24/07/2018

Outline
BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS & • Circuits and Data Flow
NETWORKING • Multiplexing
• Media
• Digital Transmission of Digital Data
Chapter 3 • Analog Transmission of Digital Data
Physical Layer • Digital Transmission of Analog Data
• Implications for Management

FitzGerald ● Dennis ● Durcikova

Prepared by Taylor M. Wells: College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento 3-1 3-2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Layer Circuits

Internet Model • Circuit Configuration
– Point-to-Point circuits include most wired connections
• Layer 1 in the Internet model
• Focus on transmission over
Application today
– Multipoint circuits are most commonly used in
circuits
• Types of Circuits
Transport wireless today
• Shared circuits (multipoint) are less expensive
– Physical circuits connect
devices & include wires Network
– Logical circuits refer to the
transmission characteristics of Data Link
the circuit
Physical

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Data Flow – Transmission examples

Data Flow • Simplex

• Half-Duplex
• Data flows in one
direction

• Data flows both

directions, but only
one at a time
• Full-Duplex

• Data flows
simultaneously in
both directions
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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing
Multiplexing

• Divide high-speed circuit into several slower (logical) • Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
circuits – Creates “channels” from larger frequency band
• Main advantage is cost – Guardbands separate channels to prevent interference
• Categories of multiplexing
– Frequency/Wavelength
– Time

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Multiplexing Multiplexing
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) – Circuit is divided by devices taking turns
– A variant of FDM used in fiber optic circuits – In traditional TDM, all have equal turns
– Makes use of multiple light wavelengths (colors) to – More efficient than FDM, but may have idle time slots
divide circuit into channels
• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)
– Dense WDM can divide circuit into more than 100
channels per fiber each transmitting at 10 Gbps • A variation of TDM
• Designed to reduce idle time slots by allocating
slots based on statistical network usage
• Disadvantages
– Potential time delays when actual usage does
not match statistically allocated time slots
– Additional logical addressing requirements
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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing Media

• Inverse multiplexing • Physical matter used to carry voice or data transmissions

– Combines many low-speed circuits into one high-speed • Guided media – transmission flows along physical
circuit medium
– e.g., two T-1 lines multiplexed (creating a capacity of 2 • Wireless (Radiated) media - transmission flows through
x 1.544Mbps = 3.088 Mbps) the air

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Guided Media
Guided Media
• Twisted-pair (TP) cable
– Insulated pairs of wires bundled together • Coax cable
– Wires twisted to reduce electromagnetic interference – Has a single copper core, plus outer
– Some times use additional shielding (STP) insulation, shielding, and inner
insulation
– Commonly used for telephones, LANs
– Less prone to interference
– Characteristics
– Characteristics
• Price – inexpensive
• Price - inexpensive (but more
• Distance – typically up to 100m
costly than TP)
• Use - Telephones, LANs
• Distance - up to 2 km (1.2 miles)
• Use: Cable TV / Internet

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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Guided Media Guided Media

• Fiber optic cable • Fiber optics

– Optical core made of glass or plastic – Multimode (about 50 micron core)
– Data transmitted using light from – Graded index multimode
lasers or LEDs
– Resistant to interference and corrosion – Single mode (about 5 micron core)
– Extremely fast data rates
– Characteristics
• Price: Expensive
• Distance: 500m – 100km
• Use: Trunk line / Backbone, long
distance circuits (e.g., undersea
cables)

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Wireless Media Wireless Media

• Microwave
• Radio – High-frequency radio
communication
– Wireless transmission of electrical waves through air
– Requires line of sight which may
– Each device on network has a radio transceiver require large antennas and towers
operating at a specific frequency range – Affected by weather
– Enables mobile network communication – Characteristics
• Distance: ~60 km (due to
– Characteristics curvature of earth
• Distance: depends on frequency and power • Use: Trunk line / Backbone,
long distance
• Use: Wireless LANs, cellular and cordless phones, • Satellite
baby monitors – Special form of microwave
communication
– Long distance leads to propagation
delays
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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Media Digital vs. Analog Data

READ ON EACH OF THESE FACTORS FOR EACH OF • Digital transmission involves discrete binary values (i.e.,
THE MEDIA COVERED 0 or 1)
• Analog transmission involves continuous waves
• Factors to consider in media selection
– Type of network & future expansion
– Cost
– Transmission distance
– Security
– Error rates & interference
– Attenuation
– Transmission speeds
• Transmission rate & power
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Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Transmission modes
• Coding scheme needed to ensure 1. Parallel: multiple bits transmitted simultaneously
sender and receiver understand
messages (e.g., ASCII, Unicode,
etc.)
• A character is represented by a
group of bits 0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0

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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Transmission modes • Sender and receiver must agree upon:

2. Serial: bits are transferred sequentially, one at a – Set of symbols
time
• How bits are encoded as voltages or light pulses
• e.g., +5V might be encodes as a “1”
– Symbol rate
• How often symbols are sent
• e.g., with a symbol rate of 64 kilohertz (kHz), a
symbol is sent every 1/64,000 of a second
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

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Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

1. Unipolar - voltage is 0 or positive representing 2. Bipolar NRZ - voltage is positive or negative, but
binary bits (in some circuits, 0 and negative voltage not zero (Non return to zero)
could be used) • Fewer errors than unipolar because signals are
more distinct

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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Digital Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Digital Data

• Five types of signaling techniques • Five types of signaling techniques

3. Bipolar RZ - voltage is positive or negative, 4. Bipolar AMI - voltage is 0, positive, or negative,
returning to zero between each bit returns to zero between each bit, and alternates
• Fewer synchronization errors than bipolar NRZ between positive and negative voltage (alternative
mark inversion)

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Digital Transmission of Digital Data

Digital Transmission of Analog Data

• Five types of signaling techniques • Codecs (COde, DECode) is a device or software that converts
an analog signal (e.g., voice) into digital form and the reverse
5. Manchester - voltage is positive or negative and bits
– Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) converts analog to digital
are indicated by a mid-bit transition by:
• High to low = 0; Low to high = 1 1. Sampling the analog signal at regular intervals
2. Measuring the amplitude of each sample
3. Encoding (quantizing) the amplitude as binary data
– Quantizing Error is the difference between the original
analog signal and the approximated, digital signal
• Reducing quantizing error can be done by:
– Sampling more frequently
– Using more levels of amplitude in encoding

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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Digital Transmission of Analog Data

Implications for Management

• Use and types of cabling.

• The use of existing networks, its limitations, reliability
and expansion
• Digital cabling tends to be least expensive and most
reliable
• Consider issue of convergence of data and voice networks
• Etc.

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Question to answer To read

• What is the purpose of multiplexing? • Reach chapter three of prescribed textbook.

• When making a decision to procure a Multiplexer, what
factors would you consider? Explain each factor.
• Compare the five type of digital transmission techniques
stating their strengths and weaknesses.
• What are the maximum speed / rate of transmission on each
of the physical media discussed.
– What factors influence these speeds / transmission rates
• Describe the function of a codec in digital transmission.

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Examples of Application Layer Protocols

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Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.