Journal of Energy Resources Technology.

Received September 13, 2017;

Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

1 Analysis and Efficiency Assessment of Direct Conversion of Wind Energy into Heat Using
2 Electromagnetic Induction and Thermal Energy Storage
3
4 Huseyin Karasu and Ibrahim Dincer
5 Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,
6 University of Ontario Institute of Technology
7 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
8 Emails: huseyin.karasu@uoit.ca, ibrahim.dincer@uoit.ca

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9

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10 Abstract

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11 This study deals with thermodynamic analyses of an integrated wind thermal energy storage
12 (WTES) system. The thermodynamic analyses of the proposed system are performed and the

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13 efficiencies of the components in the system and overall system are assessed. The magnitudes of

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14 irreversibilities are determined, and the impacts of different parameters on the performance of the
15 system are identified. The complete energy and exergy efficiencies of the proposed system and its

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16 subsystems are computed as well. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the overall system are
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17 defined and obtained as 7.0% and 8.6% respectively. Wind thermal energy storage (WTES) plants
18 with combined molten salt energy storage application can run continuously, and can provide
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19 electrical power for both on-grid and off-grid systems. By converting the wind power into a
20 permanent energy source, WTES offers a practical solution that can meet the electrical demand of
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21 the regions where the climate conditions are feasible for consistent, environmentally benign and
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22 cost-effective electric power, and it can be considered as an alternative to fossil fuel burning or
23 nuclear power generation facilities.
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24
25 Keywords: Wind energy; heat generator; electromagnetic induction; power generation; exergy
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26 efficiency; thermal energy storage.

27
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28 1. Introduction
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29 Wind energy is a clean, sustainable, renewable energy resource and proposes numerous benefits.
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30 Converting wind energy into electrical energy is not new method of power generation anymore,
31 but the design, improvement and equipment optimization of this class is still one of the top
32 priorities for energy industry and academic researchers. Wind power is one of the highly
33 developing renewable energy resources for electricity generation in the world. However, because
34 of the intermittent type of wind, electrical power produced by wind turbine farms is highly

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

35 fluctuating, and it can affect both the power quality and stability. Many researches aim to improve
36 this technology, by reducing costs, and addressing the difficulties in wind energy use.
37 Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) can be a very crucial part in wind power systems by
38 monitoring wind power farms output and supplying auxiliary facilities to the power system; hence,
39 enabling constancy for wind power in the system. People do not always require energy just when

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40 the grid is on, and when the wind is blowing; therefore, without energy storage, most energy

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41 solutions are wasted unfortunately. Nowadays, several types of energy storage systems are being
42 used.

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43 Concentrating solar thermal power is exclusive among renewable energy producers. It can

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44 be simply attached with thermal energy storage (TES) system to increase its dispatchability. TES
45 offers plentiful benefits in comparison with mechanical or chemical storing systems. TES usually

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46 has inferior investment costs when it is compared to other storing systems, in addition to their very
47 high operation performances. The other benefit of using TES is that it can be employed with
48
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different renewable energy systems, such as solar, biomass etc. which provides better integration
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49 and demand side management. A TES application which was combined into the Solar Two project
50 in Daggett, California confirmed a total efficiency higher than 97% [1]. Molten salts are considered
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51 to be the ideal heat transfer fluid (HTF) for higher temperature thermal storing applications [2].
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52 Garrison et al. [3] analyzed an integrated energy system containing structure of wind and
53 solar integrated with two storing techniques to have at the same time wind and solar resources
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54 dispatchable throughout highest demand. In this way they can be available longer periods of time.
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55 Their system utilized compressed air energy storage (CAES) which is provided from wind energy
56 and thermal storing provided from concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) for obtaining secure
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57 power from intermittent and renewable sources.

58 Guizzi et al. [4] performed a thermodynamic analysis of a liquid air energy storage system.
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59 They found that a round-trip efficiency in the range 54-55% can be obtained with reasonable and
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60 conservative design parameters. Also, Antonelli et al. [5] investigated a liquid air energy storage
61
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system (LAES) it is said that LAES represents a potential solution for its relatively large
62 volumetric energy density and easy storage capability. They calculated the equivalent round-trip
63 efficiencies as higher than 80% for the considered conditions.
64 Coburn et al. [6] investigated the feasibility of developing integrating pumped hydro
65 energy storage and wind for renewable power production in Ireland. It is said that integration of

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

66 wind energy with pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) may disable the intermittency in supply
67 related to wind power [7]. When there is low request, the electrical power generated from wind
68 farms could be employed to pump water from a lower basin into a higher basin where the energy
69 is stored in water form. When consumer demand grows, water is released back into a lower
70 reservoir through a water turbine, converting potential energy into kinetic energy and producing

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71 electrical work [6].

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72 Slocum et al. [8] presented a concentrating solar power system that utilizes hillside fixed
73 heliostats to straight solar light into a volumetric absorption molten salt receiver with integral

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74 storage. In their system, the concentrated solar radiation is absorbed by molten salt in the receiver

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75 over a depth of 4–5 m, leading less sensitivity to the track of hazes [9].
76 Energy loads in the industrial, commercial, residential segments differ every day, every

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77 week and seasonal changes. The loads could be complemented by using TES applications
78 operating synergistically. Osorio et al. [10] studied exergy analyses of discharging multi-tank TES
79
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applications having persistent heat rejection. They analyzed the impact of the induced stratification
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80 via storing partition into numerous tanks for diverse system arrangements. For two and four-tank
81 schemes with mass uniformly dispersed, efficiency increases are in the range of 4% and 7%,
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82 correspondingly. For greater durations, the even dispersed mass condition delivers the highest
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83 efficiency. It was observed both the pumping impacts and the energy losses are often insignificant
84 and the performance could be enhanced separating the storage structure, instead of rising the flow
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85 amount of the mass.

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86 Husband and Beyene [11] conducted a study on the viability of an inferior heat-driven
87 Rankine cycle to generate electricity using a scroll expander, a little toxicity, little flammability,
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88 and ozone-neutral working fluid. A cost profit examination of the suggested application showed
89 the practicability options for solar energy production, approximately 1/3 the cost of a similar PV
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90 system.
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91 Redha et al. [12] assessed the efficiency of wind power application thermodynamically. It
92
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is said that wind speed is influenced by temperature of the air and pressure and has an ensuing
93 influence on wind turbine efficiency dependent on reference temperature of wind and Bernoulli’s
94 equation. Yang et al. [13] conducted thermodynamic analyses of a hybrid thermal-compressed air
95 energy storage application incorporated to wind energy system. In their system, thermal energy
96 storage (TES) units receive the heat extracted from air compression and likewise the thermal

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

97 energy changed from indisposed wind energy using electric heating units. The thermodynamic
98 analyses implied that the arrangement could captivate greater wind energy than an AA-CAES
99 system with the similar measure of compressors, turbines, and TES units can achieve. The recovery
100 performance of this extra wind energy was about 41 to 47%, based on the ultimate storing
101 temperature level of the TES. Suleman et al. [14] studied an integrated, solar and geothermal

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102 energy based system for multi-generation applications. Their results indicated that the overall

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103 energy efficiency values of two organic Rankine cycles are 38.3% and 23.2%, respectively while
104 the exergy efficiency values are 82.3% and 77.1%, respectively. Moreover, the overall energy

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105 efficiency of the system is 54.7% and the exergy efficiency of the cycle is 76.4%. Sahin et al. [15]

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106 conducted thermodynamic analyses of a wind energy system. It is said that typical changes
107 between energy and exergy performances are about 40% at low wind velocities and up to about

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108 55% at high wind velocities.
109 Wen and Han [16] conducted a study on mobile induction heating process of internal gear
110
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rings for wind power generation and results showed that it is possible to greatly lower the
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111 temperature non-uniformity by modifying the start and end positions of heating, thus to be
112 favorable for improving the quality of heat treatment.
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113 Suarez et al. [17] conducted a study on heat extraction from TES ventilated reservoir bases.
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114 The cold and hot containers are at two dissimilar temperature ranges based on the kind of solar
115 energy production system. Although the tanks are well insulated, heat related losses from the
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116 container to the ambient, are important. They mostly take place via the tank’s walls, the roof and
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117 the base and should be reduced throughout the TES design process for improving the TES
118 performance. Herrmann et al. [18] carried out a study to assess a concept in which there is liquid
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119 intermediate like molten salt is used as storing media rather than the HTF itself. The complete
120 efficiency and financial evaluations were performed to assess the feasibility of the system. Their
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121 study determined that the specific cost for a two-tank molten salt storing unit is about US$ 30–
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122 40/kWhth based on storing dimensions.

123
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In the study performed by Wang et al. [19], it was resulted that the optimum hot salt
124 temperature was 565ºC which is its maximum allowable temperature when the solar salt is used
125 as the heat transfer fluid and the thermal storage media. Moreover, the optimum cycle low pressure
126 was found to be in the range of 7.80–10.0 MPa, which means that the cycle low pressure is not
127 mandatory to be close to the critical pressure. The upsurge in the compressor inlet temperature

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

128 causes decrease in maximum exergy efficiency and the variation of the optimum thermodynamic
129 parameters. The component efficiencies had important impacts on the maximum exergy efficiency,
130 but minor impacts on optimum thermodynamic parameters.
131 Jwo et al. [20] proposed a system for direct wind forced heat pump and evaluated the
132 efficiencies. The experimental outcomes indicated that powering the heat pump process straight

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133 with the wind power could lower the energy transformation fatalities throughout the procedures of

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134 wind force energy adapting to electrical energy and electrical energy changing to kinetic energy.
135 Thess [21] conducted a thermodynamic efficiency of pumped heat electricity storage. Their theory

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136 presages that for storage temperatures above 400ºC, PHES has a higher efficiency than subsisting

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137 CAES and that PHES can even compete with the efficiencies anticipated for advanced-adiabatic
138 CAES.

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139 Converting wind energy into electrical energy is not new method of power generation
140 anymore [22], but the design, improvement and equipment optimization of this class is still one of
141
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the top priorities for many energy companies and academic researchers. Because of the intense
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142 research activity carried out in this area, several specialized companies developed sophisticated
143 wind turbine models in many countries, with rated powers ranging from few hundreds of W up to
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144 several MW [23]. However, because of the intermittent existence of wind, electrical power
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145 produced from wind turbines is highly fluctuating, and it may affect both the power quality and
146 stability [24]. Direct conversion of wind energy into heat energy and TES systems could be a stable
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147 solution to this issue [25].

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148 By coupling TES with an electromagnetic induction wind heat generator, the heat energy
149 could be kept for future usage to actuate a steam turbine in order to generate electrical power.
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150 Researches on such innovative conversion systems are very limited in number and only few
151 references are available in the literature. Okazaki et al. [26] introduced a conceptual work for wind
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152 energy using direct thermal energy conversion and TES called as wind thermal energy storage
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153 (WTES). The heat energy is produced from the rotational kinetic energy in wind completely at the
154
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top of the wind turbine tower by the electromagnetic induction heat generator with a modest and
155 light type of electrical brake. The remaining part of the arrangement is similar to the Concentrated
156 Solar Power (CSP) technology in structure.
157 This study deals with direct conversion of rotational kinetic energy in wind to heat with
158 thermal energy storage (TES) technology and thermodynamically analysis its performance. In

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Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

159 addition to the previous studies in the literature, especially the concept study conducted by Okazaki
160 et al. [26] that is considered here, this study includes thermodynamic analyses of integrated wind
161 thermal energy storage (WTES). The specific objectives of this study are to:
162  determine the state points within the system
163  identify all thermodynamic properties throughout the system such as temperature, pressure,

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164 enthalpy and entropy,

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165  conduct both energy and exergy analyses for the system and its components,


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166 assess the overall energy and exergy efficiencies, exergy destructions, for all the system
167 components,

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168  determine the magnitudes of irreversibilities for the cycles and overall system, and

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169  investigate the impacts of different operating parameters such as turbine inlet temperature,
170 wind speed, environmental temperature etc. on the overall system performance.

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171 This study will help academic researchers and energy companies who look for new and alternative
172 energy systems to develop and design wind energy based power generating and storage systems.
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173 This new renewable energy storage system can provide wind power on demand even when wind
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174 is not blowing at all.

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175 2. System Description

176 The wind thermal energy storage (WTES) system consists of wind heat generators using
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177 electromagnetic induction, which are installed on top of wind turbine towers, molten salt
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178 circulation and storage cycle, steam transfer fluid (water), steam generation system, a Rankine
179 steam turbine/generator cycle, and thermal storage backup systems. The schematic diagram of
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180 wind thermal energy storage (WTES) and its components are shown in Fig. 1. This new system is
181 divided into two main parts: The molten salt storage and electrical power generation cycle.
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182 In this study, molten salt is utilized as a heat transfer fluid. In addition, it acts as a thermal
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183 energy storage media. 58% KF, 42% ZrF4 is selected as the molten for HTF and energy storage
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184 medium from Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software database [27]. Selected molten salt is
185 in liquid state above 390 ºC and its boiling point is 1450ºC, which is great for the working range
186 needed. Higher boiling point, density and specific heat of the 58% KF, 42% ZrF4 makes it decent
187 energy storage.

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Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

188 With this presented system and design, the utilization of molten salt offers the greatest
189 responsive, efficient and more importantly low-cost type of energy storage application in large
190 scale. This specification of energy storage system enables dispatchability and stability in power
191 delivery without the need for any backup fossil fuel.
Wind to
Heat

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Wind Conversion
Turbines

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5
Air 1

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Molten THERMAL STORAGE

Turbine
salt HOT TANK Heat Gene
Exchanger Power rator

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production

6
cycle 2

4
10
Pump 3 W
Pump 1

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9 Pump 2
8 W
7 Condenser
W 3

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THERMAL STORAGE
COLD TANK Heat
192 rejection
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193 Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the proposed WTES integrated system
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194 Highly special pipes perform circulation of the molten salt through wind heat generator
195 using electromagnetic induction, and molten salt is held in storage tanks while electricity demand
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196 is low. The containers store the molten salt at atmospheric pressure. The tank is assumed to be
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197 fully filled up with the molten salt in 6 hours. The tank has a cylindrical shape and its height is
198 equal to the base. The volume of the tank is assumed to be equal to the volume of the molten salt
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199 stored in the tank.

200 The selected molten salt is stored at 560⁰C up until electrical work is required during the
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201 day or night, independent from the wind blows. As electrical power is in demand, molten salt is
202 delivered from the hot container via a heat exchange unit to produce super-heated steam, which
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203 then runs a standard Rankine cycle. Estimated heat loss is approximately 0.5 ºC per day.
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204 In Rankine cycle, at state point 3-4 high pressure liquid arrives to the heat exchanger from
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205 the pump-1 and liquid is heated up to the saturation temperature. Additional supplement of heat
206 induces vaporization of the water up until it is completely transformed into saturated steam (point
207 1).
208 At point 1-2, in the steam turbine the vapor is expanded, hence generates mechanical work,
209 which converts mechanical work to electrical work. At point 2-3, the vapor-liquid combination

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

210 exiting the turbine (point 2), and it is condensed at a lower pressure, in a surface condenser by
211 cooling water. At point 3-4 in the pump-1, the condensate pressure is elevated.
212 The net work output from the overall WTES system is about 39 MW which includes the
213 consumption by the pumps. When the wind turbines do not directly generate electricity, the energy
214 is converted to heat using induction heating. In order to sustain the required heat, 311 MW should

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215 be provided by the wind turbine. Since one turbine produces about 1.8 MW power based on the

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216 rotor diameter and wind speed, in total 173 wind turbines are needed.
217 Thermal energy storage facilitates wind power plants to operate like a nuclear power plant

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218 or conventional fossil fuel powered plant and generating electricity reliably when it is needed.

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219 Wind thermal energy storage (WTES) farms with combined thermal storage system may work
220 24/7.

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221 By converting the wind power into a 24/7 energy resource, this designed WTES system
222 proposes a practical solution that can meet the necessity for reliable, environmentally benign and
223
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cost effective electric power and is a feasible substitute to fossil fuel burning or nuclear power
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224 generation facilities.
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225 3. Thermodynamic Analyses

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226 The thermodynamic analysis is performed for the wind turbine and TES integrated system to
227 provide the performances and entropy generations occurring in the system components. Some of
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228 the assumptions used during the analysis of the systems can be written here:
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229  The system is considered as steady state.

230  The changes kinetic and potential energies are negligible, except for the wind turbine section.

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231 The pressure losses in heat exchangers are neglected.

232  The air density is taken as 1.16 kg/m3 and wind velocity is considered as 16.5 m/s for the wind
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233 turbine calculations.

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234  The steam turbine is adiabatic.


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235 The induction heating efficiency is taken as 90%.

236  The heat loss from the wind turbine to surroundings is assumed as 5% of total induction heat.
237  The radius of the wind turbine rotor is 20 m.
238  The voltage of the wind turbine is 690 V [28].
239  The environmental temperature and pressure are taken as 25°C and 101.3 kPa, respectively.

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Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

240 The systems components are analyzed based on the energy balance equations. The energy balance
241 for any component in steady state is written as
242 Q̇ − Ẇ + ∑ ṁin hin − ∑ ṁout hout = 0 (1)

243 where Ẇ and Q̇ signify the work and heat transfer overpassing the borders, ṁ signifies the mass
244 flow rate whereas h signifies the specific enthalpy value for the fluid.

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245 The exergy expressions of flow are described as

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246 exi = hi − h0 − T0 (si − s0 ) (2)

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247 Relating the exergy balance on the scheme modules, the exergy destruction is calculated by

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248 Eẋd i = Eẋ Qi − EẋWi + ∑ ṁin exin − ∑ ṁout exout (3)

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249 where Eẋd i signifies the rate of exergy destruction which arises at the component i, EẋWi and Eẋ Qi
250 signify the exergy rate because of work and heat transfer correspondingly crossways the limits and

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251 the exin , exout signify the exergy rate associated with the inlet and outlet flows. The rate of heat
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252 transfer exergetically can be calculated as follows:
T
253 Eẋ Qi = Q̇i (1 − T 0 ) (4)
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si

254 where To is the environment temperature and TS is the source temperature if the heat is sourced
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255 and sink temperature if the heat is lost.

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256 The rate of exergy destruction can also be written based on the entropy generation rate:
257 Eẋdi = T0̇ ∙ Ṡ gen,i (5)
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258 where Ṡ gen,i signifies the rate of entropy generation in the device i.
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259 The entropy balance equation for any device can be written as
Q ̇
260 Ṡ gen,i = ∑ ṁout sout − ∑ ṁin sin − ∑( T) (6)
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261 The induction heating process energy and exergy efficiencies are defined based on the total wind
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262 power input and heat recovered from induction heating.

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263 Energy Efficiency:

Q̇IH
264 ηen,IH =
V2
(7)
ṁ airin (hairin + 21 )

265 Exergy Efficiency:

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Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

T
Q̇IH (1− o )
T
266 ηex,IH =
V2
(8)
ṁ airin (exairin + 21 )

267 The Rankine cycle energy and exergy efficiencies are written as follow:
268 Energy Efficiency:
Ẇ net
269 ηen,RC =
Q̇in
(9)

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270 Exergy Efficiency:

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Ẇ net
271 ηex,RC = (10)
ExQ̇in

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272 The energy and exergy efficiencies for the entire system are defined based on the net power

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273 output from the cycles (considering the power consumption by all pumps) and induction heating
274 as input:

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275 Energy Efficiency:
Ẇ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
276 ηen,Overall = (11)

ot
Eṅ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑

277 Exergy Efficiency:

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Ẇ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
278 ηex,Overall = (12)
Eẋ𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
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279 4. Results and Discussion

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280 The thermodynamic properties for each single state point of the integrated system are defined as
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281 listed in Table 1. The energy and exergy analyses are conducted in Engineering Equation Solver
282 (EES) software. The exergy destruction and exergy efficiency descriptions for every element of
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283 the proposed integrated system are listed in Table 2.

284 Table 1. State point properties within the system
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State point 𝒎̇ (kg/s) T (°C) P (kPa) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg K) ex (kJ/kg)

pt

1 50 320 11284 2700.56 5.5372 1054

2 50 40 7.385 1869 6.0058 82.93
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3 50 40 7.385 167.53 0.5724 1.427

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4 50 40.34 11284 178.9 0.5725 12.77

5 2999 460 110 483.41 -0.0556 700.5
6 2999 420 100 441.37 -0.1146 676
7 2999 420.5 110 441.9 -0.1138 676.3

10

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Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

8 2999 395.5 110 415.63 -0.1524 661.5

9 2999 395.6 120 415.73 -0.1522 661.6
10 2999 480 100 504.43 -0.0273 713.1
285
286 The energy and exergy efficiencies of Rankine cycle are about 32% and 54%, respectively.

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287 On the other hand, the complete energy and exergy efficiencies of the proposed integrated system

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288 are calculated to be 7.0% and 8.6% under given conditions respectively. According to the Betz

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289 criteria a maximum 59.2 % efficiency of blowing wind can be achieved theoretically. However, in
290 today’s technology maximum the energy efficiency range of 40-45 % can be reached [29].

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291 Although the overall energy efficiency of the present system may be less, depending on the

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292 selected operating conditions, than a high-efficiency conventional wind power system, it
293 overcomes various issues and provides an effective solution by overcoming the intermittency. The
294 overall energy and exergy efficiencies can further be enhanced by integrating more subsystems
295
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such as Organic Rankine Cycle where the heat is rejected from the system. This way it becomes
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296 more efficient.
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297 Wind energy driven induction heaters can be considered as an alternative to solar thermal
298 systems for the regions where the Direct Normal Irradiance level is not sufficient but has a higher
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299 wind potential. Such as Newfoundland in Canada [30].

300 In addition, the energy and exergy efficiencies of all subsystems are shown in Fig. 2. The
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301 efficiencies of the thermal energy storage units are above 90%.
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302
303 Table 2. Exergy destruction rates and exergy efficiency equations for the system components.
Component Exergy Destruction Rate Definition Exergy Efficiency Definition
ed

Ẇout,T
Steam Turbine Eẋd,T = ṁ1 ex1 − ṁ2 ex2 − Ẇout,T ηex,T = (ṁ
1 ex1 −ṁ2 ex2 )
pt

Eẋd,P1
Eẋd,P1 = ṁ3 ex3 + Ẇin,P1 − ṁ4 ex4 ηex,P1 = 1 −
ce

Pump 1
Eẋin,P1
Eẋd,P2
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Pump 2 Eẋd,P2 = ṁ6 ex6 + Ẇin,P2 − ṁ7 ex7 ηex,P2 = 1 −

Eẋin,P2
Eẋd,P3
Pump 3 Eẋd,P3 = ṁ8 ex8 + Ẇin,P3 − ṁ9 ex9 ηex,P3 = 1 −
Eẋin,P3
(Q̇cond )
Condenser Eẋd,Cond = ṁ2 ex2 − ṁ3 ex3 − Q̇ out ηex,cond = (ṁ
2 2 −ṁ3 ex3 )
ex

11

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
Accepted manuscript posted January 16, 2018. doi:10.1115/1.4039023
Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

Heat Eẋd,HX = ṁ4 ex4 + ṁ5 ex5 − ṁ1 ex1 − (ṁ ex −ṁ ex )
ηex,HX = (ṁ1 ex1 −ṁ4 ex4 )
Exchanger 5 5 6 6
ṁ6 ex6
Eẋd,CTES = ṁ7 ex7 − ṁ8 ex8 − Eẋ
CTES ηex,CTES = 1 − Eẋ d,CTES
Eẋ 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐶𝑇𝐸𝑆 in,CTES

Eẋd,HTES = ṁ10 ex10 − ṁ5 ex5 − Eẋ

HTES ηex,HTES = 1 − Eẋ d,HTES

d
Eẋ 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐻𝑇𝐸𝑆 in,HTES

ite
Wind Turbine
Eẋd,IH = Eẋ 𝑄𝐼𝐻 + ṁ9 ex9 − ṁ10 ex10 − Eẋ𝑄𝐼𝐻
Induction ηex,IH =

ed
Ẇ𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑
Eẋ 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐼𝐻
Heating

py
Wind to Ẇ
Eẋd,Wind−to−Elect = Ẇ𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 − Ẇ𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 ηex,Wind−to−Elect = Ẇ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡
Electricity 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑

Co
Electricity to Eẋd,Elect−to−Heat = Ẇ𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 ηInduction − Eẋ𝑄𝐼𝐻
ηex,Elect−to−Heat = Ẇ
Heat Eẋ 𝑄𝐼𝐻 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡

ot
Eẋd,total = Eẋd,T + Eẋd,Cond + Eẋd,HX + Ẇ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
ηex,Overall = =
tN
Eẋd,Pump 1 + Eẋd,Pump 2 + Eẋd,Pump 3 + 𝐸𝑥̇ 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑
Overall system Ẇ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
Eẋd,CTES + Eẋd,HTEs + Eẋd,IH + 𝑣2
rip

𝑚̇((ℎ𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑,𝑖𝑛 −ℎ𝑜 + )−𝑇𝑜 (𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑,𝑖𝑛 −𝑠𝑜 ))

2
Eẋd,Wind−to−Elect + Eẋd,Elect−to−Heat
sc

304
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac

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d
ite
ed
py
Co
305
ot
tN
306 Fig. 2. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the sub-systems
rip

307 Figs. 3 and 4 show the rates of exergy destruction in the sub-systems and modules. The
308 highest exergy destruction occurs in wind-to-electricity conversion process. After that, thermal
sc

309 energy storage tanks are the main components destructing the exergy. The exergy destruction rate
nu

310 in induction heating process is about 18 MW. The condenser in the Rankine cycle has about 8.3
311 MW exergy destruction rate but the pumps have quite low exergy destruction.
Ma

300

250
ed
Exergy destruction rate (MW)

200
pt

150
ce

100
Ac

50

0
Induction Heat Electricity to HTES CTES Wind to
Heating Exchanger Heat Electricity
312

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313 Fig. 3. The exergy destruction rates of the sub-systems

9000
8357
8000
6986
Exergy destruction rate (kW)

7000

d
6000

ite
5000

ed
4000

py
3000

2000

Co
1000 677.7
1.301 140.5

ot
0
314 Pump 1 Pump 3 Pump 2 Turbine Condenser
tN
315 Fig. 4. The exergy destruction rates of the pumps, turbine and condenser
rip

316 The heat losses are critical in the thermal energy storage tanks as shown in Fig. 5. The heat
sc

317 losses from CTES and HTES are about 78 MW and 63 MW, respectively. The wind turbine has
318 also heat loss during the heat transfer from induction heating to molten salt which is about 14 MW.
nu

90
Ma

80

70
ed
Heat loss rate (MW)

60

50
pt

40
ce

30
Ac

20

10

0
CTES HTES Wind turbine
319

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
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Copyright (c) 2018 by ASME

320 Fig. 5. The heat losses in the thermal energy storage tanks and wind turbine

321 Figs. 6 and 7 show the work rates in the wind turbine, pumps and overall system. The net
322 work output from the overall system is about 39 MW which includes the consumption by the
323 pumps. When the wind turbines do not directly generate electricity, the energy is converted to heat
324 using induction heating. In order to sustain the required heat, about 311 MW wind turbine electrical

d
325 power is required. Since one turbine produces about 1.8 MW based on the rotor diameter and wind

ite
326 speed, in total 173 wind turbines are needed.

ed
2000
1804
1800

py
1576
1600
1400

Co
Work rate (kW)

1200
1000

ot
800
568.3
600
tN
400 315.2
200
rip

0
Pump 3 Pump 1 Pump 2 Wind turbine
sc

327

328 Fig. 6. The work rates of the pumps and wind turbine
nu

350
Ma

311.2
300
ed

250
Work rate (MW)

200
pt

150
ce

100
Ac

39.1 41.0 41.6

50

0
Overall net Rankine cycle net Turbine Total Wind Turbine
329

330 Fig. 7. The work rates of wind turbines, steam turbine, Rankine cycle and overall system

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
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331 One of the advantages of the proposed system is being environmentally benign and sustainable.
332 The annual CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions caused by the equivalent systems, which are using other
333 energy sources, are tabulated in Table 3. The emissions are calculated based on power production
334 and emissions data provided by U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) [31]. As it can be
335 seen in Table 3, by using the proposed system it is possible to reduce CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions

d
336 by 359.830, 1.752, and 2.146 metric tons in a year respectively.

ite
337
338 Table 3: Annual emission rates of the equivalent power capacity systems.

ed
339
Calculated
CO2

py
based on SO2 NOx
emission
the data (Metric (Metric
(Metric

Co
Energy Tons) Tons)
Tons)
Source
Coal 350.073 0.558 0.284

ot
Petroleum 359.830 tN 1.137 0.572
Natural 154.004 0.001 0.097
Gas
Wood and
rip

Wood 0.000 1.752 0.607

Derived
sc

Fuels
Other 0.000 0.028 2.146
nu

Biomass
340
Ma

341 4.1 Parametric Study Results

342 Turbine inlet temperature is significant for the total work produced as seen in Fig. 8. An upsurge
343 of the temperature from 200°C to 320°C, rises the net power output to about 41 MW. Contrariwise,
ed

344 the exergy destruction in the condenser decreases to about 8.5 MW. The increase in turbine inlet
pt

345 temperature rises Rankine cycle efficiency as shown in Fig. 9. This is mainly more work produced
ce

346 by the steam turbine.

Ac

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42000 10000

Exergy destruction rate (kW)

40000 9500
Net work rate (kW)
38000 9000

d
36000 Wnet 8500

ite
Exd,Cond
34000 8000

ed
32000 7500

py
200 240 280 320

347 Turbine inlet temperature (°C)

Co
348 Fig. 8. The changes of condenser exergy destruction rate and net work by varying turbine inlet
349 temperature

ot
tN
rip
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac

350

351 Fig. 9. The changes of energy and exergy efficiencies by varying turbine inlet temperature

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Journal of Energy Resources Technology. Received September 13, 2017;
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352 When the mass flow of the working fluid in Rankine cycle rises from 30 kg/s up to 60 kg/s
353 as in Fig. 10, the exergy destruction rates in all system components increase. The highest is the
354 wind-to-electricity conversion with a value of about 300 MW at 60 kg/s mass flow of water. In
355 addition, the molten salt flow rate of mass is also critical as shown in Fig. 11. Since many of the
356 exergy destruction rates increase by rising flow rate of mass, the overall system efficiencies

d
357 decrease.

ite
350000
Exd,Cond Exd,CTES Exd,ELEC,TO,HEAT

ed
300000
Exergy destruction rate (kW)

Exd,HTES Exd,HX Exd,IH

250000 Exd,WIND,TO,ELEC

py
Exd,T
200000

Co
150000

100000

50000
ot
tN
0
30 40 50 60
rip

358 Mass flow rate (kg/s)

359 Fig. 10. The changes of exergy destruction rates by varying mass flow rate in Rankine cycle
sc
nu
Ma
ed
pt
ce
Ac

360

361 Fig. 11. The changes of exergy destruction rates and exergy efficiencies by varying mass flow
362 rate in wind turbine cycle

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363 The speed of the wind affect the kinetic energy of the wind carries and electrical work
364 production from the wind turbine as shown in Fig. 12. These values are for a single wind turbine.
365 The wind speed may change between 4 m/s to 25 m/s which are the operating speeds of most
366 commercial wind turbines. At 25 m/s, the generated electricity is about 6 MW, and obtained heat
367 is about 5.4 MW. Similarly, the rotor radius of the wind turbine is important. When rotor radius

d
368 increases from 10 m to 40 m, the heat gained from the wind turbines rises to about 6.2 MW as

ite
369 shown in Fig. 13. The selected radius is 20 m which is about 1.6 MW heat from a single wind
370 turbine. The effect of wind speed and rotor radius on the power generation can simply explain by

ed
1
371 the power generation relation of a wind turbine Pwind = CP 2 ρ A v 3 , where CP represents the

py
372 Maximum power coefficient (0.59 for the theoretical maximum according to Betz`s law) and A

Co
373 and v indicate the swept area by the rotor and wind velocity respectively. As expected from the
374 relation above, linear increase in rotor radius and wind velocity results in an exponential growth

ot
375 in the power output.
12000
tN
Heat and work rate (kW)

10000
rip

WWIND

8000 Welectrical,windturbine
sc

6000 QWindturbine
nu
Ma

4000

2000
ed

0
pt

5 10 15 20 25
376 Wind velocity (m/s)
ce

377 Fig. 12. The changes of heat and work rates from single wind turbine by varying wind velocity
Ac

378 In Fig. 14, the effect of induction efficiency is illustrated. It is assumed to be 90% in the
379 initial design. However, when the induction efficiency can be increased from 70% to 100%, the
380 overall heat transfer exergy efficiency from wind turbine to molten salt can be increased to about
381 32%. One of the parameters influencing the overall system efficiency is the outlet temperature of

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382 the molten salt in the wind turbines. This is state point 10 and corresponding to inlet temperature
383 of HTES. Having higher temperatures bring higher exergy destruction rates in the induction
384 heating and energy conversion processes in the wind turbine as shown in Fig. 15. Because, this
385 temperature is manly dependent on the electricity production from the turbine. As shown in Fig.
386 16, when the molten salt temperature can be raised up to 550°C, the heat gained from the wind

d
387 turbine can be increased to about 500 MW. Therefore, the heat gained by the wind turbine system

ite
388 is critical for the overall process and it depends on the wind speed, rotor diameter, voltage, total

ed
389 electricity production etc.
14000

py
12000
Welectrical,windturbine
Heat and work rate (kW)

Co
10000
WWIND
8000

ot
QWindturbine
6000
tN
4000
rip

2000
sc

0
10 20 30 40
nu

390 Rotor radius (m)

391 Fig. 13. The changes of heat and work rates from single wind turbine by varying rotor radius
Ma

0.6 1900
h en,WT,IH
h ex,WT,IH 1800
ed

0.5 QWindturbine
Induction Heat (kW)

1700
Efficiency (-)

pt

1600
0.4
1500
ce

1400
Ac

0.3

1300

0.2 1200
0.7 0.8 0.9 1

392 Induction heating efficiency (-)

393 Fig. 14. The changes of induction process efficiency and heat rates from single wind turbine by
394 varying induction efficiency

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600000
Exd,WIND,TO,ELEC
Exergy destruction rate (kW) Exd,ELEC,TO,HEAT

400000 Exd,HTES
Exd,IH

d
ite
200000

ed
py
0

Co
460 480 500 520 540 560

395 Inlet temperature to HTES (°C)

ot
396 Fig. 15. The changes of exergy destruction rates by varying inlet temperature of HTES
tN
30000 550000

Heat Gain from the Wind Turbine (kW)

Heat Loss from the Wind Turbine (kW)

QWT,in
500000
rip

25000 Qloss,WT
450000
sc

400000
nu

20000
350000
Ma

300000
15000

250000
ed

10000 200000
460 480 500 520 540 560
pt

397 Inlet temperature to HTES (°C)

ce

398 Fig. 16. The changes of heat gain and loss rates in all wind turbines by varying inlet temperature
399 of HTES
Ac

400 5. Conclusions
401 This paper deals with the thermodynamic analysis of the integrated system where the wind turbine
402 induction heating and thermal energy storage units are thermodynamically analyzed for energy
403 storage applications in the wind farms. The electricity generation is accomplished by conventional

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404 Rankine cycle by use of the heat stored in the tanks. The impacts of definite operational parameters
405 on the system components and complete system efficiencies are examined. The main findings are
406 expressed as follows:
407  The energy and exergy efficiencies of the overall system are obtained as 7.0% and 8.6%
408 respectively.

d
409  The energy and exergy efficiencies of power generating Rankine cycle are calculated as 32.5%

ite
410 and 54.8%, respectively,


ed
411 The highest exergy destruction rates within the proposed integrated system occur in the wind-
412 to-electricity, thermal energy storage units and electricity-to-heat processes,

py
413  The induction heating is an effective method for converting electrical work into thermal

Co
414 energy,
415  The wind speed and rotor radius are the two critical parameters affecting the overall heat gain

ot
416 from the induction heating in the wind turbines.
417 The induction heating can be incorporated into the wind turbine nacelles for heating the heat
tN
418 transfer fluid (molten salt), which is circulated in the TES cycle. As a result of this, the system can
rip

419 operate continuously by storing the wind energy into thermal energy form using thermal energy
420 storage tanks and molten salt. From this point of view, storing energy in form of thermal energy
sc

421 storage makes wind a more reliable energy source, and it lets grid operators respond and adjust
nu

422 promptly. Also, thermal energy storage (TES) provides a more efficient and cost effective energy
423 solution. In this regard, the present integrated system becomes practically important for the windy
Ma

424 regions where such potential applications are developed and implemented. This system has
425 advantage over conventional wind systems because of utilization of TES which provides
ed

426 uninterrupted energy generation even when sufficient wind is not available.
pt

427 Acknowledgement
ce

428 The authors acknowledge the support provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Ac

429 Council of Canada.

430 Nomenclature
431 Eẋ Exergy rate (kW)
432 ex Specific exergy (kJ/kg)

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433 h Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

434 ṁ Mass flow rate (kg/s)
435 P Pressure (kPa)
436 Q̇ Heat rate (kW)
437 s Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)

d
438 T Temperature (°C or K)

ite
439 Ẇ Work rate (kW)

ed
440 Acronyms

py
441 CSP Concentrating Solar Power
442 CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage

Co
443 DSWiSS Dispatchable Solar and Wind Storage System
444 ESS Energy Storage Systems

ot
445 HTF Heat Transfer Fluid
tN
446 HTCAES Hybrid Thermal-Compressed Air Energy Storage
447 IH Induction Heating
rip

448 NWT Total number of wind turbines

sc

449 PHES Pumped Hydro Energy Storage

450 SPP Solar Power Plant
nu

451 TES Thermal Energy Storage

Ma

452 WT Wind Turbine

453 WTES Wind Thermal Energy Storage
ed

454 Greek letters

pt

455 η𝑒𝑛 Energy efficiency (%)

456 η𝑒𝑥 Exergy efficiency (%)
ce

457 ρ Air density (kg/m3)

Ac

458 Subscripts and superscripts

459 0 Environmental condition

460 1, … i State points
461 Cond Condenser

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462 d Destruction
463 Elec Electrical
464 HX Heat exchanger
465 IH Induction heating
466 in Inlet

d
467 out Outlet

ite
468 ov Overall
469 P Pump

ed
470 RC Rankine cycle

py
471 s Sink or source
472 T Turbine

Co
473
474 References
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ot
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478 2. Tian Y, Zhao CY. A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal
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547

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