KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

D & C

Reference Calculation
1.0           ABBREVIATIONS &                                UNITS
Ac Area of concrete
Acc Area of concrete in compression
As Area of tension reinforcement
As min Minimum area of tension reinforcement
av Length of that part of member traversed by shear failure plane
b With (breath) or effective width of section
c Cover to outer diameter
d Effective depth of section
Fc Basic force used in defining compressive forces
Ft Basic force used in defining tie forces
fcu Characteristic strength of concrete
fs Estimated design service stress in the tension reinforcement
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement
G Shear modulus
H Maximum horizontal force
Hx Horizontal force in x direction
Hy Horizontal force in y direction
h Section Overall depth
KEL Knife edge load
L Critical perimeter
lx Dimension of element on x direction
ly Dimension of element on y direction
lz Dimension of element on z direction
M Design ultimate resistance moment
Mx Moment on x axis
My Moment on y axis
Mz Moment on z axis
q Surcharge load
r Internal radius of bend
SLS Serviceability limit state 1
T Traction force
t Thickness of the element
ULS Ultimate limit state
V Shear force due to design ultimate loads or design ultimate value of a
concentrated load
ν Design shear stress
νc Design shear stress in concrete
x Neutral axis depth
x' Distance from Y axis to the centroid of an element
y' Distance from X axis to the centroid of an element
z Lever arm
z' Distance from X - Y plane to point where the considered resultant
force acting
β Coefficient, variously defined, as appropriate
¿ s
Strain in tension reinforcement
δ Nominal range of movement
φ Soil friction angle, or diameter
σa
φ
σa Active earth pressure
γ Unit weight of soil
γ Partial load fac 1.00 or 1.15
γ fLfL id Partial load fac 1.20 or 1.75
γf 3 Partial load factor or 1.15
 γf 3
KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

D & C

Reference Calculation

1.1 BRIDGE GEOMETRY

Number of Girders = 4
Distance between girders = 2000
Cantilever Distance = 900
Width of Carriage Way = 7000
Bridge kerb Width = 400
Kerb Thickness = 200
Kerb Chamfer = 50
Camber height at Mid-Width = 50
Bridge Slab Thickness = 200
Girder Thickness = 280
Thickness of surfacing layer ,hf = 80
Girders depth below deck soffit 500
Width of Bridge = Width of 2 Nos.kerb + Carriage Width = 7800

1.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Unit Weight of Steel = 78.5
Strength of Steel ,fy = 460
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel ,Es = 200
Unit Weight of Concrete,γc = 24
Strength of Concrete ,fcu = 25
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete ,Ec = 27

Unit Weight of Soil unsaturated ,γs = 18

Unit Weight of Soil saturated ,γsu 20
Unit Weight of Water γw = 9.81
Height of water table(m) , hw 2
Internal Friction angle,φ° = = 30

Unit Weight of Submerged Soil= = 10.19

Pressure due to water = = 19.62

Unit Weight of surfacing layer, γf = 20

Cover to main steel ,C = 25

Preferred bar diameter ,Ø° = 16

Wheel Load = 100

 KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

D & C

Reference Calculation

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DECK SLAB GEOMETRY

1.3 LOADING
Aburtments and Wing Walls
Surcharge due to vehicular Traffic (k N/m2)= 10
Coefficient of active pressure, ka= 0.333
Lateral Pressure at top of wall (kN/m2)=
Lateral Pressure at bottom of wall (kN/m2)=

1.0 Dead Loads

(i) Nominal Loads
Slab: 0.2 x 24 , = 4.80
Kerb: 0.5 x ( 0.35+0.4 ) x 0.2 x 24 , = 1.80
Surfacing: 0.08 x 20 , = 1.60

BS 5400 (ii) Dead Loads at ULS

part 4 Slab: 4.8.γ γ
fL . f 3 4.8 x 1.15 x 1.15 , = 6.35
5.2.2.1 Kerb: 1.8.γ γ id . f 3 1.8 x 1.75 x 1.15 ,
fLand = 3.62
and NB: The
Surfacin 1.6. γ γ
kerb . the1.6
surfacing arefLregarded
f3
deckx 1.75 x 1.15 ,
as
= 3.22
Part 2
superimposed dead loads
4.4 because they are placed after
the deck has been cast

(iii) Dead Loads at ULS

Slab: 4.8. γ γ
fL . f 3 4.8 x 1 x 1 , = 4.80
Kerb: 4.8. γ γ
fLid . f 3 1.8 x 1.2 x 1 , = 2.16
Surfacin 4.8. γ fL γ f 3
. 1.6 x 1.2 x 1 , = 1.92

2.0 Live Loads

BS 5400 For a carriage width of 7000 mm number of notional lanes = 2 Bs 5400 part 2
part 2 Therefore width of Notional Lane =7000 / 2 = = 3500
3.2.9.3.1
(i) Nominal UDL
Notional UDL = 30 KN / linear
metre of notional lane for a
loaded length less than 30 M.

designing for 2/3 HA Loading ,

 UDL = 2/3 X 30 / Linear Metre = 20.00

UDL therefore Udl / Notional lane = 20 / 3.5 = 5.71

KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

D & C

Reference Calculation
(ii) KEL
BS 5400 part 2 defines Nominal Knife Edge Load, KEL, as 120 Kn per
Notional Lane

Fro this bridge, specified load

KEL = 2/3 X 120 / Notional Lane = 80.00
UDL therefore KEL / Notional lane = 80 / 3.5 = 22.86

(iii)Live Loads at ULS

UDL: 5.71. γ γ
fL . f 3 x 1.5 x 1.15 , = 9.86
KEL: γ γf 3
22.86. fL . x 1.5 x 1.15 , = 39.43

(iv)Live Loads at SLS

UDL: 5.71. γ γ
fL . f 3 x 1.2 x 1 , = 6.86
KEL: 22.86. γ fL γ
. f 3 x 1.2 x 1 , = 27.43

(v) Cracks
UDL: 5.71. γ
fL
γ. f 3 x 1.2 x 0.83 , = 5.69
KEL: 22.86. γ fL γ. f 3 80 x 1.2 x 0.83 , = 22.77

The γ f 3value at SLS are all Unity except for the following:-
A value of 0.83 is applied to the effects of HaA loading and 0.91 to
the effects of HB Loading ( or HA combined with HB) when checking
the cracking limit state under load combination 1.

3.0 Wheel Load

An alternative to UDL and KEL described in BS 5400 part 2

clause 6.2.5 as one 100KN wheel load placed on carriageway and uniformly
distributed over the surface to produce 1.1 m/mm2

100 x 103
pressure =
A
Therefore A = 90909 mm2

Assuming a circular contact area of diameter d, then diameter of load area A

340 mm2

Assuming a square contact area of length l, then length of load area A

= 301.5 mm2 say 300 mm

Therefore for the same load , a square contact area of 300 mm or a circular
contact area of diameter 340 can be assumed

The dispersal of load is assumed to be:-

(i) Spread to depth ratio of 1(Hor): 2(Vert) through Asphalt and
(ii) Spread to depth ratio of 1(Hor): 1(Vert) through Concrete upto
the neutral axis

diagram here

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At the neutral axis the area of influence of the wheel pressure is

a square of length = 580 mm
 Bending moment due to wheel load ( x- Direction)
By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 17, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined
ทx= 220.8 / 32
Adolf
Pucher 1.1 1.8 3.5 7.0 13.4 = 6.9
chart 17 2.5 4.0 5.7 7.8 20.0 Wheel Load, P = 100
4.2 5.5 7.0 8.4 25.1
5.4 6.5 7.6 8.1 27.6 =2/3 x 100 x γ γ
fL f 3
6.4 7.3 8.2 8.6 30.5 =2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
7.2 8.0 8.6 9.0 32.8 = 110
7.7 8.5 9.1 9.4 34.7 M =
px 6.9 x 110
7.9 9.6 9.5 9.7 36.7 8xπ
220.8 = 30.215

Moment on cantilever part of slab AB

Due to Dead Loads

Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.75 x1.15 x 0.725 = 2.868 KNm

Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1.15 x 0.533 = 0.129 KNm
Slab, 3 0.90 x 24 x 0.2 x1.75x1.15 x 0.45 = 3.912 KNm
Surfacing 0.50 x 20 x 0.08 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 0.273 = 0.429 KNm
7.34 KNm

Due to Live Loads at ULS

UDL: 5.712 x 1.5 x 1.15 x 0.2025 = 1.00 KNm
KEL: 22.86 x 1.5 x 1.15 x 0.2025 = 3.992 KNm
5.0 KNm

Critical moment is on the cantilever part of slab, = 37.6 KNm

37.6

Bending moment due to wheel load ( y- Direction)

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 20, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined
ทy= 44.2 / 32
Adolf
Pucher 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.58 = 1.3813
chart 20 0.22 0.30 0.35 0.40 1.27 Wheel Load, P = 100
0.45 0.60 0.70 0.80 2.55
0.55 0.80 1.00 1.10 3.45 =2/3 x 100 x γ γ
fL f 3
1.00 1.40 1.50 1.60 5.50 =2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
1.40 1.90 2.10 2.30 7.70 = 110
1.70 2.40 2.90 3.20 10.20 M =
py 1.38125 x 110
2.10 2.95 3.80 4.10 12.95 8xπ
44.20 = 6.0485
DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, MIDSPAN OF POINTS A & B

Moment due to Dead Load

Slab: = 6.35
Surfacing: = 3.22
Total = 9.57

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 Moment due to Dead Load, Md =wd x L2
11.0
Where wd = Uniformly distributed load in KN/m
L= Span between supporting Beams(c/c in M)

Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
= 3.48 KNm
11

Moment due to Live Load

UDL: = 9.86
KEL: = 39.43
Total = 49.29

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Moment due to Dead Load, ML =wL x L2

11.0
Where wd = Uniformly distributed load in KN/m
L= Span between supporting Beams(c/c in M)

Therefore, Md = 49.29 x 2
= 17.92 KNm
11

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 5, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS A'

MEASURE
A ท Aท
Adolf
Pucher Y -DIRECTION X- DIRECTION x.y
chart 5 6.00 2.00 12.0 12.0 7.5 90.0
9.50 4.00 38.0 26.0 6.5 169.0
15.00 6.50 97.5 59.5 5.5 327.3
 24.50 10.00 245.0 147.5 4.5 663.8
29.00 19.00 551.0 306.0 3.5 1071.0
29.00 10.00 290.0 290.0 2.5 725.0
841.0 3046.0

∑ Aท
ทx= = 3.62
∑A
Wheel Load, P = 100 KN

=2/3 x 100 x ทx γ fL γ f 3
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 3.62
8xπ
= 15.86 KNm

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 6, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS A'

MEASURE
A ท Aท
Adolf
Pucher Y -DIRECTION X- DIRECTION x.y
chart 6 2.00 4.50 9.0 9.0 6.5 58.5
3.50 7.00 24.5 15.5 5.5 85.3
5.50 13.50 74.3 49.8 4.5 223.9
8.50 20.00 170.0 95.8 3.5 335.1
14.00 29.00 406.0 236.0 2.5 590.0
26.00 29.00 754.0 348.0 1.5 522.0
3.00 29.00 87.0 87.0 1.0 87.0
841.0 1901.8

∑ Aท
ทy= = 2.261
∑A
Wheel Load, P = 100 KN

=2/3 x 100 x ทx γ fL
γ f3
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.26
8xπ
= 9.90 KNm Mpy = 9.90
In the direction of the main reinforcement
Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter
The greater of either
Mx= Md + Mpx = 3.48+15.86 = 19.34
OR
Mx= Md + ML= 3.48+17.92 = 21.40

The greater value of Mx is adopted Mx = 21.401

 My = 9.90

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, SUPPORT B

Moment due to imposed and superimposed dead loads

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Moment due to imposed & wd x L2

Dead Load, Md = =
9
where wd=9.57KN/m

Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
= 4.25 KNm
9

Live load Moment due to applied UDL and KEL

w L x L2
Moment due to live Load, ML = =
9
where wL=49.29KN/m

Therefore, ML = 49.29 x 2
= 21.90 KNm
9

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 16, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
ทx= 39.0
= 4.875
Adolf MEASURE 8
Pucher Y -DIRECTION X- DIRECTION Wheel Load, P = 100
chart 16 0.80 3.00 3.8
3.50 7.30 10.8 =2/3 x 100 x γ γ
fL f 3
5.00 7.20 12.2 =2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
5.60 6.60 12.2 = 110
39.0 Mpx= 4.875 x 110
8xπ
= 21.348
In the direction of the main reinforcement
Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter
The greater of either
Mx= Md + Mpx = 4.25+21.35 = 25.60
OR
Mx= Md + ML= 4.25+21.90 = 26.16
 The greater value of Mx is adopted Mx = 26.16

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, MIDSPAN OF SPAN B-C

Moment due to imposed and superimposed dead loads

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Moment due to imposed & wd x L2

Dead Load, Md = =
14
where wd=9.57KN/m

Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
= 2.73 KNm
14

Live load Moment due to applied UDL and KEL

w L x L2
Moment due to live Load, ML = =
14
where wL=0.00KN/m

Therefore, ML = 49.29 x 2
= 14.08 KNm
14

Bending
By makingmoment duePucher
use of Adolf to wheel load
Chart 12, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this wheel load Moment to be determined in the Y-Direction
Mpx

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS A'

MEASURE
A ท Aท
Adolf
Pucher Y -DIRECTION X- DIRECTION x.y
chart 12 7.0 2.0 14.0 14.0 6.5 91.0
11.5 4.0 46.0 32.0 5.5 176.0
20.0 8.5 170.0 124.0 4.5 558.0
 29.0 13.0 377.0 207.0 3.5 724.5
29.0 22.0 638.0 261.5 2.5 653.8
29.0 7.5 217.5 217.5 1.5 326.3
856.0 2529.5

∑ Aท
ทx= = 2.955
∑A
Wheel Load, P = 100 KN

=2/3 x 100 x ทx
fL γ f3γ
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.96
8xπ
Mpx = 12.94 KNm Mpx = 12.94

Bending
By makingmoment duePucher
use of Adolf to wheel load
Chart 13, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this wheel load Moment to be determined in the Y-Direction
Mpy

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS A'

MEASURE
A ท Aท
Adolf
Pucher Y -DIRECTION X- DIRECTION x.y
chart 13 1.5 4.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 39.0
3.0 7.0 21.0 15.0 5.5 82.5
5.0 11.5 36.5 36.5 4.5 164.3
7.5 18.0 135.0 77.5 3.5 271.3
11.5 29.0 333.5 198.5 2.5 496.3
21.5 29.0 623.5 290.0 1.5 435.0
7.5 29.0 217.5 217.5 1.0 217.5
841.0 1705.75

∑ Aท
ทx= = 2.028
∑A
Wheel Load, P = 100 KN

=2/3 x 100 x ทx
fL γ f3γ
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.03
8xπ
= 8.88 KNm Mpy = 8.88

In the direction of the main reinforcement

Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter
The greater of either
Mx= Md + Mpx = 2.73+12.94 = 15.67
OR
Mx= Md + ML= 2.73+14.08 = 16.82

The greater value of Mx is adopted Mx = 16.82

My = 8.88
 SUMMARY OF SLAB MOMENTS

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assuming 16 bars and a cover of 25mm,

then d = 200 -cover + 1/2 dia + tolerance ~ 5 mm,
d= 200 -( 25- 8+ 5 ),
d= 162 mm

M
= 0.0572
Now bd2fcu

Therefore compression steelNot required

Area of main steel ( Top)

M
= 0.057
Now bd2fcu

Therefore compression steelNot required

From Bs 8110

Z = 150.9 mm

Mu
As= ( = 622 mm2
o.87fyZ

BS 5400 Check for minimum and maximum areas of main( Top and Bottom) reinforcement
part 4
6.8.4.1 Min area of steel should not be less than 0.15% bd

Therefore Ast(min) = 0.15 x 1000 x162

100

= 243 mm2/m
BS 5400
part 4 Maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% bh
6.8.5
Therefore Ast(max) = 4% x 1000 x200
100

= 8000 mm2/m

Area of distribution steel

Check for minimum areas of main( Top and Bottom) reinforcement

Min area of steel should not be less than 0.12% bh

Therefore Ast(min) = 0.1 x 1000 x200

100

= 240 mm2/m

Provide, Y 12 150 753.6 mm2/m

According to BS 5400 part 4 clause 6.8.8.2.2 spacing should not exceed 150 mm for
Longitudinal bars and 300 mm for transverse bars in order to satisfy the requirements
of BS 5400 part4 clause 5.1.1.1

Check Deflection
From BS 8110 part 1 clause 3.4.6.3 span/effective depth ratios are given as follows:-

Cantilever = 7

Modification factor for tension reinforcement

v)Deflection check
M/bd2= 9.272
Service stress,fs =(5fyAsreq/8As prov)=N/mm2 91.561
Modification factor,mf =0.55+(477-fs)/(120(0.9+M/bd2))=
0.866

Basic span/effective ratio (L/d) ratio 7 (Cantilever)

Limiting span/effective ratio (L/d) ratio= 6.0603
Actual span/effective ratio, (L/d), ratio for the deck sla 5.56

Therefore, Deflection requirements met O.K.

Therefore an effective depth of 162 is adequate for the continous part of the slab

B ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR IN SLAB

Analytical determination of shears

drg here
 drg here

Total load on cantilever part of slab AB

Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x1.75x1.15 = 3.38 KN/m

Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1. = 0.24 KN/m
Slab, 3 0.20 x 24 x 0.9 x1.15x1.15 = = 5.71 KN/m
Surfacing 0.08 x20 x1.75x1.15 = 3.22 KN/m
Nominal UDL 5.69 x 0.5 x1.5x1.15 = 4.91 KN/m
Nominal KEL 22.77 x 0.5 x1.5x1.15 = 19.6 KN/m 27.76
33.5 KN/m

Total load on end spans of slab BC

Slab, 3 0.20 x24 x 2 x1.75x1.15 = 12.70 KN/m

Surfacin 0.08 x 20 x 2 x 1.75 x 1.15 = 6.44 KN/m
Nominal UDL 5.69 x 2 x1.5x1.15 = 19.64 KN/m
Nominal KEL 22.77 x 2 x1.5x1.15 = 78.54 KN/m 104.6
117.3 KN/m 52.309

Considering part ABCD of the slab

Case 1- Shears due to kerb 1

3.38 KN
A B C

0.785 RB =4.71KN RC =-1.33KN

0.785 2000 1000

RA + RC = 3.38 KN

∑ MB= 0 ; -3.38 x 0.785+ 2RC = 0

Therefore, Rc= ( -3.38 x 0.785)/2

 RC = -1.33 KN

Now, , RB= ( 3.38 + 1.33)

RB = 4.71 KN

Case 2- Shears due to kerb 2

0.24 KN
A B C

0.5333 RB =0.30KN RC =-0.06KN

0.533333 2000 1000
333
RA + RC = 0.24 KN

∑ MB= 0 ; -0.24 x 0.533+ 2RC = 0

Therefore, Rc= ( -0.24 x 0.533)/2

RC = -0.06

Now, , RB= ( 0.24 + 0.0636)

RB = 0.30 KN

Case 3- Shears due to Slab 3

5.71 KN 12.70 6.35
A B C

0.9 RB =13.10KN RC =11.66KN

0.9 2000 1000
Uniformly distributed load due to slab = 6.35 KN
RA + RC = 5.71 +12.70+6.35 KN = = 24.76

∑ MB= 0 ; -5.71 x 0.450- 12.70 x 1) + 2RC - (6.35x2.5) = 0

RC= 11.66 KN

RB = 13.10 KN
 Case 4- Shear forces due to superimposed asphalt surfacing a, the UDL and KEL live loads
26.2 KN 104.6 52.3

A A' B C

400 500 RB =69KN 2000 RC =114KN 1000

400 500 2000 1000

NB: the asphalt surfacing, the UDL and KEL live loads act on the carriageway
away from the raised kerbs
UDL load, w =3.22+9.82+39.27
= 52.31 KN/m
Total load due to slab A'-B = 26.2 KN
Total load due to slabB-C = 104.6 KN
Total load due to slab C-D = 52.3 KN

RB + RC = 26.15 +104.62+52.31 KN = 183.1 KN

∑ MB= 0 ; 26.15 x 0.25- 104.62 x 1 + 2RC - (52.31x2.5) = 0

RC= 114 KN

RB = 69 KN

Taking x1 as some distance from A

Taking x2 as some distance from B
Taking x3 as some distance from C

then shear forces

VAB' 52.31X1

VAB'

VAB'
VAB'
VAB' VAB'

Sketch of the shear force envelop

Adopting the highest shear force V,

Shear stress = V 0.392

=
bd

From table 8 , BS 5400 part 4, the value of ζs for a slab 200 mm thick by interpolation
BS 5400 ζs
Part 4 ζs = 1.25 - 25 / 35 x (1.25-1.2) 1.25 1.2
table 8
= 1.214
175 200 210

From table 5 , BS 5400 part 4, the ultimate shear stress vc is also obtained by interpolation

100. As 100 x 754 vc 0.5

= 0.465
bd 1000 x 162
0.35

0.25 0.465 0.5

vc= 0.35 + 0.15 / 0.25 x (0.47-0.25)

0.48 N/mm2

Now, ζs vc=1.214 x 0.479= 0.582 N/mm2

but v=0.392 Shear reinforcement Not required

Determination of punching shear (Concentrated loads including wheel loads)

Punching shear, vp
N
= Critical perimeter x d1

where a and b are dimensions of contact of load

BS 5400 For wheel load a=b=300 to maintain pressure
part 4 of 1.1 N/mm2
clause
6.4.4.2 Critical perimeter = 2( a + b) + 2πr
= 2( a + b) + 2π x 3/2 d
= 2( a + b) + 3πd

where
Therefore, Vp = N d= slab depth,
[ 2( a + b) + 3πd]d1 d1 = effective depth

Then maximum allowable load ( punching)

Nmax, =ζs vc [ 2( a + b) + 3πd]d1

= 0.582 x [ 2( 300 + 300) x 3π x 200 ] x 162

= 291 KN slab able to resist punching shear effects due to wheel load
C SERVICEABILITY CHECK
i Flexural stress at the serviceability limit state; (SLS) Elastic Modular Ratio method theory

Cantilever part of slab selected for the flexural stress check

Moment due to dead and superimposed dead loads at SLS (stress)

Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 0.725= 1.46 KN/m

Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x 0.533 = 0.11 KN/m
Slab, 3 0.20 x 24 x 0.9 x1.0x1.0 x 0.45 = 1.94 KN/m
Surfacing 0.08 x20 x1.2x1.0 x 0.52 x 0.25= 0.97 KN/m
Therefore total due to dead loads ( SLS) = 4.37 KN/m

Moment due to wheel loads at SLS (stress)

using Adolf Pucher chart 17

Wheel Load, P = 100 KN

Mpx =2 x 100 x γ fL γ f 3
=2/3 x 100 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 220.80
32 x 8 x π
= 21.97 KNm
But Mx = Md + mpx 26.35

Determination of the depth to neutral Axis

Ecc
Fcc
x
2x
d d1 3
d1-x
Fst

b Strain ɛst Stress

Static modulus of elasticity for concrete,

Ecc = fcc (stess) or fcc = ɛcc . Ecc -------1

ɛcc (strain)

Similarly for steel, fst = ɛst . Est -------2

Now, for equilibrium, fst = fcc

 therefore 1 bx Fcc
=Ast . Fst
2

From Eqn 1 and 2 above

ɛccAst(d1-x). ɛcc . Est

1 bx. Ecc.= Rearranging, 1 bx. ɛcc = Ast(d1-x). ɛcc . Est
2 x 2 x Ecc

Est
= Modular Ratio
Ecc

Then the Eqn becomes,1 bx. ɛcc = Ast(d1-x). ɛcc . Est

2 x Ecc

1 bx = Ast(d1-x). Est = Ast(d1-x). M

2 x Ecc x

Rearranging , bx2+Ast m x-2Ast dm = 0

But b = 1000 ,Ast = 753.6 mm2 d1= 162.0 mm

m = 200/27 = 15
1000 bx2 + 2 (753.6).(15 ) x 2.(162).(15) = 0
a= 1
x2 + 22.608 x -3,662.50 = 0 b 22.608
c= 3662.5
Solving, x= 50.261 = the depth of the neutral axis

but x = nd1, or x
=n = 0.31
d1

and k = (d-d1) 200 - 162

= = 0.34
(1-n)d1 (1 - 0.31)162

For the adopted spacing of 15 mm2

BS5400
chart 47 fst = 213 N/mm2

Q= M 26.35 x 102 = 1.00

db2 1000(162)(162)

ρ= A = 754 = 0.0047
bd 1000 x 162

H= Q = 0.005 = 216 N/mm2

p 1.00

For H= 216 and from chart 46 fst = 160.0 N/mm2

and fcu = 6.2 N/mm2
 Limiting stress for steel at SLS = 0.8fy = 368 N/mm2
and
Limiting stress for concrete at SLS = 0.5fcu = 12.5 N/mm2

ii Flexural crack width check at SLS

Mpx =2 x x γ fL γ f 3

=2/3 x x 1.2 x 0.83 x 220.80

32 x 8 x π
= 18.24 KNm
But Mx = Md + mpx 22.61

The neutral axis as earlier determined 50.26 mm

diagram

From the above figure, the average strain at the level where cracking is considered is

by the eqn:- ɛ1 = y
. ɛst
d1-x
where d1 = effective depth, ɛst is steel strain and y is the distance from the neutral
Axis to position of crack and x= depth of N_A

Now, since Est fst ɛst = fst hence

ɛst Est
 ɛ1 = y . fst but fst = M and Z=d1- x/3
d1-x Est Ast.Z

Then, fst= 206.6 N/mm2

and ɛ1 = y 207
(162 -50) x
 CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS - FLEXUR-

INPUT
fcu= 25 N/mm2
fy= 460 N/mm2
Area of reinforcement " As " = 754 mm2
b = 1000 mm
h= 200 mm
d= 162 mm
Minimum cover to tension reinforcement " CO " = 25 mm
Maxmum bar spacing " S " = 150 mm
Bar dia " DIA " = 12 mm
" acr " =(((S/2)^2+(CO+DIA/2)^2)^(1/2)-DIA/2) as 75default
mm or enter other value =
"acr " is distance from the point considered to the surface of the
nearest longitudinal bar

Applied service moment " Ms "= 22.6 KNm

CALCULATIONS
moduli of elasticity of concrete " Ec" = (1/2)*(20+0.2*fcu) = 12.5 KN/mm2
moduli of elasticity of steel " Es " = 200 KN/mm2
Modular ratio " a " = (Es/Ec) = 16.0
" r " = As/bd = 0.0047
depth to neutral axis, "x" = (-a.r +((a.r)2 + 2.a.r)0.5.d = 52 mm

" Z " = d-(x/3) = 145

Reinforcement stress " fs " = Ms/(As*Z) = 207 N/mm2
Concrete stress " fc " = (fs*As)/(0.5*b*x) = 6.05 N/mm2
Strain at soffit of concrete beam/slab " e1 " = (fs/Es)*(h-x)/(d-x) = 0.0014
Strain due to stiffening effect of concrete between cracks " e2 " =
e2 = b.(h-x)2/(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths of 0.2 mm Used Bs 5400 table 1
e2 = 1.5.b.(h-x)2/(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths of 0.1 mm
e2 = 0.00044
Average strain for calculation of crack width " em "= e1-e2 = 0.00095

Calculated crack width, " w " = 3.acr.em/(1+2.(acr-c)/(h-x))

CALCULATED CRACK WIDTH, 'w' = 0.13 mm
From table 1 of BS 5400 part 4 clause 5.1.1 Allowable crack width can be
taken as 0.2 mm

Serviceability requirements for Crack width Met

B DESIGN OF BEAMS
DETERMINATION OF LOADS AND LOAD DISTRIBUTION USING THE
SIMPLIFIED INFLUENE LINE METHOD

1.45 1.0 1.0

1.363

Influence lines for dead loads on:

(i) Beams B1(B4) and
(ii) Beams B2( B3)

1.0 1.0
1.25
Influence lines for Live loads on:
(i) Beams B1(B4) and
(ii) Beams B2( B3)

Loading on Beams B1 (B4)

Influence factors ( coefficients)

(i) Kerb 1 1.0/2 = f1/2.725 f1= 1.363

(i) Kerb 2 1.0/2 = f2/2.533 f2 = 1.267
(iii) Slab 3 f3 = 2.103

Since load due to slab is UDL influence factor is the area of triangle btn beam
B2 and extreme end of slab = 0.5 x 1.45 x 2.9=2.103
(iv) Surfacing = 2.103

Since load due to surfacing is UDL influence factor is the area of triangle btn beam
B2 and beginning of carriage = 0.5 x 1.25 x 2.5= 1.563
1.563
(iv) cantilever 1.0/2 = f4/2.393 f4 = 1.197
slab haunch

Dead loads on Beams B1(B4) ULS

(i) Kerb 1 = 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.363 = 4.61
(i) Kerb 2 = 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1.15 x 1.273 = 0.31
(iii) Slab 3 = 0.20 x 24 x 2.103 x1.15x1.15 = 13.35
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.563 = 5.03
(iv)Beam 0.28 x24 x 0.5 x1.15x1.15 = 4.44
(vi)Cantilever 0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.15x1.15 x 1.197 0.72
haunch = 28.46

Dead loads on Beams B1(B4) SLS

(i) Kerb 1 = 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.363 = 2.75
(i) Kerb 2 = 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x 1.273 = 0.18
(iii) Slab 3 = 0.20 x 24 x 2.103 x1.0x1.0 = 10.09
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.563 = 3.00
(iv)Bea = 0.28 x24 x 0.5 x1.0x1.0 = 3.36
(vi)Cantilever 0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x 1.197 0.00
haunch = 19.39
Live Loads
Live loads on Beams B1(B4) ULS

(i) UDL = 5.714 x 1.563 x1.5x1.15 = 15.41

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 1.563 x1.5x1.15 = 61.63

Live loads on Beams B1(B4) SLS

a) Stress/ Deflection
(i) UDL = 5.714 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 1.0 = 10.72

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 1.0 = 42.87

b) Cracks
(i) UDL = 5.714 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 0.83 = 8.90

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 0.83 = 35.58

Loading on Beams B2 (B3)

Referibg to Influence line diagram for Influence factors ( coefficients) for the above beams

(i) End of slab 1.0/2 = f1/0.9 f1= 0.450 (-ve)

(ii) Kerb 1 1.0/2 = f2/0.725 f2 = 0.363 (-ve)
(iii) Kerb 2 1.0/2 = f3/0.533 f3 = 0.267 (-ve)
(iv) Surfacing 1.0/2 = f4/0.333 f4 = 0.197 (-ve)
(iv) Haunch 1.0/2 = 1/4*1-1/2*.25*0.5 f5 = 1.938 (+ve)
(iv) Slab 6 1.0/2 = 1/4*1-1/2*.25*0.9 f6 = 1.798 (+ve)

Dead loads on Beams B2(B3) ULS

(i) Kerb 1 = 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.20x 1.0 x -0.363 = -0.61
(i) Kerb 2 = 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x -0.273 = -0.03
(iv) Haunch 0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x -0.197 = -0.09
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.938 = 6.24
(iv) Slab 6 0.20 x 24 x 1.798 x1.15x1.15 = 11.41
(iv) Beam 0.28 x24 x 0.5 x1.15x1.15 4.44
21.37

Dead loads on Beams B2(B3) SLS

= -0.61
(i) Kerb 1 = 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.20x 1.0 x -0.363 = -0.03
(i) Kerb 2 = 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x -0.273 = -0.09
(iv) Haunch 0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x -0.197 = 3.72
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.938 = 8.63
(iv) Slab 6 0.20 x 24 x 1.798 x1.0x1.0 3.36
(iv) Beam 0.28 x24 x 0.5 x 1.0x1.0 14.98

Live Loads
Live loads on Beams B2(B3) ULS

(i) UDL = 5.714 x 2 x1.5x1.15 = 19.71

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 2 x1.5x1.15 = 78.86

Live loads on Beams B2(B3) SLS

a) Stress/ Deflection
(i) UDL = 5.714 x 2 x1.5x1.15 = 13.71

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 2 x1.2x1.0 = 54.86

b) Cracks
(i) UDL = 5.714 x 2 x 1.2 x 0.83 = 11.38

(ii) KEL = 22.86 x 2 x 1.2 x 0.83 = 45.53

 DETERMINATION OF BEAM MOMENTS, SHEAR FORCES AND REACTIONS

From the inspection of loads above, Beam B1(B3) are the critically loaded.
The load combinations for maximum span and support moments are indicated below
Moment distribution is carried out and the values used to plot the moment and shear
force envelops

Maximum moment on span BC and EF

LL = 19.71 KN/m LL + DL = 41.08 KN/m

DL = 21.37 KN/m KEL = 78.86 KN/m

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F
Case i

KEL KEL

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F

Case ii

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F

Case iii

KEL

DL + LL
DL

B C D E F
 Case iv

Maximum moment on span CD and DE

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F

Case i
KEL

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

AB C D E F

Case ii
 DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F

Case iii
KEL KEL

DL + LL DL + LL
DL

B C D E F

Case iv

Maximum moment on span AB

DL + LL

A B
KEL
Case i

DL + LL

A B

Case ii
 1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013
Output
   UNITS
M2
M2
M2
KN/m³
mm
mm
mm
mm
N
N
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/m³
KN
KN
KN
mm
KN
mm
mm
mm
mm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KN/m
mm

KN
mm

KN

N
N
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

mm
°,
KN/m³
KN/m³
 1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013
Output

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

KN/m³
N/mm²
N/mm²
KN/m³
N/mm²
N/mm²

KN/m³
KN/m³
KN/m³
m
°

KN/m³

KN/m2
KN/m³

mm
mm

KN
 1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013
Output

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

mm

HA =
30
KN/ Linear
Metre
KN/m

1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013
Output
KEL =
120

KN/ Linear
Metre
KN/m

KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN

KN

KNm

KNm

KN

KN

KNm
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
Md =
3.48KNm

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

Md =
17.92KNm
ทx

ทx

KNm

KNm

KNm

KNm
KNm

Md =
4.25KNm

ML =
21.90KNm

KN

KN

KNm

KNm

KNm
KNm

Md =
2.73KNm

ML =
14.08KNm
ทx

KNm

ทx

KNm

KNm

KNm

KNm

KNm
Bottom) reinforcement
xceed 150 mm for
sfy the requirements

e given as follows:-

(Cantilever)

s part of the slab

1000
 1.33

1000

0.0636

6.35

1000

13.10
e UDL and KEL live loads

69
 obtained by interpolation

due to wheel load

ar Ratio method theory
bx2
king is considered is

e from the neutral

riangle btn beam
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
 KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

nts) for the above beams

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m
are indicated below
moment and shear
 LL = 19.71 KN/m LL + DL = 41.08

DL = 21.37 KN/m KEL = 78.86

Maximum moment on span BC and EF

CASE I

UDL KN/M 41.08 21.37 21.37

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 6 6 6
DF 0.125 0.125 0.167
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -123.228 123.228 -64.0979 64.097856 -64.09786 64.0979
123.2279
CO 61.6139
BAL -51.747 -68.9965 0 0 68.9965
CO
BAL 0 -34.49827 34.49827 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 133.1 -133.1 29.6 -29.6 133.1

CASE II
UDL KN/M 41.08 21.37 21.37
PNT LOAD1 78.86 0 0
L1 3 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 6 6 6
DF 0.125 0.125 0.167
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -182.373 182.373 -64.0979 64.097856 -64.09786 64.0979
182.3729
CO 91.1864
BAL -89.769 -119.692 0 0 119.692
CO
BAL 0 -59.84612 59.84612 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 183.8 -183.8 4.3 -4.3 183.8

CASE III

UDL KN/M 41.08 41.08 21.37

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -342.3 342.3 -342.3 342.2996 -178.0496 178.05
342.2996
CO 171.15
BAL -73.35 -97.7999 -70.39286 -93.85714 50.8713
CO
BAL -35.1964 -48.89994 25.43566 -46.9286
CO 15.0842 20.11224 10.056122 13.40816 26.8163
BAL
CO 5.028061 10.056122 13.40816 6.70408
BAL -2.1549 -2.87318 -10.05612 -13.40816 -3.8309
CO
BAL -5.02806 -1.436589 -1.915452 -6.70408
CO 2.15488 2.873178 1.4365889 1.915452 3.8309
BAL
CO 0.718294 1.4365889 1.915452 0.95773
BAL -0.3078 -0.82091 -1.436589 -1.915452 -0.54727

SUP. MMTS 0.0 454.9 -455.3 233.1 -233.1 209.2

CASE IV

UDL KN/M 41.08 41.08 21.37

PNT LOAD1 78.86 78.86 0
L1 3 3 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -458.224 391.981 -458.224 391.9814 -178.0496 178.05
458.2238
CO 229.112
BAL -69.801 -93.0683 -91.68506 -122.2467 50.8713
CO
BAL -45.8425 -46.53414 25.43566 -61.1234
CO 19.6468 26.19573 9.0422082 12.05628 34.9276
BAL
CO 4.521104 13.097865 17.46382 6.02814
BAL -1.9376 -2.58349 -13.09787 -17.46382 -3.44465
CO
BAL -6.54893 -1.291744 -1.722325 -8.73191
CO 2.80669 3.742247 1.291744 1.722325 4.98966
BAL
CO 0.645872 1.8711236 2.494831 0.86116
BAL -0.2768 -0.73814 -1.871124 -2.494831 -0.49209

SUP. MMTS 0.0 571.5 -571.9 262.8 -262.8 201.9

Maximum moment on span CD and DE

CASE I

UDL KN/M 41.06 41.06 41.06

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -342.167 342.167 -342.167 342.16667 -342.1667 342.167
342.1667
CO 171.083
BAL -73.321 -97.7619 0 0 97.7619
CO
BAL 0 -48.88095 48.88095 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 439.9 -439.9 293.3 -293.3 439.9

 CASE II

UDL KN/M 41.06 41.06 41.06

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -342.167 342.167 -342.167 342.16667 -342.1667 342.167
342.1667
CO 171.083
BAL -73.321 -97.7619 0 0 97.7619
CO
BAL 0 -48.88095 48.88095 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 439.9 -439.9 293.3 -293.3 439.9

 CASE III

UDL KN/M 41.06 41.06 41.06

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -342.167 342.167 -342.167 342.16667 -342.1667 342.167
342.1667
CO 171.083
BAL -73.321 -97.7619 0 0 97.7619
CO
BAL 0 -48.88095 48.88095 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 439.9 -439.9 293.3 -293.3 439.9

CASE IV

UDL KN/M 41.06 41.06 41.06

PNT LOAD1 0 0 0
L1 0 2 0
PNT LOAD2 0 0 0
L2 0 3 0
PNT LOAD3 0 0 0
L3 0 0 0
SPAN (M) 10 10 10
DF 0.075 0.075 0.100
K 1 0.429 0.571 0.429 0.571 0.571
FEM -342.167 342.167 -342.167 342.16667 -342.1667 342.167
342.1667
CO 171.083
BAL -73.321 -97.7619 0 0 97.7619
CO
BAL 0 -48.88095 48.88095 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0
CO
BAL 0 0 0 0
CO 0 0 0 0 0
BAL
CO 0 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0 0

SUP. MMTS 0.0 439.9 -439.9 293.3 -293.3 439.9

41.08 KN/m

78.86 KN/m

41.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.125
0.429 1
-123.2279 123.228
-123.23
-61.61393
51.7474

-133.1 0.0
 41.08
78.86
3
0
0
0
0
6
0.125
0.429 1
-182.3729 182.373
-182.37
-91.18643
89.76918

-183.8 0.0

21.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
 0.429 1
-178.0496 178.05
-178.05
-89.0248
38.15349

20.11224

-2.873178

2.873178

-0.410454

-209.2 0.0

21.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429 1
-178.0496 178.05
-178.05
-89.0248
38.15349

26.19573
-2.583488

3.742247

-0.36907

-201.9 0.0

41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429 1
-342.1667 342.167
-342.17
-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9 0.0
 41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429 1
-342.1667 342.167
-342.17
-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9 0.0
 41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429 1
-342.1667 342.167
-342.17
-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9 0.0

41.06
0
0
0
0
 0
0
10
0.075
0.429 1
-342.1667 342.167
-342.17
-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9 0.0