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Unit 4: Architectural Modeling

Before starting a project in Revit you need to define how it is developed or what references will be used to develop the project. As any project starts with the basics like the grids or the
levels of a project to creates the walls that begin to shape the appearance of the project and the limits of the construction area, moving the floors that allow to start with the horizontal
development of the project and culminating with the roofs before moving to details or other important elements. The walls, floors and ceilings are considered family systems since they use
the parametric elements that families have.

4.1 Grids.

The grids are the most important elements because they define the references that are use to place other elements in order to build and
define a project. These elements can be observed in all the views of a project and can be modified and associated with other elements in
each of the views that you have on your project, as well as can be drawn in a more personalized way or more according to the country or
region where the project is developed.

The visibility of the grid is perpendicular to the view in which they appear, so the modification of the
grids in Revit is very useful to keep the axes perpendicular to the view where they are located.

Grid lines are finite planes. You can drag their extents in elevation views so that they do not intersect
level lines. This allows you to determine whether grid lines appear in each new plan view that you create
for a project. They can be straight lines, arcs or multi-segmented. You can hide grid lines after you add
them.

Grid Line Definition: One of the lines marking a structural, modular or layout grid of a building, to which dimensions are coordinated.

Grid Plan Definition: An urban plan type in which streets are laid out in an orthogonal network, forming a pattern of approximately rectangular blocks; also called a checkerboard plan,
checkerboard plan, chessboard plan or gridiron plan.

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Add a Grid

1. On the ribbon, click (Grid).

• Architecture tab Datum panel (Grid).
• Structure tab Datum panel (Grid).
2. Click Modify | Place Grid tab Draw panel and select a sketch option.

Use (Pick Lines) to snap the grid to an existing line, such as a wall.

Optional: Click Modify | Place Grid tab Draw panel (Multi-Segment) to sketch grids requiring more than one segment.

Note: You cannot use the Copy/Monitor tool to monitor and coordinate changes to multi-segment grids.

3. Click when the grid is the correct length.

Revit automatically numbers each grid. To change the grid number, click the number, enter the new value, and press ENTER. You can use letters for grid line values. If you change the
first grid number to a letter, all subsequent grid lines update appropriately.

As you draw grid lines, the heads and tails of the lines can align to one another. If grid lines are aligned and you select a line, a lock appears to indicate the alignment. If you move the
grid extents, all aligned grid lines move with it.

Changes on the grid

Change the Grid Type

Change the grid type during placement or change the type of existing grids in a view.

To change the grid type on placement:

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1. On the ribbon, click (Grid).

• Architecture tab Datum panel (Grid).
• Structure tab Datum panel (Grid).
2. In the Type Selector, select a different grid type.

To change the grid type in a project view:

1. Select the grid line in the drawing area.

2. In the Type Selector, select a different grid type.

Change the Grid Value

Change the grid value directly in the grid header or in the Name instance property.

1. Click the grid header, then click the value in the grid header.
2. Enter a new value.

You can enter a number or a letter.

You can also change the value by selecting the grid line, and on the Properties palette, entering a different value for the Name property.

Offset a Grid Line from Its Bubble

There may be times when you sketch a grid line and want to offset its bubble
from the rest of the grid line.

1. Sketch a grid line, or select an existing grid line.

The end of the line near the bubble has drag controls.
Selected grid with drag controls

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2. To resize the grid line, select and move the end drag control near the bubble.
3. Click the Add Elbow drag control ( ), then drag the control to the desired location to move the bubble away from the grid line.

Bubble dragged from grid line

When you move the bubble end out of line, the effect appears only in that view. The segments created from dragging the bubble have a solid line style. You cannot change this style. As
you drag a control, the cursor snaps at points similar to the neighboring grids and the cursor also snaps as the segments form straight lines.

Show and Hide Grid Bubbles

You can control whether grid bubbles display at either end of a grid line.

You can do this graphically for an individual grid line in a view, or for all
grid lines of a particular type by changing type properties.

To show or hide individual grid bubbles:

1. Open a view that displays grid lines.

2. Select a grid line.

Revit displays a check box near the grid bubble. You may need to zoom in to see it clearly.

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3. Clear the check box to hide the bubble, or select it to show the bubble.

You can repeat this process to show or hide the bubble at the opposite end of the grid line.

To show or hide grid bubbles using type properties

1. Open a view that displays grid lines.

2. Select a grid line, and click Modify | Grids tab Properties panel (Type Properties).
3. In the Type Properties dialog, do any of the following:

• To display grid bubbles at the start, point of grid lines in a plan view, select Plan View Symbols End 1 (Default).
• To display grid bubbles at the endpoint of grid lines in a plan view, select Plan View Symbols End 2 (Default).
• In views other than plan views (such as elevations and sections), indicate where to display grid bubbles. For Non-Plan View Symbols (Default), select Top, Bottom, Both (top and
bottom), or None.

4.
5. Click OK (Revit updates all grid lines of this type in all views).

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Adjust the Center Segment of a Grid Line

You can adjust the length of the gap or center segment in an individual grid line. For example, you may want to adjust the gap so the grid line does not display through the middle of a
model element. This feature is available when the grid line uses a grid type for which the Center Segment parameter is Custom or Gap.

A grid line that has been adjusted to end at the wall

To adjust the center segment of a grid line

1. Select the grid line in the view.

Revit displays a blue dot on the grid line. You may need to zoom in to see it clearly.

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Note: If you do not see a blue dot indicating the segment boundary, move the 3D extent for the grid line outward until the dot is visible. In addition, check the setting of the Center
Segment parameter. To do this, select the grid line, click Modify | Grids tab Properties panel (Type Properties). In the Type Properties dialog, change the value for Center Segment
to None or Custom.

The default length of the end segments of a grid line is defined by the End Segments Length parameter of the grid type.

2. Drag the blue dot along the grid line to the desired position and the end segment adjusts its length accordingly.

About Customizing Grid Lines

Customize grid lines by modifying the Type Properties for the grid type.

You can customize grid types in the following ways:

• Change the line color, weight, and pattern of the entire grid line (Modify the Bubble grid type, or create your
own).

• Hide the center segment of the grid lines to create a gap, displaying only the end segments in views (Modify
the Bubble Gap grid type, or create your own).

•Display the center segment of the grid line using a different line color, weight, and pattern than the end
segments (Modify the Bubble Custom Gap grid type, or create your own).

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To make these customizations, you modify a grid type. In views, all grid lines of that type reflect the changes.

Change a Continuous Grid Line

Change the line color, weight, and pattern of the entire grid line.

1. Open a view that displays grid lines.

2. Select a grid line, and click Modify | Grids tab Properties panel (Type Properties).
3. In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
• For Center Segment, select Continuous.
• For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line weight, color, and pattern of the grid line.
• Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
4. Click OK.

Revit updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

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Create a Grid Line with a Center Gap

Hide the center segment of the grid lines to create a gap.

1. Open a view that displays grid lines.

2. Select a grid line, and click Modify | Grids tab Properties panel (Type Properties).
3. In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
• For Center Segment, select None.
• For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line weight, color, and pattern of the segments to display on each end of the grid line.
• For End Segments Length, enter the length of the segments (in paper space) to display on each end of the grid line.
• Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
4. Click OK.

Revit updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

Create a Grid Line with a Center Segment

Display the center segment of the grid line using a different line color, weight, and pattern than the end segments.

1. Open a view that displays grid lines.

2. Select a grid line, and click Modify | Grids tab Properties panel (Type Properties).
3. In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
• For Center Segment, select Custom.
• For Center Segment Weight, Center Segment Color, and Center Segment Pattern, specify the line weight, color, and pattern of the center segment of the grid line.
• For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line weight, color, and pattern of the end segments of the grid line.
• For End Segments Length, enter the length of the segments (in paper space) to display on each end of the grid line.
• Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
4. Click OK.

Revit updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

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4.2 Levels.

Levels establish a framework for the model. All elements in the model are assigned and constrained to levels in order to establish their position in 3D space. Levels are used to create the
plan views of a model, which facilitate modeling and navigating in the model.

Term/Concept Definition
Level Datum used in a model to establish the elevations of important features of the model. for example, the first and second floor of a
building, the top of the parapet, or the top of footings. You can define any important vertical datum line in a model as a level.
Snaps and Guides Aid in positioning and aligning elements as you place them in the model. As levels are placed, guides display so you can easily align the
endpoints of the levels.
Level Properties Describe aspects of the level and how it is defined in the model. The level name and elevation are examples of level properties.
Level Constraint Controls properties of elements in the model that are assigned to a level. When the position of the level is changed, the positions of the
elements assigned to the level are also changed. For example, walls in the model have a top and bottom constraint which can be associated
with a level.

In a section or elevation view, use the Level tool to place a level. By default, as you place a level, an associated plan view is created in the Project Browser. Clear this option if you are
creating a reference level for which no plan views are needed, such as the top of a parapet, which is used only for reference. Use the Level tool to define a vertical height or story within a
building. You create a level for each known story or other needed reference of the building (for example, first floor, top of wall, or bottom of foundation).

As you place a level, snaps and guides help align the extents of the datum to existing levels in the project. Click to define each end of the level line.

When you change the name of a level, the corresponding views in the project are changed as well. Use controls in the drawing area to change the elevation of the level, or select a level
and make changes on the Properties palette.

By default, when you place elements in a plan view, each element uses the associated level datum as a base constraint. Other level datums in the project can be used to define constraints
as well. When you place an element in the entry level plan, the information of the element is associated or constrained to the entry level datum depending on the element type. When the
level is moved the elements associated to the levels are moved as well. The best example for this is walls and columns.

Levels are finite horizontal planes that act as a reference for level-hosted elements, such as roofs, floors, and ceilings. You can resize their extents so that they do not display in certain
views.

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Add Levels

In addition to creating a level for each story in a building, you can also create reference levels,
such as sill level.

1. Open the section or elevation view to add levels to.

2. On the ribbon, click (Level).
• Architecture tab Datum panel (Level).
• Structure tab Datum panel (Level).
Place the cursor in the drawing area and click.

Note: As you place the cursor to create a level, if the cursor aligns to an existing level line, a
temporary vertical dimension displays between the cursor and that level line.
Draw level lines by moving the cursor horizontally.
On the Options Bar, Make Plan View is selected by default. As a result, each
level you create is a story level and has an associated floor plan view and a
reflected ceiling plan view. If you click Plan View Types on the Options Bar, you
can choose to create only the view types that you specify in the Plan View Types
dialog. If you clear Make Plan View, the level is considered to be a non-story level
or a reference level; no associated plan view is created. Walls and other level-
based elements can use reference levels as their top or base constraint.

As you draw level lines, the heads and tails of the lines can align to one
another. When you select a level line that is aligned with others, a lock appears
to show the alignment. If you move the level line horizontally, all aligned level
lines move with it.

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Click when the level line is the correct length.

You can change the name of the level by clicking the number to select it. You can also change the height of the level by clicking the dimension.

Revit assigns the label (for example, Level 1) and the level symbol to the new level. Use the Project Browser to
rename the level, if desired. If you rename the level, you are asked if you would like to re-name the associated floor plan
and the reflected ceiling plan as well.

Change the Level Type

Change the level type on placement or change the type of an existing level in a section or elevation view.

To change the level type on placement of the level.

1. On the ribbon, click (Level). On the corresponding to the discipline Architecture tab / Structure tab Datum panel (Level).
To change the level type in a section or elevation view

1. Select the level line in the drawing area.

2. In the Type Selector, select a different level type.

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Edit Level Lines in an Elevation View

You can resize, re-label, and change the height of levels in an elevation view.

You can change level lines in the following ways:

• Resize level lines. Select the level line, click on the blue sizing handles, and drag the cursor left or right.
• Raise or lower levels. Select the level line, and click the dimension value associated with it. Enter a new value for the dimension.
• Re-label the level. Select the level and click the label box. Enter a new label for the level.

Move Levels

You can move a single level or multiple level lines in the following ways:

1. Select a level line. A temporary dimension displays between that level line and any level lines immediately above and below.
To move the selected level up or down, click the temporary dimension, type a new value, and press ENTER.

Selected level line shown with temporary dimensions above and below it

2. Drag the selected level line up or down.

3. To move multiple level lines, select the desired number of level lines and move them up or down.

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Offset a Level Line from Its Bubble

There may be times when you sketch a level line and want to offset its bubble from the rest of the level line.

1. Sketch a level line, or select an existing level line.

The end of the line near the bubble has drag controls.

Selected level with drag controls

2. Select and move the end drag control near the bubble to resize the level line.

3. Click the Add Elbow drag control ( ), then drag the control to the desired location to
move the bubble away from the level line.

Bubble dragged from level line

When you move the bubble end out of line, the effect appears only in that view, no other views are affected. The segments created from dragging the bubble have a solid line style (You
cannot change this style).

Note: As you drag a control, the cursor snaps at points similar to the neighboring level lines. The cursor also snaps as the segments form straight lines.

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Plan Views

If

View Tab Plan Views Options Available.

Floor Plan Views

The floor plan view is the default view in a new architectural project. Most projects include at least one floor plan. Floor plan
views are created automatically as you add new levels to your project.

In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships
between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure. Which is a measured plane
typically projected at the floor height of 4 ft or 1.2 m.

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Floor plans may also include details of fixtures, notes for construction to specify finishes, construction methods, symbols for electrical items, etc.

Floor plans are important to show the relationship between rooms and spaces, and to communicate how one can move through a property. Floor plans are an essential part of real
estate marketing and home design, home building, interior design and architecture projects. Creating a floor plan is the best way to start a home design project of any sort.

You can use a floor plan to communicate your ideas more clearly as well as to show the potential of a layout. Creating a before and after floor plan is an excellent way to demonstrate
the scale and scope of a project to a home builder or contractor, which will help you to get better and more accurate pricing.

Floor plans are also critical for creating furniture layouts so that you know what items will fit and which won’t. This will save you time and effort when moving, setting up a new home
or office space and it can help you to avoid making expensive mistakes.

Some common uses for floor plans include selling a home, creating real estate listings, illustrating new-built homes, and planning home improvement and home renovation projects.

Building blocks

Floor plans use standard symbols to indicate features such as doors. This symbol shows the location of the door in a wall and which way the door opens.
A floor plan is not a top view or birds eye view. It is a measured drawing to scale of the layout of a floor in a building. A top view or bird's eye view does not show an orthogonally projected plane cut at
the typical height above the floor level. A floor plan could show:

• Interior walls and hallways

• Restrooms
• Windows and doors
• Appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, water heater etc.
• Interior features such as fireplaces, saunas and whirlpools
• The use of all rooms

A plan view is an orthographic projection of a three-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed from the
top. In such views, the portion of the object above the plane (section) is omitted to reveal what lies beyond.

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A floor plan is a type of drawing that shows you the layout of a home or property from above. Floor plans typically illustrate the location of walls, windows, doors, and stairs, as well as
fixed installations such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen cabinetry, and appliances. Floor plans are usually drawn to scale and will indicate room types, room sizes, and wall lengths. They may
also show furniture layouts and include outdoor areas.

• Illustrate home and property layouts

• Show the location of walls, windows, doors and more
• Include measurements, room names and sizes

Reflected Ceiling Plan Views

Most projects include at least one reflected ceiling plan (RCP) view. Reflected ceiling plan views are created automatically as
you add new levels to your project.

Similar to a map the orientation of the view is downward from above, but unlike a conventional map, a plan is drawn at a particular vertical position (commonly at about 4 feet above
the floor). Objects below this level are seen, objects at this level are shown 'cut' in plan-section, and objects above this vertical position within the structure are omitted or shown dashed.
Plan view or planform is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.

The term may be used in general to describe any drawing showing the physical layout of objects. For example, it may denote the arrangement of the displayed objects at an exhibition,
or the arrangement of exhibitor booths at a convention. Drawings are now reproduced using plotters and large format xerographic copiers.

A reflected ceiling plan (RCP) shows a view of the room as if looking from above, through the ceiling, at a mirror installed one foot below the ceiling level, which shows the reflected
image of the ceiling above. This convention maintains the same orientation of the floor and ceilings plans - looking down from above. RCPs are used by designers and architects to
demonstrate lighting, visible mechanical features, and ceiling forms as part of the documents provided for construction.

A reflected ceiling plan (RCP) is a drawing that shows which shows the items are located on the ceiling of a room or space. It is referred to as a reflected ceiling plan since it is drawn to
display a view of the ceiling as if it was reflected onto a mirror on the floor.
Observe the relationship of light fixtures to the furniture below.

• In some cases, the items below are not shown, in order to keep the RCP from becoming too confusing.

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• When furniture, fixtures or the millwork below are shown,they are shown dotted.
Understand the information. An RCP should contain the following:

• The construction of the ceiling (gypsum board., acoustical tile, etc)

• A specification and/or finish (paint, stucco, etc.) of the ceiling material
• The height of the ceiling above the finished floor (A.F.F.)
• Dimensions
• A legend explaining the symbols on the RCP an explanation of any ceiling features such as bulkheads, soffits,
raised or vaulted areas, trim or decorative applications
• Section symbols to further explain the construction of any ceiling features
Look for special ceiling features on the RCP, such as:

• Speakers from a stereo or other communication device

• Emergency lighting, exit signs
• Security cameras or domes
• Sprinkler heads
• Smoke or fire alarm devices
• Return air grilles and supply air diffusers for the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system
• Exhaust fans
• Seismic information and/ or details
• Expansion joint information and/ or details
Refer to the engineer’s electrical drawings for:

• Electrical wiring specifications

• Circuitry layout
• Connections to the electrical panel
• Location of switches

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Structural Plan Views

The structural plan view is the default view when you start a new project using a structural template. Most projects include at
least one structural plan. New structural plan views are created automatically as you add new levels to your project. You can
create multiple structural plan view types.

Engineers view plans at different orientations in different countries. Revit provides for this variation with the View Direction
type parameter for structural plans.

Set the View Direction parameter differently for each structural plan view, to allow multiple view directions within a project.
Typically, foundation views are viewed down to show structural floors, wall foundations, and footings. Framing views can be
viewed up for a view of structural framing elements unobscured by structural floors.

View direction perspective

A structural type of Engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans for how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally
prepared by registered professional structural engineers, and informed by architectural drawings. They are primarily concerned with the load-carrying
members of a structure. They outline the size and types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not address
architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The structural drawings communicate the design of the building's
structure to the building authority to review. Structural drawings are also included with a proposed building's contract documents, which guide
contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the structure.

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Area Plans

Area plans are views that show spatial relationships based on area schemes and levels in your model.

You can have an area plan for each area scheme and level. Create area schemes before creating area plans. See Create an Area Scheme. Each area plan can have distinct area
boundaries, tags, and color schemes. Area plans are listed in the Area Plans node of the Project Browser. Each area scheme will get a separate node in the Project Browser. By default, the
area plan name indicates the level associated with the plan. You can rename area plans.

An area is a subdivision of space within a building model, typically on a larger scale than individual rooms.

Areas are not necessarily bounded by model elements. You can draw area boundaries or pick model elements to use as boundaries.

When you add model elements, the area boundaries do not necessarily change automatically. You can specify how area boundaries behave:

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• Some area boundaries are static. That is, they do not change automatically and must be changed manually.

Some area boundaries are dynamic. They stay connected with underlying model elements. If the model elements move, the area boundaries move with them.

Propagate Extents

Grids and Levels Para que los niveles tengan la misma extensión en diferentes vistas.

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View Range

Every plan view has a property called view range, also known as a visible range. The horizontal planes that define the view range are Top, Cut Plane, and Bottom. The top and bottom
clip planes represent the topmost and bottommost portion of the view range. The cut plane is a plane that determines the height at which certain elements in the view are shown as cut.
These 3 planes define the primary range of the view range.

View depth is an additional plane beyond the primary range. Change the view depth to show elements below the bottom clip plane. By default, the view depth coincides with the
bottom clip plane.

1. Open a plan view.

2. On the Properties palette, locate the View Range parameter, and click Edit.
3. In the View Range dialog, modify view range properties as necessary.
4. Click Apply to view changes.

The following elevation shows the view

range of a plan view: Top , Cut plane ,
Bottom , Offset (from bottom) , Primary
Range , and View Depth .

The plan view on the right shows the result

for this view range.

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View Range Properties

Define the set of horizontal planes that control the visibility and display of objects in a plan view.

To access these properties, open the plan view. On the Properties palette, for View Range, click Edit.

Name Description
Top Sets the upper boundary of the primary range. The upper boundary is defined as a level and an offset from that level. Elements display as defined by their object styles.
Elements above the offset value do not display.
Cut plane Sets a height at which elements in a plan view are cut, such that building components below the cut plane display in projection, and others that intersect it display as cut.
Building components that display as cut include walls, roofs, ceilings, floors, and stairs.

A cut plane does not cut components.

Bottom Sets the level of the Primary Range's lower boundary. If you access View Range while viewing the lowest level of your project and set this property to level below, you
must specify a value for Offset, and you must set View Depth to a level below it.
View Sets a vertical range for the visibility of elements between specified levels.
Depth
For example, if you are designing a multi-story building, you might have a floor plan for the 10th floor that had a depth to the first level. Use View Depth to display visible
objects below the current level; such objects include stairs, balconies, and objects visible through holes in a floor.

In a floor plan, View Depth should be below the cut plane.

In a reflected ceiling plan (RCP), View Depth should be above the cut plane.

In a structural plan, View Depth is either below or above the cut plane, depending on View Direction. View Depth is below the cut plane when View Direction is down, and
above the cut plane when View Direction is up.

In a structural plan, use View Depth to display visible objects below the primary range with Beyond line style. The view can also be cut at the View Depth plane.

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Elements Intersected by the Cut Plane

In a plan view, Revit uses the following rules to display elements that are intersected by the cut plane:

• These elements are drawn using the cut line weight of the element category.
• When the element category does not have a cut line weight, the category is not cuttable. The element is drawn using the projection line weight.

Exceptions for the display of elements intersected by the cut plane include the following:

• Walls shorter than 6 feet (or 2 meters) are not cut, even if they intersect the cut plane.

The 6 feet (or 2 meters) are measured from the top of the bounding box to the bottom of the primary view range. For example, if you create a wall whose top is 6 feet above the
bottom clip plane, the wall is cut at the cut plane. When the top of the wall is less than 6 feet, the entire wall shows as projection even where it intersects the cut plane. This behavior
always occurs when the Top Constraint property for the wall is specified as Unconnected. If the top constraint property of the wall is specified as Connected, then the cut plane position is
always used to define if the wall is cut or projected.

• For some categories, individual families are defined as cuttable or non-cuttable. If a family is defined as non-cuttable and
its elements intersect the cut plane, they are drawn using the projection line weight.

In the following elevation, blue highlighting indicates elements that

intersect the cut plane.

Elements that are drawn using the cut line weight. (walls, door, and
window)
Elements that are drawn using the projection line weight because they
are non-cuttable (casework).

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Elements Below the Cut Plane and Above the Bottom Clip Plane

In a plan view, Revit draws these elements using the projection line weight of the element category.

In the following elevation, blue highlighting indicates elements that are below the cut plane and above the bottom clip plane.

The plan view on the right shows the following:

Elements that are drawn using the projection line weight because they are not intersected by the cut plane. (cabinet, desk, and chair)

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Elements Below the Bottom Clip Plane and Within the View Depth

Elements within the view depth are drawn using the <Beyond> line style regardless of the element's category.

Exceptions: Floors, structural floors, stairs, and ramps located outside the view range use an adjusted range that is 4 feet (about 1.22 meters) below the bottom of the primary range.
Within this adjusted range, the elements are drawn using the projection line weight for the category. If they exist outside this adjusted range but within the view depth, these elements
are drawn using the <Beyond> line style.

For example, in the following elevation, blue highlighting indicates elements that occur below the bottom clip plane and within the view depth.

The plan view on the right shows the following:

An element (foundation) within the view depth that is drawn using the <Beyond> line style.
An element that is drawn using the projection line weight for its category, because it meets the exception conditions.

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Elements Above the Cut Plane and Below the Top Clip Plane

These elements are not displayed in a plan view unless their categories are window, casework, or generic model. Elements in these 3 categories are drawn using the projection line
weight as viewed from above.

For example, in the following elevation, blue highlighting indicates elements that occur between the top of the view range and the cut plane.

The plan view on the right shows the following:

Wall-mounted casework that is drawn using the projected line weight. In this case, the dashed line style for projection lines is defined in the casework family.
The wall sconce (a lighting category) that is not drawn in the plan because its category is not window, casework, or generic model.

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View Range in a Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP)

Like plan views, reflected ceiling plans also have a view range setting but with some differences.

• A reflected ceiling plan's view direction is up from the cut plane.

• A reflected ceiling plan includes the cut plane as part of the primary range, but it is typically positioned above the cut plane of a plan view. Cut planes in a reflected ceiling plan are
often set above the head height of the doors and windows.
• The area between the cut plane and the top of the view range establishes the primary view range of the view. The bottom setting of the view range is not used in a reflected
ceiling plan. Elements falling in the primary view range will use the projection line weight.
• View depth is established in the up direction from the cut plane. Elements not in the primary view range but within the view depth will use the <Beyond> line style.

Note: Plan regions are used to control the appearance of hosts and hosted elements, primarily windows and doors in walls, when their elevation affects whether they are visible. Plan
regions cannot be used to control the display of MEP elements.

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4.3 Compound Structure

Walls, floors, ceilings, and roofs can be composed of parallel layers.

A compound element can consist of a single continuous layer of material (such as plywood) or multiple layers (such as gypsum board, studs, insulation, air spaces, bricks, and sheathing).
In addition, each layer within the component serves a particular purpose. For example, some layers provide structural support, while others act as thermal barriers. Revit considers the
function of each layer, and joins corresponding layers in adjacent compound structures by matching their functional priority.

You can represent each layer by setting the layer's material, thickness, and function. When a view's detail level is
set to Medium or Fine, the layers of the compound element are represented. Lines between layers in a compound
structure display using the Common Edges subcategory of the element. Override host layers for additional control
over the layer display in compound structure. At Coarse detail level, only the boundaries of the compound element
display. A coarse scale fill pattern and coarse scale fill color can be set in the type properties of the compound element.

You typically see compound geometry in floor plans, reflected ceiling plans, and sections. In the following example, a 7-layer wall is displayed in a plan view.

Materials in Compound Geometry

Each layer in a compound structure is assigned a material. For example, one layer might be the air infiltration barrier, another is
plywood, followed by a layer of wood. Revit has several predefined materials, or you can create your own using the Materials tool.

The materials in a compound element can be tagged, scheduled, and included in material takeoffs.

When the Detail Level of the view is set to Medium or Fine, the layers of the compound element display according to the material
properties of the layers. At a Coarse level of detail, the layers of the compound structure are not displayed. Instead, only the
boundary of the element displays, along with the Coarse Scale Fill Pattern and Course Scale Fill Color, if these type properties are
specified for the compound structure.

Properties of the thermal assets for materials and the thickness of the layers are used to calculated the R-value of the compound
structure. The R-value is used in creating the energy analytical model.

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When the Structural Material option is selected for a core layer in a wall or floor element, the physical asset of the material assigned to the layer is used in the structural analytical model.
Note: The Structural Material option is not available for compound roof elements.

Applying a Function to a Layer of a Compound Structure

You assign each layer a specific function so the layer can join to its corresponding functional layer. Layer functions have an order of precedence.

Rules for Layer Joins:

• The structure layer has the highest priority, Priority 1.

• Finish 2 has the lowest priority, Priority 5.
• Revit connects high priority layers before connecting layers with the lowest priority.

For example, suppose that you join 2 compound walls. A layer in the first wall with Priority 1 joins to a layer with Priority 1 in the second wall. That Priority 1 layer can pass through lower
priority layers before joining to the other Priority 1 layer. A layer with a lower priority cannot pass through a layer of equal or higher priority.

The following illustration shows higher priority layers joining before lower priority layers. The Priority 1 CMU layer of the horizontal wall passes through all layers, until it reaches the
Priority 1 stud layer of the vertical wall. Note that the insulation in the horizontal wall does not pass through the air space in the vertical wall, because they are both Priority 3 and are
outside the core layer.

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• When layers join, the join cleans up if the 2 layers have the same material. If the 2 layers have different materials, a line appears
at the join.
• Each layer must have a function assigned to it for Revit to match layers accurately.
• Layers inside the core of one wall pass through layers of higher priority that are outside the core of the joined wall. The layers in
the core extend to the core of a joined wall, even if the core layers are set to Priority 5.

The following illustration shows how a layer of lower priority inside the core passes through layers of higher priority outside the core.
The insulation layer of the horizontal wall has moved inside the core. The insulation layer can now pass through any layer outside the
core, regardless of its priority.

Layers can be assigned the following functions:

• Structure [1]: Layer that supports the remainder of the wall, floor, or roof.
• Substrate [2]: Material, such as plywood or gypsum board, which acts as a foundation for another material.
• Thermal/Air Layer [3]: Provides insulation and prevents air penetration.
• Membrane Layer: A membrane that commonly prevents water vapor penetration. The membrane layer should have zero thickness.
• Finish 1 [4]: Finish 1 is typically the exterior layer.
• Finish 2 [5]: Finish 2 is typically for the interior layer.

Layer Wrapping

Compound wall layers can wrap at inserts and at the end caps of the wall.

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Select the Wraps checkbox in the Edit Assembly dialog to specify the layer of the compound wall to wrap at the ends of the wall, or when an insert (e.g., a door or window) is placed in
the wall. The Wrapping at Ends and Wrapping at Inserts parameters must be specified in the type properties of the wall for individual layers to wrap.
Note: Wrapping is not enabled for roof and floor compound elements.

Wrapping at Ends

End conditions of walls can be set to Interior or Exterior to control which side of the wall the materials will wrap to. If you do not want the layers of the wall to wrap, set end conditions
to None.

Compound wall with no end-cap wrapping Exterior wrapping at a wall's end caps Interior wrapping at the end caps

Wrapping at Inserts

Wrapping at inserts can be set to wrap material on the interior, exterior, both, or none. The position of
the wrap at an insert is controlled by reference planes defined as "Wall Closure" in the insert family.

Wrapping at window insert

Compound Walls Joined to Architectural Columns

The compound structure of a wall extends to columns when you join the wall to the column.

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When compound walls and architectural columns are placed adjacent to or overlapping each other, the elements are automatically joined. Once joined, the layers of the wall defined
within the core boundaries of the wall, extend to fill the geometry of the column. The layers outside of the core wrap around and follow the edge of the column element. When the detail
level of the view is Coarse, the joined column will take on the coarse scale fill pattern of the joined wall.

The following examples illustrate different representations of engaged architectural columns. In the first
example, the level of detail is Fine or Medium. The core layer is identified by , and indicates the layers
outside of the core that wrap around the edge of the column. Notice that the core layer only fills the column
geometry that overlaps the core layer or extends outside of the wall.

In the following example, the Coarse level of detail is displayed.

In the following example, the Coarse level of detail is displayed, and the Coarse Scale Fill Color property is
specified for the joined wall type.

Edit Layers in a Compound Structure

You can specify the function, material, and thickness of the layers in the compound structure.

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1. Select the compound element, and on the Properties palette, click (Edit Type).
2. For Structure, click Edit.

The Edit Assembly dialog displays, allowing you to specify the material for layers and the thickness of those layers.

Note: To preview the appearance of the compound structure as you add and modify layers, click Preview.

3. Click Insert to insert a layer, or select a layer to modify.

4. If you want to move the position of the layer, select the layer, and click Up or Down.
5. For Function, select a function for a layer.
6. For Material, select the material value for a layer, and click the browse button to open the Material Browser.

Note: To create a new material for the list, see the Materials tool. Among other settings, the Materials tool includes options for specifying cut patterns.

7. For Thickness, specify a thickness for a layer.

8. Compound walls only: Specify wrapping behavior for the layer at inserts and end caps.
a. Select Wraps.

Options in the Default Wrapping section of the dialog, allow you to specify wrapping preferences.

b. If you want wrapping at inserts, for Default Wrapping at Inserts, select Exterior, Interior, or Both.
c. If you want end cap layer wrapping, for Default Wrapping at Ends, select Exterior or Interior.

Important:

o For layers to wrap, the Wrapping at Inserts and Wrapping at Ends type properties must also be specified for the compound structure.
o Windows and doors have a type property called Wall Closure. This property overrides the wrapping settings in the Edit Assembly dialog.
9. Compound walls and floors only: Select Structural Material for a core layer, and the physical asset of the material assigned to the layer is used in the structural analytical model.
10. Compound walls only: Use the Vertical Structure tools to modify the compound wall type:

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a. With the Preview pane open, for View, select Section: Modify type attributes.
b. Use the tools under Modify Vertical Structure to make changes to the compound wall type.

11. Click OK twice to close the dialogs.

12. To display the compound layers in the view, in the Project Browser, click the view name. In the Properties palette, set the value for the Detail Level property to Medium or Fine.

Flip the Orientation of Compound Walls

The orientation (inside/outside face) of a wall can be changed as it is placed or after it is placed. The wall will flip around the location line of the wall.

As you place a compound wall in a plan view, you can press the Spacebar to flip its orientation. You can also select an existing wall in a plan view, and control arrows display on the
exterior side of the wall. If you click on the arrows, the wall will flip around the location line of the wall.

Note: Any cutouts in the wall do not flip their orientation. You must change their orientation individually. For example, doors and windows do not change their orientation when you flip the
orientation of a compound wall.

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4.4 Walls.

Note: You can right-click the wall end controls and use an option on the context menu to allow or disallow wall joins.
----------------
Use a Wall tool to create a non-bearing wall or a structural wall in the building model.

Non-bearing walls: Click (Wall: Architectural) on the

• Architecture tab Build panel Wall drop-down.

• Structure tab Structure panel Wall drop-down.
Structural walls: Click (Wall: Structural) on the

• Architect tab Build panel Wall drop-down.

• Structure tab Structure panel Wall drop-down.

Like other basic elements in a building model, walls are instances of predefined system family types, which represent standard varieties
of wall function, composition, and thickness.

You can customize these characteristics by modifying a wall’s type properties to add or remove layers, divide them into regions, and
change their thickness or assigned material.

You add walls to a building model by clicking the Wall tool, selecting the desired wall type, and placing instances of that type in a plan view or 3D view.

To place an instance, you select one of the draw tools on the ribbon, and either sketch the linear extents of the wall in the drawing area, or define them by picking an existing line, edge,
or face. The position of the wall relative to the path you sketch or the existing element you select is determined by the value of one of the wall’s instance properties: Location Line.

After you place a wall in a drawing, you can add sweeps or reveals, edit the wall’s profile, and insert hosted components such as doors and windows.

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Note: After creating walls, you may want to audit files so Revit will review data structures and correct any problems found within the model. To audit a project file, open the project and,
in the Open dialog, select the Audit option.

1. The Wall Location Line

A wall’s Location Line property specifies which of its vertical planes is used to position the wall in relation to the path you sketch
or otherwise specify in the drawing area.
2. Wall Function
All wall types within the Basic Wall and Stacked Wall families have a type property called Function.
3. Embedded Walls
Walls can be embedded into a host wall, so that the embedded wall is associated with the host wall.
4. Height/Depth of Walls
When you create a wall, several properties work together to control the behavior of the wall.
Walls can be embedded into a host wall, so that the embedded wall is associated with the host wall. For example, a curtain wall can be embedded into an exterior wall, or a wall can be
embedded into a curtain panel.

Like doors or windows in the host wall, the embedded wall does not resize if you resize its host. If you move the host wall, the embedded wall moves with it.

• Attach Walls to Other Elements • Best Practices: Wall Shapes or Openings • Wall Sweeps
• Edit a Wall Profile • Wall Joins • Wall Reveals
• Change the Wall Type • Compound Walls • Wall Instance Properties
• Best Practices: Walls • Stacked Walls • Wall Type Propertie

Place a Wall

Add one or more instances of a specific type of architectural wall to the building model.

The process of creating a structural wall is similar.

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1. Open a floor plan view or a 3D view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Wall drop-down (Wall: Architectural).
3. If you want to place a wall type other than the one displayed in the Type Selector, select a different type from the drop-down.

You can use the bottom part of the Properties palette to modify some of the instance properties for the selected wall type before you start placing instances.

4. On the Options Bar, specify the following:

•Level. (3D views only) Select a level for the wall’s base constraint. You can choose a non-story level.
•Height. Select a level for the wall’s top constraint, or enter a value for the default setting of Unconnected.
•Location Line. Select which vertical plane of the wall you want to align with the cursor as you draw, or with the line or face you will select in the drawing area.
•Chain. Select this option to draw a series of wall segments connected at endpoints.
•Offset. Optionally enter a distance to specify how far the wall’s location line will be offset from the cursor position or from a selected line or face (as described in the next step).
•Join Status. Select Allow to automatically create a butt join (default) where walls intersect. Select Disallow to prevent walls from joining when they meet. Allow is selected by
default each time you open the software, but your last-selected option is maintained during the current session. You can change the join status of individual walls later, if desired.
5. On the Draw panel, select a draw tool to place the wall using one of the following methods:
• Draw the wall. Use the default Line tool to place a straight wall segment by specifying both a start point and an endpoint in the drawing. Alternatively, you can specify the start
point, move the cursor in the desired direction, and then enter a value for the wall length.

Other tools on the Draw panel let you sketch rectangular, polygonal, circular, or arced layouts. For detailed descriptions of these tools.

As you are drawing a wall with any of these tools, you can press the Spacebar to flip the interior/exterior orientation of the wall in relation to its location line.

•Place the wall along an existing line. Use the Pick Lines tool to place wall segments along lines you select in the drawing. The lines can be model lines, reference planes, or edges
of elements, such as roofs, curtain panels, and other walls.

Note: To place walls simultaneously on an entire chain of lines, move the cursor over a line segment, press Tab to highlight them all, and then click.

• Place the wall on an existing face. Use the Pick Faces tool to place a wall on a massing face or a generic model face that you select in the drawing.

Note: To place walls simultaneously on all vertical faces on the mass or generic model, move the cursor over one of faces, press Tab to highlight them all, and then click.

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6. To exit the Wall tool, click Modify.

Type of walls.

1. Compound Walls.
2. Stacked Walls.
3. Structural Walls.

Tips.

When adding walls, follow these best practices for successful modeling and to improve productivity.

• When creating the exterior walls of a multi-level building use walls that extend from the lowest level to the highest level. Use multiple walls
or stacked walls for material changes or changes in wall construction (wall type).
• To flip the orientation of the wall between exterior and interior, select the wall and click the blue flip controls that are displayed near it.
The flip controls always are displayed on the side that Revit interprets as the exterior side.
• Walls do not automatically attach to other modelling components, such as roofs and ceilings. You must explicitly attach them using the
Attach and Detach tools. See Attach Walls to Other Elements.
• As you draw a wall, you can offset it from the cursor by specifying a value for Offset on the Options Bar. You can specify to which location
line the offset is measured.
• You can access wall type properties from the Project Browser. In the Project Browser, expand Families, expand Walls, expand a wall family,
and right-click wall type. Click Properties to access the Type Properties dialog, where you can modify wall properties.
• If you rename or create a wall type, indicate the function in the name and specify the Function Type property (interior, exterior, foundation,
retaining, soffit, or core-shaft) in the Type Properties dialog.
• The top constraint for interior partition walls is set, by default, to the level above.
• You can drag inserts, such as windows and doors, between 2 walls.

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• When an insert is placed between hosts of unequal thickness (as shown above), you can resize the thickness of the insert relative to its hosts. Select the insert and click Pick Primary
Host. Select the host you want the insert to resize to match. The insert resizes to the selected host's thickness. If you later delete the host, you delete the insert as well.
• If you select Radius on the Options Bar, and then join the end of a straight wall to the end of another straight wall, a fillet is created between the walls at the specified radius.
To improve performance:
o Avoid over-modeling or over-constraining the building model (and its walls) to keep the size of the project smaller and less complicated.
o Be judicious in showing wall layer information in views. Minimize the level of detail whenever possible.

Wall Joins

When walls intersect, Revit creates a butt join by default and cleans up the display in plan view, removing visible edges between the joined walls and their corresponding component
layers.

Butt join with and without cleanup at coarse level of detail

Butt join with and without cleanup at fine level of detail

You can change how the join displays in a plan view by selecting a join option other than Butt (Miter or Square-off) or by specifying a different order in which the walls butt up or square
off against one another.

You can also specify whether the join cleans up, does not clean up, or cleans up according to the default setting for the view.

The view’s Wall Join Display instance property controls whether the cleanup applies to all wall types or only to walls of the same type.

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Change the Configuration of a Wall Join

Change the configuration of a join involving 4 walls or fewer by changing the type of join or the order in which the walls join.

Note: To edit a wall join with more than 4 walls, a wall join that spans multiple floors, or a wall join that is in more than one workset.

1. Click Modify tab Geometry panel (Wall Joins).

2. Move the cursor over the wall join, and click within the gray square that displays.

To select multiple intersected wall joins for editing, draw a selection box around the joins, or while pressing Ctrl, select each of the joins.

3. On the Options Bar, select one of the available join types:

o Butt (the default join type) o Miter o Square off: Squares a wall end to 90 degrees.

4. If the selected join type is Butt or Square off, you can click the Next and Previous buttons to cycle through previews of the possible join orders. For the squared-off join shown above,
the following alternative order would be available. (The Next and Previous function is only available if you selected a single wall join for editing.)

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Note: You cannot square off or miter the join between a wall and the interior of another wall, nor change the order of the butt join, because only one configuration of butt join is possible.
An example of this layout is shown below (with the Don’t Clean Join option selected).

5. When the desired configuration is displayed, click Modify to exit the tool.

Specify Wall Join Cleanup Options

Specify whether and how a wall join cleans up in a plan view.

1. Click Modify tab Geometry panel (Wall Joins).

2. Move the cursor over the wall join, and click within the square that displays.

To select multiple intersected wall joins for clean up, draw a selection box around the joins, or while pressing Ctrl, select each of the joins.

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3. You can select to allow or disallow joins:

To allow the walls to join in the current configuration, on the Options Bar, select Allow Join, and for Display, select one of the following options:

▪Clean Join. Displays a smooth join. While the join is selected for editing, temporary solid lines indicate where the wall layers actually end, as shown below; these lines disappear
when you exit the Wall Joins tool and do not print.

▪ Don't Clean Join. Displays the wall ends butting up against one another as shown.

▪ Use View Setting. Cleans wall joins according to the view’s Wall Join Display instance property. This property controls whether the cleanup applies to all wall types or only to walls
of the same type.

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To specify that the wall ends for the intersecting walls should not join, on the Options Bar, select Disallow Join.

Disallow Join determines the join behavior for the wall end no matter where this wall is placed. For example, if you move the wall away from the current intersection, the wall end will
not automatically join with any other wall.

Note: When you select an intersection of joined wall ends, and choose Disallow Join, each wall end at the intersection is set to Disallow Join. You now have disjoined, independent wall
ends at the intersection (not a single join). To restore the join at this intersection, draw a selection box around the join location to select all of the wall ends (single-clicking the location only
selects one wall end), then select Allow Join. The wall ends will clean up and join properly.

4. Click Modify to exit the tool.

Join Parallel Walls

Revit automatically creates joins between intersecting walls. You can join the geometry of closely-spaced parallel walls.

1. In a plan view, place the walls less than 6 inches apart.

2. Click Modify tab Geometry panel Join drop-down Join Geometry.
3. Select the walls to join.

If either wall has an insert (such as a window), it cuts through the joined wall. Any geometry around the insert, such as a frame, does not display on the joined wall.

Parallel walls before geometry is joined Parallel walls after geometry is joined

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Joining Walls to Mid-End Faces

Place a wall that is joined to a mid-end face in another wall. When you drag either of the joined walls, the join is maintained, and the other wall lengthens or shortens accordingly.

1. Open a plan view in which the mid-end face is visible.

Tip: If only the ends of the wall with the mid-end face are visible, you may need to adjust the cut plane height. For more information, see About the view range.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Wall drop-down (Wall: Architectural) and select the desired wall type from the Type Selector.
3. Move the cursor over the mid-end face until an endpoint displays, and then click to specify the new wall start point.
4. Move the cursor in the desired direction.

Sketching a wall with its start point at a mid-end face

5. Click to specify the new wall’s endpoint. The join between the walls cleans up as shown.

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When you drag either of the joined walls, the wall joins move with it.

Wall join moves with the preview of the wall being moved

Note: When you edit the elevation profile of a wall with a mid-end face that is joined to another wall, the vertical line representing the mid-end face is aligned to the center line of the
joined wall, not the actual face of the wall. When you cancel edit mode, the join cleans up and the vertical line moves to coincide with the face of the joined wall.

Sketch line indicating mid-end face displays in the middle of the joined wall in edit mode

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Joins with Non-Editable Walls

When you are working in a team environment and have enabled worksharing, you can specify whether the elements, including walls, in a workset are editable.

Non-editable walls can be joined and unjoined according to the following guidelines:

• You can join or unjoin an editable wall and the side face of a non-editable wall or a corner where 2 or more non-editable walls are already joined.
• You can delete an editable wall that is joined to a non-editable wall, except as noted below.
• You cannot join or unjoin an editable wall to a non-editable wall if that would change the shape of the non-editable wall.
• You cannot join an editable wall to the end of a non-editable wall. Revit keeps the walls close together but does not join them and issues a warning. (You can make both walls editable
later and join them.)
• A wall can resize, even if it is not editable, as happens if you move the wall to which it is joined.

Edit Complex Wall Joins

The Wall Joins tool is not recommended for editing wall joins that involve more than 4 walls, span multiple floors, or exist in more than one workset. For these more complex joins, use
the following basic procedure to edit individual walls as needed.
Note: Complex wall joins can have many possible configurations. You may have to step through hundreds of them to find the desired one.

1. If applicable, set all involved worksets to editable.

2. Select one of the joined walls, and use its Drag Wall End control to move it out of the join.
3. Drag the wall end back to a different location within the join.

Note: Use snap points, snap lines, and the feedback on the status bar to help pinpoint the new location.

4. If the automatically created join does not produce the desired configuration, you can disallow joins for the joined end of the selected wall, move it again, and then re-create the join
using the Join Geometry tool.
5. Repeat the previous 3 steps as needed for the selected wall and others in the join.

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Disallow Wall Joins

By default, Revit creates a join where 2 walls intersect. However, you can prevent joins for a selected wall whenever necessary. For example, if you want to keep small expansion spaces
between walls, you can do so by disallowing joins for either of the adjacent wall ends.

2 horizontal walls with 3/8-inch expansion space between them

Disallowing joins is also useful for resolving complex joins. For example, if you add a wall to a complex join and it produces undesired results, you can disallow joins on the added wall
and then use the Join Geometry tool to clean the join between this wall and other walls.

Selected wall with disallowed join

Wall cleaned up after Join Geometry used

The procedure for disallowing joins varies slightly for the ends of a wall as opposed to any of its mid-end faces.

To disallow joins for a wall end

1. Select the wall.

2. Right-click the wall end control where you want to disallow the join, and click Disallow Join.

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The end of the wall now cannot join to another wall. If you want to allow joins again, right-click the wall end control, and click Allow Join, or click (Allow Join) above the end of the
wall.

To disallow a join on a mid-end face

1. Open a plan view in which the mid-end face is visible, and select the wall.

Note: If only the ends of the wall with the mid-end face are visible, you may need to adjust the cut plane height.

2. Click (Disallow Join) above the mid-end face, or right-click, and click Disallow Join. Notice that changes to .

The mid-end face now cannot join to another wall.

Selected mid-end face with join disallowed

If you want to allow joins again, click above the mid-end face, or
right-click and click Allow Join.

Selected mid-end face with join allowed

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Compound Walls

Just as roofs, floors, and ceilings can consist of multiple horizontal layers, walls can consist of more than one vertical layer or region.

7-layer wall shown in plan view

The position, thickness, and material for each layer and region are defined through the type
properties of the wall, using the Edit Assembly dialog.

Layer rows: correspond to wall layers or regions

A layer is assigned to one row. It has a constant thickness and extends the height of the wall. You can change its thickness in the row assigned to it. You can also assign a structural
material to each layer.

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4.5 Floor.

To create a floor, define its boundaries by picking walls or sketching its profile with Drawing Tools (Unit3→3.1).

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural).

Where is it?

2. Draw the floor boundaries, using one of the following methods:

• Pick walls: By default, Pick Walls is active. If it is not active, click Modify | Create Floor Boundary tab Draw panel (Pick Walls). Select walls in the drawing area to use
as floor boundaries.
• Sketch boundaries: To sketch the profile of the floor, click Modify | Create Floor Boundary tab Draw panel, and select a sketching tool. See Sketching.
The floor boundary must be a closed loop (profile). To create an opening in the floor, you can sketch another closed loop where you want the opening to appear.

3. On the Options Bar, for Offset, specify an offset for the floor edges.
Note: When you are using Pick Walls, select Extend into wall (to core) to measure the offset from the wall's core.
4. Click Finish Edit Mode.
You create floors by defining their boundaries, either by picking walls or using Drawing Tools (Unit3→3.1).

Typically, you sketch a floor in a plan view, although you can use a 3D view if the work plane of the 3D view is set to the work
plane of a plan view.

Floors are offset downward from the level on which they are sketched.

You can create a sloped floor, add slab edges to a floor, or create multi-layer floors.

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Use the Floor tool to create level, sloped, or multi-layer floors.

• Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural).

• Structure tab Structure panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural).

You create floors by defining their boundaries, either by picking walls or using drawing tools. Typically, you sketch a floor in a plan view, although you
can use a 3D view if the work plane of the 3D view is set to the work plane of a plan view. Floors are offset downward from the level on which they are
sketched. You can create a sloped floor, add slab edges to a floor, or create multi-layer floors. In a conceptual design, you can use floor area faces to
analyze masses, and create floors from a mass.

Create a Floor

To create a floor, define its boundaries by picking walls or sketching its profile with drawing tools.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Architectural).

Where is it?

2. Draw the floor boundaries, using one of the following methods:

• Pick walls: By default, Pick Walls is active. If it is not active, click Modify | Create Floor Boundary tab Draw panel (Pick Walls). Select walls in the drawing area to use as floor
boundaries.
• Sketch boundaries: To sketch the profile of the floor, click Modify | Create Floor Boundary tab Draw panel, and select a sketching tool.

The floor boundary must be a closed loop (profile). To create an opening in the floor, you can sketch another closed loop where you want the opening to appear.

3. On the Options Bar, for Offset, specify an offset for the floor edges.

Note: When you are using Pick Walls, select Extend into wall (to core) to measure the offset from the wall's core.

4. Click Finish Edit Mode.

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Create a Sloped Floor

You can create sloped floors in the building model.

Use one of the following methods:

• Draw a slope arrow while sketching or editing the floor boundary.

• Specify a value for the Offset from Base property for parallel floor sketch lines.
• Specify a value for the Defines Slope and Slope properties for a single floor sketch line.

Edit a Floor Sketch

After creating a floor, you can change its profile to modify its boundaries.

1. In a plan view, select the floor, and click Modify | Floors tab Mode panel Edit Boundary.

Watch the tooltip and the status bar to be sure you select the floor, not another element. If desired, you can use a filter to select the floor.

2. Use sketching tools to change the boundaries of the floor.

3. Click Finish Edit Mode.

Add a Floor Slab Edge

You add slab edges by selecting horizontal edges of floors. You can place slab edges in 2D views (such as plan or section views) or
in 3D views.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Floor drop-down (Floor: Slab Edge).
2. Highlight horizontal edges of floors, and click to place a slab edge.

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Watch the status bar to look for valid references. For example, if you are placing a slab edge on a floor, the status bar might display:
Floors: -Basic Floor: -Reference. You can also click model lines.

When placing a slab edge in section, place the cursor near the corners of the floor to highlight the reference.

As you click edges, Revit treats this as one continuous slab edge. If the slab edge segments meet at corners, they miter.

3. To finish the current slab edge, click Modify | Place Slab Edge tab Placement panel Restart Slab Edge.
4. To start another slab edge, move the cursor to a new edge and click to place.
5. To finish placing slab edges, click Modify | Place Slab Edge tab Select panel Modify.

Resize or Flip a Floor Slab Edge

After adding a slab edge to a floor, you can change the size or orientation of the slab edge and you can resize slabs. When you select the slab, a drag control appears at either end of it.

You can flip slabs by using the Flip controls that appear in 3D, or, if you are in a 2D view (such as section), you can right-click on the slab and select Flip About Horizontal Axis or Flip About
Vertical Axis.

Add or Remove Segments of a Floor Slab Edge

You can continue an existing slab edge around a floor, or remove segments from an existing slab edge.

1. Select an existing slab edge.

Note: To select an edge, you may need to press Tab one or more times until the desired edge is highlighted, then click to select it. In some cases, you may first need to unjoin the slab
edge from the slab in order to have a selectable edge when removing segments.

2. Click Modify | Slab Edges tab Profile panel Add/Remove Segments.

3. Click edges to add or remove segments of the floor slab edge.

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Move a Floor Slab Edge

You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a slab edge either through its properties or by graphically moving the slab edge.

1. Horizontal Move 2. Vertical Move

To move a single slab edge segment, select the slab edge, and drag it horizontally. Select the slab edge, and drag it up or down. If the slab edge is multi-segmented, all
segments move up or down the same distance.
To move a multi-segmented slab edge, select the shape handle of the slab edge. Place
the cursor over the slab edge, and press TAB to highlight the shape handle. Watch the status
bar to be sure you are highlighting the shape handle. Click to select the shape handle. Move
the cursor left or right to change the horizontal offset. This affects the horizontal offset of
all segments of the slab edge, so the segments are symmetrical.

Moving slab edge on left also moves slab edge on the right Slab edge moving vertically in section

4.6 Roof.

Creates a roof using the building footprint to define its boundaries. ---A roof cannot cut through windows or doors.

1. Display a floor plan view or a reflected ceiling plan view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof by Footprint).
Note: If you try to add a roof on the lowest level, a dialog prompts you to move it to a higher level. If you choose not to move the roof to a different
level, Revit notifies you later if the roof is too low.
3. On the Draw panel, select a sketch or pick tool. To edit roof properties before sketching, use the Properties palette.

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Note: When using Pick Walls, you can specify the overhang before you sketch the roof. On the Options Bar, select Extend to wall core if you want the overhang to be measured from
the core of the wall, and then specify a value for Overhang.
4. Sketch, or pick, a closed loop for the roof.
5. Specify slope defining lines. To change the slope definition of a line, select the line and, on the Properties palette, click Defines Roof Slope. You can then change the slope value.
When a roof line is set to slope defining, this symbol appears adjacent to it.

6. Click (Finish Edit Mode), and then open a 3D view.

Note: To apply sloped glazing, select the roof, and in the Type Selector, select Sloped Glazing. You can place curtain grids on the curtain panels of the sloped glazing. PressTab to switch
between horizontal and vertical grids.

Revit offers several methods of creating roofs. Choose the method that best meets the needs of your design. For examples of basic roof shapes, and a link to a sample Revit model
containing these examples, see the Roof Sample File topic.

You can create a roof by:

• from a building footprint

• as an extrusion
• with sloped glazing

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• from a mass instance

Roof by footprint

• 2D closed-loop sketch of the roof perimeter

• Created when you select walls or draw lines in plan view
• Created at level of view in which it was sketched
• Height is controlled by Base Height Offset property
• Openings are defined by additional closed loops
• Slopes are defined when you apply a slope parameter to sketch lines

Create a Roof by Footprint

Creates a roof using the building footprint to define its boundaries.

1. Display a floor plan view or a reflected ceiling plan view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof by Footprint).

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Note: If you try to add a roof on the lowest level, a dialog prompts you to move it to a higher level. If you choose not to move the roof to a different level, Revit notifies you later if the
roof is too low.

3. On the Draw panel, select a sketch or pick tool. To edit roof properties before sketching, use the Properties palette.

Note: When using Pick Walls, you can specify the overhang before you sketch the roof. On the Options Bar, select Extend to wall core if you want the overhang to be measured from the
core of the wall, and then specify a value for Overhang.

4. Sketch, or pick, a closed loop for the roof.

5. Specify slope defining lines. To change the slope definition of a line, select the line and, on the Properties palette, click Defines Roof Slope. You
can then change the slope value.

When a roof line is set to slope defining, this symbol appears adjacent to it.

6. Click (Finish Edit Mode), and then open a 3D view.

Completed gable roof with overhang

Note: To apply sloped glazing, select the roof, and in the Type Selector, select Sloped Glazing. You can place curtain grids on the curtain panels of the sloped glazing. Press Tab to switch
between horizontal and vertical grids.

Add a roof to another roof

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1. To cut off a roof in order to sketch another roof on top of it, select the roof in the drawing area.
2. On the Properties palette, specify a Cutoff Level, and then specify a height for Cutoff Offset.

This property specifies the distance above or below the level at which the roof is cut off.

3. Sketch the new roof on top of the existing roof.

Roof by extrusion

• Open-loop sketch of the roof profile

• Created when you use lines and arcs to sketch the profile in an elevation view
• Height is controlled by the location of the sketch in elevation view
• Depth is calculated by Revit based on size of sketch, unless you specify start and end points.

It is helpful to use reference planes when sketching the profile of an extruded roof. For example, sketch 3 vertical reference
planes parallel to one another, and then sketch a horizontal reference plane that intersects all 3 vertical planes.

The Roof by Extrusion tool lets you create a roof with simple slopes.

After you create a roof by extrusion, you can rehost the roof or edit the work plane of the roof.

Create a Roof by Extrusion

Creates a roof by extruding a profile that you sketch.

1. Display an elevation, 3D, or section view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof by Extrusion).
3. Specify the work plane.
4. In the Roof Reference Level and Offset dialog, select a value for Level. The highest level in the project is selected by default.

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5. To raise or lower the roof from the reference level, specify a value for Offset. Revit places a reference plane at the specified offset. Using the reference plane, you can control the
position of the extruded roof in relation to a level.
6. Sketch the profile of the roof as an open loop.

Roof profile sketched using spline tool

7. Click (Finish Edit Mode), and then open a 3D view.

Completed extruded roof

Attach walls to the roof, if desired.

After you create a roof by extrusion, you can rehost the roof or edit the work plane of the roof.

Note: To apply sloped glazing, select the roof, and in the Type Selector, select Sloped Glazing. You can
place curtain grids on the curtain panels of the sloped glazing. Press Tab to switch between horizontal
and vertical grids.

Modify a Roof

After creating a roof, you can change its shape or overhang, cut openings, or align ridges.

1. Edit the roof sketch

1. Select the roof, and click Modify | Roofs tab Mode panel (Edit Footprint) or (Edit Profile).
2. Make necessary changes.

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If you want to change the position of the roof, use the Properties palette to edit the Base Level and Offset properties to change the position of the reference plane. If you’re warned that
the roof geometry cannot move, edit the roof sketch, and check for constraints on the sketch, such as between a level line and a sketch line of the roof.
3. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

2. Resize the roof using shape handles

Use this method to resize roofs that were created by footprint or by face.

1. In an elevation or 3D view, select the roof.

2. Drag the shape handle, as desired.

3. Change the roof overhang

When editing the footprint of a roof, modify properties of its boundary lines to change the roof overhang.

1. In sketch mode, select a boundary line for the roof.

2. On the Properties palette, enter a value for Overhang.
3. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

4. Cut openings in an extruded roof

1. Select the extruded roof, and click Modify | Roofs tab Opening panel (Vertical).
2. If the Go to View dialog displays, select the appropriate plan view in which to edit the profile.

A plan view representation of the roof displays. Reference planes define the boundary of the roof.

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3. Sketch closed-loop openings.

Closed-loop sketches in sketch mode

4. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

Closed-loop sketches become vertical cuts in the roof

5. About Start and End Points for Extruded Roofs

The extrusion of a roof can extend in either a positive or a negative direction along the plane
perpendicular to the face of a solid component (such as a wall).

You can edit the start and end points using the roof instance properties.

Sloped glazing

You can create sloped glazing using the footprint or extrusion method. Sloped glazing has one or more slope-
defining lines and can join to curtain walls and basic wall types.

Align roof ridges

You can align roof ridges in 3D and elevation views. To align roof ridges in an elevation view, use the Align tool.

1. In a plan view, add a reference plane:

a. Click (Ref Plane).

• Architecture tab Work Plane panel (Set).

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• Structure tab Work Plane panel (Set).

• Systems tab Work Plane panel (Set).

b. In the drawing area, sketch a reference plane that is not perpendicular to the roof ridges.

Reference plane in plan view

c. Select the reference plane, and on the Properties palette, enter a name for the plane.

2. Open the 3D view, and click (Set).

• Architecture tab Work Plane panel (Set).

• Structure tab Work Plane panel (Set).
• Systems tab Work Plane panel (Set).

3. In the Work Plane dialog, select the reference plane name you just created, and click OK.
4. To align roof ridges, use the Align tool.

Unaligned roof ridges

Aligned roof ridges

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Create a Conical Roof

If a roof includes a slope-defining arc line or circle, it creates a conical roof. If desired, you can divide the arc or circle into segments as follows.

1. In the drawing area, select the arc line.

2. On the Properties palette, specify a value for Number of Full Segments.

If you specify zero segments (the default), a conical roof is created.

Join Roofs

You can join roofs to other roofs or walls, or unjoin them if they were previously joined.

You can join a roof to the top face of another roof and the wall below that roof if you select the wall as the target. The wall must be attached to the target roof and the target roof must
be a footprint roof. You cannot join a roof to more than one top face of another roof.

Note: This is a general procedure for joining roofs. You may have variations based on design intent.

1. After you sketch walls and a roof for your design, sketch another roof that you want to join to the original roof.

Note that you cannot add the second roof by editing the sketch of the first.

2. If desired, set the lines of the second roof to be slope defining, except the roof line that will be coincident with the first roof or the wall.
3. Click View tab Create panel (Default 3D View).
4. On the View Control Bar, for Visual Style, select Shaded.
5. If necessary, use the ViewCube to spin the design to facilitate selecting the wall or roof edges.

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6. Click Modify tab Geometry panel (Join/Unjoin Roof).

7. Select an edge of the roof that you want to join, and then select the wall or roof to which you want to
join the roof.

Joined roofs

To unjoin roofs, click Modify tab Geometry panel (Join/Unjoin Roof).

Eaves

When creating a roof, specify an overhang value to create eaves. After completing the roof, you can align eaves and change
their cut and height.

Change the Eave Cut

After creating a roof, change the style of the eaves by specifying the rafter cut.

1. In the drawing area, select the roof.

2. On the Properties palette, for Rafter Cut, select Plumb Cut, Two Cut - Plumb, or Two Cut - Square.
3. For Two Cut - Plumb and Two Cut - Square, specify a value for Fascia Depth between zero and the thickness of the roof.

Examples of Eave Cuts

Plumb cut eave 2-cut plumb eave 2-cut square eave

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Align Eaves

Use the Align Eaves tool to realign eave heights of different boundary lines of a roof.

1. While in sketch mode, click Modify | Roofs > Edit Footprint tab Tools panel (Align Eaves).

Dimensions display near the eaves to indicate their height.

2. Select a roof eave line, and then select an option for adjusting eave properties:
• Adjust Height changes the Plate height from roof base or Offset from roof base value.
• Adjust Overhang changes the eave height by adjusting the Overhang value.
3. Select the eave that is at the desired overhang/height.
4. Select remaining eaves whose overhang/height is to be adjusted to match the first eave.

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As you select the remaining eaves, you can choose between adjusting the height or the overhang if you created the roof lines using Pick Walls. If you used the sketch tools to draw the
lines, only Adjust Height is available.

5. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

The results of adjusting the overhang are visible after you finish the roof.

Change the Eave Height

After creating a roof, you can adjust the height of the eaves.

1. While in sketch mode, select a slope-defining boundary line.

2. On the Properties palette, specify a value for Offset from Roof Base or Plate Offset from Base.
3. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

Roof Slope

You can define the slope of a roof using various methods.

• Creating a Roof Slope Using the Defines Slope Property.

• Creating a Roof Slope Using Slope Arrows.

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Create a Roof Slope Using Slope Arrows

Use slope arrows to define slopes on a roof, such as a 4-sided gable roof.

You can use slope arrows to create slopes on a roof. This example shows a roof that you can create in Revit using a slope arrow.

Creating a Roof with Different Eave Heights

You can create a roof with slope-defined lines at different elevations by joining 2 separate roofs.

Note: This procedure works best with a multi-level building.

1. Create a footprint roof sketch similar to the following:

2. On the Properties palette, specify a cutoff level for the roof. For example, if you are sketching the roof on level 2, you might specify level 4 as the cutoff level.
3. Click (Finish Edit Mode).
4. Create another footprint roof sketch at a higher level, similar to the following:

5. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

6. In a 3D view, select both roofs, and click Modify tab Geometry panel (Join/Unjoin Roof).

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7. View the 2 roofs in a plan view:

You now have a single roof with different

eave heights.

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Creating a Four-Sided Gable Roof

1. Create a square footprint sketch, and designate all sketch lines as non–slope-defining.

2. Click Modify | Create Roof Footprint tab Draw panel (Slope Arrow).
3. On the Properties palette, select New <Sketch> from the filter list.
4. Under Constraints, for Specify, select Slope.
5. Under Dimensions, for Slope, enter 9" (or the metric equivalent).
6. Sketch slope arrows as shown.

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7. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

8. Open the roof in 3D.

Completed roof Completed roof on a model

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Fascia

You can add fascia to edges of roofs, soffits, and another fascia. You can also add fascia to model lines. You can place fascias in 2D
views, such as plan or section views, or 3D views.

Add Fascia

Use the Fascia tool to add fascia to edges of roofs, soffits, model lines, and another fascia.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof: Fascia).

2. Highlight edges of roofs, soffits, other fascia, or model lines, and click to place the fascia. Watch the status bar for information about valid references.

As you click edges, Revit treats this as one continuous fascia. If the fascia segments meet at corners, they miter.

3. Click Modify | Place Fascia tab Placement panel (Restart Fascia) to finish the current fascia and start a different fascia.
4. Move the cursor to a new edge and click to place.

This different fascia does not miter with other existing fascias, even if they meet at the corners.

5. Click onto white space in the view to finish placing roof fascias.

Crown molding fascia

Fascia profiles miter correctly only around a square cut roof. The roof in this image was created by running a
fascia along the edge of a roof with a Two-Cut Square rafter cut.

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Work with Fascia

After adding fascia, you can add and remove segments, flip its orientation, and resize the fascia.

To add and remove segments

1. In the drawing area, select the fascia.

2. Click Modify | Fascias tab Roof Fascia panel (Add/Remove
Segments).
3. Click a reference edge to add a fascia or remove a fascia.

Watch the status bar for information about valid references.

To resize roof fascia

1. In the drawing area, select the fascia.

2. Move the drag controls to the desired location.

To flip roof fascia

1. In the drawing area, select the fascia.

2. If you are in a 3D view, click the flip controls that appear to flip the
fascia around the vertical or horizontal axis.

If you are in a 2D view, right-click the fascia, and click Flip About
Horizontal Axis or Flip About Vertical Axis.

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Change Fascia Mitering

When the fascia on a gable end of a roof does not wrap the corner, the end is mitered. You can specify the mitering option: vertical, horizontal, or perpendicular.

The mitering options of a fascia can not be changed if the fascia either wraps a corner, or is not on a gable end.

1. In the drawing area, select the fascia.

2. Click Modify | Fascias tab Roof Fascia panel (Modify Mitering).
3. On the Mitering panel, select a mitering option:
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• Perpendicular
4. Click on the end face of the fascia to change the miter option.

Vertical miter Horizontal miter Perpendicular miter

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5. Press Esc to exit the Modify Mitering tool.

Gable end fascias are mitered to match the rafter cut of the roof.

Move Fascia

You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a fascia either through its properties or by graphically moving the fascia.

Horizontal Move

1. Place the cursor over the fascia and press Tab to highlight the shape handle. The status bar indicates when you are highlighting the shape handle.
2. Click to select the shape handle.
3. Move the cursor left or right to change the horizontal offset.

Vertical Move

Select the fascia and drag it up or down. If the fascia is multi-segmented, then all
segments move up or down the same distance.

Fascia moving vertically in section

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Soffits

Use the Roof Soffit tool to model the underside of a building element.

• Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof: Soffit).

Add a Soffit

You can associate soffits with other elements, such as walls and a roof. If a wall or roof changes or moves, the soffit adjusts accordingly.

You can also create soffits that are not associated with other elements. To create non-associative soffits, use the Lines tool while in sketch mode.

Create a sloping soffit by drawing a slope arrow or changing properties of the boundary line.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof: Soffit).

2. Click Modify | Create Roof Soffit Boundary tab Draw panel (Pick Roof Edges).

This tool creates a locked sketch line.

3. Highlight the roof, and click to select it.

Roof selected with Pick Roof Edges tool

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4. Click Modify | Create Roof Soffit Boundary tab Draw panel (Pick Walls), highlight the outside faces of the wall beneath the roof, and click to select.

Wall highlighted for soffit line

Sketch lines for soffit after picking walls

5. Trim the excess sketch lines and close the sketch loop.

6. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

To see the soffit better, create a section view through the plan view that shows the wall meeting the roof.

Roof, soffit, and wall in section view

Note: The Join Geometry tool was used to join the soffit and the roof in the previous illustration. To complete the image, join the soffit to the
wall, and the wall to the roof.

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Soffit Examples

These examples show different types of soffits in model views.

Soffit selected in elevation view

Soffits selected on model with gambrel roof

Gutters

You can add gutters to edges of roofs, soffits, and fascia. You can also add gutters to model lines.

You can place gutters in 2D views, such as plan or section views, or 3D views.

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Add a Gutter

Use the Gutter tool to add gutters to roofs, soffits, model lines, and fascia.

1. Click Architecture tab Build panel Roof drop-down (Roof: Gutter).

2. Highlight horizontal edges of roofs, soffits, fascias, or model lines, and click to place the gutter. Watch the status bar for information about valid references.

As you click edges, Revit treats this as one continuous gutter.

3. Click Modify | Place Gutter tab Placement panel (Restart Gutter) to finish the current gutter and start a different gutter.
4. Move the cursor to a new edge, and click to place.
5. To finish placing gutters, click on white space in the view.

Gutter in section

Work with Gutters

After adding a gutter, you can add and remove segments, flip its orientation, and resize the gutter.

1. In the drawing area, select the gutter.

2. Click Modify |Gutters tab Profile panel (Add/Remove Segments).
3. Click a reference edge to add a gutter or remove a gutter. Watch the status bar for information about valid references.

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To resize roof gutters To flip roof gutters

1. In the drawing area, select the gutter. 1. In the drawing area, select the gutter.
2. Move the drag controls to the desired location. 2. If you are in a 3D view, click the flip controls to flip the gutter around the vertical
or horizontal axis.

If you are in a 2D view, right-click the gutter and select Flip About Horizontal Axis or Flip About Vertical Axis.

Move a Gutter

You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a gutter through its properties or by graphically moving the gutter.

1. Horizontal Move

To move a single gutter segment, select the gutter and drag it horizontally.

To move a multi-segmented gutter, you need to select the shape handle of the gutter. Place the cursor over the gutter and press Tab to highlight the
shape handle. Watch the status bar to be sure you are highlighting the shape handle. Click to select the shape handle. Move the cursor left or right to
change the horizontal offset. This affects the horizontal offset of all segments of the gutter, so that the segments are symmetrical.

Moving gutter on the left also moves gutter on the right

2. Vertical Move

Select the gutter and drag it up or down. Note that if the gutter is multi-segmented, then all segments move up or down the same distance.

Gutter moving vertically in section

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Dormers

Create dormers to enhance and expand a roof.

In a plan view, alter the roof sketch to create a dormer consisting of a smaller roof only. Or add dormer walls,
create a dormer roof, and attach it to the main roof. Then create a dormer opening to make vertical and horizontal
cuts in the roof.

Create a Dormer Using Slope Arrows

To create a dormer that consists of a smaller roof with no side walls, modify the roof sketch and use slope arrows.

1. Sketch a roof footprint with slope-defining lines, or select an existing roof and click Edit Footprint.
2. While in sketch mode, click Modify | Create Roof Footprint tab Modify panel (Split Element).
3. Split one of the lines in the footprint at 2 points, creating a middle line segment (the dormer segment), and then click Modify.

4. If the dormer segment is slope-defining ( ), select the line, and on the Properties palette, clear Defines Roof Slope.

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5. Click Modify | Create Roof Footprint tab Modify panel (Slope Arrow), and sketch a slope arrow from one end of the dormer segment to its midpoint.

Correct placement of cursor for slope arrow

6. Click Slope Arrow again, and sketch a second slope arrow from the other end of the dormer segment to its midpoint.

Properly sketched slope arrows

7. Click (Finish Edit Mode), and open a 3D view to see the results.

Hip roof with dormer

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Create a Dormer Opening in a Roof

After adding a dormer, cut an opening for it through the roof.

1. Create the walls and roof elements that make up the dormer.
2. Use the Join Roof tool to join the dormer roof to the primary roof.

Note: Do not use the Join Geometry roof tool for this task, or you may encounter an error when creating the dormer opening.

3. Open a plan view or an elevation view in which you can see the dormer roof and the attached walls. If the roof is
extruded, open an elevation view.

4. Click (Dormer).

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Where is it?

• Architecture tab Opening panel (Dormer Opening).

• Structure tab Opening panel (Dormer Opening).

5. Highlight the main roof on the building model, and click to select it.

Watch the status bar to be sure that you are highlighting the main roof.

The Pick Roof/Wall Edges tool is active so that you can pick the boundaries that compose the dormer opening.

6. Place the cursor in the drawing area.

Valid boundaries are highlighted. Valid boundaries are a joined roof or its bottom face, a side face of a wall, a bottom face of a floor, an
edge of the roof to be cut, or a model line on the face of the roof to be cut. In this example, side faces of walls and joined faces of the roof
were selected. Note that you do not need to trim the sketch lines to have a valid boundary.

7. Click (Finish Edit Mode).

8. Create a section view through the dormer to see how it cuts the main roof.

Revit makes both vertical and horizontal cuts in the roof.

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4.7 Ceiling.

Adding ceilings to Autodesk Revit models is a straightforward process. To place a ceiling, click inside areas that are bounded by walls, and
the ceiling is created, as shown in the large room on the right in the figure below. You can also sketch custom ceilings when required. Any
fixtures you attach to a ceiling displays in reflected ceiling plans, as well as in sections and 3D views.

Note: Ceiling plans are typically created by default when you add a level with a view. If you do not want a level to have a ceiling plan, you can
right-click on its name in the Project Browser and select Delete.

Ceiling Grids with Unistrut

Use the Ceiling tool to create a ceiling at a specified distance above its level. To place a ceiling, click within walls that form a closed loop, or sketch its boundaries.

You can create a ceiling defined by walls, or sketch its boundary. Create ceilings in a reflected ceiling
plan view.

Ceilings are level-based elements: you create them at a specified distance above the level in
which they reside. For example, if you create a ceiling on Level 1, it may be placed 3 meters
above Level 1. You specify this offset in the ceiling type properties.

Two kinds of ceilings can be placed in your model, basic ceilings and compound ceilings. Basic
ceilings are planar elements with no thickness. Surface material patterns can be applied to the
basic ceiling plane. Compound ceilings are composed of layers with a material thickness defined
to each layer.

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Create a Ceiling

Use the Ceiling tool to create a ceiling in a reflected ceiling plan view.

1. Open a ceiling plan view.

2. Click Architecture tab Build panel (Ceiling).
3. In the Type Selector, select a ceiling type.
4. Place a ceiling using one of the following methods:

Use walls as ceiling boundaries

By default, the Automatic Ceiling tool is active. When you click inside walls that form a closed loop,
the tool places a ceiling within those boundaries. It ignores room separator lines.

Sketch ceiling boundaries

a. Click Modify|Place Ceiling tab Ceiling panel (Sketch Ceiling).

b. Use tools in the Draw panel of the ribbon to sketch a closed loop that defines the ceiling boundary.

c. (Optional) To create an opening in the ceiling, sketch another closed loop

within its boundary.

d. On the ribbon, click (Finish Edit Mode).

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Create a Sloped Ceiling

You can create sloped ceilings and cathedral ceilings in the building model.

To create a sloped ceiling, use one of the following methods:

• Draw a slope arrow while sketching or editing the ceiling boundary.

• Specify a value for the Offset from Base property for parallel ceiling sketch lines.
• Specify values for the Defines Slope and Slope properties for a single ceiling sketch line.

Cathedral ceilings

In Revit, a ceiling element can slope in one direction only. To create a cathedral ceiling, create multiple ceilings, each with its own slope. Then align and lock the ceilings together to
create the cathedral ceiling.

Note: For clarity sketches for 2 separate ceiling elements are shown together in the illustration.

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Modify a Ceiling

To modify a ceiling, select it and use tools on the Modify | Ceilings Tab.

If you want to... Then...

change the ceiling type select the ceiling. Then select a different ceiling type from the Type Selector.
modify ceiling boundaries see Modifying Sketched Elements.
slope the ceiling see About Sloped Ceilings.
apply a material and surface pattern see Applying a Material by Element Parameter.
to a ceiling
move the ceiling grid see Aligning Model Pattern Lines to Elements.
Modifying Ceiling Grids

When using the tile ceiling types, you can reposition the grid locations by moving or rotating the gridlines,
as shown below.

Note: To change a rectangular ceiling tile pattern from horizontal to vertical, select a grid line and rotate
it 90 degrees.

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4.8 Slope Arrows

The Slope Arrow tool creates sloped surfaces.

You can use a slope arrow for the following types of elements:

• Roofs
• Soffits
• Floors
• Structural floors
• Ceilings
• Building pads

For example, to create a flat sloping roof, draw a slope arrow from the lower edge to the upper edge of the
roof boundary.

When you draw a slope arrow, you can enter property values to specify the height at its head and tail, or a
slope value. The tail of the slope arrow must be on one of the sketched lines that defines the boundary. This
sketched line cannot be slope-defining (unless the slope arrow is at a vertex), because that would specify
conflicting slopes for the same segment.

The following example shows a hip on a gable roof. The slope arrow properties are defined as Specify = Slope,
Height Offset at Tail = 4’ 0”, and Slope = 9”/12” (------metric)

Use a slope arrow when:

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• you want to draw the slope in a plan view.

• you know the height at the top and bottom of the element plane, rather than the slope angle. For example, you can use slope arrows to adjust a flat roof to satisfy a particular height
at a drainage point.
• the slope is diagonal across the surface or not square to an edge.
• the slope starts and ends at atypical points on the surface.
• you want to create a dormer.

Edit the boundary of the element in a plan view or a 3D view. Then use one of the following methods:

• Slope arrow: Draw a slope arrow on the element. Use slope arrow properties to further define the slope.
• Boundary line properties: Define the slope of the surface by changing properties of its boundary lines.

Create a Sloped Surface

das

Create a Sloped Surface with boundary lines

You can create a sloped surface by changing properties of its boundary lines.

You can use this method for the following elements:

• roofs
• soffits
• floors
• structural floors
• ceilings
• If you know the starting height of the slope and the pitch , specify properties for a single sketch line. Revit calculates the position of the opposite edge of the sloped surface.
• If you know the height of the lower edge and upper edge of the sloped surface, but not its pitch , specify properties for parallel sketch lines. Revit calculates the pitch.

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Create a Sloped Surface Using a Slope Arrow

in sketch mode, draw a slope arrow to create a sloped surface on an element such as a roof or floor.

You can use this method to create a sloped surface on the following types of elements:

• roofs
• soffits
• floors
• structural floors
• ceilings
• building pads

1. If you are not already in sketch mode, select the element in a plan view, and click Modify | <Elements> tab Mode panel (Edit
Boundary/Footprint/Sketch).
2. Click Modify | Create/Edit Boundary Draw tab (Slope Arrow).
3. Draw the slope arrow in the drawing area: click once to specify its start point (tail); click again to specify its endpoint (head).

The slope arrow must start on an existing sketch line. For more examples and tips.

4. (Optional) Refine the sloped surface using one of the following methods:

Specify the height of the sloped surface at its top and bottom

a. With the slope arrow selected, access the Properties palette.

b. For Specify, select Height at Tail.
c. Enter values for Level at Tail , Height Offset at Tail , Level at Head , and Height Offset at Head .

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Specify the slope (rise/run)

d. With the slope arrow selected, access the Properties palette.

e. For Specify, select Slope.
f. Enter values for Level at Tail , Height Offset at Tail , and Slope .

5. On the ribbon, click (Finish Edit Mode).

To see the resulting sloped surface, open a 3D view.

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Create a Sloped Surface Using Parallel Sketch Lines

In sketch mode, specify properties for parallel boundary lines to create a sloped surface.

You can use this method to create a sloped surface on the following types of elements:

• Soffits.
• floors.
• structural floors.
• ceilings.
• To create a sloped roof.
• To slope a building pad.
• To create a sloped Surface.

1. If you are not already in sketch mode, select the element in a plan view, and click Modify | <Elements> tab Mode panel (Edit Boundary/Footprint/Sketch).
2. Select one boundary line, and, on the Properties palette:
• Select Defines Constant Height.
• Enter values for Level and Offset from Base .
3. Select a parallel boundary line, and, using the same method, specify the properties for Level and Offset from Base .

4. On the ribbon, click (Finish Edit Mode).

To see the resulting sloped surface, open a 3D view or a section view.

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Create a Sloped Surface Using a Single Sketch Line

In sketch mode, edit properties for a single sketch line to create a sloped surface.

You can use this method to create a sloped surface on the following types of elements:

• soffits
• floors
• structural floors
• ceilings
• To create a sloped roof.
• To slope a building pad, use a Create a Sloped Surface Using a Slope Arrow.

To create a sloped surface

1. If you are not already in sketch mode, select the element in a plan view, and click (Edit Boundary/Footprint/Sketch).
2. Select one boundary line and, on the Properties palette:
a. Select Defines Constant Height.
b. Select Defines Slope.
c. Enter a value for Slope .
d. (Optional) Enter values for Level and Offset from Base .

3. On the ribbon, click (Finish Edit Mode).

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How slope properties are measured

Slope-related properties are measured from the bottom face or top face of the element, depending on the type of element:

• For roofs, ceilings, and soffits, slope-related properties are measured from the bottom face. For example, Height Offset
from Level specifies the distance between the level and the bottom face of a roof.
• For building pads, floors, and structural floors, slope-related properties are measured from the top face. For example,
Height Offset from Level specifies the distance between the level and the top face of a floor.

Modeling multiple slopes

With the exception of roofs, elements can slope in one direction only. To create a surface with multiple slopes, create multiple elements, each with its own slope. Then align and lock
the elements together.

For floors, structural floors, and roofs, you can also use shape editing tools to split a surface into subregions that slope independently.

Example

The cathedral ceiling consisting of 2 surfaces, each with its own slope.

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