Tables for

CAS Exam MAS-II

Version date 06/25/2018

The following tables will be provided to the candidate with the exam. The tables on pages 4 through 13 are reprinted with the
permission of the Society of Actuaries; the tables on pages 14 through 23 are copyright material of the Casualty Actuarial
Society.

We are furnishing a set of tables for statistical tests as well as a set of distribution functions for Exam MAS-II. We do not have a
single authoritative textbook for MAS-II. The nomenclature used to describe the distribution functions may vary from one
textbook to the next. To avoid confusion on the part of the candidates we will use the formulae, tables and distribution functions
definitions that follow when writing exam questions for Exam MAS-II.
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)
AIC and BIC are two common measures of relative model fit often used as criteria to select
among competing models. These topics are covered in a number of the syllabus materials.
Although the conceptual treatment is the same in each, the actual AIC and BIC formulae can
vary by source.

Candidates are expected to understand AIC and BIC as presented in all of the texts. However, if
an exam question requires a calculation of AIC and/or BIC, unless an alternative formula is
explicitly given, the following will be used:

̂ ; 𝒚) + 2 ∗ 𝑝
𝐴𝐼𝐶 = −2𝑙(𝜽

̂ ; 𝒚) + ln(𝑛) ∗ 𝑝
𝐵𝐼𝐶 = −2𝑙(𝜽

where:
̂ ; 𝒚) is the log-likelihood of the observed data, 𝒚, under the model of interest at the
𝑙(𝜽
(restricted) maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters, 𝜽 ̂.

𝑝 is the number of parameters in the model (fixed effects + covariance parameters).

𝑛 is the number of observations in the modeled dataset.
Mixed Model Notation

To specify models that may include both fixed and random effects, notation consistent with
Linear Mixed Models: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software will be employed.

Specifically, for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ subject with 𝑛𝑖 repeated observations in a model with 𝑝 fixed effect
covariates and 𝑞 random effects the model will be specified as follows:

𝒀𝒊 = 𝑿𝒊 𝛃 + 𝐙𝐢 𝒖𝒊 + 𝝐𝒊

𝒖𝒊 ~ N(𝟎, 𝑫)

𝝐𝒊 ~ N(𝟎, 𝑹𝒊 )

Where
(1) (2) (𝑝)
𝑌1𝑖 𝑋1𝑖 𝑋1𝑖 ⋯ 𝑋1𝑖 𝛽1
𝑌2𝑖 (1) (2) (𝑝)
𝑋2𝑖 𝑋2𝑖 ⋯ 𝑋2𝑖 𝛽2
𝒀𝒊 = ( ⋮ ) ; 𝑿𝒊 = ; 𝜷=( )
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑌𝑛𝑖 𝑖 (1) (2) (𝑝) 𝛽𝑝
(𝑋𝑛𝑖𝑖 𝑋𝑛𝑖 𝑖 ⋯ 𝑋𝑛𝑖 𝑖 )

(1) (2) (𝑞)

𝑍1𝑖 𝑍1𝑖 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑖 𝑢1𝑖 𝜖1𝑖
(1)
𝑍2𝑖
(2)
𝑍2𝑖 ⋯
(𝑞)
𝑍2𝑖 𝑢2𝑖 𝜖2𝑖
𝒁𝒊 = ; 𝒖 𝒊 = ( ⋮ ) ; 𝝐𝒊 = ( ⋮ )
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
(1) (2) (𝑞) 𝑢𝑞𝑖 𝜖𝑛𝑖 𝑖
(𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝑖 𝑋𝑛𝑖 𝑖 ⋯ 𝑍𝑛𝑖 𝑖 )

With the notation above, the fixed effect covariates for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ subject are contained in the 𝑿𝒊
design matrix, the fixed effects are represented by the 𝜷 vector, the random effect covariates for
the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ subject are collapsed into the 𝒁𝒊 design matrix, the random effects are stored in the 𝒖𝒊
vector which is assumed to be multivariate normal with covariance matrix 𝑫, and the 𝑛𝑖
residuals for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ subject are represented by 𝝐𝒊 vector which is also assumed multivariate
normal with covariance matrix 𝑹𝒊 .
Excerpts from the Appendices to Loss Models: From Data to
Decisions, 2nd edition

April 21, 2005

Appendix A

An Inventory of Continuous
Distributions

A.1 Introduction
The incomplete gamma function is given by
Z x
1
Γ(α; x) = tα−1 e−t dt, α > 0, x > 0
Γ(α) 0
Z ∞
with Γ(α) = tα−1 e−t dt, α > 0.
0
Also, define Z ∞
G(α; x) = tα−1 e−t dt, x > 0.
x
Integration by parts produces the relationship

xα e−x 1
G(α; x) = − + G(α + 1; x)
α α
For negative α, this can repeated until the first argument is postive, say at α + k. Then the incomplete
gamma function can be evaluated from

G(α + k; x) = Γ(α + k)[1 − Γ(α + k; x)].

The incomplete beta function is given by

Z
Γ(a + b) x a−1
β(a, b; x) = t (1 − t)b−1 dt, a > 0, b > 0, 0 < x < 1.
Γ(a)Γ(b) 0
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

A.2 Transformed beta family

A.2.3 Three-parameter distributions
A.2.3.1 Generalized Pareto (beta of the second kind)–α, θ, τ

Γ(α + τ ) θα xτ −1 x
f (x) = F (x) = β(τ , α; u), u=
Γ(α)Γ(τ ) (x + θ)α+τ x+θ
θk Γ(τ + k)Γ(α − k)
E[X k ] = , −τ < k < α
Γ(α)Γ(τ )
θk τ (τ + 1) · · · (τ + k − 1)
E[X k ] = , if k is an integer
(α − 1) · · · (α − k)
θk Γ(τ + k)Γ(α − k)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(τ + k, α − k; u) + xk [1 − F (x)], k > −τ
Γ(α)Γ(τ )
τ −1
mode = θ , τ > 1, else 0
α+1

A.2.3.2 Burr (Burr Type XII, Singh-Maddala)–α, θ, γ

αγ(x/θ)γ 1
f (x) = F (x) = 1 − uα , u=
x[1 + (x/θ)γ ]α+1 1 + (x/θ)γ
θk Γ(1 + k/γ)Γ(α − k/γ)
E[X k ] = , −γ < k < αγ
Γ(α)
θk Γ(1 + k/γ)Γ(α − k/γ)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(1 + k/γ, α − k/γ; 1 − u) + xk uα , k > −γ
Γ(α)
µ ¶1/γ
γ−1
mode = θ , γ > 1, else 0
αγ + 1

A.2.3.3 Inverse Burr (Dagum)–τ , θ , γ

τ γ(x/θ)γτ (x/θ)γ
f (x) = F (x) = uτ , u=
x[1 + (x/θ)γ ]τ +1 1 + (x/θ)γ
θk Γ(τ + k/γ)Γ(1 − k/γ)
E[X k ] = , −τ γ < k < γ
Γ(τ )
θk Γ(τ + k/γ)Γ(1 − k/γ)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(τ + k/γ, 1 − k/γ; u) + xk [1 − uτ ], k > −τ γ
Γ(τ )
µ ¶1/γ
τγ − 1
mode = θ , τ γ > 1, else 0
γ+1
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

A.2.4 Two-parameter distributions

A.2.4.1 Pareto–α, θ

µ ¶α
αθα θ
f (x) = F (x) = 1 −
(x + θ)α+1 x+θ
θk Γ(k + 1)Γ(α − k)
E[X k ] = , −1 < k < α
Γ(α)
θk k!
E[X k ] = , if k is an integer
(α − 1) · · · (α − k)
" µ ¶α−1 #
θ θ
E[X ∧ x] = 1− , α= 6 1
α−1 x+θ
µ ¶
θ
E[X ∧ x] = −θ ln , α=1
x+θ
µ ¶α
θk Γ(k + 1)Γ(α − k) θ
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β[k + 1, α − k; x/(x + θ)] + xk , all k
Γ(α) x+θ
mode = 0

A.2.4.2 Inverse Pareto–τ , θ

µ ¶τ
τ θxτ −1 x
f (x) = F (x) =
(x + θ)τ +1 x+θ
θk Γ(τ + k)Γ(1 − k)
E[X k ] = , −τ < k < 1
Γ(τ )
θk (−k)!
E[X k ] = , if k is a negative integer
(τ − 1) · · · (τ + k)
Z x/(x+θ) ∙ µ ¶τ ¸
x
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = θk τ y τ +k−1 (1 − y)−k dy + xk 1 − , k > −τ
0 x+θ
τ −1
mode = θ , τ > 1, else 0
2

A.2.4.3 Loglogistic (Fisk)–γ, θ

γ(x/θ)γ (x/θ)γ
f (x) = F (x) = u, u=
x[1 + (x/θ)γ ]2 1 + (x/θ)γ
E[X k ] = θk Γ(1 + k/γ)Γ(1 − k/γ), −γ < k < γ
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = θk Γ(1 + k/γ)Γ(1 − k/γ)β(1 + k/γ, 1 − k/γ; u) + xk (1 − u), k > −γ
µ ¶1/γ
γ−1
mode = θ , γ > 1, else 0
γ+1
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

A.2.4.4 Paralogistic–α, θ
This is a Burr distribution with γ = α.

α2 (x/θ)α 1
f (x) = F (x) = 1 − uα , u=
x[1 + (x/θ)α ]α+1 1 + (x/θ)α
θk Γ(1 + k/α)Γ(α − k/α)
E[X k ] = , −α < k < α2
Γ(α)
θk Γ(1 + k/α)Γ(α − k/α)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(1 + k/α, α − k/α; 1 − u) + xk uα , k > −α
Γ(α)
µ ¶1/α
α−1
mode = θ , α > 1, else 0
α2 + 1

A.2.4.5 Inverse paralogistic–τ , θ

This is an inverse Burr distribution with γ = τ .

2
τ 2 (x/θ)τ (x/θ)τ
f (x) = F (x) = uτ , u=
x[1 + (x/θ)τ ]τ +1 1 + (x/θ)τ
θk Γ(τ + k/τ )Γ(1 − k/τ )
E[X k ] = , −τ 2 < k < τ
Γ(τ )
θk Γ(τ + k/τ )Γ(1 − k/τ )
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(τ + k/τ , 1 − k/τ ; u) + xk [1 − uτ ], k > −τ 2
Γ(τ )
mode = θ (τ − 1)1/τ , τ > 1, else 0

A.3 Transformed gamma family

A.3.2 Two-parameter distributions
A.3.2.1 Gamma–α, θ

(x/θ)α e−x/θ
f (x) = F (x) = Γ(α; x/θ)
xΓ(α)
θk Γ(α + k)
M (t) = (1 − θt)−α , t < 1/θ E[X k ] = , k > −α
Γ(α)
E[X k ] = θk (α + k − 1) · · · α, if k is an integer

θk Γ(α + k)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = Γ(α + k; x/θ) + xk [1 − Γ(α; x/θ)], k > −α
Γ(α)
= α(α + 1) · · · (α + k − 1)θk Γ(α + k; x/θ) + xk [1 − Γ(α; x/θ)], k an integer
mode = θ(α − 1), α > 1, else 0
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

A.3.2.2 Inverse gamma (Vinci)–α, θ

(θ/x)α e−θ/x
f (x) = F (x) = 1 − Γ(α; θ/x)
xΓ(α)
θk Γ(α − k) θk
E[X k ] = , k<α E[X k ] = , if k is an integer
Γ(α) (α − 1) · · · (α − k)
θk Γ(α − k)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = [1 − Γ(α − k; θ/x)] + xk Γ(α; θ/x)
Γ(α)
θk Γ(α − k)
= G(α − k; θ/x) + xk Γ(α; θ/x), all k
Γ(α)
mode = θ/(α + 1)

A.3.2.3 Weibull–θ, τ

τ
τ (x/θ)τ e−(x/θ) τ
f (x) = F (x) = 1 − e−(x/θ)
x
E[X k ] = θk Γ(1 + k/τ ), k > −τ
τ
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = θk Γ(1 + k/τ )Γ[1 + k/τ ; (x/θ)τ ] + xk e−(x/θ) , k > −τ
µ ¶1/τ
τ −1
mode = θ , τ > 1, else 0
τ

A.3.2.4 Inverse Weibull (log Gompertz)–θ, τ

τ
τ (θ/x)τ e−(θ/x) τ
f (x) = F (x) = e−(θ/x)
x
E[X k ] = θk Γ(1 − k/τ ), k < τ
h τ
i
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = θk Γ(1 − k/τ ){1 − Γ[1 − k/τ ; (θ/x)τ ]} + xk 1 − e−(θ/x) , all k
h τ
i
= θk Γ(1 − k/τ )G[1 − k/τ ; (θ/x)τ ] + xk 1 − e−(θ/x)
µ ¶1/τ
τ
mode = θ
τ +1

A.3.3 One-parameter distributions

A.3.3.1 Exponential–θ

e−x/θ
f (x) = F (x) = 1 − e−x/θ
θ
M (t)= (1 − θt)−1 E[X k ] = θk Γ(k + 1), k > −1
k
E[X k ]
= θ k!, if k is an integer
E[X ∧ x]= θ(1 − e−x/θ )
E[(X ∧ x)k ]
= θk Γ(k + 1)Γ(k + 1; x/θ) + xk e−x/θ , k > −1
= θk k!Γ(k + 1; x/θ) + xk e−x/θ , k an integer
mode = 0
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS

A.3.3.2 Inverse exponential–θ

θe−θ/x
f (x) = F (x) = e−θ/x
x2
E[X k ] = θk Γ(1 − k), k < 1
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = θk G(1 − k; θ/x) + xk (1 − e−θ/x ), all k
mode = θ/2

A.4 Other distributions

A.4.1.1 Lognormal–μ,σ (μ can be negative)

1 ln x − μ
f (x) = √ exp(−z 2 /2) = φ(z)/(σx), z = F (x) = Φ(z)
xσ 2π σ
k 2 2
E[X ] = exp(kμ + k σ /2)
µ ¶
k 2 2 ln x − μ − kσ 2
E[(X ∧ x) ] = exp(kμ + k σ /2)Φ + xk [1 − F (x)]
σ
mode = exp(μ − σ2 )

A.4.1.2 Inverse Gaussian–μ, θ

µ ¶1/2 µ ¶
θ θz 2 x−μ
f (x) = 3
exp − , z=
2πx 2x μ
" µ ¶ # µ ¶ " µ ¶1/2 #
1/2
θ 2θ θ x+μ
F (x) = Φ z + exp Φ −y , y=
x μ x μ
" Ã r !#
θ 2tμ2 θ
M (t) = exp 1− 1− , t < 2, E[X] = μ, Var[X] = μ3 /θ
μ θ 2μ
" µ ¶ # µ ¶ " µ ¶1/2 #
1/2
θ 2θ θ
E[X ∧ x] = x − μzΦ z − μy exp Φ −y
x μ x

A.4.1.3 log-t–r, μ, σ (μ can be negative)

Let Y have a t distribution with r degrees of freedom. Then X = exp(σY + μ) has the log-t distribution.
Positive moments do not exist for this distribution. Just as the t distribution has a heavier tail than the
normal distribution, this distribution has a heavier tail than the lognormal distribution.
µ ¶
r+1
Γ
2
f (x) = " ,
³r´ µ ¶2 #(r+1)/2
√ 1 ln x − μ
xσ πrΓ 1+
2 r σ
µ ¶
ln x − μ
F (x) = Fr with Fr (t) the cdf of a t distribution with r d.f.,
σ
APPENDIX A. AN INVENTORY OF CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
⎧ ⎡ ⎤
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎢ ⎢r 1 r ⎥
⎥
⎪
⎪ β ⎢ , ; µ ¶2 ⎥ , 0 < x ≤ eμ ,
⎪
⎪ 2 ⎣ 2 2 ln x − μ ⎦
⎪
⎨ r+
⎡ σ ⎤
F (x) =
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎢ ⎢r 1 r ⎥
⎥
⎪
⎪ 1 − β ⎢ , ; µ ¶ 2⎥ , x ≥ eμ .
⎪
⎪ 2 ⎣2 2 ln x − μ ⎦
⎪
⎩ r+
σ

A.4.1.4 Single-parameter Pareto–α, θ

αθα
f (x) = , x>θ F (x) = 1 − (θ/x)α , x>θ
xα+1
αθk αθk kθα
E[X k ] = , k<α E[(X ∧ x)k ] = −
α−k α − k (α − k)xα−k
mode = θ
Note: Although there appears to be two parameters, only α is a true parameter. The value of θ must be
set in advance.

A.5 Distributions with finite support

For these two distributions, the scale parameter θ is assumed known.

A.5.1.1 Generalized beta–a, b, θ, τ

Γ(a + b) a τ
f (x) = u (1 − u)b−1 , 0 < x < θ, u = (x/θ)τ
Γ(a)Γ(b) x
F (x) = β(a, b; u)
θk Γ(a + b)Γ(a + k/τ )
E[X k ] = , k > −aτ
Γ(a)Γ(a + b + k/τ )
θk Γ(a + b)Γ(a + k/τ )
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(a + k/τ , b; u) + xk [1 − β(a, b; u)]
Γ(a)Γ(a + b + k/τ )

A.5.1.2 beta–a, b, θ

Γ(a + b) a 1
f (x) = u (1 − u)b−1 , 0 < x < θ, u = x/θ
Γ(a)Γ(b) x
F (x) = β(a, b; u)
θk Γ(a + b)Γ(a + k)
E[X k ] = , k > −a
Γ(a)Γ(a + b + k)
θk a(a + 1) · · · (a + k − 1)
E[X k ] = , if k is an integer
(a + b)(a + b + 1) · · · (a + b + k − 1)
θk a(a + 1) · · · (a + k − 1)
E[(X ∧ x)k ] = β(a + k, b; u)
(a + b)(a + b + 1) · · · (a + b + k − 1)
+xk [1 − β(a, b; u)]
Appendix B

An Inventory of Discrete
Distributions

B.2 The (a, b, 0) class

B.2.1.1 Poisson–λ

e−λ λk
p0 = e−λ , a = 0, b=λ pk =
k!
E[N ] = λ, Var[N ] = λ P (z) = eλ(z−1)

B.2.1.2 Geometric–β

1 β βk
p0 = , a= , b=0 pk =
1+β 1+β (1 + β)k+1
E[N ] = β, Var[N ] = β(1 + β) P (z) = [1 − β(z − 1)]−1 .
This is a special case of the negative binomial with r = 1.

B.2.1.3 Binomial–q, m, (0 < q < 1, m an integer)

q (m + 1)q
p0 = (1 − q)m , a = − , b=
1−q 1−q
µ ¶
m k
pk = q (1 − q)m−k , k = 0, 1, . . . , m
k
E[N ] = mq, Var[N ] = mq(1 − q) P (z) = [1 + q(z − 1)]m .

B.2.1.4 Negative binomial–β, r

β (r − 1)β
p0 = (1 + β)−r , a= , b=
1+β 1+β
r(r + 1) · · · (r + k − 1)β k
pk =
k!(1 + β)r+k
E[N ] = rβ, Var[N ] = rβ(1 + β) P (z) = [1 − β(z − 1)]−r .

8
 Tail areas (two-sided) for t-distributions

0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01

df
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750
35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704
45 1.301 1.679 2.014 2.412 2.690
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678
55 1.297 1.673 2.004 2.396 2.668
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648
80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639
90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632
100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617
400 1.284 1.649 1.966 2.336 2.588
Inf 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576

For use on the CAS exams

 F-distributions

Selected Upper-tail areas for F-distributions

Numerator df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500 Inf

Denominator df Upper-tail
1 0.20 9.472 12 13.064 13.644 14.008 14.258 14.439 14.577 14.685 14.772 14.844 14.904 14.998 15.07 15.171 15.238 15.306 15.374 15.415 15.47 15.497 15.539 15.563 15.58 0.20 1
1 0.10 39.86 49.5 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.2 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.47 60.71 61.07 61.35 61.74 62 62.26 62.53 62.69 62.9 63.01 63.17 63.26 63.33 0.10 1
1 0.05 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243 243.9 245.4 246.5 248 249.1 250.1 251.1 251.8 252.6 253 253.7 254.1 254.3 0.05 1
1 0.02 1013 1249 1351 1406 1441 1464 1482 1495 1505 1514 1521 1526 1535 1542 1552 1558 1565 1571 1575 1581 1583 1587 1590 1591 0.02 1
1 0.01 4052 4999 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6106 6143 6170 6209 6235 6261 6287 6303 6324 6334 6350 6360 6366 0.01 1

2 0.20 3.556 4 4.156 4.236 4.284 4.317 4.34 4.358 4.371 4.382 4.391 4.399 4.41 4.419 4.432 4.44 4.448 4.456 4.461 4.468 4.471 4.476 4.479 4.481 0.20 2
2 0.10 8.526 9 9.162 9.243 9.293 9.326 9.349 9.367 9.381 9.392 9.401 9.408 9.42 9.429 9.441 9.45 9.458 9.466 9.471 9.478 9.481 9.486 9.489 9.491 0.10 2
2 0.05 18.51 19 19.16 19.25 19.3 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.4 19.4 19.41 19.42 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.48 19.49 19.49 19.49 19.5 0.05 2
2 0.02 48.51 49 49.17 49.25 49.3 49.33 49.36 49.37 49.39 49.4 49.41 49.42 49.43 49.44 49.45 49.46 49.46 49.47 49.48 49.48 49.49 49.49 49.5 49.5 0.02 2
2 0.01 98.5 99 99.17 99.25 99.3 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.4 99.41 99.42 99.43 99.44 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.49 99.49 99.5 99.5 0.01 2

3 0.20 2.682 2.886 2.936 2.956 2.965 2.971 2.974 2.976 2.978 2.979 2.98 2.981 2.982 2.982 2.983 2.983 2.984 2.984 2.984 2.984 2.984 2.985 2.985 2.985 0.20 3
3 0.10 5.538 5.462 5.391 5.343 5.309 5.285 5.266 5.252 5.24 5.23 5.222 5.216 5.205 5.196 5.184 5.176 5.168 5.16 5.155 5.148 5.144 5.139 5.136 5.134 0.10 3
3 0.05 10.128 9.552 9.277 9.117 9.013 8.941 8.887 8.845 8.812 8.786 8.763 8.745 8.715 8.692 8.66 8.639 8.617 8.594 8.581 8.563 8.554 8.54 8.532 8.526 0.05 3
3 0.02 20.62 18.86 18.11 17.69 17.43 17.25 17.11 17.01 16.93 16.86 16.81 16.76 16.69 16.63 16.55 16.5 16.45 16.39 16.36 16.32 16.3 16.26 16.24 16.23 0.02 3
3 0.01 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.92 26.83 26.69 26.6 26.5 26.41 26.35 26.28 26.24 26.18 26.15 26.13 0.01 3

4 0.20 2.351 2.472 2.485 2.483 2.478 2.473 2.469 2.465 2.462 2.46 2.457 2.455 2.452 2.449 2.445 2.442 2.439 2.436 2.434 2.432 2.43 2.428 2.427 2.426 0.20 4
4 0.10 4.545 4.325 4.191 4.107 4.051 4.01 3.979 3.955 3.936 3.92 3.907 3.896 3.878 3.864 3.844 3.831 3.817 3.804 3.795 3.784 3.778 3.769 3.764 3.761 0.10 4
4 0.05 7.709 6.944 6.591 6.388 6.256 6.163 6.094 6.041 5.999 5.964 5.936 5.912 5.873 5.844 5.803 5.774 5.746 5.717 5.699 5.676 5.664 5.646 5.635 5.628 0.05 4
4 0.02 14.04 12.142 11.344 10.899 10.616 10.419 10.274 10.162 10.074 10.003 9.944 9.894 9.815 9.755 9.67 9.612 9.554 9.495 9.46 9.412 9.388 9.352 9.33 9.315 0.02 4
4 0.01 21.2 18 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.8 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37 14.25 14.15 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.69 13.61 13.58 13.52 13.49 13.46 0.01 4

5 0.20 2.178 2.259 2.253 2.24 2.228 2.217 2.209 2.202 2.196 2.191 2.187 2.184 2.178 2.173 2.166 2.161 2.156 2.151 2.148 2.144 2.141 2.138 2.136 2.134 0.20 5
5 0.10 4.06 3.78 3.619 3.52 3.453 3.405 3.368 3.339 3.316 3.297 3.282 3.268 3.247 3.23 3.207 3.191 3.174 3.157 3.147 3.133 3.126 3.116 3.109 3.105 0.10 5
5 0.05 6.608 5.786 5.409 5.192 5.05 4.95 4.876 4.818 4.772 4.735 4.704 4.678 4.636 4.604 4.558 4.527 4.496 4.464 4.444 4.418 4.405 4.385 4.373 4.365 0.05 5
5 0.02 11.323 9.454 8.67 8.233 7.953 7.758 7.614 7.503 7.415 7.344 7.285 7.235 7.156 7.095 7.009 6.951 6.893 6.833 6.797 6.749 6.724 6.687 6.665 6.65 0.02 5
5 0.01 16.258 13.274 12.06 11.392 10.967 10.672 10.456 10.289 10.158 10.051 9.963 9.888 9.77 9.68 9.553 9.466 9.379 9.291 9.238 9.166 9.13 9.075 9.042 9.02 0.01 5

6 0.20 2.073 2.13 2.113 2.092 2.076 2.062 2.051 2.042 2.034 2.028 2.022 2.018 2.01 2.004 1.995 1.989 1.982 1.976 1.972 1.966 1.963 1.959 1.956 1.954 0.20 6
6 0.10 3.776 3.463 3.289 3.181 3.108 3.055 3.014 2.983 2.958 2.937 2.92 2.905 2.881 2.863 2.836 2.818 2.8 2.781 2.77 2.754 2.746 2.734 2.727 2.722 0.10 6
6 0.05 5.987 5.143 4.757 4.534 4.387 4.284 4.207 4.147 4.099 4.06 4.027 4 3.956 3.922 3.874 3.841 3.808 3.774 3.754 3.726 3.712 3.69 3.678 3.669 0.05 6
6 0.02 9.876 8.052 7.287 6.859 6.585 6.393 6.251 6.141 6.055 5.984 5.925 5.876 5.797 5.737 5.651 5.593 5.534 5.474 5.438 5.389 5.364 5.327 5.304 5.289 0.02 6
6 0.01 13.745 10.925 9.78 9.148 8.746 8.466 8.26 8.102 7.976 7.874 7.79 7.718 7.605 7.519 7.396 7.313 7.229 7.143 7.091 7.022 6.987 6.934 6.902 6.88 0.01 6

7 0.20 2.002 2.043 2.019 1.994 1.974 1.957 1.945 1.934 1.925 1.918 1.911 1.906 1.897 1.89 1.879 1.872 1.865 1.857 1.852 1.845 1.842 1.837 1.833 1.831 0.20 7
7 0.10 3.589 3.257 3.074 2.961 2.883 2.827 2.785 2.752 2.725 2.703 2.684 2.668 2.643 2.623 2.595 2.575 2.555 2.535 2.523 2.506 2.497 2.484 2.476 2.471 0.10 7
7 0.05 5.591 4.737 4.347 4.12 3.972 3.866 3.787 3.726 3.677 3.637 3.603 3.575 3.529 3.494 3.445 3.41 3.376 3.34 3.319 3.29 3.275 3.252 3.239 3.23 0.05 7
7 0.02 8.988 7.203 6.454 6.035 5.765 5.576 5.435 5.327 5.241 5.171 5.113 5.064 4.985 4.925 4.839 4.781 4.722 4.662 4.625 4.576 4.551 4.513 4.49 4.475 0.02 7
7 0.01 12.246 9.547 8.451 7.847 7.46 7.191 6.993 6.84 6.719 6.62 6.538 6.469 6.359 6.275 6.155 6.074 5.992 5.908 5.858 5.789 5.755 5.702 5.671 5.65 0.01 7

8 0.20 1.951 1.981 1.951 1.923 1.9 1.883 1.868 1.856 1.847 1.838 1.831 1.825 1.815 1.807 1.796 1.787 1.779 1.77 1.765 1.757 1.753 1.748 1.744 1.742 0.20 8
8 0.10 3.458 3.113 2.924 2.806 2.726 2.668 2.624 2.589 2.561 2.538 2.519 2.502 2.475 2.455 2.425 2.404 2.383 2.361 2.348 2.33 2.321 2.307 2.298 2.293 0.10 8
8 0.05 5.318 4.459 4.066 3.838 3.687 3.581 3.5 3.438 3.388 3.347 3.313 3.284 3.237 3.202 3.15 3.115 3.079 3.043 3.02 2.99 2.975 2.951 2.937 2.928 0.05 8
8 0.02 8.389 6.637 5.901 5.489 5.223 5.036 4.897 4.79 4.705 4.635 4.577 4.528 4.449 4.389 4.304 4.245 4.186 4.125 4.088 4.038 4.013 3.975 3.952 3.936 0.02 8
8 0.01 11.259 8.649 7.591 7.006 6.632 6.371 6.178 6.029 5.911 5.814 5.734 5.667 5.559 5.477 5.359 5.279 5.198 5.116 5.065 4.998 4.963 4.911 4.88 4.859 0.01 8

9 0.20 1.913 1.935 1.901 1.87 1.846 1.826 1.811 1.798 1.787 1.778 1.771 1.764 1.753 1.745 1.732 1.723 1.714 1.704 1.698 1.69 1.686 1.68 1.676 1.673 0.20 9
9 0.10 3.36 3.006 2.813 2.693 2.611 2.551 2.505 2.469 2.44 2.416 2.396 2.379 2.351 2.329 2.298 2.277 2.255 2.232 2.218 2.199 2.189 2.174 2.165 2.159 0.10 9
9 0.05 5.117 4.256 3.863 3.633 3.482 3.374 3.293 3.23 3.179 3.137 3.102 3.073 3.025 2.989 2.936 2.9 2.864 2.826 2.803 2.771 2.756 2.731 2.717 2.707 0.05 9
9 0.02 7.961 6.234 5.51 5.103 4.84 4.654 4.517 4.41 4.325 4.256 4.198 4.149 4.071 4.011 3.925 3.866 3.806 3.745 3.708 3.658 3.632 3.593 3.57 3.554 0.02 9
9 0.01 10.561 8.022 6.992 6.422 6.057 5.802 5.613 5.467 5.351 5.257 5.178 5.111 5.005 4.924 4.808 4.729 4.649 4.567 4.517 4.449 4.415 4.363 4.332 4.311 0.01 9

For use on the CAS exams

 F-distributions

Numerator df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500 Inf

Denominator df Upper-tail
10 0.20 1.883 1.899 1.861 1.829 1.803 1.782 1.766 1.752 1.741 1.732 1.723 1.716 1.705 1.696 1.682 1.673 1.663 1.653 1.646 1.637 1.633 1.626 1.621 1.618 0.20 10
10 0.10 3.285 2.924 2.728 2.605 2.522 2.461 2.414 2.377 2.347 2.323 2.302 2.284 2.255 2.233 2.201 2.178 2.155 2.132 2.117 2.097 2.087 2.071 2.062 2.055 0.10 10
10 0.05 4.965 4.103 3.708 3.478 3.326 3.217 3.135 3.072 3.02 2.978 2.943 2.913 2.865 2.828 2.774 2.737 2.7 2.661 2.637 2.605 2.588 2.563 2.548 2.538 0.05 10
10 0.02 7.638 5.934 5.218 4.816 4.555 4.371 4.235 4.129 4.044 3.975 3.917 3.868 3.79 3.73 3.644 3.585 3.525 3.463 3.425 3.374 3.348 3.309 3.285 3.269 0.02 10
10 0.01 10.044 7.559 6.552 5.994 5.636 5.386 5.2 5.057 4.942 4.849 4.772 4.706 4.601 4.52 4.405 4.327 4.247 4.165 4.115 4.048 4.014 3.962 3.93 3.909 0.01 10

11 0.20 1.859 1.87 1.83 1.796 1.768 1.747 1.73 1.716 1.704 1.694 1.685 1.678 1.666 1.656 1.642 1.632 1.622 1.611 1.604 1.594 1.589 1.582 1.577 1.574 0.20 11
11 0.10 3.225 2.86 2.66 2.536 2.451 2.389 2.342 2.304 2.274 2.248 2.227 2.209 2.179 2.156 2.123 2.1 2.076 2.052 2.036 2.016 2.005 1.989 1.979 1.972 0.10 11
11 0.05 4.844 3.982 3.587 3.357 3.204 3.095 3.012 2.948 2.896 2.854 2.818 2.788 2.739 2.701 2.646 2.609 2.57 2.531 2.507 2.473 2.457 2.431 2.415 2.404 0.05 11
11 0.02 7.388 5.701 4.993 4.594 4.336 4.153 4.017 3.912 3.828 3.758 3.701 3.652 3.573 3.513 3.427 3.367 3.307 3.245 3.207 3.155 3.129 3.089 3.065 3.048 0.02 11
11 0.01 9.646 7.206 6.217 5.668 5.316 5.069 4.886 4.744 4.632 4.539 4.462 4.397 4.293 4.213 4.099 4.021 3.941 3.86 3.81 3.742 3.708 3.656 3.624 3.602 0.01 11

12 0.20 1.839 1.846 1.804 1.768 1.74 1.718 1.7 1.686 1.673 1.663 1.654 1.646 1.634 1.624 1.609 1.598 1.587 1.576 1.568 1.558 1.553 1.545 1.54 1.537 0.20 12
12 0.10 3.177 2.807 2.606 2.48 2.394 2.331 2.283 2.245 2.214 2.188 2.166 2.147 2.117 2.094 2.06 2.036 2.011 1.986 1.97 1.949 1.938 1.921 1.911 1.904 0.10 12
12 0.05 4.747 3.885 3.49 3.259 3.106 2.996 2.913 2.849 2.796 2.753 2.717 2.687 2.637 2.599 2.544 2.505 2.466 2.426 2.401 2.367 2.35 2.323 2.307 2.296 0.05 12
12 0.02 7.188 5.516 4.814 4.419 4.162 3.98 3.845 3.74 3.656 3.587 3.529 3.48 3.402 3.341 3.254 3.195 3.134 3.071 3.033 2.981 2.954 2.913 2.889 2.872 0.02 12
12 0.01 9.33 6.927 5.953 5.412 5.064 4.821 4.64 4.499 4.388 4.296 4.22 4.155 4.052 3.972 3.858 3.78 3.701 3.619 3.569 3.501 3.467 3.414 3.382 3.361 0.01 12

13 0.20 1.823 1.826 1.783 1.746 1.717 1.694 1.676 1.661 1.648 1.637 1.628 1.62 1.607 1.596 1.581 1.57 1.558 1.546 1.539 1.528 1.523 1.514 1.509 1.506 0.20 13
13 0.10 3.136 2.763 2.56 2.434 2.347 2.283 2.234 2.195 2.164 2.138 2.116 2.097 2.066 2.042 2.007 1.983 1.958 1.931 1.915 1.893 1.882 1.864 1.853 1.846 0.10 13
13 0.05 4.667 3.806 3.411 3.179 3.025 2.915 2.832 2.767 2.714 2.671 2.635 2.604 2.554 2.515 2.459 2.42 2.38 2.339 2.314 2.279 2.261 2.234 2.218 2.206 0.05 13
13 0.02 7.024 5.366 4.669 4.276 4.02 3.84 3.705 3.6 3.516 3.447 3.39 3.341 3.262 3.201 3.114 3.054 2.993 2.93 2.891 2.838 2.811 2.77 2.745 2.728 0.02 13
13 0.01 9.074 6.701 5.739 5.205 4.862 4.62 4.441 4.302 4.191 4.1 4.025 3.96 3.857 3.778 3.665 3.587 3.507 3.425 3.375 3.307 3.272 3.219 3.187 3.165 0.01 13

14 0.20 1.809 1.809 1.765 1.727 1.697 1.674 1.655 1.639 1.626 1.615 1.606 1.598 1.584 1.573 1.557 1.546 1.534 1.521 1.513 1.502 1.497 1.488 1.482 1.479 0.20 14
14 0.10 3.102 2.726 2.522 2.395 2.307 2.243 2.193 2.154 2.122 2.095 2.073 2.054 2.022 1.998 1.962 1.938 1.912 1.885 1.869 1.846 1.834 1.816 1.805 1.797 0.10 14
14 0.05 4.6 3.739 3.344 3.112 2.958 2.848 2.764 2.699 2.646 2.602 2.565 2.534 2.484 2.445 2.388 2.349 2.308 2.266 2.241 2.205 2.187 2.159 2.142 2.131 0.05 14
14 0.02 6.888 5.241 4.549 4.158 3.904 3.724 3.589 3.485 3.401 3.332 3.274 3.225 3.146 3.086 2.998 2.938 2.876 2.812 2.773 2.72 2.692 2.651 2.625 2.608 0.02 14
14 0.01 8.862 6.515 5.564 5.035 4.695 4.456 4.278 4.14 4.03 3.939 3.864 3.8 3.698 3.619 3.505 3.427 3.348 3.266 3.215 3.147 3.112 3.059 3.026 3.004 0.01 14

15 0.20 1.797 1.795 1.749 1.71 1.68 1.656 1.637 1.621 1.608 1.596 1.587 1.578 1.564 1.553 1.537 1.525 1.513 1.5 1.491 1.48 1.474 1.465 1.459 1.455 0.20 15
15 0.10 3.073 2.695 2.49 2.361 2.273 2.208 2.158 2.119 2.086 2.059 2.037 2.017 1.985 1.961 1.924 1.899 1.873 1.845 1.828 1.805 1.793 1.774 1.763 1.755 0.10 15
15 0.05 4.543 3.682 3.287 3.056 2.901 2.79 2.707 2.641 2.588 2.544 2.507 2.475 2.424 2.385 2.328 2.288 2.247 2.204 2.178 2.142 2.123 2.095 2.078 2.066 0.05 15
15 0.02 6.773 5.135 4.447 4.058 3.805 3.626 3.492 3.387 3.303 3.235 3.177 3.128 3.049 2.988 2.9 2.84 2.777 2.713 2.674 2.62 2.592 2.55 2.524 2.506 0.02 15
15 0.01 8.683 6.359 5.417 4.893 4.556 4.318 4.142 4.004 3.895 3.805 3.73 3.666 3.564 3.485 3.372 3.294 3.214 3.132 3.081 3.012 2.977 2.923 2.891 2.868 0.01 15

16 0.20 1.787 1.783 1.736 1.696 1.665 1.641 1.621 1.605 1.591 1.58 1.57 1.561 1.547 1.536 1.519 1.507 1.494 1.481 1.472 1.46 1.454 1.445 1.439 1.435 0.20 16
16 0.10 3.048 2.668 2.462 2.333 2.244 2.178 2.128 2.088 2.055 2.028 2.005 1.985 1.953 1.928 1.891 1.866 1.839 1.811 1.793 1.769 1.757 1.738 1.726 1.718 0.10 16
16 0.05 4.494 3.634 3.239 3.007 2.852 2.741 2.657 2.591 2.538 2.494 2.456 2.425 2.373 2.333 2.276 2.235 2.194 2.151 2.124 2.087 2.068 2.039 2.022 2.01 0.05 16
16 0.02 6.674 5.046 4.361 3.974 3.721 3.543 3.409 3.304 3.221 3.152 3.094 3.045 2.966 2.905 2.817 2.756 2.693 2.628 2.589 2.534 2.506 2.463 2.437 2.419 0.02 16
16 0.01 8.531 6.226 5.292 4.773 4.437 4.202 4.026 3.89 3.78 3.691 3.616 3.553 3.451 3.372 3.259 3.181 3.101 3.018 2.967 2.898 2.863 2.808 2.775 2.753 0.01 16

17 0.20 1.778 1.772 1.724 1.684 1.652 1.628 1.608 1.591 1.577 1.566 1.555 1.547 1.532 1.52 1.503 1.491 1.478 1.464 1.455 1.443 1.437 1.427 1.421 1.416 0.20 17
17 0.10 3.026 2.645 2.437 2.308 2.218 2.152 2.102 2.061 2.028 2.001 1.978 1.958 1.925 1.9 1.862 1.836 1.809 1.781 1.763 1.738 1.726 1.706 1.694 1.686 0.10 17
17 0.05 4.451 3.592 3.197 2.965 2.81 2.699 2.614 2.548 2.494 2.45 2.413 2.381 2.329 2.289 2.23 2.19 2.148 2.104 2.077 2.04 2.02 1.991 1.973 1.96 0.05 17
17 0.02 6.589 4.968 4.286 3.901 3.649 3.471 3.337 3.233 3.149 3.08 3.023 2.973 2.894 2.833 2.745 2.683 2.62 2.555 2.515 2.46 2.431 2.388 2.361 2.343 0.02 17
17 0.01 8.4 6.112 5.185 4.669 4.336 4.102 3.927 3.791 3.682 3.593 3.519 3.455 3.353 3.275 3.162 3.084 3.003 2.92 2.869 2.8 2.764 2.709 2.676 2.653 0.01 17

18 0.20 1.77 1.762 1.713 1.673 1.641 1.616 1.596 1.579 1.565 1.553 1.543 1.534 1.519 1.507 1.489 1.477 1.463 1.449 1.44 1.428 1.421 1.411 1.404 1.4 0.20 18
18 0.10 3.007 2.624 2.416 2.286 2.196 2.13 2.079 2.038 2.005 1.977 1.954 1.933 1.9 1.875 1.837 1.81 1.783 1.754 1.736 1.711 1.698 1.678 1.665 1.657 0.10 18
18 0.05 4.414 3.555 3.16 2.928 2.773 2.661 2.577 2.51 2.456 2.412 2.374 2.342 2.29 2.25 2.191 2.15 2.107 2.063 2.035 1.998 1.978 1.948 1.929 1.917 0.05 18
18 0.02 6.515 4.9 4.221 3.837 3.586 3.408 3.275 3.171 3.087 3.018 2.96 2.911 2.832 2.77 2.682 2.62 2.557 2.491 2.45 2.395 2.366 2.322 2.295 2.277 0.02 18
18 0.01 8.285 6.013 5.092 4.579 4.248 4.015 3.841 3.705 3.597 3.508 3.434 3.371 3.269 3.19 3.077 2.999 2.919 2.835 2.784 2.714 2.678 2.623 2.589 2.566 0.01 18

19 0.20 1.763 1.754 1.704 1.663 1.631 1.605 1.585 1.568 1.554 1.542 1.531 1.522 1.507 1.495 1.477 1.464 1.45 1.436 1.427 1.414 1.407 1.396 1.39 1.385 0.20 19
19 0.10 2.99 2.606 2.397 2.266 2.176 2.109 2.058 2.017 1.984 1.956 1.932 1.912 1.878 1.852 1.814 1.787 1.759 1.73 1.711 1.686 1.673 1.652 1.639 1.631 0.10 19
19 0.05 4.381 3.522 3.127 2.895 2.74 2.628 2.544 2.477 2.423 2.378 2.34 2.308 2.256 2.215 2.155 2.114 2.071 2.026 1.999 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.891 1.878 0.05 19
19 0.02 6.449 4.84 4.164 3.781 3.531 3.353 3.22 3.116 3.032 2.963 2.906 2.856 2.777 2.715 2.626 2.564 2.501 2.434 2.394 2.337 2.308 2.264 2.236 2.218 0.02 19
19 0.01 8.185 5.926 5.01 4.5 4.171 3.939 3.765 3.631 3.523 3.434 3.36 3.297 3.195 3.116 3.003 2.925 2.844 2.761 2.709 2.639 2.602 2.547 2.512 2.489 0.01 19

For use on the CAS exams

 F-distributions

Numerator df 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 20 24 30 40 50 75 100 200 500 Inf

Denominator df Upper-tail
20 0.20 1.757 1.746 1.696 1.654 1.622 1.596 1.575 1.558 1.544 1.531 1.521 1.512 1.496 1.484 1.466 1.452 1.439 1.424 1.414 1.401 1.394 1.383 1.377 1.372 0.20 20
20 0.10 2.975 2.589 2.38 2.249 2.158 2.091 2.04 1.999 1.965 1.937 1.913 1.892 1.859 1.833 1.794 1.767 1.738 1.708 1.69 1.664 1.65 1.629 1.616 1.607 0.10 20
20 0.05 4.351 3.493 3.098 2.866 2.711 2.599 2.514 2.447 2.393 2.348 2.31 2.278 2.225 2.184 2.124 2.082 2.039 1.994 1.966 1.927 1.907 1.875 1.856 1.843 0.05 20
20 0.02 6.391 4.788 4.113 3.731 3.482 3.304 3.171 3.067 2.984 2.915 2.857 2.808 2.728 2.666 2.577 2.515 2.451 2.384 2.343 2.286 2.257 2.212 2.184 2.165 0.02 20
20 0.01 8.096 5.849 4.938 4.431 4.103 3.871 3.699 3.564 3.457 3.368 3.294 3.231 3.13 3.051 2.938 2.859 2.778 2.695 2.643 2.572 2.535 2.479 2.445 2.421 0.01 20

21 0.20 1.751 1.739 1.688 1.646 1.614 1.588 1.567 1.549 1.535 1.522 1.511 1.502 1.487 1.474 1.455 1.442 1.428 1.413 1.403 1.39 1.383 1.371 1.364 1.36 0.20 21
21 0.10 2.961 2.575 2.365 2.233 2.142 2.075 2.023 1.982 1.948 1.92 1.896 1.875 1.841 1.815 1.776 1.748 1.719 1.689 1.67 1.644 1.63 1.608 1.595 1.586 0.10 21
21 0.05 4.325 3.467 3.072 2.84 2.685 2.573 2.488 2.42 2.366 2.321 2.283 2.25 2.197 2.156 2.096 2.054 2.01 1.965 1.936 1.897 1.876 1.845 1.825 1.812 0.05 21
21 0.02 6.339 4.74 4.068 3.687 3.438 3.261 3.128 3.024 2.94 2.872 2.814 2.764 2.685 2.623 2.533 2.471 2.406 2.339 2.298 2.24 2.211 2.165 2.137 2.118 0.02 21
21 0.01 8.017 5.78 4.874 4.369 4.042 3.812 3.64 3.506 3.398 3.31 3.236 3.173 3.072 2.993 2.88 2.801 2.72 2.636 2.584 2.512 2.475 2.419 2.384 2.36 0.01 21

22 0.20 1.746 1.733 1.682 1.639 1.606 1.58 1.559 1.541 1.526 1.514 1.503 1.494 1.478 1.465 1.446 1.433 1.418 1.403 1.393 1.379 1.372 1.361 1.353 1.349 0.20 22
22 0.10 2.949 2.561 2.351 2.219 2.128 2.06 2.008 1.967 1.933 1.904 1.88 1.859 1.825 1.798 1.759 1.731 1.702 1.671 1.652 1.625 1.611 1.59 1.576 1.567 0.10 22
22 0.05 4.301 3.443 3.049 2.817 2.661 2.549 2.464 2.397 2.342 2.297 2.259 2.226 2.173 2.131 2.071 2.028 1.984 1.938 1.909 1.869 1.849 1.817 1.797 1.783 0.05 22
22 0.02 6.292 4.698 4.028 3.647 3.399 3.222 3.089 2.985 2.902 2.833 2.775 2.725 2.646 2.584 2.494 2.431 2.366 2.299 2.257 2.199 2.169 2.123 2.095 2.075 0.02 22
22 0.01 7.945 5.719 4.817 4.313 3.988 3.758 3.587 3.453 3.346 3.258 3.184 3.121 3.019 2.941 2.827 2.749 2.667 2.583 2.531 2.459 2.422 2.365 2.329 2.305 0.01 22

23 0.20 1.741 1.728 1.676 1.633 1.599 1.573 1.552 1.534 1.519 1.506 1.495 1.486 1.47 1.457 1.438 1.424 1.41 1.394 1.384 1.37 1.362 1.351 1.343 1.338 0.20 23
23 0.10 2.937 2.549 2.339 2.207 2.115 2.047 1.995 1.953 1.919 1.89 1.866 1.845 1.811 1.784 1.744 1.716 1.686 1.655 1.636 1.609 1.594 1.572 1.558 1.549 0.10 23
23 0.05 4.279 3.422 3.028 2.796 2.64 2.528 2.442 2.375 2.32 2.275 2.236 2.204 2.15 2.109 2.048 2.005 1.961 1.914 1.885 1.844 1.823 1.791 1.771 1.757 0.05 23
23 0.02 6.249 4.66 3.991 3.611 3.363 3.187 3.054 2.95 2.867 2.798 2.74 2.69 2.61 2.548 2.458 2.395 2.33 2.262 2.22 2.162 2.132 2.085 2.056 2.037 0.02 23
23 0.01 7.881 5.664 4.765 4.264 3.939 3.71 3.539 3.406 3.299 3.211 3.137 3.074 2.973 2.894 2.781 2.702 2.62 2.535 2.483 2.411 2.373 2.316 2.28 2.256 0.01 23

24 0.20 1.737 1.722 1.67 1.627 1.593 1.567 1.545 1.527 1.512 1.499 1.488 1.479 1.463 1.45 1.43 1.416 1.401 1.385 1.375 1.361 1.353 1.341 1.334 1.329 0.20 24
24 0.10 2.927 2.538 2.327 2.195 2.103 2.035 1.983 1.941 1.906 1.877 1.853 1.832 1.797 1.77 1.73 1.702 1.672 1.641 1.621 1.593 1.579 1.556 1.542 1.533 0.10 24
24 0.05 4.26 3.403 3.009 2.776 2.621 2.508 2.423 2.355 2.3 2.255 2.216 2.183 2.13 2.088 2.027 1.984 1.939 1.892 1.863 1.822 1.8 1.768 1.747 1.733 0.05 24
24 0.02 6.211 4.625 3.958 3.579 3.331 3.155 3.022 2.919 2.835 2.766 2.708 2.658 2.578 2.516 2.426 2.363 2.297 2.229 2.187 2.128 2.097 2.05 2.021 2.001 0.02 24
24 0.01 7.823 5.614 4.718 4.218 3.895 3.667 3.496 3.363 3.256 3.168 3.094 3.032 2.93 2.852 2.738 2.659 2.577 2.492 2.44 2.367 2.329 2.271 2.235 2.211 0.01 24

25 0.20 1.733 1.718 1.665 1.622 1.588 1.561 1.539 1.521 1.506 1.493 1.482 1.472 1.456 1.443 1.423 1.409 1.394 1.378 1.367 1.353 1.345 1.333 1.325 1.32 0.20 25
25 0.10 2.918 2.528 2.317 2.184 2.092 2.024 1.971 1.929 1.895 1.866 1.841 1.82 1.785 1.758 1.718 1.689 1.659 1.627 1.607 1.579 1.565 1.542 1.527 1.518 0.10 25
25 0.05 4.242 3.385 2.991 2.759 2.603 2.49 2.405 2.337 2.282 2.236 2.198 2.165 2.111 2.069 2.007 1.964 1.919 1.872 1.842 1.801 1.779 1.746 1.725 1.711 0.05 25
25 0.02 6.176 4.593 3.928 3.549 3.302 3.126 2.993 2.89 2.806 2.737 2.679 2.629 2.549 2.487 2.396 2.333 2.267 2.199 2.156 2.097 2.066 2.018 1.989 1.969 0.02 25
25 0.01 7.77 5.568 4.675 4.177 3.855 3.627 3.457 3.324 3.217 3.129 3.056 2.993 2.892 2.813 2.699 2.62 2.538 2.453 2.4 2.327 2.289 2.23 2.194 2.169 0.01 25

26 0.20 1.729 1.713 1.66 1.617 1.583 1.556 1.534 1.516 1.5 1.487 1.476 1.466 1.45 1.437 1.417 1.402 1.387 1.371 1.36 1.345 1.337 1.325 1.317 1.312 0.20 26
26 0.10 2.909 2.519 2.307 2.174 2.082 2.014 1.961 1.919 1.884 1.855 1.83 1.809 1.774 1.747 1.706 1.677 1.647 1.615 1.594 1.566 1.551 1.528 1.514 1.504 0.10 26
26 0.05 4.225 3.369 2.975 2.743 2.587 2.474 2.388 2.321 2.265 2.22 2.181 2.148 2.094 2.052 1.99 1.946 1.901 1.853 1.823 1.782 1.76 1.726 1.705 1.691 0.05 26
26 0.02 6.144 4.564 3.9 3.522 3.275 3.099 2.967 2.863 2.78 2.711 2.652 2.603 2.523 2.46 2.369 2.306 2.24 2.171 2.128 2.068 2.037 1.989 1.959 1.939 0.02 26
26 0.01 7.721 5.526 4.637 4.14 3.818 3.591 3.421 3.288 3.182 3.094 3.021 2.958 2.857 2.778 2.664 2.585 2.503 2.417 2.364 2.29 2.252 2.193 2.156 2.131 0.01 26

For use on the CAS exams

 Lower-tail areas for Chi-square distributions

0.005 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.950 0.975 0.990 0.995

df
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88
2 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60
3 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.35 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84
4 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.71 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86
5 0.41 0.55 0.83 1.15 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75
6 0.68 0.87 1.24 1.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55
7 0.99 1.24 1.69 2.17 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 19.68 21.92 24.72 26.76
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00
21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56
25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93
26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29
27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64
28 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99
29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 42.56 45.72 49.59 52.34
30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67
31 14.46 15.66 17.54 19.28 44.99 48.23 52.19 55.00
32 15.13 16.36 18.29 20.07 46.19 49.48 53.49 56.33
33 15.82 17.07 19.05 20.87 47.40 50.73 54.78 57.65
34 16.50 17.79 19.81 21.66 48.60 51.97 56.06 58.96
35 17.19 18.51 20.57 22.47 49.80 53.20 57.34 60.27
36 17.89 19.23 21.34 23.27 51.00 54.44 58.62 61.58
37 18.59 19.96 22.11 24.07 52.19 55.67 59.89 62.88
38 19.29 20.69 22.88 24.88 53.38 56.90 61.16 64.18
39 20.00 21.43 23.65 25.70 54.57 58.12 62.43 65.48
40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77
41 21.42 22.91 25.21 27.33 56.94 60.56 64.95 68.05
42 22.14 23.65 26.00 28.14 58.12 61.78 66.21 69.34
43 22.86 24.40 26.79 28.96 59.30 62.99 67.46 70.62
44 23.58 25.15 27.57 29.79 60.48 64.20 68.71 71.89
45 24.31 25.90 28.37 30.61 61.66 65.41 69.96 73.17
46 25.04 26.66 29.16 31.44 62.83 66.62 71.20 74.44
47 25.77 27.42 29.96 32.27 64.00 67.82 72.44 75.70
48 26.51 28.18 30.75 33.10 65.17 69.02 73.68 76.97
49 27.25 28.94 31.55 33.93 66.34 70.22 74.92 78.23
50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49

For use on the CAS exams