LTE Training Programs

Course Outlines

Training
Sl # Training Topics Duration (days)
1 LTE Network Overview 2
2 LTE Air Interface 3
3 LTE RAN Signaling 2
4 LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC)- Explained 2
5 LTE EPC Signaling 2
6 LTE Radio Network Planning and Design 2
7 LTE Network Optimization and KPI 2
8 LTE Advanced (LTE-A)- Explained 2
9 VoLTE, IMS, SIP - Overview 3
10 LTE-U/LAA Overview 1
11 VoLTE Implementation and Performance Management 4
12 IoT Wireless - Cat M0/eMTC/NB-IoT Explained 2

NanoCell Networks Pvt Ltd, INDIA www.nanocellnetworks.com

 LTE Network Overview (2 Days)

LTE Network Architecture

 Evolution of cellular networks

 Evolution of 3GPP releases, from release 99 to release 8
 Logical architecture of EPS (E-UTRAN and EPC)
 Overview of the LTE QoS framework

EPC Architecture

 Introduction to Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

 Role of the MME, S-GW and PDN-GW
 Interfaces in EPS
 Introduction to Interface Protocols S1 and X2

E-UTRAN Architecture

 Functionality of the eNodeB

 Radio interface techniques used in uplink and downlink
 Cyclic Prefix
 Link Adaption in LTE
 Basic principles of MIMO
 Reference symbols in UL & DL

LTE Idle Mode and Mobility scenarios

 UE Authentication and Registration Process

 UE Identities in LTE Network
 LTE idle mode mobility
 Different types of handover in LTE
 Measurement reporting procedures in LTE
 Intra and inter Frequency Handover in LTE
 IRAT Handover scenarios

Voice in LTE

 CSFB in LTE
 SRVCC
 IMS Voice Call flow

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 LTE Air Interface (3 Days)
Day 1

Overview of LTE/SAE

 Expectations of 4G wireless technology

 LTE and SAE Design Goals
 3GPP Evolution
 Radio Technology Trends
 Core Network Technology Trends
 Components of LTE network
o Roles of Network entities
 Interfaces
 Comparison with 3G
 LTE advanced basics

LTE-Technology – OFDM, OFDMA, and MIMO Basics

 Need for OFDM

 Basic OFDM terminology
 Time and frequency views of a OFDM signal
 OFDM examples in commercial wireless
 OFDMA and SCFDMA technologies
 Multiple antenna technologies and their impact
 HARQ and its role

Day 2

LTE Downlink Basics

 LTE OFDMA parameters

 Downlink Channels
 Downlink frames and slots and terminology
 Broadcast signals and then properties
 System information and its transmission
 Transmission of control information and user data
 Role of reference signals in channel estimation
 Differences between FDD and TDD versions of LTE

LTE Uplink Basics

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  UL frame description
 Channels in UL
 Random access in LTE
 UE identifiers

Day 3

Network Entry and service establishment

 Network entry process and role of core network components

 Security aspects in LTE; confidentiality, integrity, and authentication
 IP address allocation
 QoS in LTE
 Bearers

Data Transmission in DL and UL

 Radio interface architecture and data flow; PDCP, RLS, MAC, and transport blocks
 Scheduling and conveying allocation information
 Link adaptation and feedback; modulation and error control coding
 Bandwidth request
 MIMO modes in LTE
 Data rate calculations
 Retransmissions – HARQ and ARQ
 End-to-end picture

Mobility and power save

 Handover in LTE
 Signalling during handover
 Idle mode and its benefits
 RRC states of UE
 Location Update Procedure (Idle Mode mobility Management
 Signalling in Idle mode
 Handover between LTE and 3G

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 LTE RAN Signaling (2 Days)
LTE Access Stratum and Non Access Stratum – An Overview

 Need for Access Stratum and Non Access Stratum Protocols

 Overview of Access Stratum Functions
 Overview of Non Access Stratum Functions
 Overview of Access and Non Access Stratum Protocols in LTE Network
 End to End to call flow (EPS) in LTE Network
 Control Plane Architecture – End to End View
 User Plan Architecture – End to End View

LTE Bearer – An Overview

 LTE Radio Bearer and EPS Bearer

 LTE Bearer Attributes
 End to End QoS
 Security of Bearer

Non Access stratum Procedures

 Tracking Area in LTE

 Authentication Procedure in LTE
 Mobility Management Procedure in LTE

Layer 3 Signaling

 RRC Layer Functionalities - System Information, Paging, Mobility

 RRC States and the difference between all states

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  RRC Layer interaction with other layers
 X2AP signalling protocol Overview and Procedure
 S1AP signalling protocol Overview and Procedure
 GTP-C Protocol Overview

L2 Protocols - PDCP, RLC, MAC and GTP-U Protocols

 Functions of PDCP
 Functions of RLC and different RLC Modes
 RLC Data Structure
 MAC Layer Functionality and Architecture
 MAC layer mapping to logical, transport and Physical Channels
 MAC Packet Data Unit (PDU) format
 GTP-U Overview

Mobility Procedures in LTE

 LTE Handover in Radio Network

 S1 Handover Overview
 IRAT Handover Procedures and Options – Overview
o LTE to other 3GPP technologies
o LTE to CDMA/EVDO
o LTE to WiFi
 CS Fall Back for Voice Call

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 LTE Evolved Packet Core – Explained (2 Days)
LTE EPC Overview

 Introduction

 EPC Architecture – Nodes and Functions

 EPC Interfaces and Protocols

EPC Signaling Fundamentals

 EPC Network and UE Identities

 Mobility and Connection Management

 EPC Bearers

 EPC Procedures

Attach / Detach

Service Request

Tracking area update

Dedicated Bearer Activation

Security in EPC

 Authentication and Key Agreement

 Authentication Procedure

 LTE Key Hierarchy

 IPSec

QoS Framework in LTE-EPC

 PCC Architecture

 Nodes

PCRF

PCEF

3GPP AAA

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 Dedicated Bearer Activation

 Interfaces

Gx

Rx

Sp

 SDF and SDF Aggregation

 DL and UL Traffic Flow Templates

LTE Mobility

 Intra LTE Mobility

X-2 based handovers

Intra and Inter MME handovers

Intra and Inter S-GW Handovers

Tracking Area Updates

 Interworking with other 3GPP networks

VoLTE

 Options for Voice services on LTE

CSFB on 3GPP Networks

CSFB on 3GPP2 Networks

VoLGA

SRVCC

 Interacting with other Networks for Voice

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 LTE EPC Signaling (2 Days)

Introduction
 Overview of 3GPP releases
 Current status of the LTE/EPC standardization work

EPS Network Architecture

 Legacy architecture and bearer concepts
 EPS nodes and interfaces
 Architecture with Gn-SGSNs (e.g. pre-R8 SGSN)
 Node selection functions
 CP and UP bearers and protocol stacks
NAS Protocols (EMM and ESM)
 Mobility management procedures
 Session management procedures
 NAS states and state transitions
 MME/SGW pool areas
 Authentication and Key Agreement
 Security keys and key derivation functions
 NAS message security
 Network Domain Security (NDS)
 NAS message formats

GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)

 GTP interfaces and versions
 The ‘tunnel’ concept
 GTP messages (per interface)

DIAMETER Protocol

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  DIAMETER interfaces
 Procedures, commands and AVPs
 Baseline protocol and extension applications
 S6a/S6d procedures and HSS data
 Rx/Gx procedures

Interworking & Roaming

 Idle mode signaling reduction (ISR)
 Inter-RAT PS handover scenarios
 Non-3GPP interworking
 CS Fallback and the SGs-interface
 SR-VCC and the Sv-interface
 Roaming interfaces (S8, S9 etc)

Signaling Flows
 Initial Attach and establishment of default bearer
 Dedicated bearer establishment
 Tracking Area Update with MME relocation
 S1-based handover with SGW relocation
 Inter-RAT handover to S4-SGSN

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 LTE Radio Network Planning and Design (2 Days)

LTE Radio Technology Overview

 The LTE framing architecture

 Resource Blocks
 The physical layer of LTE
 OFDMA (LTE downlink) and SC-FDMA (LTE uplink)
 Significant Radio Planning Differences from UMTS

RF Fundamentals for LTE Design

 Planning Expectations
 RSRP and RSRQ measurements in LTE
 Noise and Interference
 Thermal Noise Calculations
 LTE receiver's noise floor based on bandwidth and Noise Figure
 Use of Cascade analysis to determine a system Noise Figure
 Determination system performance based on C/N and C/I+N

Antennas for LTE

 Basic Antenna Types: isotropic and dipole

 Antenna Gain: dBi and dBd
 Antenna diversity techniques
 MIMO
 Adaptive Arrays
 Beamforming
 Antenna Selection for LTE

Performing an LTE Link Budget Analysis

 EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)

 MAPL (Maximum Allowable Path Loss)
 Log Normal shadow fade probability for NLOS deployments
 Link budgets, based on manufacturer's equipment parameters and system configuration, to
determine the (MAPL)
 Free Space Path Loss for LTE Backhaul
 Building Penetration Losses
 Compare different path loss models based on type, frequency range and operating distance

Frequency Reuse in LTE Networks

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 Designing the frequency reuse plan for your LTE network
 Fractional Frequency Reuse
 Frequency Reuse Options for LTE networks

Timing and Synchronization for LTE Networks

 Timing Needs: Frequency and Synchronization

 FDD and TDD Differences

LTE Performance and Coverage Considerations

 Coverage Planning
 Capacity Planning
 Morphology Classes
 Using a simple model for initial business plan inputs
 Matching cell density with customer demand

RF Propagation Modeling Tools

 The Overall RF design process

 Propagation models
 Databases Required
 Model Outputs
 Coverage prediction
 Radio Base Site selection criteria
 Search Rings
 Site Candidate Information packages
 Model tuning process
 Drive Testing

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 LTE Radio Network Performance Management and KPI
E-UTRAN Performance Management solution

 Introduction to Initial Tuning and Optimization

 RAN Counters and its significance

Measurement of LTE Accessibility performance

 E-RAB setup procedure and associated counters

 eNodeB counters and its relation with E-RAB Accessibility KPIs
 eNodeB parameters and Features that influence Accessibility

Measurement of LTE Retainability performance

 E-RAB release procedure and associated counters

 eNodeB counters and its relation with E-RAB Retainability KPIs
 eNodeB parameters and Features that influence Retainability

Measurement of LTE Integrity performance

 Counters to measure LTE Radio Bearer LTE throughput

 eNodeB counters to create E-UTRAN Integrity KPIs
 eNodeB parameters and Features that influence Integrity

Measurement of LTE Mobility performance

 Various LTE mobility procedures and associated counters

 eNodeB counters to create E-UTRAN Mobility KPIs
 eNodeB parameters and Features that influence Mobility

Measurement of LTE Cell Availability and Utilization

 Counters to measure LTE Cell Availability

 eNodeB counters for Cell Availability and Utilization KPIs
 eNodeB parameters that influence Cell Availability and Utilization

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 LTE Advanced (LTE-A) – Explained (2 Days)

Overview of LTE-Advanced

 Expectations of 4G wireless technology

 IMT-Advanced specifications
 3GPP Evolution
 Key components of LTE advanced (R10 and future)
 UE categories
 Deployment Aspects

Air-interface enhancements

 Carrier Aggregation
o Intra-band and inter-band aggregation
 Control plane protocols
 Cross carrier scheduling
 User plane protocols
 Acquisition and connection establishment
 Component carrier management
 UL MAC enhancements
 UL transmitter and receiver enhancements

MIMO advances and their impact

 DL MIMO schemes; 8-antenna MIMO and enhanced MU-MIMO

 Enhanced reference signals
 CoMP – principle , challenges, and scenarios

HetNets

 Types of HetNets in LTE-Advanced

 Relay operation with self backhaul
o Relay protocol architecture
o Backhaul physical channels and scheduling

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 o Backhaul HARQ
 Pico eNB / small cells support
o Enhanced Inter-cell interference coordination (EICIC)
o Almost blank sub frames (ABS) and their usage
o X2 interface enhancements for EICIC
o Interference cancellation methods
 Home eNB
o Managing interference in Home eNB deployments
o CSG issues and their management
 Remote radio heads

Data Transmission Aspects

 System acquisition and synchronization signals

 PDCCH changes from LTE to LTE-A
 DL data transmission; reference signals, MIMO modes
 UL data transmission; MIMO modes
 Data rate calculations in DL and UL

Other topics

 Self-organizing networks (SONs) and their role

o Automatic neighbour discovery
o Physical cell ID management
o RACH optimization
o Minimization of drive testing
o Energy savings
 Location services in LTE networks
o ECID,OTDOA, A-GNSS, and other methods
o LPP and SUPL protocol
o New elements in EPC
 Release update summary
 Migration from LTE to LTE-Advanced

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 VoLTE, IMS and SIP – Overview (3 Days)
IMS Evolution

 What is IMS?
 How IMS related to convergence – which convergence?
 How IMS is related to 3GPP Initiative?
 Multimedia over IP – can we discuss those design challenges?
 Are we not doing Multimedia communication already, why then IMS?
 What/whose purpose does IMS serve – SSP, end user, vendor, CSP,…
 Are we bringing IP and Mobile together with IMS, or we doing more?
 What are the big design challenges of IMS?
 What are IMS Objectives and Requirements?

IMS Services

 Presence
 Push To Talk over Cellular
 Multimedia Messaging
 Conferencing
 Group management Services
 On-line real-time games
 Some Service usage scenario

IMS Big Picture

 Internet, PLMN, IMS, PSTN, Enterprise Networks

 PLMN and IMS – why not others?
 PLMN Access Network Entities
 PLMN Domains
 PLMNS Core Network Entities
 PSTN
 Broadband Networks

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  Enterprise Networks
 Internet Backbone

IMS and Interfaces

 IMS Entities and IMS Reference Points

 IMS Architecture
 Call Session Control Functions (CSCFs)
 IP Transport
 Application Servers
 Gateways – media and signaling
 Other Related Servers – DNS, AAA servers, LDAP Server, …

Protocols and their role in IMS

 Signaling – SIP
 Session Description – SDP, XML, …
 Transport RTP, RTCP
 QoS – COPS, RSVP, LDAP
 Address Mapping – DNS, ENUM (NAPTR), DCHP
 AAA – Diameter
 Security – IPSec
Some IMS Procedures

 Short Overview of IMS Registration and IMS Session

 Establishing a session when UE#1 and UE#2 need to reserve resources
 Establishing a session when UE#1 needs to reserve resources while UE#2 has
resources already available
 Establishing a session when UE#1 need to reserve resources and UE#2 is non-IMS
 Establishing a session when UE#1 is non-IMS and UE#2 needs to reserve resources
 Establishing a session when UE#1 and UE#2 do not need to reserve resources

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 LTE-U / LAA – Overview (1 Day)

 Why unlicensed bands for service providers

 Wi-Fi, its evolution and its role including Wi-Fi calling
 LTE in unlicensed bands – motivation
 LTE-U Technology

o Carrier Aggregation in LTE-evolution (A key technology for LTE-U)

o Bands of operation
o Coexistence with Wi-Fi; CSAT
o Some results from various experiments
o LTE-U forum
o LTE-U forum requirements
o Debates around LTE-U
o Wi-Fi alliance coexistence plans with LTE-U

 3GPP LAA

o Differences with LTE-U

o Status of standardization
o Bands of operation
o LAA technical details; LBT protocol
o Some simulation results analysis
o LAA coexistence requirements

 3GPP LWA; LTE-Wi-Fi aggregation

o Differences from LTE-U and LAA

o Differences between earlier cellular Wi-Fi approaches
o Mobile phone side considerations
o Requirements on the Wi-Fi AP

 Qualcomm MuLTEfire

o Motivation
o General idea and challenges

 Conclusions

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 VoLTE Implementation and Performance Management (4 Days)
VOLTE Network Readiness Assessment

LTE/IMS Overview

 LTE Network Overview

 LTE Air-interface and QoS Basics
o ROHC
o TTI Bundling
o Semi Persistence Scheduling
o QCI & Bearer for VoLTE
 IMS network components
o IMS Network Architecture & Interfaces
o IMS Nodes Functionality
 VoLTE Basics
o Types of Call
o Sample call flow MO/MT

KPIS/KQI/Capacity factors for prelaunch and post launch as VOLTE operator

KPIs for VoLTE

 Accessibility KPI
o Initial Registration Success Rate of S-CSCF
o Session Setup Time (Mean)
o Session Establishment Success Rate
o Third Party Registration Success Rate
o Re-registration Success Rate of S-CSCF
o Session Setup Time Originated from IMS (Mean)
o Session Setup Time Originated from CS (Mean)
o Immediate Messaging Success Rate
 Retainability KPI
o Call Drop Rate of IMS Sessions
 Utilization KPI
o Mean Session Utilization
 RTP Jitter/Latency/Packet Loss
 Test Case for VoLTE Readiness Check
o UE Initial Attach with default bearer establishment and IMS SIP registration
o UE Initiated IMS call setup(LTE to LTE)
o UE Initiated IMS call termination(LTE to LTE)
o IMS Voice Session Establishment (between LTE UE in Home N/W & LTE UE in Visited
N/W)
o Communication Barring of All Incoming Calls
o Communication Barring of All Outgoing Calls

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 o Barring of Incoming Calls – When Roaming
o Communication Hold

Capacity Assessment and Optimization

o Number of UEs with Voice Services

o Number of PRBs Used by Voice Services

Assess operator’s readiness for VOLTE (MOS/JITTER/BLER Measurement techniques)

o MOS measurement for VoLTE

o Jitter requirement for VoLTE
o BLER requirements for VoLTE

VOLTE Troubleshooting

 VOLTE Call Flow for different Scenarios with PCAP Trace (S1-U/S1-
C/S11/S6a/Gx/Rx/Gm/Cx/Mw/Mg/ISC)
o SIP REGISTER Flow
o LTE to LTE Call Flow (MO/MT)Analysis
o LTE to PSTN Call Flow Analysis
o LTE to UMTS Call Flow Analysis
 Voice quality improvement (includes One way audio, low MOS, SIP 481 and RTP Timeout
failures)
o Speech Quality Impacted by Codec
o Voice Quality (e.g. POLQA algorithms, for wideband or narrowband codecs)
o Packet Loss & Delay Drive QoE for VoLTE
o SIP Timers
o RTP Timeout Issue

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 IoT Wireless - Cat M0/eMTC/NB-IoT - Explained (2 Days)
Introduction

o What is IOT/IOE?
o Components of a typical IOT system
o Wireless Standards relevant to IOT/IOE; BT, BLE, Wi-Fi, 802.15.4, cellular
o Non-standard WAN technologies for IOT; LORa, Sigfox, weightless
o Frequency bands and ranges relevant for IOT
IOT and Cellular

o Release 12 LTE MTC evolution

o Cat 0 radio parameters; bandwidths, data rates, duplexing, antenna requirements,
modulation types supported
o Power saving mode (PSM) for Cat 0
o Impact on power consumption and complexity
o Rel 13 IOT choices in LTE; eMTC and NB-IOT
o eMTC details; bandwidth of operation, data rates support
o Coverage enhancement techniques; repetition, modulation
o Channels; traffic and control; MPDCCH
o HARQ handling
o eDRX
o NB-IOT; what is it and how is it related to LTE?
o NB-IOT deployment modes; coexistence with LTE carrier
o NB-IOT control and data channels; NBPDSCH, NBPDCCH
o Subcarrier spacing possibilities for different channels and transmissions
o NB-IOT System information
o EC-GSM; GSM enhancement for IOT

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