 a (1D case) 3 - 121
Figure 3.64 Radial displacement histories at r = 2.051 a, 3.424 a and 4.867 a (3D case) 3 - 121
Figure 3.65 Input accelerogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 129

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Figure 3.66 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for default model — secant
modulus values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Sun data (clay —
“upper range”) also shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 130
Figure 3.67 Results of several cyclic FLAC 3D simulations for default model — damping
values versus cyclic shear strain in %. Seed & Sun data (clay — “upper
range”) also shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 131
Figure 3.68 Accelerograms at the top of the model with small input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 132
Figure 3.69 Pseudo-acceleration spectrum at the top of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 133
Figure 3.70 Pseudo-velocity spectrum at the top of the model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 133
Figure 3.71 Acceleration amplifications comparison at the top of the model . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134

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EXAMPLES
Example 1.1 Conduction in a plane sheet — explicit solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 37
Example 1.2 Conduction in a plane sheet — implicit solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 39
Example 1.3 Heating of a hollow cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 45
Example 1.4 Infinite line heat source in an infinite medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 54
Example 1.5 Exponential integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 58
Example 1.6 Thermal pore-pressure coupled response — unconfined test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 62
Example 1.7 Thermal pore-pressure coupled response — confined test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 63
Example 1.8 Forward and backward forced convection — with CONFIG fluid . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 66
Example 1.9 Forward and backward forced convection — without CONFIG fluid . . . . . . . 1 - 69
Example 1.10 Forward and backward forced convection — ATTACHed grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 72
Example 1.11 Natural advection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 79
Example 1.12 Convection in a porous square medium heated from below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 92
Example 1.13 Convection in a porous square medium heated from below, analytical solu-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 95
Example 1.14 Steady-state convection in a long porous box heated from below . . . . . . . . . 1 - 98
Example 1.15 Steady-state convection in a porous medium (Ra = 381) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 104
Example 1.16 Grid sensitivity analysis – coarse grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 110
Example 1.17 Grid sensitivity analysis – medium grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 113
Example 1.18 Grid sensitivity analysis – fine grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 117
Example 2.1 Von Mises stress invariant (“MISES.FIS”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 28
Example 2.2 Parallel-plate test with the classical viscosity model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 40
Example 2.3 Parallel-plate test with the WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 45
Example 2.4 Parallel-plate test with the WIPP model in FLAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 47
Example 2.5 Cylindrical cavity — power law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 52
Example 2.6 Cylindrical cavity — analytic solution, power law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 53
Example 2.7 Cylindrical cavity — viscoplastic power law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 60
Example 2.8 Cylindrical cavity — WIPP model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 62
Example 2.9 Spherical cavity — power law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 70
Example 2.10 Oedometer test — Maxwell substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 80
Example 2.11 Oedometer test — generalized Kelvin substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 84
Example 2.12 Compression test — Maxwell, generalized Kelvin and Burger substances . 2 - 88
Example 2.13 Compression test on viscoplastic and elasto-plastic substances . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 94
Example 2.14 Comparison of the viscoplastic model and the Drucker-Prager model . . . . . 2 - 97
Example 2.15 Compression test using the viscoplastic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 99
Example 2.16 Hydrostatic compression test using the crushed-salt model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 101
Example 2.17 Unconfined and biaxial compression tests using the crushed-salt model . . . 2 - 105
Example 3.1 Shear wave applied to a stiff wall in a soft soil — with dynamic multi-
stepping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10
Example 3.2 Shear wave propagation in a vertical bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15

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Example 3.3 Shear wave loading of a model with free-field boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 22

Example 3.4 Block under gravity — undamped and 3 critically damped cases . . . . . . . . . 3 - 29
Example 3.5 Continuation of Example 3.4 with 5% Rayleigh damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 36
Example 3.6 Continuation of Example 3.4 with 5% local damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 36
Example 3.7 Spatial variation in damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 38
Example 3.8 Velocity wave with sharp front — artificial viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 42
Example 3.9 One-zone sample loaded in shear with strainrate reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 48
Example 3.10 One-zone sample exercised at several cyclic strain levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 52
Example 3.11 One-zone sample exercised at several cyclic strain levels with approximate
fit over selected strain range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 56
Example 3.12 One-dimensional earthquake excitation of uniform layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 59
Example 3.13 Shaking table test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 72
Example 3.14 Generate grid for the dam and foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 77
Example 3.15 Apply boundary conditions and gravity loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 79
Example 3.16 Set realistic strength properties and apply water load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 80
Example 3.17 Dynamic excitation of the dam/valley system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 82
Example 3.18 Placement of foundation material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 86
Example 3.19 Gravity compaction of dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 87
Example 3.20 Fill reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 88
Example 3.21 Develop phreatic surface in dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 88
Example 3.22 Mechanical adjustment to new flow field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 89
Example 3.23 Apply dynamic excitation to dam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 89
Example 3.24 Apply dynamic excitation to dam with finn model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 92
Example 3.25 Data file for confined compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 97
Example 3.26 Data file for unconfined compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 97
Example 3.27 Data file for shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 98
Example 3.28 Listing of “AVPER.FIS”: function to compute average period . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 98
Example 3.29 SHAKE91 model of layered soil deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 103
Example 3.30 FLAC 3D model of layered soil deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 105
Example 3.31 Verification of dynamic slip — four complete simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 114
Example 3.32 Hollow sphere subject to internal pressure pulse — 1D grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 122
Example 3.33 Hollow sphere subject to internal pressure pulse — 3D grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 124
Example 3.34 SHAKE91 model of layered nonlinear soil deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134
Example 3.35 FLAC 3D model of layered nonlinear soil deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 136
Example 4.1 Partial class definition for base class, ConstitutiveModel . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Example 4.2 Typical model constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Example 4.3 Global instantiation of a model object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Example 4.4 Defining state flags and descriptor strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 10
Example 4.5 Class specification for the Mohr-Coulomb model: file “USERMOHR.H” . 4 - 11
Example 4.6 Constant definition for Mohr-Coulomb model, and instantiation . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

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Example 4.7 Initialization and execution sections of the Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . 4 - 13

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