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United States Agency For International Development William Gaud

The Green Revolution refers to initiatives in the 1940s-1960s that increased agricultural production, especially in developing countries. Norman Borlaug led research at CIMMYT Mexico to develop disease-resistant, high-yielding wheat varieties. His semi-dwarf wheat strains, introduced to India and Pakistan in the 1960s, dramatically increased wheat yields, helping alleviate famine and make the regions self-sufficient in wheat production by the late 1960s. Borlaug's work contributed to the development of high-yielding rice varieties that boosted Asian rice production. He received the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to world food supply.

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55 views

United States Agency For International Development William Gaud

The Green Revolution refers to initiatives in the 1940s-1960s that increased agricultural production, especially in developing countries. Norman Borlaug led research at CIMMYT Mexico to develop disease-resistant, high-yielding wheat varieties. His semi-dwarf wheat strains, introduced to India and Pakistan in the 1960s, dramatically increased wheat yields, helping alleviate famine and make the regions self-sufficient in wheat production by the late 1960s. Borlaug's work contributed to the development of high-yielding rice varieties that boosted Asian rice production. He received the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to world food supply.

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Dawood Ahmad
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• GR: refers to a series of research and development (R&D) and technology transfer initiatives

occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s that increased agricultural production
worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.

• The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) directorWilliam Gaud, who noted the spread of the new
technologies:

• World War I (1914-1918)

• World War II (1939-1945)

• The Bengal famine of 1943 , 3 million people died

• The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program at CIMMYT Mexico a joint


venture of

• Rockefeller Foundation

• Mexican Ministry of Agriculture

• Norman Borlaug (1914-2009):

• One of the four important members

• A PhD in Pathology and Genetics

• As a result of World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) hunger and starvation of
food took place all over the world

• The Bengal famine of 1943 , struck the Bengal Province of pre-partition British India (present-
day West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Bangladesh) during World War II following the Japanese
occupation of Burma., Approximately 3 million people died due to famine

• The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program, a joint venture by the Rockefeller
Foundation and the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture at CIMMYT Mexico

• The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was
importing a large portion of its grain.

• One of the four important members was Norman Borlaug, from the United States. Norman
Borlogue. (1914-2009), A PhD from US, He is famous in Mexico, Pakistan and India, more than
in the US.

• Borlaug said that his first few years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and
equipment. Native farmers were hostile toward the wheat program because of serious crop
losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust.
• "It often appeared to me that I had made a dreadful mistake in accepting the position in
Mexico," he wrote in the epilogue to his book, Norman Borlaug on World Hunger.[16]

• He spent the first 10 years breeding wheat cultivars resistant to disease, including rust. In that
time, his group made 6,000 individual crossings of wheat. first few years in Mexico were
difficult.
• lacked trained scientists and equipment.
• Native farmers were hostile
• toward the wheat program
• serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust.
• He spent the first 10 years breeding wheat cultivars
• resistant to disease, including rust.
• In that time, his group made 6,000 individual crossings of wheat.
• Some of the characteristics Borlaug’s program had
• Double wheat season to speed up the programme
• Multiline for Rust resistance
• Dwarfing to avoid lodging (Norin 10 X Brever14)
• Multilocation location International Testing 1961 to 1962:
• March 1962, a few of these strains were grown in New Delhi, India.
• March 1963, Borlaug came to India to continue his work.
• 100 kg (220 lb) of seed from each of the four most promising strains and
• 630 promising selections
• Green revolution Background
• Mid-1960s, the Indian subcontinent was at war
• widespread famine[ and starvation,
• U.S. was making emergency shipments of millions of tons of grain,
• including over one fifth of its total wheat, to the region.[20]
• In 1965, after extensive testing, Borlaug's team, exported
• 450 tons of Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 semi-dwarf seed varieties:
• 250 tons went to Pakistan and 200 to India.
• The initial yields of Borlaug's crops were higher than any ever harvested in South Asia.
• Result of Green Revolution
• Increase in wheat yield
• Pakistan,
• from 4.6 million tons in 1965 to 7.3 million tons in 1970
• Became self-sufficient in wheat production by 1968.
• Yields were over 21 million tons by 2000.
• India,
• from 12.3 million tons in 1965 to 20.1 million tons in 1970.
• By 1974, India was self-sufficient in the production of all cereals.
• By 2000, India was harvesting a record 76.4 million tons (2.81 billion bushels) of wheat.
•
• Borlaug's work with wheat contributed to the development of high-yielding semi-
warf indica and japonica rice cultivars at theInternational Rice Research Institute and China's
Hunan Rice Research Institute.
• Borlaug's colleagues at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research also
developed and introduced a high-yield variety of rice throughout most of Asia.
• For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
1970.
• Positive aspect:
• Green revolution resulted in HYVs, agriculture yields increased and humans have now more food
to live and thrive.
• Negative impact
• Farmers started using HYVs extensively, and as result locals stopped using local landraces,
cultivars and local varieties and ultimately they were lost (direct loss of gene pool)
• Due Dependency on fertilizers and modern agriculture practices more and more land came
under agriculture, forests were removed to expand agriculture, fertilizers extensive use can also
result in loss of biodiversity (indirect loss of gene pool),
•

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