ADVANCED CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

CE484/CE684

TYPES OF CEMENT
( DAT E : 04 - 09 - 2 0 19 )

Discipline of Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION
◦ Background
◦ Necessity

TYPES OF CEMENT

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION
Cement is a binding material ,when blended with water, the pulverous cement can generate the
plastic paste which will turn into hard cement block and bind granulated (or block) materials
together after a series of physical and chemical effects.
The history of cement is as old as the history of engineering construction.
Some kind of cementing materials were used by Egyptians, Romans and Indians in their ancient
constructions.
Early Egyptians mostly used cementing materials, obtained by burning gypsum and early Greeks
and Romans used cementing materials obtained by burning limestone.

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 NECESSITY
 Cement exhibit different characteristics and properties depending upon their chemical
compositions.
 By changing the fineness of grinding or oxide composition, use of additives, changing chemical
composition and use of different raw materials have resulted in the availability of many types of
cement for specific purpose.
 According to the national cement naming standard, cement can be named based on its main
hydraulic minerals as: Portland cement, aluminate cement, sulphate cement and sulpho-aluminate
cement, and phosphate cement.
 Among many varieties of cement, the commonly used one is the Portland cement (including
Portland cement, ordinary Portland cement, Portland blast furnace cement, Portland pozzolana
cement, Portland fly-ash cement, and composite Portland cement).
 In projects, the varieties of cement should be selected reasonably based on the specific
environment.

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 ASTM CLASSIFICATION

As per ASTM, cement is designated as Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V and
other minor types like Type IS, Type IP and Type IA, IIA, IIIA.
Type I – For general construction purposes.
Type II - For use in general concrete construction exposed to moderate sulphate
action, or where moderate heat of hydration is required.
Type III - For use when high early strength is required (Rapid Hardening Cement).
Type IV - For use when low heat of hydration is required (Low Heat Cement).

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Type V - For use when high sulphate resistance is required (Sulphate Resisting
Cement).
Type IP – This consists of an intimate and uniform blend of Portland Cement and
fine Pozzolana(15-40% of the weight of the total cement).
Type IA, IIA, IIIA – These are type I, II, III cement in which air entraining agent is
interground where air entrainment in concrete is desired.

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 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT(IS269:2015)

It was first of all introduced in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin ,England.

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RAPID HARDENING CEMENT(IS8041:1990)
 Also known as early gain in strength of cement. This cement contains more
percentage of C3S and less percentage of C2S, high proportion of C3S will impart
quicker hydration.
 The high strength at early stage is due to finer grinding, as fineness of cement
will expose greater surface area for the action of water.
 The strength obtained by this cement in 03 days is same as obtained by OPC in
7 days.
 The use of Rapid Hardening cement is recommended in the following situations
◦ In prefabricated concrete construction.
◦ Road repair works
◦ In Cold weather
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EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
 It is obtained by inter grinding CaCl2 with rapid hardening cement.
 Addition of CaCl2 should not exceed 2% by weight of the rapid hardening
cement.
 Concrete made by using this cement should be transported, placed, compacted
& finished within about 20 minutes.
 Strength is higher than 25% than that of rapid hardening cement at 1 or 2 days.

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1) The combined water contents increase with calcium chloride at all the
hydration ages. This may be attributed to the acceleration effect of CaCl2.
2) The porosity of cement pastes containing CaCl2 is lower than those in the
control samples (without CaCl2). This may be due to the formation of more
hydration products which fill the pores of the hardened cement pastes.

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SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT(IS12330:1988)
 It is modified form of OPC and is specially manufactured to resist the sulphates.
 This cement contains a low percentage of C3A & C4AF and high percentage of
C3S.
 Use of sulphate resisting cement is recommended under following conditions:
 To be used in marine condition.
 To be used in foundation and basement ,where soil is infested with sulphates.
 To be used for fabrication of pipes which are likely to be buried in marshy
regions.

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PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT(IS1489(PartI):1991)
 PPC is manufactured by combination of pozzolanic materials.
OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay, Surkhi and Fly ash) ground together.
 Produces less heat of hydration and offers great resistance to attacks of
sulphates.
 Used in marine works and mass concreting.
 Ultimate strength is more than OPC.

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PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT(IS455:1989)
 Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker, gypsum and granulated blast
furnace slag.
Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
 Advantages to use Portland Slag Cement
 Prevention against chemical hazards.
 Strength development.
 Prevention against crack.
 Lower permeability.
 Durability.
 Eco friendly.

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QUICK SETTING CEMENT
 This cement is manufactured by adding small percentage of aluminum sulphate
(Al2SO4) which accelerates the setting action.
 Gypsum content is reduced.
 Mostly used in water construction where pumping is involved.
 Initial setting time is 5 minutes. Final setting time is 30 minutes.

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LOW HEAT CEMENT(IS12600:1989)
 Low percentage of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A) and silicate (C3S) and high
percentage of di-calcium silicate (C2S) to keep heat generation low.
 Very slow rate of developing strength as rate of C3S Content is low.
 Heat evolved at 7 days-66 cal/g and 28 days-75 cal/g
 Setting time and soundness is same as that of OPC
 Better resistance to chemical attack than OPC.

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HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT(IS6452:1989)
 Different from OPC.
 Obtained by fusing a mixture in suitable proportions of alumina and calcerous
materials and grinding the resultant product into a fine powder.
 Raw materials used are limestone and bauxite.
 Characterised by its dark colour, high heat of hydration, resistance to chemical
attack and hardness of basalt rock.

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AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT
 OPC with small quantity of air entraining materials (oils, fats, fatty acids) ground
together.
 Agents in powder or in liquid form are added to the extent of 0.025-0.1% by
weight of cement clinker.
 Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles which enhances workability and
reduces segregation and bleeding.
 It increases sulphate water resistance of concrete.

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SUPER SULPHATED CEMENT(IS6909:1990)
 Mixture of 80-85% granulated slag, 10-15% hard burnt gypsum and about 5%
Portland cement clinker.
 Heat of hydration is considerably lower.
 It is a resistant to Sulphate attack and resistance to attack by sea water.
 Used in a) Marine Structures, b) Foundation works

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MASONARY CEMENT(IS3466:1988)
 Unlike ordinary cement, it is more plastic.
 Good in strength and setting properties.
 Kind of cement mostly used for masonary construction.
 It contains certain amount of air entraining agents and mineral admixtures to
improve the plasticity and water retentivity.

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EXPANSIVE CEMENT
 The main difference in this cement is there is no overall change in volume on
drying.
Cement of this type is developed by using an expanding agent and stabilizer.
 Used to neutralize shrinkage of concrete made from ordinary cement so as to
eliminate cracks.
 Used for grouting anchor bolts or grouting machine foundations.

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COLORED/WHITE CEMENT(IS8042:1989)
 Coloured cement consists of Portland cement with 5-10% of pigment.
Suitable pigments used to impart desired color.
 Pigments used should be durable under light, sun or weather.
 The raw materials used for the manufacture of white cement are high purity
limestone, china clay and silica sand.

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IRS-T 40 Special Grade Cement
 It is manufactured as per specification laid down by Ministry of Railwys under
IRS-T40:1985.
 Very finely ground cement with high C3S content.
 Used for manufacture of concrete sleeper for Indian Railways, other
applications such as for prestressed concrete elements, high rise buildings, high
strength concrete.

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CONCLUSION
• PSC and PPC give nearly similar compressive strength after 28 days.
• OPC gives more strength than PPC and PSC after 7 days.
• OPC give slightly more strength than PPC and PSC after 28 days.
• Where there is less availability of water PPC and PSC can proves good
alternative to OPC because of less affectability of curing method.

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REFERENCES
Abhismit Ashok Bhamare ,Vihar Vijay Waghmare , Dhanashree Babala Machhi ,
“Strength comparision of OPC, PPC and PSC for continuous and Intermittent
curing”, International Journal Of Advance Research in Science and Engineering.
A.M Neville “Properties of Concrete” Pearson 1995,1-101pp.
 Cheeseman CR, Asavapis S. “Effect of calcium chloride on the hydration of
cement”, Cement and Concrete Research 1999.
 M.S Shetty “Concrete Technology Theory & Practice” S.Chand, 2010,1-64 pp.

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