BAHAN KULIAH

GEOLOGI MINERAL BIJIH (2 SKS)

Precious metals (Au-Ag)

DR. Arifudin Idrus

Laboratorium Bahan Galian
Jurusan Teknik Geologi FT-UGM
E-mail: arifidrus@ugm.ac.id
Bahasan Geologi Mineral Logam
1. Review endapan mineral bijih
2. Mineral classificationÆ bijih/logam
3. Precious metals (Au, Ag)
4. Base metal 1: Cu
5. Base metal 2: Pb-Zn
6. Base metal 3: Sn-W
7. Light metal (Au)
8. Iron alloy 1: Nickel
9. Iron alloy 2: Iron
10.Iron alloy 3: Chromium
11.Platinum Group Elements (PGE)
12.Fissionable metals (U, Th)
13.Presentasi mahasiswa
14.Presentasi mahasiswa
Stolberg, Germany, 2005
1. Emas (Au)
„ Au hadir di kerak bumi sebagai unsur jarang
(~0.004 ppm)
„ Dapat berbentuk:
- Hampir seluruhnya dalam native gold (10-15 % Ag) dan
elektrum (Ag ≥ 20%). Native gold dapat mengandung
Pd, Rh (rhodium), Cu, Bi, Hg dalam jumlah sangat kecil.
- Rare-uncommon gold minerals, berkombinasi dengan
unsur lain yang umumnya tellurides, misalnya:
calaverite (AuTe2), berasosiasi dengan tellurides
lainnya dan sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te2.
- Dapat berupa free grains, inklusi atau “attached”
dalam Cu-bearing sulphides seperti bornit (Cu5FeS4),
digenit (Cu9S5), kalkosit (Cu2S) dan kalkopirit
(CuFeS2), misalnya pada endapan tembaga-emas
porfir.
Sumberdaya & produksi emas vs. tipe endapan
 The gold endowment of Indonesia and the Philippines, as defined by combined
past production and existing resources, exceeds 8300 metric tonnes (t).
Three major episodes of gold deposit formation are recognized in
Southeast Asia, including Early Miocene, Middle to Late Miocene and Plio-
Pliestocene. These epochs may reflect plate tectonic collisions and
reorganization, with the youngest episode related to collisions in Taiwan (5
Ma) and the Banda arc (4 to 3 Ma). Uplift and erosion of pre-Pliocene
deposits may also contribute to the relative abundance of young deposits.
The grade-tonnage plot for Southeast Asian gold deposits shows two major
clusters of data: 1) porphyry deposits, which are low-grade and high-tonnage
and 2) low-and intermediate-sulfidation deposits, which are medium- to high-
grade and low- to medium-tonnage. Both deposit styles include deposits that
contain > 100 t Au.
The copper deposits indicate a similar relationship between
copper content and time of deposit formation to that shown by
gold deposits, which reflects the close spatial and temporal
relationships between copper and gold in Southeast Asia. Note
the nearly logarithmic increase in copper content with time.
Sistem hidrotermal-magmatik
A. Endapan epitermal

„ Karakteristik
– Suhu relatif rendah (50-250°C) dengan
salinitas bervariasi antara 0-5 wt.%
– Terbentuk pada kedalaman dangkal (~1
km)
– Jenis air: air meteorik dengan sedikit air
magmatik
„ Klasifikasi:
– High sulfidation (acid sulfate type)
– Low sulfidation (adularia-sericite type)
Contoh endapan epitermal (high sulfidation)

Endapan Au (ton) Umur

Yanacocha/Peru 820 M/P
Pueblo Viejo 680 Cret
Pascua 640 M/P
Pienina/Peru 250 M/P
Lepanto 210 Quat
El Indio 190 M/P
Chinquashih 150 Quat
Summitville 20 M/P
Rodalquilar 10 N/P
Contoh endapan epitermal (low sulfidation)

Endapan Au (ton) Umur

Lihir 924 Quat
Porgera 600 M/P
Round Mountain 443 M/P
Baguio District 300 Quat
Hishikari 250 Quat
Kelian 180 M/P
Gunung Pongkor 175 M/P
Dukat 150 Cret
Cerro Korikollo 147 M/P
Cerro Vanguardia 100 Jura
Epithermal low sulfidation
Hishikari
Hishikari Pongkor
Gangue minerals vs numbers of electrum grain in Hishikari deposit, Japan
Hishikari Gold Ore - Photomicrograph
Epithermal high sulfidation
B. CU-AU PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

SAN MANUEL FAULT

SAN MANUEL
KALAMAZOO SEGMENT
SEGMENT ? ?
Propylitic ?
(Chl-Ep-Carb)
Adul-Ab
PERIPHERAL
? Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag PERIPHERAL
Phyllic ? Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag
Qtz-Ser-Py

LOW PYRITE
SHELL ORE SHELL
Argillic Potassic Py ~2% Py 1%
Qtz-Kln- Qtz-Kfs-Bt- Ccp 1-3%
Chl +Ser+Anh Mo 0.03%

PYRITE LOW GRADE

S HELL CORE
Py ~10%
Ccp 0.1-3% low total
Mo rare Ccp-Py-Mo

?
Qtz-Ser- Mag>Py
Chl-Ser-
? Chl-Kfs Mag>Py & Ccp
Ep-Mag

A
Cu-(Au) porphyry vein-veinlet system

a) Collahuasi/Chile
b) Grasberg/Irian Jaya
 Gambar 1. Native gold dengan irregular-dendritic form
yang ditemukan pada endapan urat kuarsa di
Australia (Corbett, 2002).

(a) SBD 0183 (653.4m) (b)

Qtz

Free Au

40 micron
50 micron

Gambar 2 (a) free gold diantara batas kristal kuarsa (Qtz), (b) gold inclusion dalam
mineral sulfida bornit (Bn)±kalkopirit (Cp) lamellae, pada endapan tembaga-emas
porfir Batu Hijau, Sumbawa (Arif, 2002).
Gold within Bornite-Digenite Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

SBD-018, 594.9 m

Volcanic, 2nd
Biotite alt.
Qtz
1.04 % Cu;
2.23 gr/t Au

Bn
Dg

40 micron
Free Gold Grain Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

SBD-183, 653.4 m

Volcanic, Pale
Green Mica alt.

0.95 % Cu;
3.08 gr/t Au

Qtz

150 micron X nicols

Free Gold Grain Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

SBD-194, 818 m

Int. Tonalite,
Pale Green Mica
alt.

0.9 % Cu;
1.93 gr/t Au

Qtz

40 micron X nicols
Au-bearing Cu-sulphides

Gold

Dg
Bn

7.5 µm

Bn

Bn
Ccp

Ccp

0.1 mm
Bench 330 - Gold Distribution Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

Gold distribution within hand specimen samples(235 grains)

Wall Rock A vein

21% 25%

Matrix
12%

C vein
3%
AB vein
27%
B vein
12%
Bench 330 - Gold Grains Shape Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

Gold shape in concentrate samples (168 grains)

Other
Irregular 4%
4%

Elongated
18%

Angular -
subangular
6%

Very well
rounded -
subrounded
68%
Gold & Sulfide Association Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

Section 9080N & 9020N samples (417 gold grains)

Within Bn-Dg
6%
Free-Qtz
25% Within Bn
18%

Boundary Cp
3% Within
Bn-Cp 3%

Boundary
Bn-Cp 3%
Within Cp
Boundary Bn 17%
13%
Boundary
Bn-Dg 5%
Section 9080N - Gold Shell Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

400 mRL

200 mRL

0 mRL

Pit Year 2015

-200 mRL

-400 mRL
0 250
Meters

Au > 1.0 g/t 0.2 < Au < 0.5 g/t

0.5 < Au < 1.0 g/t Weathered Zone
Section 9020N - Gold Shell Newmont
NUSA TENGGARA

5000 E 5800 E 6600 E

SBD183
SBD194
400 m SBD193

200 m

0m

-200 m

-400 m

> 1.0 g/t Au 0.2 - 0.5 g/t Au

0.5 - 1.0 g/t Au < 0.2 g/t Au
Kandungan Au dalam Cu-bearing sulphides

10000

3200 Experiment results at 600 Celcius

(Simon et al., 2000)
1000

270
Experiment results at 500 Celcius
100 110 (Simon et al., 2000)
Gold (ppm)

25
Experiment results at 400 Celcius
10 9
(Simon et al., 2000)
4.24
2.72 2.5

1 0.97 SIMS results (Kesler et al., 2002)

0.43

0.1 0.11
0.08
LA-ICP-MS results (this study)

0.01
Bornite - Digenite Bornite Chalcopyrite
+/- Chalcocite

Sumber: Analisis SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry; Kesler et al., 2002)
dan LA-ICPMS (Arif, 2002)
Kondisi pembentukan Au (T vs log fO2)
 Kondisi pembentukan Au-Cu
8
1.5 kbar, Log [S] = -1, pH = 7, Log Cl = 2 -3
[H2S]=10
A

Cc saturation
B
-10
Hem 6
Early potassic Mag Mag

Bn+Hem
Transitional Transitional
-20 interm.argillic interm. argillic

Log [Fe+2]/[H+]2
Early potassic
Mag

4
Ccp Mag

Au

g
Py

Cc+ Bn
Cl°

Ma
Bn+

em =
Log fO2

c+H 10 -6
C 0m Bn
Mag Ccp
Po Hem
p
Cc
y

c Late argillic
+P

lli 2
-30 gi
Bn

ar
Bn Ccp

te Po saturation
o

o
Bn
+P

La c +P
C
Po y

Au
P

Cl °
=1
0 -9m 0 Py

-40
Cv
-2
300 400 500 600 700 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
+ +
Temperature (°C) Log [Cu ]/[H ]
Gold transport
• Four main gold species: AuCl2-, AuHS°, Au(HS)2- and AuOH°.
• Gold mainly dissolves as AuCl2- at high temperature, whereas
Au(HS)2- predominates below 450°C.
• The neutral complexes AuOHo and AuHSo are less important at all
temperatures.
-3 -4
Boiled A Boiled B
brine vapour

AuCl2 dominant
-

dominant
Au(HS)2 AuCl2
- l

AuOH°
-4 C
dominant dominant Au -5
Au(HS)2
10 ppm Au dominant
Au solubility (log molal)

-
1 ppm Au

-5
1 ppm Au
-6
X Au X -

0.1 ppm Au (H
S) Cl 2
-6 Y - Au
Au(HS -
AuHS° 2
)
2
Y 0.1 ppm Au
AuOH°
AuOH° -7
-7 0.01 ppm Au
Au
HS
°
-8 -8
300 350 400 450 500 300 350 400 450 500
T (°C) T (°C)
C. Endapan Au mesotermal
ENDAPAN Au MESOTERMAL
„ Endapan mesotermal merupakan salah satu tipe endapan
hidrotermal yang terbentuk pada lingkungan batuan
metamorfik,
„ Karakteristik endapan mesotermal:
– Urat emas–kuarsa yang terdapat di sekitar batuan
metamorfik
– Ekstraksi Au dari batuan samping melalui air kristal
(H2O) dan CO2, oleh perubahan metamorfik antara
fasies sekis hijau ke amfibolit pada T sekitar 400-
600°C
„ Contohnya: greenstone belts → Homstake mine/S-
Dakota, USA
Schematic illustrations showing the principal features of Archean erogenic gold deposits - many of
which also apply to Proterozoic and Phanerozoic examples. The main features at a megascale are
that the deposits are associated with a convergent plate margin where metamorphism results in
the production of fluids that are focused along major structural discontinuities. At a mesoscale
major shear zones within or along the margins of greenstone belts represent district-scale hosts to
mineralization that are accompanied by broad zones of intense alteration. Individual deposits
occur along second- and third-order structures. Ore deposition is a function of fluid rock reaction
and/or H2O-CO2 phase separation (after Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000).
Endapan Au mesotermal
Dharwar Craton,
Southern India
0 10 m

N
YELLAGATTI
UTI

HIRA BUDDINI
HUTTI

KAVITAL

Shear Zone
Basic Dykes
Quartz-Gold-Lodes
Yellagatti Granitoid
Kavital Granitoid
Metabasalt
Peninsular Gneiss

BUDHOL
 Reef Fabrics
Outer
Edge „Lithons
S2
„Minor quartz veining
S3 „Ductile deformation

„Pervasive D2 M2
mineralisation
5m

S3
„Mylonitic textures
„Ductile
deformation D3 M3

„Laminated quartz
Centre
veins
20cm
20cm
Peak metamorphism (M1) P-T Path
650°C at 4 kbar Biotite-Plagioclase (D2 M2)

Pl
(D2 M2) Ep
Bt
530°C at ~3 kbar Po Asp

Qtz Au

0 100µm Py
0 30µm

Chlorite-K-Feldspar (D3 M3)

Pl

(D3 M3)
~300°C at <3 Apy
Sph
kbar
Cal
Ccp

Chl Po
0 100µm Qtz
0 50µm
D. ENDAPAN EMAS PLACER

South African fossil placers (gold-bearing conglomerates)

Movement of placer gold (Otago & Westland, New Zealand)
2. Perak (Ag)
Ditemukan dalam bentuk
- Native silver (sebagian besar)
- Ag-sulphides.

„ Native silver di temukan dalam 2 bentuk utama:

– (1) Zona teroksidasi dari suatu endapan bijih.
– (2) Endapan larutan hidrotermal (primer).

„ Ag-sulphides, mineral utamanya:

Acanthit (Ag2S) dan aguilarit (Ag4SSe) pada endapan
hidrotermal (low sulphidation epitermal) serta argentit
(Ag2S) pada temperatur lebih tinggi.

Æ Ag-sulphides sering bersama-sama ruby silvers

seperti pyrargyrit (Ag3SbS3) dan proustit (Ag3AsS3). Juga
sebagai inklusi dalam galena Æ argentiferous galena.
Mineragrafi bijih perak dari endapan epitermal Pongkor, Indonesia

Gambar 6 Acanthit (Ag2S)

sebagai mineral perak
minor berasosiasi dengan
emas pada endapan
sulfida rendah Pongkor,
Jawa Barat (Warmada,
2003).
Notes: Gn = galena, Po =
Pyrrhotit, Sp = Sphalerit, Uy
= Uytenbogaardtit
(Ag3AuS2), Mck =
mckinstryit (Ag,Cu)2S, Smy
= stromeyerit (AgCuS) and
El = Au-Ag alloy ((Au,Ag).
Analisis kimia mineral dari sulfida perak dari Pongkor, Indonesia