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Scheduling Techniques in Projects

Lecture-8 Dependency Structure

Matrix
Dr. J. Uma Maheswari
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
umapaul@civil.iitd.ac.in
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Lecture-9 Dependency Structure Matrix

 Tearing

 Iteration Modeling
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Tearing
 It is the process of choosing the set of feedback marks
that if removed from the matrix (and then the matrix is
re-partitioned) will render the matrix lower triangular
– The marks that we remove from the matrix are called "tears"
 NDSM
– Assign weights to the dependency relationships to choose the
set of feedback marks

A C E F B D A C E F B D
A X A X
C X X F C A C X X
E X E X
F X X X E
F X X X
B X B X
D X X D X X
Partitioned DSM Tearing
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A C E F B D

Shunt diagram A
C
E
X
X

X
X

F X X X
B X
A C E B D X X
Partitioned DSM
D
F

A C E B

A C E B D
F
D
F

A C E B
A C E B
D
D F
F

Need for NDSM

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Tearing
A C E F B D A C E F B D
A X A X
C X X C X X
E X A C E B E X
F X X X F X X X
B X D B X
F
D X X D X X
Tearing (1) Repartitioned DSM (1)

A C E F B D C A E F B D
A X C X X
C X X A X
E X A C E B E X
F X X X F X X X
D
B X F B X
D X X D X X
Tearing (2) Repartitioned DSM (2)
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Iteration modeling in Simulation

START

Select the block in DSM for the iteration

modeling

Decide the sequence of execution within the

iteration block to initiate the iteration

Substitute X marks in iteration block with

rework probability values

Perform iteration modeling using Simulation to

obtain iteration duration of the block

Update the DSM with new duration

STOP
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Meaning of Block Execution

A B 12Activity A
A 12 0
B 0 8 8Activity B
Rework probability

A B 12Activity A
A 12 0 Activity B 8
B 1 8
12Activity A
A B
A 12 1 8Activity B
B 0 8
Repeat Activity A 12
12Activity A
A B
8Activity B
A 12 1
B 1 8 Assumptions ?? Repeat Activity A 12

Repeat Activity B 8
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Meaning of Block Execution in Design

A B x y dur
A B
0 0 20
A dA x 0.2 0.2 21.1
B y dB A’ B’ 0.4 0.4 22.6
0.6 0.6 28.1
A B A’ B’
0.8 0.8 41.8
A 12 x 1 1

B y 8 12Activity A

Assumptions ?? Activity B 8
12Activity A

x y dur 8Activity B

0 1 20 Repeat Activity A 6
0.2 1 24.0
Repeat Activity B 4
0.4 1 27.0
0.6 1 33.2 Repeat Activity A 6
0.8 1 55.4
Repeat Activity B 4
1 1
 Representing Workflow in DSM
 Basic sequence: C-AE-FB-D
– Determined with the help of standard DSM operations
 Execution sequence:
– For slow: C-AE-F-C-AE-F-C-AE-F…BD
– For fast: C-AE-CFB-AECD-…
A1

C A E F B D A C1 E1
C X X
C E F1
A X
E X Slow F
F X X X
A1 B1
B X
D X X A C1 E1 D1

Fast C E F1

F C2

B D
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Earth-Moving operation

Hauling Loading Earth-cutting

Project Earth-
Loading Hauling
site cutting

Return Dumping Soil

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DSM – Slow strategy

Loading Hauling Dumping Return
Loading 2 X
Load Hauling X 6
Dumping X 1
Haul Return X 6

Dump

Return

Load

Haul

Dump

Return
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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DSM – Fast strategy

Load Loading Hauling Dumping Return
Haul Loading 2 X X
Dump
Hauling X 6
Dumping X 1
Return
Return X 6
Load

Haul

Dump

Return

Load

Haul

Dump

Return

Load

Haul

Dump

Return
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
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DSM – Multiple resources

Load
Loading Hauling Dumping Return
Haul
Loading 2 X X
Dump Hauling X 6
Return
Dumping X 1
Return X 6
Load

Haul

Dump

Return
Load

Haul

Dump

Return

Load

Haul

Dump

Return
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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Simulation
 It is the imitation of the operation of a real-world
process or system over time

 Simulation Model
– It is a particular type of mathematical model which employ
numerical methods, models are "run" rather than solved
– It is a very useful tool for planning and decision making

 Computer Simulation modeling

– Since real world simulation models are large with lot of
data analysis, the runs are usually done with the help of a
computer
– However, simpler models can be simulated manually
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Simulation Modeling
 Advantages
– It allows decision making
– A simulation experiment can be run any number of
times
– The experimental results are obtained in a few
minutes
– The sensitivity of a model to changes in the inputs
can be tested
– Disadvantages
 Disadvantages
– Modeling requires special training
– Simulation results may be difficult to interpret
– Simulation modeling and analysis can be time
consuming and expensive depending on the software
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Common terminology in Simulation

 Random Number (RN) Generators
– Every simulation package has a RN generator
– The RN generator (technically called a pseudo-
random number generator) is a software routine that
generates a RN between 0 and 1 that is used in
sampling random distributions
 Determination of Simulation Runs
– At the planning stage of a simulation, investigation of
the number of simulation runs (n) is critical
– Pilot Studies are required in some cases
 Progression of Time
– Clock-driven or event-driven
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Steps in Simulation Modeling

 Define Problem, establish the components
and boundaries of the system to be modeled
 Develop logic and flow diagrams
 Model conceptualization in ACD
 Data collection
 Transfer logic network to simulation network
 Run the model for getting results
 Validate model
 Use model for decision making
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Model conceptualization
 Activity cycle diagram is a method to describe
the interactions of objects in a system
– Passive state of an entity or resource is called a
queue in a circle
– Active state is called an activity in a rectangle

Loader Soil

Soil Load Haul WaitDump Dump

Truck Return
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Notations in Simulation
 Queue
– It is a named element that holds idle resources
– At the beginning of a simulation, Queues hold a
certain number of resources
 Combi / Conditional Activity
– It is a named element that represents tasks that can
start whenever the resources available in the Queues
preceding it are sufficient enough
 Normal / Bound Activity
– It is a named element that represents tasks that start
whenever any preceding Activity ends
 Link
– It is a connector