BASIC ENGLISH

 Grammar 📒

Grammar is the way we arrange words to make proper sentences. Word level grammar
covers verbs and tenses, nouns, adverbs etc. Sentence level grammar covers phrases, clauses,
reported speech etc.

1. The Present Simple

The present simple is used to make simple statements of fact, to talk about things that
happen repeatedly, and to describe things that are always true.

 Word-level Grammar
9 Parts of Speech
These are the words that you use to make a sentence.
1. Verbs and Verb Tenses
Action verbs, express what is happening (do, work). State verbs express a situation (be,
have).
2. Nouns
Nouns represent people (teacher, Mary), places (town, Asia) and things (table, music).
3. Adjectives
 An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun (big, red, expensive).
4. Adverbs
Adverbs tell us more about verbs, adjectives or adverbs (loudly, really, extremely).
5. Determiners
Determiners are words like the, an, this that start a noun phrase.
6. Prepositions
A preposition expresses the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word (at, in,
from).
7. Pronouns
Pronouns are small words like you, ours, some that can take the place of a noun.
8. Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two parts of a sentence (and, but, though).
9. Interjections
Short exclamations with no real grammatical value (ah, dear, er).

 Sentence-level Grammar

1. Phrases
The five main types of phrase in English. With quiz

What is a Sentence?
When is a sentence not a sentence? With quiz

The 4 Types of Sentence

Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamative. With quiz

The 4 Types of Sentence Structure

Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences. With quiz

Linking, Intransitive and Transitive Verbs

To understand sentence construction, it helps to know about these verbs. With quiz

Direct Object
The direct object receives the action of the verb directly. With quiz

Indirect Object
The indirect object receives the direct object. With quiz

Reported Speech
Here is the structure that we use to "report" what another person has said. With quiz

Parenthetical Expression
Words added to a sentence without changing its meaning or grammar. With quiz

Grammatical Category
Including number, case, gender, tense, aspect etc. With quiz

Parts of speech
Bahasa Inggris memiliki delapan part of speech, tetapi tiga yang harus diingat
adalah: kata benda, kata sifat dan kata kerja.

Setiap nama orang, benda, atau objek merupakan kata benda (noun), seperti ilmuwan,
sepupu, desa, universitas, sayuran, dan jaket just name a few. Kata benda abstrak (abstract
noun) adalah ide-ide dan gagasan yang tidak bisa disentuh seperti kebahagiaan, demokrasi,
dan kebijaksanaan.

Kata sifat (adjective) adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda dan memberikan informasi
tambahan tentang orang, tempat, atau benda, seperti berwarna, keras, manis,
membingungkan, tenang, merah, lembut, dst.

Kata kerja (verb) adalah kata yang menyatakan tindakan, menerangkan hal yang kita
lakukan termasuk berbicara, berlari, berdiskusi, berolahraga, berkonsentrasi, memahami, dan
masih banyak lagi.

Verb forms
Kata kerja bahasa Inggris dapat menggunakan tiga bentuk dasar: base form,
past form, dan past participle.

Base form, terkadang disebut kata kerja dasar, infinitif, atau bentuk kata kerja pertama,
adalah kata kerja asal, seperti have, do, be, eat, write, drive, dst… Bentuk asal ini biasanya
mengikuti kata “to” dalam kalimat (I want to go home). Kata kerja dasar ini juga akan
muncul setelah kata kerja modal (She can be difficult to understand).

Past form, atau bentuk kata kerja kedua, digunakan saat menerangkan peristiwa yang terjadi
di masa lampau. Bentuk lampau dari kata kerja dasar beraturan memiliki akhiran -ed or -d (I
watched a movie yesterday), Namun, bentuk lampau dari kata kerja lampau tidak beraturan
agak sedikit berbeda (He ate the entire pizza).

Past participle, atau bentuk kata kerja ketiga, digunakan untuk verb tense yang lebih
kompleks, termasuk present perfect (I have never been to Bali) dan kalimat pasif (He was
taken to the hospital).

To Be
Kata kerja To Be terdiri dari tiga bentuk yang berbeda – am, is, are – dan
seringkali ini membingungkan karena tidak memiliki padanan langsung
dalam bahasa Indonesia.

Menurut Dictionary.com, kata kerja To Be menerangkan “keadaan”, yang berarti digunakan

untuk menerangkan keadaan suatu objek dan orang (the box is empty, I am happy), atribut
benda atau orang tersebut (that is a computer, they are lawyers) dan hal apa yang sedang
dilakukan (we are working, she is thinking).
Kata kerja To Be diikuti dengan kata sifat (I am tired), kata benda (he is a teacher) atau kata
kerja berakhiran -ing (they are swimming).

Namun, jangan pernah gabungkan kata kerja To Be dengan kata kerja dasar lain: I am read. /
We are study.
1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan kebiasaan yang rutin dilakukan atau
menunjukkan kebenaran mutlak. Biasanya keterangan waktu yang digunakan adalah always,
usually, frequently, often, occasionally, seldom, rarely dan lain-lain.

Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan simple present tense adalah:

Kalimat positif: He comes to your home everyweek.

Kalimat negatif: He does not come to your home everyweek.

Kalimat tanya: Does he come to your home everyweek?

 BASIC ENGLISH
 Grammar
Grammar is the way we arrange words to make proper sentences. Word level grammar covers
verbs and tenses, nouns, adverbs etc. Sentence level grammar covers phrases, clauses, reported
speech etc.

1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense adalah bentuk tense yang paling umum digunakan. Bentuk ini
biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada
saat ini.

Rumus Subject + Verb 1 (present form)

Kata Sinyal always, every, never, normally, often, sometimes, usually, seldom
Kalimat Positif He always works very hard in the company
Kalimat Negatif He does not work very hard in the company.
Kalimat Tanya Does he work very hard in the company?
Yes, he does. / No, he does not.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense biasanya digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang
berlangsung saat pembicaraan sedang berlangsung atau bisa juga digunakan untuk
rencana di masa depan.

Rumus Subject + am/is/are + Verb -ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal at the moment, just now, now, right now, Listen!, Look!
Kalimat Positif Look! He is talking with his classmates.
Kalimat Negatif He is not playing computer games now.
Kalimat Tanya Is he playing computer games at the moment?
Yes, he is. / No, he is not.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense menekankan pada hasil. Tense ini menunjukkan aksi yang masih
sedang berlangsung atau baru saja selesai.

Rumus Subject + has/have+ Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Kalimat Positif He has already finished his homework.
Kalimat Negatif He has not been to Australia so far.
Kalimat Tanya Has he completed the arrangement for the coming event up to now?
Yes, he has. / No, he has not.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah
selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus
berlanjut sampai sekarang. Biasanya aksi tersebut ada durasi waktu tertentu dan ada
relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.
Rumus Subject + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal for the past 5 years, how long …?, the whole week, since xxxx
Kalimat Positif He has been working here since 1996.
Kalimat Negatif He has not been speaking for the last 3 hours.
Kalimat Tanya Has he been playing the computer game all day?
Yes, he has. / No, he has not.

5. Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa
lampau.

Rumus Subject + Verb II (past form)

Kata Sinyal yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1996, last Thursday, this morning
Kalimat Positif Last year, he always worked until night.
Kalimat Negatif He did not go to school this morning.
Kalimat Tanya Did he pay the bill yesterday? Yes, he did. / No, he did not.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi
pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Biasanya ada dua kejadian di masa lampau dan
satu kejadian menginterupsi kejadian yang lain. Kejadian yang sedang diinterupsi
tersebut yang menggunakan past continuous tense.

Rumus Subject + WAS/WERE + Verb -ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday
Kalimat Positif He was speaking when I entered in room.
Kalimat Negatif He was not doing his homework at this time yesterday.
Kalimat Tanya Was he writing the letter to his parents when I was out last Tuesday?
Yes, he was. / No, he was not.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebuah kejadian yang terjadi sebelum
waktu tertentu di masa lampau dan lebih menekankan pada fakta daripada durasi.

Rumus Subject + HAD + Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal before yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day
Kalimat Positif He had finished his designs before he went to work yesterday.
Kalimat Negatif He had not been a high school student until last year.
Kalimat Tanya Had he entered the company before he achieved his master degree in 1990?
Yes, he had. / No, he had not.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense hampir serupa dengan past perfect tense. Digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan suatu aksi yang terjadi di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik
waktu tertentu di masa lalu, tapi tense ini menekankan pada durasi kejadiannya.
Rumus Subject + HAD + BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal for, since, the whole day, all day
Kalimat Positif He said that he had been working here for ten years.
Kalimat Negatif He was told that his teacher had been waiting for him since 2 p.m yesterday.
Kalimat Tanya Had he been speaking for the whole class before I entered?
Yes, he had. / No, he had not.

9. Simple Future Tense

Simple Future tense mengindikasikan suatu aksi di masa yang akan datang dan tidak dapat
dipengaruhi. Dapat juga digunakan untuk pembuatan keputusan di masa depan yang
spontan atau asumsi yang berhubungan dengan masa yang akan datang. “Will” dan “be
going to” merupakan 2 indikator umum pada tenses ini.

Rumus Subject + “WILL/ BE GOING TO” + Verb (present form)

Kata Sinyal in a year, next …, tomorrow, next week, five days later
Kalimat Positif He is going to be journalist after he graduate next year.
Kalimat He will not play computer games anymore because he understand how harmful
Negatif they are.
Kalimat Tanya Will he go to the cinema tomorrow with us?
Yes, he will. / No, he will not.

10. Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense menunjukkan aksi yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
yang akan datang dan aksi yang pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat.

Rumus Subject + “WILL/BE GOING TO” + “BE” + Verb (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal tomorrow morning, in one year
Kalimat Positif He will be delivering the speech to undergraduates at 3 p.m tomorrow
afternoon.
Kalimat He will not be doing the task in the office this afternoon because he is sick.
Negatif
Kalimat Tanya Will he be playing football next morning in the playground?
Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

11. Future Perfect Tense

Future perfect tense menekankan pada aksi yang sudah berakhir pada waktu tertentu di
masa yang akan datang.

Rumus Subject + “WILL HAVE” + Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal by next Monday, in a week
Kalimat Positif He will have finished the task by next Monday.
Kalimat Negatif He will not have finished the given task by tomorrow evening.
Kalimat Tanya Will he have finished the task in a week?
Yes, he will./ No, he will not.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Hampir sama dengan semua jenis perfect continuous tense, future perfect continuous
tense merupakan serangkaian aksi yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa yang
akan datang.
Rumus Subject + “WILL HAVE BEEN” + Verb-ing (continuous form)
Kata Sinyal for the last couple of hours, all day long
Kalimat Positif He will have been taking charge of the team for the next hour.
Kalimat He will not have been doing the task for the last couple of hours.
Negatif
Kalimat Tanya Will he have been doing the research all day long? Yes, he will./ No, he will
not.

13. Past Future Tense

Past future tense pada dasarnya digunakan dalam kalimat yang tidak langsung, dimana
terdapat perubahan bentuk untuk menyesuaikan dengan rangkaian peristiwa yang ada.

Rumus Subject + WOULD + Verb (present form)

Subject + WAS/WERE + GOING TO + Verb (Present Form)
Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif He said that he would leave in three days.
Kalimat Negatif He did not promise that he would buy you a new computer.
Kalimat Tanya Did you tell him when I would arrive? Yes, I did. / No, I did not.

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

Past future continuous tense menekankan pada serangkaian atau durasi sebuah aksi
terjadi. Sebagai tambahan, ini juga biasanya digunakan pada kalimat tidak langsung.

Rumus Subject + “SHOULD/WOULD BE” + Verb-ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal
Kalimat I made a promise that I would be doing my homework all day long tomorrow.
Positif
Kalimat I did not tell anyone that I would be giving a speech to undergraduates for the
Negatif next whole morning.
Kalimat Did you say that you would be working hard in the next week? Yes, I did / No, I
Tanya did not.

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

Terdapat 3 waktu dalam past future perfect yang terjadi di masa lalu. Menunjuk pada
waktu yang akan datang, waktu tertentu di masa lalu, tetapi aksi yang terjadi harus
sudah selesai sebelum waktu yang akan datang. Dan biasanya digunakan pada kalimat
tidak langsung.

Rumus Subject + SHOULD/WOULD HAVE + Verb III (past participle form)

Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif He told the students that they should have finished the homework this
morning.
Kalimat He said that he would not have made such a mistake if he had taken my advice.
Negatif
Kalimat Tanya Did you say that you would have been a doctor in three years?
Yes, I did / No, I did not.
 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Past future perfect continuous tense merupakan bentuk tense yang cukup sulit. Namun,
kamu dapat mempelajarinya dari past future perfect tense. Bedanya, past future perfect
tense menekankan pada durasi waktu yang sudah berlalu dan hasil.

Rumus Subject + WOULD HAVE BEEN + Verb -ing (continuous form)

Kata Sinyal
Kalimat Positif I heard that you should have been teaching here for ten years by this July.
Kalimat I did not know that he would have been working for the past three hours by that
Negatif time.
Kalimat Tanya Would he have been explaining to the workers if he had made the information
clear?
Yes, he would / No, he would not.