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ENGI 3861 - Digital Logic: Introduction - 1

This document introduces the course ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic. It discusses how digital systems represent data using discrete levels and time points rather than continuous values. The advantages of digital transmission and storage are outlined, including noise immunity and ease of data manipulation. Basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are introduced as the fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. Examples of technology transitions from analog to digital formats are provided.

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61 views8 pages

ENGI 3861 - Digital Logic: Introduction - 1

This document introduces the course ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic. It discusses how digital systems represent data using discrete levels and time points rather than continuous values. The advantages of digital transmission and storage are outlined, including noise immunity and ease of data manipulation. Basic logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT are introduced as the fundamental building blocks of digital circuits. Examples of technology transitions from analog to digital formats are provided.

Uploaded by

vigneshwar R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

I. INTRODUCTION

Quantum Physics
(particles, energy) Physics

Semiconductors Physics 3000 /


Electronics I (ENGI 4854)
(electrons, holes)

Electronic Devices Electronics I (ENGI 4854)


(diodes, transistors)

Logic Gates and


Devices Digital Logic (ENGI 3861)
(AND, OR, NOT)

Combinational Circuits Digital Logic (ENGI 3861)


(no memory)

Sequential Circuits
Digital Logic (ENGI 3861)
(includes memory)

Microprocessors (ENGI 4862)


Computers and Digital Systems (ENGI 5865)
Digital Devices Computer Arch. (ENGI 6861)

Intro to Progr. (ENGI 1020)


Software Advanced Prog. (ENGI 3891)
Data Structures (ENGI 4892)
Introduction - 1
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

What is a “digital” system? Why use digital methods?

Analog System ≡ data can take on continuous values over


continuous points in time

Digital System ≡ values of data represented using a discrete


number of levels at discrete points in time
→ typically 2 levels: “binary systems”

Consider analog signal


15

10 x(t)
voltage (V)

t (ms)
0
1 2 3 4

⇒ sampled and quantized

time sampled quantized


t (ms) x(t) xˆ(t )

Introduction - 2
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

→ discrete values converted to binary (digital) code


consisting of 4 binary digits or bits where a bit ∈ {0, 1}

Integer Binary Code Integer Binary Code


0 0000 8
1 0001 9
2 0010 10
3 0011 11
4 12
5 13
6 14 1110
7 15 1111

→ now, signal represented by quantized samples can be


represented as sequence of codewords

→ data can be transmitted or stored in digital form

e.g., transmission of digital signal voltage levels to represent


bit values

Introduction - 3
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

Advantage of Digital Transmission and Storage

→ easy to interpret digital data in presence of noise

Consider
original signal + noise = received signal

Problems of Converting from Analog to Digital:

- quantization error → discrete values lack precision, whereas


analog signal has, in theory, infinite precision
- interpolation error → what is signal value between samples?
- generally, ease of recovery of digital data outweighs
drawback of quantization and interpolation problems

Other Advantages of Digital Systems

- in many cases, original data is discrete in nature


(e.g., binary encoding of English text)
- binary data is easy to manipulate using “digital circuits”
→ hence, ease of computing using digital computers
- many other motivations: reproducibility of results, speed, circuit
size, etc.
- these advantages generally apply to digital storage devices
(e.g., computer memory, hard drives, memory sticks, etc.)
and communication channels (e.g., cell phones, the Internet,
wireless networks, telephone networks, etc.)

Introduction - 4
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

Technology Transition

Examples:
Analog → Digital
storage: Vinyl LP CD, MP3
storage: VCR/VHS DVD
communication: Analog cell phones Digital cell phones
communication: Broadcast TV Digital TV, HDTV
communication: Voice telephony (POTS) Internet video
conferencing

History of Digital Circuits

1930s - mechanical switches used for computing machines


→ large, slow, hot
1940s - electronic transistor (i.e., electronic switch) developed
→ small, fast, cool
∼1960 - transistors integrated into a “chip” (small ceramic or
plastic package with wire leads sticking out)
→ integrated circuit or IC

Generations of ICs

Timeframe Technology Scale


(transistors/chip)
early 1960s Small Scale Integration (SSI) ∼ 10s
late 1960s Medium Scale Integration (MSI) ∼ 100s
mid 1970s Large Scale Integration (LSI) ∼ 10,000s
1980s Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) ∼ 100,000s
1990s Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) ∼ 1,000,000s
Today ICs exist with billions of transistors/chip

Introduction - 5
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

Logic Gates

- manipulation of digital signals (i.e., digital variables that change


over time) critical to modern digital computing and
communication systems such as the Internet.
→ processing in digital systems is based on logic gates

- binary values can be labelled “0” and “1”, “FALSE (F)” and
“TRUE (T)”, or “LOW (L)” and “HIGH (H)” and can be
stored / represented in many different ways

→ in electronics, such as commonly used Complementary


Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) logic, voltage
level represents binary value with typical levels being:

“0” → 0−1.5 V, “1” → 3.5−5.0 V

Note: electronic circuits have low voltages (∼5 V) and


currents (mA) versus motors and generators (120 V, A)

- a truth table is a convenient way to represent behaviour of a


digital logic circuit

Introduction - 6
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

Basic Gate Types

AND

OR

NOT (or INVERTER)

Introduction - 7
ENGI 3861 – Digital Logic

Example: A light in a stairwell is to be controlled by a switch at the


top of the stairs and a switch at the bottom of the stairs. Determine
the truth table for the logical function F representing the control of
the light. Assume when both the upstairs and downstairs switches
are down, the light is off. Thereafter, toggling one of the switches
will change the state of the light.

How can we use AND, OR, and NOT to implement logic?

Introduction - 8

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