Daftar Isi

1. Daftar Isi........................................................................................1

2. Sugestion......................................................................................2

3. Asking And Giving Opinion........................................................7

4. Formal Invitation Letters.........................................................10

5. Analytical Exposition Texts......................................................15

6. Personal Letter..........................................................................29

7. Cause and effect.........................................................................42

8. Explanations Texts.....................................................................48

9. Factual Report.............................................................................52

10. Conditional

Sentence................................................................63

1 | English Book
 11. Expressing Wish and

Hope.......................................................71

12. Explanation..................................................................................7

2 | English Book
 CHAPTER

1
SUGGESTION
3 | English Book
 1 SUGGESTION
Defenition

If we make a suggestion, it means that we mention a possible course of action

to someone. There are a number of expressions which we can use to make
suggestions.
Examples :
My suggestion that we all play tennis sank like a stone
Although they said nothing, she could sense their disapproval of her suggestion.
They treated his suggestion with derision
I'd like to think I'm open to any reasonable suggestion. .

Every time I make a suggestion at work, my boss overrides it.

.

Expressions Responses

I advise you to... Positive Responses :

You should... That good idea

I recommed that... We welcome your suggestion

I suggest that...

If i were you, i would... Negative Responses :

You had better I don’t think so

Why don’t you... I can’t

4 | English Book
 1. Using Suggestions In Sentence
- How about going to Sam's place first?
-Let's go to the library.
- Let's go to movies.
- Why don't you do your homework before going out?
- We could eat at home today.
-Let’s go to the swimming pool
- I suggest that we call it a day.

2. Using Suggestions In Dialogue

Margareth : Morning Jono, My best friend, you look bad today, what
happened to you?
Jono : oh, it is only a little problems.
Margareth: please, tell me, maybe I can give the solutions
Jono: Ok. I feel sad because I do not have money to pay for the college
tuitions, I have used my money to buy a new motorcycle
Margareth: Oh. You Should tell your parents if you have no money. I
think they will help you.
Jono : I do not think so, it only will make something worse.
Margareth : You can lend money from someone.
Jono : That’s good idea.

3. Exercise of using suggestions

1. Sam: “Would you like to go watch a movie this weekend?

“Carly: “I can't, I am low on cash right now.” ____________________
stay at home and watch TV instead.
a. How about
b. Let's
c. What about
d. I think

2. Hey Siti, ____________________ go star gazing tonight.

a. are you
b. how about
c. shall them
d. would you like to.

5 | English Book
 3. ____________________ like a cup of coffee?
a. Can I
b. I'll do
c. Would you
d. Should I

4. What shall we do today?____________________ we go to the library.

a. Shall I
b. Let's
c. Why don't d. Would you

5. Edo: “I have a lot of work to finish; I don't know how I will manage. “
Sam: ____________________ half of it if you want.
a. Would you
b. I think
c. Why don't
d. I will help you with

6. ____________________ the washing , if you like.

a. Can I
b. Would you
c. I'll do
d. Let's

7. Carly: “I submitted my essay to the teacher few days ago, but I haven't
received any response from her.”

Edo:____________________ go and ask her?

a. Shall us
b. I'll do
c. Why don't you
d. I propose.

8. ____________________ like me to clean your car?

a. How about
b. Let's
c. Would you
d. I think

9. ____________________ get you a drink?

a. Would you
b. Why don't you
c. Can I
d. I'll do

6 | English Book
 10. Aisya: “ I am so thirsty.”
Annie: ____________________ get you something to drink?
a. How about
b. What about
c. Why don't
d. Can I

7 | English Book
 Asking and Giving
2
Opinion
Explanation of

Asking and Giving Opinion adalah suatu ungkapan yang

digunakan untuk menyakan dan merespon suatu pendapat.

Expressions of Asking and Giving Opinion

a. Asking Opinion
Please give me your opinion?
Do you like that?
Do you think is it good?
How was the trip?
How do you think of my idea?
How about…?
How do you feel?
How do you think?
Give me your comment?
Give me your reaction
What your view on?
What is your reaction?
What do you like?
What is your idea?
What is your comment?

a) Giving Opinion
In my opinion
In my view
I think that
I think I like it
I think...
I personally beliebe
It is my comment
I tend to think that

8 | English Book
Example

Ucok : What is your opinion about my picture ?

Butet : wow! Amazing! I think it is very beautiful and colorful. Ithink you talent as a
painter or designer

Ucok: Thank you. By the way have you finished your homework?

Butet : Not yet. I have a problem about it. Can you help me?

Ucok: Ok. No Problem. What do you think of English lesson?

Butet : I think English lesson is difficult. What about you?

Ucok : I think English lesson is easy because it’s one of my favorite lesson.

Exercise : Answer the following questions

Dirk: Can you give me an opinion about my sculpture?
Jake: Sure thing! I think you should have had fixed the hand.
Dirk: Thanks, Jake.
Jake: No problem!
1. From the dialogue above, Dirk is...
A. Asking for help
B. Giving help
C. Giving opinion
D. Asking for an opinion
E. Asking for help

Eric : I think our city is very hot at the moment.

Era : I don’t think so ................ Our city is much cooler than other cities
in this country.
2. Complete the dialogue above ....
A. I know it
B. I am thinking of
C. He forget it
D. In my opinion

9 | English Book
 E. See you

Alex : What do you think about the film ?

Bram : I think .......................
3. Complete the dialogue above ....
A. I like it
B. Thank you
C. I can’t hear you
D. You forget it
E. Let’s go

Dave: So what do you think of my singing?

John: It's really good, but I suggest to try singing in a high tune.
Dave: Thanks, John.
John: No problem, Dave!
4. From the dialogue above, John is...
A. Asking for help
B. Giving an opinion
C. Asking for an opinion
D. Giving help
E. Giving attention

Kate : We’ll have a long holiday next month. What are you going to do?
Yani : ....
Kate : I hope you have a nice trip
5. Complete the dialogue above ....
A. I am thinking of going to Bali Sorry
B. Sorry, I can’t tell you
C. It’s not your business
D. I have nothing to do
E. I don’t know what to do

Jane: Roxy, what do you think of the cake I bake?

Roxy: It' really delicious! I love it!
Jane: yes!
6. From the dialogue above, Jane is...

10 | English Book
 A. Asking for an opinion D. Giving an item
B. Asking for help E. Giving opin
C. Requesting for attention

Chapter 3

Formal Invitation Letters

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed

Defenition

An Invitation Letter is a document that presents a formal request for the presence
of an individual, a group of people or an organization at an event. An invitation
letter may be formal or informal. It could be printed on paper or sent via email.

Invitation letters can be used for a variety of events such as weddings, graduation
ceremonies, annual dinners, anniversary parties and birthday parties. They could also
be used to invite guest speakers, keynote speakers and workshop facilitators to
special meetings and events.

Content of an Invitation Letter

An invitation letter usually contains some information about the host, the date and time of
the event, the venue of the event and how to accept the invitation. Invitations are usually
sent many days in advance of the event, to give the invitees an opportunity to respond to
the invitation.

Sample Invitation Letters

11 | English Book
Here are some invitation letters written for various events and addressed to a variety of
people :

 Sample Invitation letter inviting a church to a Worship Event

 Church Anniversary Invitation Letter
 Letter Inviting a Politician as a Guest Speaker
 Invitation to the Fire Department to be present at a community event
 Letter of invitation (email) for your child’s birthday party
 Sample Retirement Party Invitation Letter
 Sample Invita tion Letter to the Mayor or any government official
 Invitation Letter to a Guest Musician
 Sample Invitation email to events
 Graduation Invitation Letter
 Family Reunion Invitation Letter
 Company Party Invitation Letter

The structure of an invitation letter :

Exercise : Answer the following questions

Dear
This Aunt
Photo Mia Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
by Unknown

Aunty, I have some good news for you. Last month I passed my final examination. A
week ago I succeeded to join in a senior high school English competition. Last night
my parents promised to send me to a famous English course in my town. They also
promised me if my scores in English are good, they'll send me to a foreign
university. Great, isn't it? I'll work hard. I want to be a great pediatrician like you,
Aunty.

Well, that's all for now. Looking forward to having your news.

Love
nisa

12 | English Book
 1. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To inform some good news

B. To describe the writer's school
C. To retell the writer's experience
D. To entertain the reader with a joke

2. What did Debby's parents promise her?

A. To make her a pediatrician

B. To send her to an English course
C. To send her to a senior high school
D. To make her pass the final examination

3. How does Debby feel?

A. Glad
B. Scared
C. Anxious
D. Thoughtful

Read the following text to answer questions number 4 to 6.

Dear rita,

I'm writing to you concerning of my last day in Jogja. I just got back from Borobudur,
the wonderful temple I've ever seen. The weather is fine. We are now staying in a
hotel. It's not far from Malioboro. We are treated will here. It has many excellent staff
who serve the customers. We plan to go around Malioboro after the children take a
short nap. We want to enjoy having "lesehan" there. It is a kind of a restaurant but
we sit on the ground.

13 | English Book
Many kinds of local handicraft are sold along Malioboro street. Both domestic and
foreign tourists are interested in them. I want to buy some as souvenirs. Don't worry,
I'll also buy you the most interesting one.

Love,
desi

4. How do the staff serve the customers of the hotel?

A. Proudly
B. Badly
C. Interestingly
D. Nicely

5. The text gives us information about ....

A. The wonderful Borobudur temple

B. The souvenirs to be bought
C. Dara's last day in Jogja
D. A comfortable hotel near Malioboro

6. Who is the letter from?

A. Customers
B. The hotel staffs
C. Betty
D. Dara

Read the following text to answer questions number 7 to 9.

Ubud, 7th April 2007

Dear Batubara,
Hi there. How are things with you? It's good to know that you are doing fine in
business. Have you received my postcard?

14 | English Book
I am now sitting in my hotel room writing a letter to you about my wonderful
holiday. I think this is the most wonderful holiday have I ever had. There are a lot of
interesting tourist objects to visit, beautiful local art and craft, tasty traditional food,
and much more. It's Thursday today. I can't believe this my last day. I wish I could
spend more time here. I am certain I will stay longer on my next visit.

I'll be home about 3 p.m. tomorrow if the flight is on time. On Monday I must go
back to work. I can't wait to show my video to my class.

Okay, that's all for now. Send my love to your children.

Best wishes from,

Vivi

7. The letter tells us about ....

A. Vivian's holiday in Bali

B. Barbara's letter
C. Vivian's favorite places
D. Barbara's plan for Bali

8. On what day Vivian going to arrive home?

A. Thursday
B. Friday
C. Saturday
D. Sunday

9. "... the most wonderful holiday ..." The underlined word has the same meaning
with ....

A. Usual
B. Awesome

15 | English Book
 C. Poor
D. Hateful

Chapter
Analytical Exposition
4 Texts
1. Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important
matter.

2. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
 Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

3. Language Features of Analytical Exposition

 Using relational process

 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense

Example of analytical exposition texts :

16 | English Book
 Car is the most popular transportation. However,
there are many different causes of car accidents in
streets. Sometimes accidents are caused by bad
weather. Ice or snow can make toads very
dangerous. Accidents also can result from
problems with the car. Even a small problem like a
flat tire can be serious. Bad roads are another
cause of accidents.
Some accidents are caused by drinking too much
alcohol.
Knowing some factor causing accident is extremely important to prevent accident while
driving

4. Examples and structures of the text

cars should be banned in the city
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know,
cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths
Thesis and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of
the pollution in the world.Cars emit a deadly gas
that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung
cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these
illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander
everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in
the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are
our roads biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city,

you may find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate on your homework, and especially talk
to someone.
Arguments
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city
Reiteration for the reasons listed.

Exercise : Answer the following questions

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 3.

17 | English Book
 The government should Provide rehabilitation Program for Drug Users

Drug users are actually ill people who need help. Rehabilitation is one of the main
things they should get. Instead of punishing drug users in prisons, the government
should provide rehabilitation for them.

Most users are actually victims of persuasive peddlers and they suffer from
consuming the drugs. Therefore, by rehabilitating them, we are actually helping them
out from traps, which they might accidentally step on.

If we only arrest drug users and send them to jail, this doesn't solve the problem as
drug users will still be addicted unless proper rehabilitation is imposed to them.
Providing rehabilitation programs for drug users and forcing them to participate in the
programs is better than only arresting them and doing nothing to their illness. Only
drug dealers, traffickers, and wholesalers should be imprisoned.

1. Most drug users get drugs from ....

A. Jails
B. Peddlers
C. Traffickers
D. Wholesalers
E. Rehabilitation center

2. Sending the drug users to prison is not a good solution because ....

A. They can't consume harmful drugs

B. They are treated normally
C. They may still be infected with harmful drugs
D. They can be freed as soon as possible
E. They are given the whole recovery program

3. "...drug users will still be addicted unless proper rehabilitation is imposed to

them." (Paragraph 3) The underlined word is closest in meaning to ....

18 | English Book
 A. Influenced
B. Treated
C. Forced
D. Burdened
E. Implemented

Read the following text to answer questions number 4 to 6.

Everybody should change their way of life to reduce global warming. There are
several things that we can do. One of them is by buying and consuming fresh local
groceries as much as possible. It of course includes local vegetables, fruits, bread,
etc.

Local groceries don’t need much transportation to get it into the market. It of course
means, the amount of carbon dioxide produced is less than the groceries from other
region. Therefore, by buying local groceries we are helping reduce the amount of
carbon dioxide produced.

Consuming fresh groceries instead of frozen ones are healthier for us. Furthermore,
fresh food or groceries means no requirements for it to be freeze up. It means that
no electricity is needed and saving energy means reducing carbon dioxide and
money.

So, from now on we should consume fresh local groceries to reduce global
warming.

4. The text gives us information about ….

A. The ways to minimize global warning

B. The ways to increase global warning
C. The effects of global warning
D. The importance of consuming local groceries
E. The importance of knowing global warning

5. To reduce the global warming we should ….

19 | English Book
 A. Buy import product
B. Buy expensive clothes
C. Consume frozen foods
D. Consume fresh foods
E. Not use electricity efficiently

6. We are helping reduce the amount of global warming” (Paragraph 2) The

underlined word can be replaced by ….

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Improve
D. Add
E. Maximize

Read the following text to answer questions number 7 to 10.

The use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives in food has been serious
problem for three reasons. Firstly, formalin is not for human beings, but it is for
biological specimens and experiments. Formalin in Biology is a 10% solution of
formaldehyde in water which is usually used as a disinfectant or to preserve
biological specimens. Thus, it is not for food preservatives. Of course when it is used
for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to human’s body.

The second reason is that there is no tight control from the government. This
condition makes the people’s health is really in a threat. When the control is weak
and the use formalin was spread wide all over the Indonesian regions, and these
days it has really happened, the citizen's bodies will be badly contaminated with the
poisons. Fish or food traders still sell their products which contain formalin and
dangerous preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive system absorbs the
substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?

Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion that the use of formalin and
other preservatives is really a serious problem if it is not resolved immediately.

7. Why is formalin dangerous for human`s body?

20 | English Book
 A. It is not food preservatives
B. It is a disinfectant for human beings
C. It is used to preserve biological specimens
D. It is 10% solution of formaldehyde in water
E. It is controlled flighty from the government

8. The main idea of paragraph two is ....

A. The human`s bodies will be harmful after consuming the formalin

B. The government has not controlled the use of formalin firmly
C. The weak control of using formalin is not threatening the human
D. The human`s bodies will be harmful after consuming the formalin
E. The use of formalin is known all over the regions

9. Based on the facts above, the writer suggest that ... .

A. People have to avoid consuming formalin in their food

B. The use of formal dehyde is necessary to control the food
C. People should add 100% solution of formaldehyde in water
D. The food preservative is required to make the food delicious
E. Food seller is supposed to pour formalin for vegetables and food products

10. What is the generic structure of the text?

A. Arguments-Recommendation-Thesis
B. Thesis-Argument-Recommendation
C. Thesis-Argument-Reiteration
D. Thesis-Supporting Points-Contrasting Points-Reiteration
E. Reiteration-Arguments-Thesis

21 | English Book
 5 PASSIVE VOICE
VOICECVOICE
Use of passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My car was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:

Example: A apologize was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a apologize was made, but I do not blame anyone
(e.g. You have made a apologize.).

Form of Passive

22 | English Book
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence
(or is dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Active: Rita writes a letter.
Simple Present
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Simple Past
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Active: Rita has written a letter.
Present Perfect
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Active: Rita will write a letter.
Future I
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Active: Rita can write a letter.
Hilfsverben
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
a
Active: Rita is writing
Present letter.
Progressive by
Passive: A letter is being written
Rita.
a
Active: Rita was writing
letter.
Past Progressive
by
Passive: A letter was being written
Rita.
a
Active: Rita had written
letter.
Past Perfect
by
Passive: A letter had been written
Rita.
a
Future II Active: Rita will have written
letter.

23 | English Book
 by
Passive: A letter will have been written
Rita.
a
Active: Rita would write
letter.
Conditional I
by
Passive: A letter would be written
Rita.
a
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written
letter.
A would have been by
Passive:
letter written Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means
that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one
remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends
on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s
why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb)
can form a personal passive.

24 | English Book
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive
sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence).
If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal
construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g.

German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of
perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live
longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer
than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the
sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is
added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are
dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object
of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence

CHALLENGE
Write passive sentences in Simple Present.

1. the food / eat / not

2. the window / open
3. the shoes / buy
4. the car / wash
5. the letter / send
6. the book / read / not
7. the documents / print
8. the songs / sing / not
9. the shop / close / not
10. the litter / throw away

25 | English Book
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. - Money is collected by John.

2. Anna opened the window. - The window was opened by Anna.
3. We have done our homework. - Our homework has been done by us.
4. I will ask a question. - A question will be asked by me.
5. He can cut out the picture. - The picture can be cut out by him.
6. The sheep ate a lot. - A lot was eaten by the sheep.
7. We do not clean our rooms. - Our rooms are not cleaned by us.
8. William will not repair the car. - The car will not be repaired by William.
9. Did Sue draw this circle? - Was this circle drawn by Sue?
10. Could you feed the dog? - Could the dog be fed by you?

Write passive sentences in Simple Past.

1. the test / write

2. the table / set
3. the cat / feed
4. the lights / switch on
5. the house / build
6. dinner / serve
7. this computer / sell / not
8. the car / stop / not
9. the tables / clean / not
10. the children / pick up / not

Write passive sentences in Present Perfect.

1. the postcard / send

2. the pencils / count
3. the door / close
4. the beds / make

26 | English Book
 5. the mail / write
6. the trees / plant
7. the money / spend
8. the room / book / not
9. the rent / pay / not
10. the people / inform / not

Passive Voice - Exercise with Auxiliary Verbs

Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. I can answer the question. -

2. She would carry the box.
3. You should open the window.
4. We might play cards. –
5. You ought to wash the car. -
6. He must fill in the form.
7. They need not buy bread.
8. He could not read the sentence.
9. Will the teacher test our English?
10. Could Jenny lock the door?

Passiv mit 2 Objekten

1. Rachel will give you some advice.

2. I sent him a letter.

3. The police officer showed us the way.

4. Our neighbour gave me a lift.

5. We have asked him a favour.

6. She told me a lie.

7. They have written her a postcard.

27 | English Book
 8. Kerrie will make you a cup of tea.

9. The waiter has not brought us the coffee.

10. They did not offer her a seat.

SOAL PILIHAN GANDA

1. A well-known architect is designing our new office.” The passive form of the
sentence is “Our new office … by a well-known architect.”
a. Designs
b. Designed
c. Is designed
d. Is being designed

2. “The stewardess is now serving coffee to the passengers.” The passive form of
the sentence is..?

a. The passengers are serving coffee now.

b. The passengers are now served coffee.
c. Coffee is now served by the passengers.
d. Coffee is now being served to the passengers.

3. “Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane
crash?” ---- “Yes, … to the headquarters of Garuda.”

 a. They are faxed

 b. It has faxed
 c. It has been faxed
 d. We fax it

4. “Why does the baby next-door keep crying?” ---- “As usual, it … by the
babysitter.”

 a. Is neglecting
 b. Is neglected
 c. Neglects
 d. Is to be neglected

28 | English Book
 5. We called the committee to ask whether the competition … to begin that
afternoon.

 a. Was scheduled
 b. To scheduled
 c. Was scheduling
 d. To be scheduled

6. The director agreed that the performance of the company has not been good
these past few years. In fact, its organization … now for improvements.

 a. Restructured
 b. Is restructuring
 c. Is being restructured
 d. Is to restructure

7. “Which paintings will be exhibited tomorrow?” ---- “We do not know yet, they
… by a team.”

 a. Are still being selected

 b. Are still selecting
 c. Still be selected
 d. Still selected

8. Do you know that at the moment some amazing experiments … by the

university research biologist?

 a. Carried out
 b. To carry out
 c. Are being carried out
 d. Be carried out

9. “Dina: Can I borrow your laptop?” --- “Dita: Certainly, but what’s wrong with
yours?” --- “Dina: It … now.”

 a. Is being repaired
 b. Repaired
 c. Is repairing
 d. Had repaired

10. Nothing … since we left.

 a. Has been changed

 b. Is changed
 c. Would be changed

29 | English Book
  d. Was changed

11. This is a very popular TV program. Every week it … by millions of people.

 a. Watches
 b. Is being watched
 c. Is watched
 d. Has watched

12. The house … by me before my father came.

 a. Had been painted

 b. To be painting
 c. Has been painted
 d. Be painted

30 | English Book
 6 PERSONAL LETTER

Pengertian Personal Letter

Jika kita berbicara mengenai pengertian personal letter atau definition of

personal letter maka dapat kita katakan secara sederhana bahwa personal letter adalah
sebuah surat yang dikirim oleh seseorang secara individu kepada orang lain atau pun
instansi tertentu. Intinya adalah surat ini di kirim oleh perorangan dan bukan
merupakan surat dari sebuah instansi, organisasi atau perusahaan.

Tujuan dikirimkannya surat tersebut adalah untuk hal-hal yang sifatnya pribadi
atau masalah pribadi si pengirim surat. Lalu hal apa saja yang bisa dikirim melalui jenis
surat pribadi tersebut? Beberapa hal yang bisa menjadi isi dari personal letter antara
lain yaitu:

1) Permintaan maaf (apologies)

2) Ucapan terima kasih (Thank you's)
3) Ucapan selamat (Congratulations)
4) Undangan (Invitations)

Sesuai dengan namanya, personal letter tentu saja berisikan hal-hal personal
atau pribadi jadi ini sangat berbeda dengan jenis surat resmi. Dengan surat pribadi
seperti ini tentu saja kita dapat menggunakannya misalnya untuk mengungkapkan
perasaan kepada yang dikirimi surat. Sedangkan masalah bahasa yang digunakan pun
tidak menggunakan aturan formal atau bahasa formal tetapi bebas sesuai keinginan.

Kaidah Penulisan Personal Letter

Di atas telah dijelaskan bahwa "personal letter" tidak harus menggunakan

kaidah penulisan baku tetapi menggunakan penulisan sesuai keinginan. Namun begitu
tetap saja ada beberapa hal yang bisa kita sesuaikan sebagai acuan dalam membuat
surat pribadi yang baik. Tidak harus mengikuti tata penulisannya namun setidaknya
bagian-bagian personal letter tersebut bisa dijadikan acuan dalam penulisan surat
yang baik. Supaya lebih jelas mengenai bentuk umum format penulisan dari surat ini
mari kita perhatikan layout berikut!

31 | English Book
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Bentuk Penulisan Personal Letter yang Umum

Jelas bahwa tidak ada aturan baku dalam membuat surat pribadi dalam bahasa
Inggris namun ada baiknya kita menggunakan layout atau bentuk penulisan di atas
agar surat kita bisa lebih baik. Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penulisan

32 | English Book
surat tersebut yaitu misalnya alamat, sapaan dan juga penutup. Agar lebih jelas mari
kita bahas satu per satu bagian - bagian surat pribadi tersebut!

Penulisan alamat

Meski merupakan surat pribadi tetapi jangan sampai kita lupa untuk menuliskan
alamat lengkap kita. Alamat ini gunanya adalah untuk memberikan kesempatan
kepada si penerima surat untuk dapat membalas surat yang kita kirim tersebut. Kalau
kita tidak menulis alamat kita bagaimana orang bisa membalas surat kita, benar tidak?
Cara penulisan alamatnya bisa sesuai pada tata letak di atas yaitu di bagian kanan atas
surat.

Selain itu jangan lupa juga menulis alamat penerimanya, jelas dan lengkap, Personal
Letter, Pengertian dan Contoh. Alamat penerima bisa di tulis di bagian kiri atas dengan
menuliskan juga nama penerima suratnya.

Penulisan tanggal

Walaupun ini merupakan surat pribadi namun tetap saja kita sebaiknya
mencantumkan tanggal surat untuk informasi kapan surat tersebut telah di buat.
Penulisan tanggal penting sebagai referensi baik bagi pengirim maupun penerima
surat. Bentuk penulisan tanggalnya bisa dilihat seperti contohnya yaitu "1st January
2016"

Penulisan salam pembuka

Salam pembuka atau (Salutation & Greeting) sebaiknya juga di tulis dengan
baik dan benar. Contoh penulisan salam pembuka surat pribadi tersebut misalnya
"Dear Mr Jones,". Beberapa singkatan yang digunakan dalam salam pembuka yaitu:

Mr - untuk laki-laki
Mrs - untuk wanita yang sudah menikah
Miss - untuk wanita yang belum menikah
Ms - untuk wanita yang statusnya tidak diketahui
Dr - untuk orang yang statusnya dokter

Dalam surat pribadi biasanya salam pembuka akan disesuaikan dengan

kedekatan hubungan antara pengirim surat dan penerima surat, misalnya saja dalam
bahasa kita sering digunakan kata - kata yang mesra dan romantis.

33 | English Book
 Bagian akhir personal letter akan di tutup dengan kesimpulan yaitu
menggunakan kata-kata "Yours sincerely,". Untuk kalimat penutup tersebut kita juga
bisa menggunakan kalimat lain misalnya "All the best", "Best regards," dan sebagainya.
Setelah penutup tersebut maka diikuti dengan nama dan tanda tangan kita sebagai
pengirim surat.

Contoh Personal Letter dan Artinya

Sudah panjang lebar kita bahas mengenai apa dan bagaimana surat pribadi
dalam bahasa Inggris tersebut. Tentu saja dengan penjelasan di atas kita sduah
mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih jelas mengenai salah satu jenis surat bahasa
Inggris tersebut. Dengan begitu kita diharapkan dapat membuat surat pribadi dengan
lebih baik lagi dengan memperhatikan berbagai hal di atas.

Apakah kita bisa paham dan mengerti hanya dengan mempelajari materi atau teorinya
saja? Ya, bisa saja sih namun akan lebih cepat dan mudah paham jika kita bisa melihat
langsung dan mempelajari langsung contoh personal letter bahasa Inggris tersebut.
Dengan melihat langsung contohnya maka kita bukan hanya akan mengetahui
bagaimana bentuk penulisan surat tersebut namun kita juga dapat mempelajari
berbagai vocabulary atau kosa kata yang digunakan. Maka dari itu mari kita perhatikan
contoh berikut!

Jakarta, 1st December 2015

ZAKI
Jln. Cendana. No. 16
Sukabumi 54111

Hello my friend, how are you doing, there? I hope you are in good condition. I am
sending this letter to give you some good news.

It’s been one year we separated, since you moved to Padang Sidempuan. I miss you
so much. I’m really looking forward to meeting with you soon. After waiting for so
long, I finally granted permission to visit you in Padang Sidempuan. Maybe next month
I will go to your home. When i got there, you have to take me around to the best
tourism spot. I really wanted to visit all the beach. See you there buddy.

Your friend,
Caroline

34 | English Book
CHALLENGE
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Dear Aunt Tia

Aunty, I have some good news for you. Last month I passed my final examination. A
week ago I succeeded to join in a senior high school English competition. Last night
my parents promised to send me to a famous English course in my town. They also
promised me if my scores in English are good, they'll send me to a foreign university.
Great, isn't it? I'll work hard. I want to be a great pediatrician like you, Aunty.

Well, that's all for now. Looking forward to having your news.

Love
Debby
1. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To inform some good news

B. To describe the writer's school
C. To retell the writer's experience
D. To entertain the reader with a joke

2. What did Debby's parents promise her?

A. To make her a pediatrician

B. To send her to an English course
C. To send her to a senior high school
D. To make her pass the final examination

35 | English Book
3. How does Debby feel?

A. Glad
B. Scared
C. Anxious
D. Thoughtful

Read the following text to answer questions number 4 to 6.

Dear Betty,

I'm writing to you concerning of my last day in Jogja. I just got back from Borobudur,
the wonderful temple I've ever seen. The weather is fine. We are now staying in a
hotel. It's not far from Malioboro. We are treated will here. It has many excellent staff
who serve the customers. We plan to go around Malioboro after the children take a
short nap. We want to enjoy having "lesehan" there. It is a kind of a restaurant but
we sit on the ground.

Many kinds of local handicraft are sold along Malioboro street. Both domestic and
foreign tourists are interested in them. I want to buy some as souvenirs. Don't worry,
I'll also buy you the most interesting one.

Love,
Dara

4. How do the staff serve the customers of the hotel?

A. Proudly
B. Badly
C. Interestingly
D. Nicely

5. The text gives us information about ....

A. The wonderful Borobudur temple

B. The souvenirs to be bought
C. Dara's last day in Jogja
D. A comfortable hotel near Malioboro

36 | English Book
6. Who is the letter from?

A. Customers
B. The hotel staffs
C. Betty
D. Dara

Read the following text to answer questions number 7 to 10.

Ubud, 7th April 2007

Dear Barbara,
Hi there. How are things with you? It's good to know that you are doing fine in
business. Have you received my postcard?

I am now sitting in my hotel room writing a letter to you about my wonderful

holiday. I think this is the most wonderful holiday have I ever had. There are a lot of
interesting tourist objects to visit, beautiful local art and craft, tasty traditional food,
and much more. It's Thursday today. I can't believe this my last day. I wish I could
spend more time here. I am certain I will stay longer on my next visit.

I'll be home about 3 p.m. tomorrow if the flight is on time. On Monday I must go
back to work. I can't wait to show my video to my class.

Okay, that's all for now. Send my love to your children.

Best wishes from,

Vivian
7. The letter tells us about ....

A. Vivian's holiday in Bali

B. Barbara's letter
C. Vivian's favorite places
D. Barbara's plan for Bali

8. On what day Vivian going to arrive home?

A. Thursday
B. Friday

37 | English Book
 C. Saturday
D. Sunday

9. "... the most wonderful holiday ..." The underlined word has the same meaning
with ....

A. Usual
B. Awesome
C. Poor
D. Hateful

10. The letter shows that Vivian ....

A. Has not eaten the day before

B. Bought all beautiful local art

C. Has tried the traditional food

D. Did not have nice holiday

Read the letter below to answer questions 1 to 7.

Dear Nan,
We are having a great holiday here on the Gold Coast. Yesterday we went to the Movie
World.When we got up in the morning, it looked like rain. After a while the cloud
disappeared. And it became a sunny day. We then decided to go to the Movie World.
The first ride I went on was Lethal Weapon. Next I saw the Police Academy show. After
that I had lunch as I was really hungry. Meanwhile, Mum and Kelly queued for the
Batman ride.
About one o’clock we got a light shower of rain but it cleared up soon after. We then
went on all the other rides.
It was a top day. See you when you get back.
Love,
Sam

11. What is the letter about?

A. Sam’s holiday.
B. The Gold Coast.

38 | English Book
C. The Movie World.
D. The Shower of Rain.

12. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

A. The weather in Gold Coast.
B. Police Academy Show.
C. Sam’s activities in the Movie World.
D. A great holiday in the Movie World.

13. Where did Sam spend his holiday with his family?
A. On the Gold Coast.
B. In the Movie World.
C. In Lethal Weapon.
D. At the Police Academy.

14. What did they get at one o’clock?

A. Lunch.
B. Shower.
C. A little rain.
D. Batman ride.

15. The word ‘we’ in the text refers to… (Paaragraph 1)

A. Sam and Nan
B. Sam and Mum
C. Mum and Kelly
D. Sam, Mum, and Kelly

16. The word queued in paragraph 3 means ……

A. went on
B. lined up
C. sat down
D. waited for

Kupang, April 2, 2013

Dear Paula,

Hello Paula, how are you? It’s been a month since I last heard from you. Well, I just
wanted to tell you that I was in a hospital last week. According to the doctor; I was
infected by dengue fever.

39 | English Book
At first, I felt my body became weak then I fainted when I was studying in the
classroom. Then, I was taken to the hospital because of the high fever.

At the hospital, I was brought into the emergency unit. The doctor immediately gave
some treatment. Finally, I had to stay there for one week. Everyday the doctor kept me
on a drip.

At the seventh day, my condition was getting better. After the final check, the doctor
gave me permission to go home. Now, I’m okay and because of my illness, I am now
more careful about keeping in my house clean especially my room, I don’t want to get
the same illness again.

OK, I think that’s all from me, write to me soon ok?

Regards

Nadira

16.What is the topic of the letter above?

A.Getting Fever
B.Went to Hospital
C.The doctor recipe
D.In hospital

17.What did the writer do she felt her body became weak?
A.She bought medicine
B.She took a rest all day
C.She went to hospital
D.She consumed the medicine

18.What was the disease that she got?

A.Stomached
B.Toothache
C.Dengue fever
D.Influenza

19.Why the writer was taken to the hospital?

A.She got high fever
B.She got diarrhea
C.She got headache
D.She got broken bones

40 | English Book
20.How long she was taken care in the hospital?
A.Four days
B.Five days
C.Six days
D.Seven days

Dear Indah
Indah, sorry I haven’t written to you for so long. We moved into a new apartment last
month and we’ve been really busy getting settled.

It’s a nice apartment. It is bigger than our old one. It’s big so there are a lot of rooms
to work in. It has a big living room, two bedrooms and two bathrooms. Another thing
I like is the kitchen.

The apartment is on a quiet street in a good neighborhood. There’s also a shopping

centre just down the street with a supermarket, some quite good restaurants and some
stores.
We really enjoy living here. Do come over and have a look next time you are in the
town. I’ll wait.

Love
Shelly

21. What is the letter about?

a. Shelly’s room.
b. Indah and Shelly’s apartment
c. Shelly’s business
d. A shopping centre near Shelly’s apartment
e. Shelly’s new apartment

22. Why hasn’t Shelly written a letter to Indah for so long?

a. Because she was busy getting settled
b. Because she enjoyed living in an apartment
c. Because she was reluctant
d. Because she had to move into an apartment
e. Because she lived in an apartment

23. What is the purpose of the letter?

a. To tell a problem
b. To ask for advice
c. To ask for information

41 | English Book
d. To give an opinion.
e. To give information

Text for questions 24 to 32

Jerowaru, 1st February 2014

Dear Ivan
How are you? Hope everything is okay with you. I’m all right here.
We are going to have the national examination, aren’t we? Are you well prepared for
it? Well, to be honest, I just have some difficulties in preparing for it, especially in
science. There are extra lessons in my school and I take them all. But, I feel that they
don’t help. I’m still confused in solving mathematic problems. I’m just worried that I
fail the national examination. Do you have any suggestion for me? I really appreciate
your help.
I look forward to hearing from you.

Your buddy

Fahri

24. What does the letter tell us about?

a. Asking for a friend to teach mathematic
b. Giving a solution to a friend
c. Preparing for the national examination
d. Having extra lesson at school
e. Asking for a friend’s suggestion to solve a problem

25. Why is Fahri worried that he may fail the national examination?
a. There are extra lessons at Fahri’s school
b. He appreciated Ivan’s help
c. He will have the national examination soon
d. His friends are all well prepared
e. He is confused in solving mathematic problem

26. “I’m still confused in solving mathematic problems.”

The underlined word means ……
a. Unable to think clearly
b. unable to perform well
c. unable to behave politely
d. Unable to speak fluently
e. unable to read quickly

42 | English Book
27. I’m just worried that I fail the national examination.” The antonym of the underlined
word is ……
a. escape
b. predict
c. success
d.reach
e. underestimate

II .ESSAY

Jl. Plamboyan No. 89 Jakarta

2nd Pebruary 2009

Dear My friend, Salsa

Hello Salsa, how are you? Salsa, I have new friend. he is Tora. He live next to my house.
He is twenty years old. He is handsome and smart. He likes Math. It is so different with
me. I prefer Science than Math. As you know, I like Science from junior high school,
right? By the way, how’s your mother? Is she in healthy condition? I so miss her and
also miss you so much! I miss Indonesia. Sometime when I walk around Melbourne
suddenly I remember you. I miss you there. The last, I put our picture in this letter, Tora
and me.

Reply my letter soon. I’m waiting for it. See you…

Love,

Reza

Say T if it’s True, and False if it is false

_____ The letter is for Reza

_____ Reza lives in Singapore
_____ Salsa lives in Melbourne
_____ Reza misses Salsa and Salsa’s mom
_____ Reza forget salsa
_____ Salsa misses Indonesia

43 | English Book
 _____ Reza misses Indonesia
_____ The receiver is Tora
_____ The sender is Reza
_____ Tora is Salsa’s friend
_____Tora is Reza’s friend
_____ Salsa and her Mom lives in Indonesia
_____ Reza has new friend in Australia
_____ Tora’s house is next to Salsa’s house
_____ Tora’s house is next to Reza’s house

44 | English Book
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
7
Defenition of Cause and Effect

Cause and effect is a text that writes about the analysis of a writer to provide a
learning that has several causes and consequences. Because the analyzed may be
two or more and the other is the result. Cause and effect usually exists in academic
writing (academic writing) rather than in writing kraetif (creative writing). Often the
author requires a clear analysis to determine the cause and effect for the authors to
avoid mistakes in the preparation.

Generic Structure (susunan umum)

Cause and effect juga mempunyai generic structure yaitu :

1. Susunan dari cause and effect harus mempunyai topic sentence (kalimat
utama/pokok) yang akan dibahas mengenai sebab dan akibat.

2. Supporting sentences (kalimat-kalimat pendukung) dari cause and effect.

3. Concluding sentence (kalimat kesimpulan) dari cause and effect.

Language Forms
Jordan (1999) merangkum bentuk-bentuk bahasa (language forms) dari cause and
effect sperti di bawah ini :

1. Tenses yang digunakan flesibel atau bisa menggunakan tenses yang mana
saja berdasarkan waktu kejadian: dapat menggunakan present (saat ini), past
(lampau), atau akan future (akan datang)

2. Susunan dari kalimat dapat berupa :

a. X menyenankan Y (dengan kata kerja aktif/ active verb)

45 | English Book
b. X disebabkan oleh Y (dengan kata kerja pasif/ passive verb

3. Kalimat yang kalian terangkan/ jelaskan dapat menggunakan active voice

atau passive voice.

4. Transisi dalam cause and effect meliputi: causes, result, due to, because,
because of, as a result, consequently, etc.

5. Kata kerja yang dapat digunakan dalam pernyataan inti (topic statement)
adalah cause, effect, result, etc.
6. Topic dapat di buat dengan:
a. Adanya beberapa causes (sebab) why…
b. Adanya beberapa effect (akibat) of…
c. Peneliti meneliti bahwa ada…
7. Menggunakan sudut pandang orang ketiga.

Example :

Long Drought 2018

Drought during 2018 has caused many problems. First, the people lack of clean water
to either take a bath, wash clothes or drink. Consequently, the government has to
spend more expenditure in social welfare. Second, many breeders do not find grass
for their cattle, sheep and goats. As result, their animals get thinner day after day due
to lack of enough food. Third, many farmers who depend on rainfall can not cultivate
their land. Consequently, they do not get regular income from agribusiness. This also
causes the farmer labors of losing their jobs. Therefore, poverty rate gets increased
this year. Finally, the drought has a great impact on the water reservoir: dams, lake,
canal. Their water level go down or even totally dry. All of those conditions are clearly
due to mono cause that is long drought in our country.

Exercise :

1. Becase he was tired,he scored poorly on the exam, ........ into universty

a.this will cause him to not be admitted

b.this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted

46 | English Book
 c. a fact which will cause him to not be admitted
d. a fact which will caues him to not admit

2. What is the CAUSE in the following sentence:

The tree fell in the middle of the road because of the high wind.
A. high wind
B . because
C. tree fell
D. in the middle of the road

3. What is the EFFECT in the following sentence:

The mother bird gathers dried grass to build her nest.
A. mother bird
B. gathers
C. Build her next
D. gathers dried grass2.

47 | English Book
 Chapter
Explanations Texts
8
A. Pengertian Explanation Text

“Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural,

social, scientific and cultural phenomena”.

Explanation adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang proses-proses yang

berhubungan dengan fenomena-fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya
dan lainnya.

B. Tujuan Explanation Text

To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or

socio-cultural phenomena.

Tujuan komunikatif dari explanation text adalah untuk menerangkan proses-

proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan sesuatu yang terkait dengan fenomena-
fenomena alam, sosial, ilmu pengetahuan, budaya, dan lainnya yang bertujuan
menjelaskan bagaimana atau mengapa hal tersebut bisa terjadi.

C. Generic Structure Explanation Text

1. General statement
tentang penjelasan umum tentang fenomena yang akan dibahas, bisa berupa
pengenalan fenomena tersebut atau penjelasannya.
2. Squenced of explanation
berisi tentang penjelasan proses mengapa fenomena tersebut bisa terjadi atau
tercipta. A squenced of explanation berupa jawaban dari pertanyaan ‘why’ dan
‘how’ penulis ketika membuat sebuah Explanation text. Dalam squenced of
explanation bisa terdiri lebih dari satu paragrap.
3. Closing
Sebenarnya closing itu tidak tercantum dalam generic structure dari Explanation
text, tetapi kebanyakan orang beranggapan bahwa paragrap terakhir dari sebuah
Explanation text adalah closing, padahal itu merupakan bagian dari squenced of
explantaion yang berisi tentang langkah akhir yang dijelaskan pada bagian
squenced of explanation.

48 | English Book
D. Ciri-ciri Explanation Text

1. Sebuah Explanation text biasanya berasal dari pertanyaan penulis terkait ‘why’
dan ‘how’ terhadap suatu fenomena yang ada.
2. Karena yang diangkat adalah fenomena maka fokus materinya bukan pada
bendanya atau orangnya, melainkan pada kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi
pada orang atau benda tersebut.
3. Menggunakan Simple Present tense.

E. Example of Explanation Text

Example : How Earthquakes Happen

Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often

happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra.
It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake
happens?

Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks

along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the
ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other,
they stick a little. They don’t just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against
each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure
that’s built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.

During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start
moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground
where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above
the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

49 | English Book
 1. Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,

scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the
forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text
books.

2. Generic structure of Explanation

 General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

 Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the
phenomena.

3. Language Feature

 Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

 Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
 Using passive voice pattern
 Using simple present tense

4. Examples and structures of the text

Making Paper from Woodchips

A general Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper
statement products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut
down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequenced Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then
explanation of the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are
something taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called
occurs woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other
impurities.At this stage they are either exported in this form
or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

50 | English Book
Example of Explanation Text

A. Tsunami

The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour (“tsu”) and
wave (“nami”). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the
sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth’s crust can
occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and

occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge
mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast
and floods powerfully into the coastal area.

(simplified from www.panda.org)

B. How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at
night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth’s turning on
its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.

The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It
causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a
year. This process is called revolution. The revolution process causes the changes of
the season

C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter Daylight

51 | English Book
In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter.
This is not because as much people think we are closer to the sun but because of the
tilt of the earth.

The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be
forgiven for thinking that this can not be true after looking out of your window on a
cold and frosty morning.

It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit then the
amount of daylight that we get decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth
that determine the amount of daylight that we get and so the length of time that for
us the sun is above the horizon.

(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

General statement; stating the phenomenon whic daylight in summer is longer than
in winter.

Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that determines the amount of daylight not the
distance of the earth from the sun.

Language Feature Analysis

Focusing generic participant; daylight.

Using chronological connection; then, so, but.

Using pasive voice; you would be forgiven.

Using present tense; the earth is actually closer to the sun.

EXERCISE

Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would

otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass,
from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims
the original material and uses it in new products.
In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and
requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution,

52 | English Book
either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the
amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.
Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping
paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In
newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants
such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it
is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big
kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The
pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and fl oats
to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel.
The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.
Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper
per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of
landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to
produce paper).

1. The following things can be recycled, EXCEPT....

a. precious metals
b. broken glass
c. old newspapers
d. plastic spoons
e. fresh vegetables and fruits

2. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of recycling?

a. It costs much money for the process of recycling
b. It costs less to make new products.
c. It requires less energy.
d. It can reduce pollution.
e. It reduces the demand for high-pollution alternatives.

3. What is the third step of recycling paper products?

a. Collect and search for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminium foil.
b. Mix the paper with hot water in a blender which turns it into pulp.
c. Screen and filter the pulp to remove smaller contaminants.
d. Put the pulp to a large vat to separate the ink from the paper fibres.
e. Mix the pulp with new wood fibres to be made into paper again.

4. We can make use of the ink after being separated from the paper fibres by doing
the followings,
EXCEPT....
a. Skim it off.
b. Dry it.

53 | English Book
c. Reuse as ink.
d. Burn as boiler fuel.
e. Mix it with the pulp.

Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to build

up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be
changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are
needed. This process is called digestion.
The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken
up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands
in the mouth. Saliva contain digestive juices which moisten the food, so it can be
swallowed easily.
From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into
stomach. Here, the food is
mixed with juices secreted by the cells in stomach for several hours. Then the food
enters the small intestine. All time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing,
mixing and moving the onwards.
In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the
villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the
bloodstream.

5. The purpose of the text is …..

a. To explain the process involved in digestion
b. To inform the readers about important part of human body
c. To entertain or amuse the readers
d. To persuade people that men have millions of cells
e. To give a description about esophagus and villi

6. What is “digestion” mean?

a. The process of replacing worn out cells
b. The process of changing food into substances that can be carried in
the blood
c. The process of building up new cells
d. The process of taking food into our mouth
e. The process of providing energy for each cell

7. What is the first digestive juices?

a. Esophagus c. Saliva e. intestine
b. Glands d. Enzymes

8. “The digestive system begins as soon as we put the food into the mouth.”

54 | English Book
 This information can be found in paragraph ……
a. One and three c. Three e. One
b. Four d. Two

55 | English Book
 Chapter
FACTUAL REPORT
9
1. What is factual report?

Factual reports is Something that is factual is concerned with facts or contains facts,
rather than giving theories or personal interpretations

Factual Report is a text that explains and elaborate some factual information relate to
particular objects, matter, or things which are based on empirical, real, and/or scientific facts
or information.

2. What is the social function?

Social function/social purpose factual report is presenting information about something.

They generally describe an entire class of things, Whether natural or made: Mammals, the
planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.
What is the purpose of Factual Report? The purpose of Factual report text is to convey
information text observations and systematic analysis.The information described in the
report text is usually general in nature, be it natural or artificial like a mammals, planets,
rocks, plants, state, cultural, transportation, etc.

3. What is generic structures?

A report text also has two common structures [generic structure], there are :

1) General Clasification » statements that describe the common subject of the report, common
description, and classification.
2) Description » Tells what the phenomenon under discussion; in terms of parts, qualities,
habits or behaviors; This section gives us an overview of commonly occurring phenomenon,
either of its parts, its properties, habit, or behavior. The point is, presenting elaboration of
scientific classification.

There is also some information on the generic text structure report, which includes :
1) General information, is the part that mentions the general information of the theme of
writing.
2) Bundles of Specific Information, give us the elaboration of general information.
4. What are the linguistic features used in a factual report?

Most of linguistic features used in a factual report is simple past tense (s + was/were + V2)
and simple present tense (s + to be + V1)

56 | English Book
Show one factual report

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the
city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen
of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches
across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast
Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by
about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by
about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of
transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for
tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by
motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and
between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in
common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal
at certain points without bridges.
You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences
for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian
countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The
city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

SNAKES

Snakes are carnivores. Snakes are found on every continent of the world except Antarctica.
There are around 3000 different species of snake. Some sea snakes can breathe partially
through their skin, allowing for longer dives underwater. Anacondas are large, non-
venomous snakes found in South America that can reach over 5 m (16 ft) in length. Python
reticulates can grow over 8.7 m (28 ft) in length and are considered the longest snakes in the
world. Snakes don’t have eyelids. Snakes smell with their tongue. Snakes have flexible jaws
which allow them to eat prey bigger than their head! Snakes have internal ears but not
external ones. Snakes can’t bite food so have to swallow it whole. Snakes have a unique
anatomy which allows them to swallow and digest large prey. Snakes are covered in scales.
Snakeskin is smooth and dry. Snakes shed their skin a number of times a year in a process
that usually lasts a few days. Some species of snake, such as cobras and black mambas, use
venom to hunt and kill their prey. Pythons kill their prey by tightly wrapping around it and
suffocating it in a process called constriction.

What are the main differences with description text?

57 | English Book
The differences between factual report and description text is the specific language features,
communicative purpose and the situation

LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS ▪
Using general nouns which is an object of a general nature ▪ Using simple present tense to
indicate habit or general activities done or happened. ▪ Using linking verbs to describe
features (e.g. : am, is, are) ▪ Using action verbs to describe behavior or act.

Example :
- A tornado may also be referred to as a funnel cloud, but this is technically not a
correct term. While the two words are sometimes used interchangeably, a funnel
cloud is different, not in its make up, but in the fact that it does not touch the
ground. Another name that is often used to describe a tornado is twister, due to its
violent twisting motion.
- The tornado is one of the most unpredictable and destructive forces of nature, often
destroying everything in its path. A tornado is usually preceded by severe storms,
which may include lightning, high winds, and frequent hail. It can change course
without notice, and is usually accompanied by a roaring sound, or as some describe
it, the sound of freight train.

Exercise :

Read the text above carefully, and then answer these questions briefly.

1. What does the word tornado mean? Tornado means to twist or turn

2. What is a tornado? Tornado is A tornado is a whirlwind produced by atmospheric

conditions, mainly extremely low pressure, during a severe thunderstorm

3. How do tornadoes usually turn?

4. What do tornadoes look like? Tornadoes usually turn counterclockwise

5. What are the other names of tornadoes? The other name of Tornadoes is twister

6. Why is it technically not correct to refer tornadoes as funnel clouds? Because funnel clouds
do not touch the ground

7. Why is a tornado described as a twister? A a tornado described as a twister due to its

violent twisting motion

8. What usually precedes a tornado? A tornado usually precedes by severe storms

9. What usually accompanies a tornado? a tornado is usually accompanied by a roaring

sound, or as some describe it, the sound of freight train.

58 | English Book
10. What does the word some in the last line refer to? Some in the last line refer to People

Read the following text and answer the questions 1 to 4

The peach is known as a species of Prunus. It is a kind of edible juicy fruit. It is native
to China. The peach tree grows to 4-10 m tall. It is a deciduous tree so it will fall its leaves in
certain seasons. It belongs to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae.
The leaves are 7-16 em long and 2-3 em broad. The flowers are produced in early
spring before the leaves. They are solitary or paired with about 2,5-3 cm in diameter. The
color of the flower is pink.
Peach fruit is very nice. Its aroma smells good. The color of the flesh is yellow or white.
The skin of the peach is smooth or velvety. The flesh is soft and juicy. It is delicious. It is a
little bit harder when it is unripe. Inside the flesh, there is a large single seed. The seed is oval
in shape. Its color is red-brown. Its length is about 1,3-2 cm. A wood–like husk surrounds this
seed.
Most people know peaches as 'persicas'. It is related to the belief that peaches were
native to Persia (now Iran). The modern botanical consensus is that they originate in China,
and were introduced to Persia and the Mediterranean region along the Silk Road before
Christian times.

1. Which part of the peach fruit contains water? A. The flesh. B. The husk.
C. The seed. D. The skin.

2. What is the purpose of the third paragraph?

A. To describe a peach tree. B. To describe the peach fruit.
C. To describe the taste of peach fruit. D. To describe the smell of a peach tree.

3. From the text we know that ....

A. China imported peaches from Persia.
B. peaches do not originate in Persia
C. peaches come from Persia.
D. the modern botanical consensus decided the name of the fruit

4. "It is a little bit harder when it is unripe". (paragraph 3)

The underlined word refers to the ... of the peaches.
A. Flesh B. seed C. Skin D. Tree

Read the following text and answer the questions 5 to 8

Pharmacists are the professionals who dispense medicines to the patients, as

prescribed by the medical expert. In most of the cases, the experienced pharmacists can even
prescribe some better drugs and medicines to the patients. One of the most important
pharmacist job descriptions is the management of medicines and drugs in health care units
and hospitals. The pharmacist job description also includes assisting the patients, advising
the medical experts and helping the patients by recommending the right medicine.
Some of the job duties of a pharmacist are as follows; give advice and assist doctors or
surgeons in matters relating to dosages and prescriptions to the patient. Monitor and

59 | English Book
analyze the health of the patient, with respect to the drugs that have been given to the
patient. Answer the queries of the patients about the probable side effects and benefits of
the drug therapy. Seek immediate help from the doctor in case the drug shows some side
effects on the patient. Recommend drugs to visitors with minor ailments.

5. What does the text tell us about?

A. A pharmacist B. A drug therapy
C. A medical expert D. A doctor and surgeon

6. Which one is usually done by a pharmacist?

A. Giving immediate help to the patients B. Recommending better drugs to
patients
C. Helping surgeon while doing an operation D. Giving drugs to patients with major
ailments
7. Who has responsibility to recommend drugs to visitors with minor ailments?
A. A doctor B. A surgeon C. Apharmacist D.medical expert

8. What‟s the main idea of paragraph two?

A. A pharmacist has some duties.
B. A pharmacist and doctor work cooperatively.
C. A pharmacist recommends drugs to the patient.
D. Doctor and surgeon give prescriptions to the patient

Read the following text and answer the questions 9 to 12

Bees
Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants, and are known for their role
in pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. There are nearly 20,000 known species
of bees in nine recognized families though many are undescribed and the actual number is
probably higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the
planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants.
Bees have a long proboscis (a complex "tongue") that enables them to obtain the
nectar from flowers. They have antennae almost universally made up of 13 segments in
males and 12 in females, as is typical for the super family. Bees all have two pairs of wings,
the hind pair being the smaller of the two; in a very few species, one sex or caste has
relatively short wings that make flight difficult or impossible, but none are wingless.
The smallest bee is Trigona minima, a stingless bee whose workers are about 2.1 mm
(5/64") long. The largest bee in the world is Megachile pluto, a leafcutter bee whose females
can attain a length of 39 mm (1.5"). Members of the family Halictidae, or sweat bees, are the
most common type of bee in the Northern Hemisphere, though they are small and often
mistaken for wasps or flies.

9. What is the text about?

A. Describing bees in general. B. Explaining bees in Antarctica.
C. Telling the habitat of the bees. D. Giving information about bees in the
Northern Hemisphere.

60 | English Book
10. What is the main idea of paragraph one?
A. Bees live on every continent. B. Bees belong to flying insects.
C. Bees produce honey and beeswax. D. Bees only live with insect-flowering plants.

11. Which of the following sentences describes the physical appearance bees?
A. None has wings. B. It has 13 antennae.
C. Its length is 39 mm. D. Its tongue is complex.

12. “They are found on every continent except Antarctica,…”. The word “they” refers to … .
A. ants B. bees
C. insects D. flying insects

Read the following text and answer the questions 13 to 17

Cactus
A cactus (plural: cacti) is any member of the plant family Cactaceae, native to the
Americas. They are often used as ornamental plants, but some are also crop plants. Cacti are
grown for protection of property from wild animals, as well as many other uses.
Cacti are part of the plant order Caryophyllales, which also include members like beets,
gypsophila, spinach, amaranth, tumbleweeds, carnations, rhubarb, buckwheat, plumbago,
bougainvillea, chickweed and knotgrass.
Cacti are unusual and distinctive plants, which are adapted to extremely arid and hot
environments, showing a wide range of anatomical and physiological features which
conserve water. Their stems have adapted to become photosynthetic and succulent, while
the leaves have become the spines for which cacti are well known.
Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The tallest is Pachycereus pringlei,
with a maximum recorded height of 19.2 m, and the smallest is Blossfeldia liliputiana, only
about 1 cm in diameter at maturity. Cactus flowers are large, and like the spines and
branches arise from areoles. Many cactus species are night blooming, as they are pollinated
by nocturnal insects or small animals, principally moths and bats. Cacti range in size from
small and globular to tall and columnar.

13. Where can we find cacti mostly?

A. In the jungle. B. On the beach.
C. On the mountain. D. In the arid and hot region.
14. Why do cacti mostly bloom at night?
A. Because their flowers are large.
B. Since cacti are unusual and distinctive plants.
C. Since cacti are pollinated by nocturnal insects.
D. As the afternoon period is used for photosynthetic process.

15. What does the first paragraph tell us about?

A. The members of cacti. B. The habitat of cacti. C. The use of cacti D. Types of cacti.

16. What is the purpose of the text ?

A. To give information about American cacti
B. To explain physical feature of cacti
C. To describe cacti in genera

61 | English Book
 D. To tell cacti's life

17. “Cacti are unusual and distinctive plants, which …”

The synonym of the word “distinctive” is …
A. Typical B. Antique
C. unique D. Different

Read the following text and answer the questions 18 to 21

Jellyfish
Jellyfish are not really fish. They are invertebrate animals. This means that unlike fish or
people, they have no backbones. In fact, they have no bones at all.
Jellyfish have stomachs and mouths, but no heads. They have nervous systems for
sensing the world around them, but no brains. They are made almost entirely of water, which
is why you can look through them.
Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light. The light is made by a
chemical reaction inside the jellyfish. Scientists believe jellyfish glow for several reasons. For
example, they may glow to scare away predators or to attract animals they like to eat.
Most jellyfish live in salt water, apart from a few types that live in fresh water. Jellyfish
are found in oceans and seas all over the world. They live in warm, tropical seas and in icy
waters near the North and South poles.
18. Which one creates Jellyfish’s light?
A. White blood. B. Nervous system.
C. Chemical reaction. D. Salt water.

19. Based on the text, we know that….

A. They belong to invertebrate animals. B. They have heads like other
animals.
C. Their brain helps them find the food. D. They cannot live in fresh water.

20. What is the text about?

A. Jellyfish. B. Kinds of all fish.
C. All invertebrate animals. D. Some kinds of sea animals.

21. “Some jellyfish can glow in darkness by making their own light.” (paragraph 3)
The word “glow” in the sentence means….
A. Move B. Produce
C. Appear D. Shine

Read the following text and answer the questions 22 to 26

Giraffe

Giraffe is the highest animal in the world. Its height can reach 4.8 to 5.5 meters and its
weight about 1360 pounds. Giraffe has a unique characteristic. They have a very long neck
and two small horns on its head. Giraffes have big brown eyes and protected by thick and

62 | English Book
long eyebrows. Her body is covered with a unique pattern that is attached by brown spots all
over their body.
Just like camels, giraffes can survive without drinking for long time
because giraffes can rely on the water contained in leaves they eat. Giraffes are very selective
in choosing food. They always eat young leaves that grow in the tree tops. Their tongue
shaped like a knife help them to cut branches which are very hard.
Female giraffes can start pregnant at the age of five years, with a gestation period of
15 months. Commonly female giraffe bear one baby, but sometimes two babies at once.
Giraffes bear its baby with a standing position. When the baby is about to be born, they just
drop it to the ground from a 1.5 meter of height. Baby giraffe can stand with about 20
minutes since being born, and begin breastfeeding within an hour of birth.

22. What kind of text above?

a. Report text b. Descriptive text
c. Narrative text d. Spoof

23. The text tells us about?

a. Giraffe’s reproduction b. The strange animals
c. The highest animal d. Baby giraffe

24. The unique characteristic of giraffe is?

a. Two horns on its head b. Their long neck
c. Brown spot d. Their food

25. The second paragraph mainly discussed about?

a. Giraffe’s food b. Giraffe’s characteristic
c. Giraffe’s life d. Giraffe’s reproduction

26. The word “it” in third paragraph refers to?

a. Neck b. Horn c. Baby giraffe d. Food

Read the following text and answer the questions 27 to 34

An Elephant

An elephant is the largest and strongest animals. It is a strange looking animal with its
thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tall, little eyes, long white tusks
and above all it has a long noise, the trunk.
The trunk is the elephant’s peculiar feature, and it has various uses. The elephant
draws up water by its trunk and can squirt it all over its body like a shower bath. It can also
lift leaves and puts them into its mouth. In fact the trunk serves the elephant as a long am
and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet it can move very quickly.
The elephant is a very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great
strength makes it a very useful servant to man and it can be trained to serve in various ways
such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight.

27. What kind of text above?

63 | English Book
 (A.) Report text (B.) Descriptive text
(C.) Narrative text (D.) Spoof

28. The text tells us about….

(A). the Elephant’s peculiar feature (B). useful servant
(C). strange looking animal (D). an elephant

29. The third paragraph is mainly about the fact that....

(A) elephants are strong (B) elephants can lift logs
(C) elephants are servants (D) elephant are very useful

30. The most distinguishing characteristic of an elephant is.....

(A). its clumsiness (B). its thick legs
(C). its large body (D). its long nose

31. Which of the following is NOT part of the elephant described in the first paragraph
? (A) It looks strange (B) It is heavy
(C) It is wild (D) It has a trunk

32. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt it all over its body like a shower
bath (paragraph 2) The underlined word refers to….
(A). a shower bath (B). elephant’s body
(C). a shower (D). elephant’s trunk

33. It is stated in the text that the elephant uses the trunk to do the following, EXCEPT ........
(A) to eat (B) to push
(C) to drink (D) to carry things

34. “The trunk is the elephant’s peculiar feature....(Paragraph2)

The underline word close in meaning to ....
(A) large (B) strange
(C) tough (D) smooth

Read the following text and answer the questions 35 to 38

Komodo Dragons

Komodo dragon is a member of the monitor family, Varanidae. It is the world's largest
living lizards. It grows to be 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighs up to 126 kg and belong to
the most ancient group of lizards still alive.
It is found mainly in the island of Komodo and on other small islands, Rinca, Padar,
and Flores. The natives call the dragon, ora, or buaya darat (land crocodile).
The Komodo dragon has a long heavy tail, short, strong legs, and rough skin. It is
covered with small dull, colored scales. It can sprint at up 18 km per hours, but only for short
distances. When it opens its wide red moth, it shows row of teeth like the edge of a saw.
Komodo dragons are good simmers and may swim the long distance from one island
to another. Like other lizards, they swim by undulating their tails, and their legs held against
their body

64 | English Book
 The Komodo dragon is totally carnivorous. It hunts other animals during the day. It
hunts deer, wild pigs, water buffaloes, and even horses. While smaller komodos have to be
content with eggs, other lizards, snakes and rodents. Komodo dragons are cannibals. The
adult will prey on the young one as well as the old and sick dragons. Lizard digs a cave with
its strong claws in the cave at night.

35. The main idea of paragraph 5 is …

A. komodo dragons feed on young dragons.
B. komodo dragons get their food by hunting.
C. komodo dragons are carnivorous and also cannibals.
D. komodo dragons are cannibals because they hunt other animals.

36. Which of the following is not the characteristic of a komodo dragon?

A. Rough skin B. Strong claws
C. A long heavy tail D. Rows of red teeth

37. The writer's purpose in writing the text is ….

A. to retell the events in Komodo Island.
B. to inform about classification of komodo.
C. to describe about komodo dragon in general.
D. to persuade reader to keep komodo habitat.

38. Komodo dragons are cannibals because …

A. they hunt deer, wild pigs, water buffaloes and even horses.
B. they feed on eggs, lizards, snakes and rodents.
C. they prey on young ones as well as old and sick dragons
D. they eat anything they meet.

Read the following text and answer the questions 39 to 42

For many years people believed that the cleverest animals after man were the
chimpanzees. Now, however, there is a proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than these
big apes. Although a dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish. It is a mammal. It is in many
ways, therefore, like a human being. Dolphins have a simple language. They are able to talk
to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talk to dolphins. But, this will not
be easy because dolphins cannot hear the kind of sounds man can make. If man wants to
talk to dolphins, therefore, he will have to make a third language which both he and the
dolphins can understand. Dolphins are also very friendly toward man. They often follow
ships. There are many stories about dolphins guiding ships through difficult and dangerous
waters.

39. The text above is in the form of………….

a. Spoof b. report
c. Recount d. procedure

40. What kind of animal is dolphin?

a. Insect b. fish c. Mammal d. bird

65 | English Book
41. Why talking to dolphin is not easy?
a. dolphins cannot hear the kind of man’s sounds b. dolphins cannot think as
human
c. dolphins like playing with man d. dolphins feel annoyed by man

42. What is the characteristic of dolphin according to the text?

a. Fierce b. friendly
c. Naughty d. Shy

Read the following text and answer the questions 43 to 46

Whales are sea-living mammals. They therefore breathe air but cannot survive or land.
Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 meter length, is
the largest animal which lives on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but
there are important difference in its external structure; its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat
horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its
breadth, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of flat
(blubber). This is up to 30 meter in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids.

43. What is the text about?

a. sea-living mammals b. the description of mammals
c. the difference between whales and fish d. whales

44. The length of a whale is……..

a. is generally more than 30 meter b. may be more than 30 meter
c. is less than 30 meter d. ranges from 30 meter to more than 30
meter
45. Sentence 1………….
a. tells an orientation b. poses a thesis
c. shows an abstract d. gives a general classification

46. What type of text is used by the writer?

a. Narrative b. report
c. Recount d. news items

Read the following text and answer the questions 97 to 100

Birds belong to a class of warm blooded vertebrate animals with feather covered bodies.
Next to the mammals, birds are the most important group of land-living vertebrates. All birds
have feathers, although in some types, particularly those that can not fly, the normal structure
of the feathers may be much modified and be downy, woolly, or straw like. The forelimbs of
birds are modified into wings. The bony part of the tail, except in the very earliest fossil birds,
is very short, and the visible tail is composed of feathers only. The teeth are absent except in
some fossil forms. As in mammals-the only other group of warm blooded animal-the
circulation is highly perfected so that there is no mixing of arterial and venous blood, but the
arrangement of veins and arteries by which this is accomplished, is different in the two groups.
Birds have keen hearing, although they have no external ears. The sense of sight also is very
keen, but the sense of smell is weak or lacking, except in a small few vultures and other birds.

66 | English Book
47. The passage is about the …… of birds.
a. Species c. Clarification
b. Definition d. Classification

48. From the text we can conclude that both birds and mammals have …….
a. Backbones c. Keen hearing
b. keen sights d. downy feathers

49. Which of the following is NOT possessed by bird?

a. Feathers b. Wings c. ears d. Tails

50. “Birds have keen hearing, although they have no external ears”
The underlined word is synonymous with ……
a. Thick c. Soft e. Sharp
b. Weak d. Long

67 | English Book
 Chapter
Conditional Sentence
10
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are
used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a
certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of
Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type I ►

Form

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use
a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-
Future on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

Exercise :

1. If Caroline and Sue( prepare) the salad, Phil(decorate) will decorate the house.
2. If Sue (cut) the onions for the salad, Caroline (peel)will peel the mushrooms.
3. Jane(hoover) the sitting room if Aaron and Tim (move)move the furniture.
4. If Bob (tidy)up the kitchen, Anita(clean) will cleanthe toilet.
5. Elaine(buy) the drinks if somebody(help) helps her carry the bottles.

68 | English Book
 6. If Alan and Rebecca(organize) the food, Mary and Conor (make)will make
the sandwiches.
7. If Bob(look) after the barbecue, Sue will(let) let the guests in.
8. Frank (play) the DJ if the others(Bring) bring along their CDs.
9. Alan (mix)the drinks if Jane(Mix) give him some of her cocktail recipes.
10. If they all(do) their best, the party(is/are/will be) will be great.

1. . If you (send) this letter now, she (receive) it

tomorrow.
2. If I (do) this test, I (improve) my English.
3. If I (find) your ring, I (give) it back to you.
4. Peggy (go) shopping if she (have) time in the
afternoon.
5. Simon (go) to London next week if he (get) a cheap
flight.
6. If her boyfriend (phone / not) today, she (leave)
him.
7. If they (study / not) harder, they (pass / not) the
exam.
8. If it (rain) tomorrow, I (have to / not) water the
plants.
9. You (be able/ not) to sleep if you (watch) this scary
film.
10. Susan (can / move / not) into the new house if it (be / not)
ready on time.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

69 | English Book
CONTOH SOAL

If I(play) played the lottery, I(have) would have a chance to hit the jackpot.
If I(hit) hit the jackpot, I (would be/were)would be rich.
If I(were/would be) were rich, my life(change) would change completely.
I(buy) would buy a lonely island if I(find) found a nice one.
If I (own)owned a lonely island, I (build)would build a huge house by the beach.
I(invite) would invite all my friends if I(have) had a house by the beach.
I (pick)would pick my friends up in my yacht if they(want) wanted to spend their
holidays on my island.
We(have) would have great parties if my friends(come) came to my island.
If we(like) liked to go shopping in a big city, we(charter) would charter a
helicopter.

But if my friends' holidays(were/would be) were over, I(feel) would feel very
lonely on my lonely island

Contoh.SOAL 2

 If we (have) a yacht, we (sail) the seven seas.

 If he (have) more time, he (learn) karate.
 If they (tell) their father, he (be) very angry.
 She (spend) a year in the USA if it (be) easier to get
a green card.
 If I (live) on a lonely island, I (run) around naked all
day.
 We (help) you if we (know) how.
 My brother (buy) a sports car if he (have) the
money.
 If I (feel) better, I (go) to the cinema with you.
 If you (go) by bike more often, you (be / not) so
flabby.
 She (not / talk) to you if she (be) mad at you.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

70 | English Book
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Form

if + Past Perfect, main clause with Conditional II

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use
a comma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and
Conditional II on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

C.SOAL 1

If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it.

If you (ask) me, I (help) you.
If we (go) to the cinema, we (see) my friend
Jacob.
If you (speak) English, she (understand) .
If they (listen) to me, we (be) home earlier.
I (write) you a postcard if I (have) your address.
If I (not / break) my leg, I (take part) in the
contest.
If it (not/ start) to rain, we (walk) to the
museum.
We (swim) in the sea if there (not / be) so many
sharks there.
If she (take) the bus, she (not / arrive) on time.

C.SOAL 2

71 | English Book
 1. If the midfielders had passed the ball more exactly, our team would have had
more chances to attack.
2. If the forwards had run faster, they would have scored more goals.
3. Their motivation would have improved if they had kicked a goal during the
first half.
4. The fullbacks would have prevented one or the other goal if they had marked
their opponents.
5. If the goalie had jumped up, he would have caught the ball.
6. If the referee had seen the foul, he would have awarded a penalty kick to
our team.
7. Our team would have been in better form if they had trained harder the
weeks before.
8. The game would have become better if the trainer had sent a substitute in
during the second half.
9. If it had been a home game, our team would have won the match.
10. If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league.

SOAL MIX

If they have time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
If we sneak out quietly, nobody will notice .
If we had known about your problem, we would have helped you.
If I were you, I would not buy that dress.
We would have arrived earlier if we had not missed the bus.
If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life would not be complete.
Okay, I will get the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
If I told you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
She would have gone out with you if you had only asked her.
I would not have read your diary if you had not hidden it in such an obvious
place.
If I had time, I would go shopping with you.
If you speak English, you will get along with them perfectly.
If they had gone for a walk, they would have turned the lights off.
If she comes to see us, we will go to the zoo.
I would have told you, if I had seen him.
Would you mind if I opened the window?
If they had invited me, I wouldn't have said no.
My friend will meet me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
If I didn't do it, nobody would do it.
If my father doesn't pick me up, I'll take the bus home.

72 | English Book
  If he had dropped the vase, it would have broken.
Type I Type II Type III
 If you have to do the washing up, I will help you.
Type I Type II Type III
 If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning ... (song)
Type I Type II Type III
 I wouldn't run away if I saw a spider.
Type I Type II Type III
 We'd have given you a lift if you hadn't had your bike with you.
Type I Type II Type III
 If you had listened to me, the accident wouldn't have happened.
Type I Type II Type III
 If we don't get tickets for the concert, we'll stay at home.
Type I Type II Type III
 They'd go by bus if they didn't have a car.
Type I Type II Type III
 She'll hear us if you don't stop laughing.
Type I Type II Type III
 He wouldn't have taken the bread if he hadn't been hungry.
Type I Type II Type III

SOAL GANDA

If you do your homework now, we will go to the cinema in the evening.

Abcd Go,will go,would go,went

If we order the book now, we will have it tomorrow.

Abcd order,will rder, would order, ordered

If I had more money, I would buy a bigger car.

Buy,willbuy,would buy,bought

If I met my favourite movie star, I would ask him for an autograph.

Meet,will meet, would meet, met

I will call you if I need your help.

Call,will call, would cal, called

73 | English Book
 I would go swimming if the weather were better.

Is, wil be, would be, were

If he doesn't have time tomorrow, we will meet the day after.

Doesnot have,antnot have, would have, did not have

If I were you, I wouldn't know what to do.

Dontnot know, wantnot know, would not know,did not have

If we don't order the tickets soon, there won't be any tickets left.

Aren’t be, want be, woul be, weren’t be

She would not say that if she were your friend.

Doesnot say,wiil not say, would not say, didn’t say

1. I will visit your hometown…………..

a. If I come to Indonesia.
b. If I came to Indonesia
c. If I will come to indonesia
d. If I would come to Indonesia

2. If I had had free time …………..

a. I will watch the movie together with my friend.

b. I would watch the movie together with my friend.
c. I would have watched the movie together with my friends.
d. I would have been watching the movie together with my friends.

3. What is the fact of the previous sentence? (question no. 2)

a. I didn’t have free time. Therefore, I didn’t watch the movie together with my
friend.
b. I don’t have free time. Therefore. I don’t watch the movie together with my
friend.
c. I was not having free time. Therefore, I was not watching the movie together with
my friend.
d. I am not having free time. Therefore. I am not watching the movie together with
my friend.

4. If I were you, …………..

74 | English Book
a. I will buy that limited edition camera.
b. I would buy that limited edition camera.
c. I would have bought that limited edition camera.
d. I would have been buying that limited edition camera.

5. What is the fact of the previous question? (question no.4)

a. I am not you c. I were not you.

b. I was not you d. I have not been you.

6. My father would buy me a new motorcycle …………..

a. If I passed the state university entrance test.

b. If I pass the state university entrance test.
c. If I have passed the state university entrance test.
d. If I am passing the state university entrance test.

7. What is the fact of the previous sentence? (question no.6)

a. I don’t pass the state university entrance test.

b. I didn’t pass the state university entrance test.
c. I wasn’t passing the state university entrance test.
d. I am not passing the state university entrance test.

8. If I had gone with my parents five hours ago to our villa,……….

a. I would not be alone right now.

b. I will not be alone right now.
c. I am not alone right now
d. I was not alone right now.

9. What is the fact of question no. 8?

a. I do not go with my parents five hours ago, so 1 am alone right now.
b. I did not go with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.
c. I was not going with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.
d. I am not going with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.

10. If Maria had obeyed her mother’s advice to accept the scholarship,…………..

75 | English Book
a. She would have graduated from famous university.
b. She will graduate from famous university.
c. She graduates from famous university.
d. She graduated from famous university.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type II ►

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the

past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Chapte

11 Expressing Wish and Hope

I hope you had a good time at the party last night.

I haven’t looked outside yet. I hope it’s not raining.
I hope you have a great day.
I hope you’re not going to go to the movie without me.
I hope my boss will give me a promotion this year.
I hope my boss gives me a promotion this year.

76 | English Book
The last two examples are about the future. In English, we can use the future tense or
the present tense after the word “hope” to talk about the future. Both are natural.

On the other hand, “wish” is used to talk about situations that we desire, but which
are the opposite of the current reality or which are impossible. We can use wish +
past tense to talk about our situation right now. Even though we use the past tense,
we are NOT talking about the past. For example:

Dua contoh terakhir adalah tentang masa depan. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kita bisa
menggunakan tense masa depan atau present present tense setelah kata "harapan"
untuk membicarakan masa depan. Keduanya alami.
Di sisi lain, "keinginan" digunakan untuk membicarakan situasi yang kita inginkan,
tapi justru sebaliknya dari realitas saat ini atau yang tidak mungkin. Kita bisa
menggunakan keinginan + lampau untuk membicarakan situasi kita saat ini.
Meskipun kita menggunakan bentuk lampau, kita TIDAK berbicara tentang masa lalu.
Sebagai contoh:

I wish I had a car. (In reality, I don’t have a car now, but I want one).
I wish I didn’t have to work tomorrow. (In reality, I have to work tomorrow, but I
don’t want to).
I wish I were tall. (In reality, I’m short, but I want to be tall).
I wish I could play the piano. (In reality, I can’t play the piano, but I want to).

When we use wish + past perfect tense, we are talking about regrets we have from
the past. For example:

Bila kita menggunakan kata-kata yang menyenangkan, kita berbicara tentang

penyesalan yang kita miliki dari masa lalu. Sebagai contoh:

I wish I hadn’t gone to the party. (In reality, I went to the party, and now I regret it).
I wish I had studied harder in school. (In reality, I didn’t study hard in school, and
now I regret it).
I wish I hadn’t gotten drunk in front of my boss. (In reality, I got drunk in front of my
boss, and now I regret it).
I wish I had gone to bed earlier last night. (In reality, I didn’t go to bed early last
night, and now I regret it).

We can use wish + would + verb to talk about situations that often happen in our
lives that we don’t like. For example:

Kita bisa menggunakan wish + would + verb untuk membicarakan situasi yang
sering terjadi dalam hidup kita yang tidak kita sukai. Sebagai contoh:

77 | English Book
I wish my husband would help me clean the house. (In reality, my husband never helps
me clean the house, and I don’t like it).
I wish my children wouldn’t play their music so loudly. (In reality, my children
play their music very loudly, and I don’t like it).

We can also use wish + noun to talk about things that we desire for other people. In
these cases, the meaning of “wish” is more similar to “hope”. This way of using
“wish”, however, is much less common that the other ways. For example:

Kita juga bisa menggunakan wish + noun untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang kita
inginkan untuk orang lain. Dalam kasus ini, arti "harapan" lebih mirip dengan
"harapan". Cara menggunakan "keinginan" ini, bagaimanapun, adalah jauh lebih
umum bila dibandingkan dengan cara lainnya. Sebagai contoh:

We wish you a merry Christmas. (The meaning is: We hope you have a merry
Christmas).

Wish me luck on my exam. (The meaning is: Please hope that I have good luck on my
exam).

I wish you health and happiness. (The meaning is: I hope you have health and
happiness).

Finally, we can use wish + the infinitive form of a verb (this is means “to” + the base
form). In these cases, the meaning of “wish” has the same meaning as “want”, but it is
more formal. For example:

Akhirnya, kita bisa menggunakan wish + bentuk infinitif dari kata kerja (ini berarti
"menjadi" + bentuk dasar). Dalam kasus ini, arti "keinginan" memiliki arti yang sama
dengan "keinginan", tapi lebih formal. Sebagai contoh:

The difference between "wish" and "hope"

How to use "wish"

1. Wish is most commonly used in hypothetical (or imagined/unreal) situations:

Example:
I wish (that) you were here. (Unfortunately, you're not, and I miss you.)

78 | English Book
 2. Sometimes wish is used in greeting and expressions of goodwill:
Example:
We wish you a "Merry Christmas."

How to use "hope"

1. Hope can also be used in expressions of goodwill, but the grammar is slightly
different:
Examples:
I hope (that) you have a Merry Christmas. (some time in the future)
I hope (that) you had a nice Birthday. (some time in the past)
2. Hope can be used to specify a desired outcome. For future hopes, the
possibilities remain open, but for past hopes, the outcome has usually been
determined already.
Examples:
I hope you can come to the party on Saturday.(future possibility)
I was hoping that you would come to the party.(but you didn't)
I had hoped to see you at the party on Saturday. (but I didn't)

79 | English Book
80 | English Book
81 | English Book
1. Choose the following sentences which expression of Hope .....
a. I need a nice house
b. I would like to have a nice house
c. I wish I had a nice house
d. I like a nice house

2. Faiz : What’s up? You look so sad.

Rizki : My brother got sick and he is still hospitalized
Faiz : That’s too bad. I’m so sorry to hear that. How is he now?
Rizki : He is getting better now
Faiz : Oh, ………….
Rizki : I hope so

The suitable expression to complete the dialogue above is……

a. I hope he will get well soon
b. I hope he looks so sad
c. I hope he is still hospitalized
d. I hope he gets sick

Complete the following dialogue to answer questions 3 and 4!

Gina: Hi, Jean. How are you doing?
Jean: Bad.
Gina: What's wrong?
Jean: My father got sick. He has to stay in the hospital for a few days to get medical
care.
Gina: What happened to him?
Jean: He got cancer.
Gina: I'm sorry to hear that. But you still go to school?
Jean: Yea, my mom told me that I have to go to school. She is in the hospital to
accompany my dad.
Gina: I (3) …….. your dad will get better soon.
Jean: Yea, (4) ……

3. Gina: I …….. your dad will get better soon.

a. congratulate
b. talk
c. hope
d. try

4. Jean: Yea, ……
a. I doubt
b. I hope so

82 | English Book
c. I don't think so
d. No comment

5. Look at the picture and choose the best wish..

*my friend is sick*
a. congratulation on your sickness
b. Get Well Soon, my friend
c. Why are you sick?
d. Don't be sick

6. The following sentence are expression of congratulation, except ....

a. I congratulate you on your success
b. Nice work
c. How poor you are
d. That's great

7. Dika : I won the competition yesterday

Hendri : Really? That's very great. Please accept my warmest congratulations
Dika : .....
Hendri : You are welcome

a. Thanks for saying so

b. I hope you say so
c. Oh, don't mention it
d. That's very great

8. Diah : How was is your work?

Ana : I have finished my first novel
Diah : Wow...
Ana : Thank you

a. Well done! You did it

b. Thank you
c. I hope it's fine
d. Oh my God!

9. Dita : Congratulation on your achievement Dety

Dety : .....
a. Excellent
b. Good for you
c. How nice of you to say so
d. nice job

83 | English Book
10. Look at the picture and choose the best wish ......
*My friend gratuated*
a. Have a great school day my friend
b. Have a nice trip!c. Congratulation on your graduation. I happy for you
d. What a wonderful birthday

12 |Explanation

84 | English Book
 1. Explanation
Procedure Text adalah teks yang isinya berkaitan dengan cara membuat,
melakukan, atau mengoperasikan sesuatu secara berurutan ( dalam
langkah langkah yang teratur mulai dari awal sampai akhir ). Terkadang
procedure text juga menyebutkan berbagai bahan atau alat yang
diperlukan.

1. Tujuan Procedure Text

Tujuan komunikatif procedure text adalah menggambarkan bahwa

sesuatu yang dikerjakan sesuai dengan aturan melalui langkah – langkah
yang jelas dan teratur. Dengan kata lain, jenis teks ini memberikan
petunjuk cara – cara melakukan sesuatu dengan menempuh urutan yang
benar.

2. Generic Stucture of Procedure Text

Procedure text memiliki skema susunan umum atau generic structure

diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Goal/Aim (Tujuan)
Goal atau aim berarti tujuan dalam pembuatan atau peng- operasian
sesuatu.
2. Materials (Bahan-Bahan)
Materials adalah bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk melakukan
sesuatu. Namun demikian, terdapat pula Procedure Text yang tidak
memerlukan bahan-bahan. Seba¬gai contoh, “How to use the
computer.” (Bagaimana cara menggunakan komputer).

Ada 3 jenis Procedural Text yang tidak menggunakan bagian materials.

Perhatikan penjelasan berikut ini.

1. Procedure Text yang menjelaskan bagaimana bekerja atau cara

melakukan instruksi secara manual contohnya, How to use video
game, the computer, the tape recorder, the fax, dan sebagainya.
2. Procedural Text yang menginstruksikan bagai-mana melakukan
aktivitas-aktivitas tertentu serta peraturannya. Contohnya, road
safety rules, video game rules, dan sebagainya.

85 | English Book
 3. Procedural Text yang berhubungan dengan sifat atau kebiasaan
manusia. Contohnya, How to live happily, atau How to succeed, dan
sebagainya.

c) Steps (Langkah-Langkah)

Bagian ini memuat langkah-langkah atau urutan yang harus dilakukan

agartujuan dapat tercapai. Sebagai catatan, pada Procedure Text berupa
How to biasanya tidak menyebutkan (menyertakan) materi.yang
dibutuhkan (material needed).

4. Bentuk-Bentuk Procedural Text

Procedural Text dapat digunakan dalam bentuk recipes/ cookbooks, craft

instructions, game rules, science experiments/ report, dan sebagainya.

5. Ciri Ciri

Terdapat beberapa ciri kebahasaan dalam Procedural Text, di antaranya

adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Menggunakan pola kalimat imperative (perintah),

misalnya, cut, don’t mix, dan sebagainya;
2. Menggunakan action verbs, misalnya turn, put, don’t,
mix, dan sebagainya;
3. Menggunakan connectives (kata penghubung) untuk
mengurutkan kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dan
sebagainya.
4. Menggunakan adverbials ( kata keterangan ) untuk
menyatakan secara rinci waktu, tempat, serta cara yang
akurat, misalnya for five minutes, 2 hours, dan
sebagainya.
5. Menggunakan simple present tense.
6. Biasanya menggunakan penomoran, firstly, secondly,
next, then, dan sebagainya.
7. Menjelaskan bahan bahan yang ada, walaupun tidak
harus selalu ada.

86 | English Book
 8. Example
Example 1:

How to Make a Glass of Coffee

Materials :

1. water
2. Sugar
3. Coffee
4. Glass,
5. Spoon
6. kettle
Steps :
1. boil the water First
2. Second, take two spoons of coffee and two spoons of sugar. put into
a glass
3. Next, pour the hot water into a glass
4. Then, stir it gently

87 | English Book
5. Finally, your coffee is ready to drink

Example 2:
How to Make Friend Rice

Ingredients
1. 3 cups cooked white rice
2. 2 sprays cooking spray
3. 1 cups uncooked carrots, shredded
4. 1/2 cups frozen green peas, thawed
5. 2 large eggs, lightly beaten
6. 1 cups uncooked scallions, sliced, divided
7. 1/4 cups low sodium soy sauce, or to taste
Steps
8. Coat a large nonstick skillet with cooking spray; warm pan over
medium-high heat. Add eggs; tilt pan so that eggs cover bottom.
9. When eggs start to set, break them up into pieces with a heat-proof
spatula. Cook until eggs are cooked through, about one minute
more; remove eggs from skillet and set aside.
10. Off heat, recoat same skillet with cooking spray; set over
medium-high heat. Add carrots and all but 2 tablespoons scallions;
sauté until carrots are crisp-tender, about 3 or 4 minutes.
11. Stir in cooked rice, peas and soy sauce; cook until heated
through, stirring once or twice, about 1 minute. Gently stir in cooked
egg and remaining scallions; heat through. Yields about 3/4 cup per
serving

12. Exercise
How to Make Bregedel Tempe

88 | English Book
The ingredients:

1. 150 g tempe

1. 1 tablespoon flour
2. 1 egg
3. 1 spoon Royco
4. 1 cup vegetable oil for frying

Here are the instructions:

1. Mash the tempe with a fork.

2. Put the mashed tempe in a bowl and mix with the flour and Royco,
followed by an egg.
3. Shape the tempe into the size of a golf ball and flatten a little with
a fork.
4. Heat the vegetable oil in a medium flame. When the oil is hot, drop
the tempe into the oil, five or six at a time.
5. Fry until golden brown on both sides, drain on absorbent paper
and serve hot with chili or sauce.

A. Choose the best answer based on the text above!

1.Which statement is TRUE about the instruction?

A. We need the big fire to make oil become hot.

B. We ought to drop the tempe around ten or twelve at a two times.

C. We fork to flatten the shape of tempe.

D. We fry the tempe before golden brown.

89 | English Book
2. What is the main ingredient of the bregedel tempe?

A. Tempe

B. Bregedel Tempe

C. Tempe and Egg

D. Tempe, flour and Royco

3. When we add the egg in making bregedel tempe?

A. Between we mask the tempe and shape the tempe.

B. After we shape the tempe and before we mask the tempe.

C. Before we shape the tempe and mix the tempe with Royco.

D. While we shape the tempe.

4. What is the Generic Structure of the text?

A. Goal – Equipment – Steps

B. Goal – Materials – Resolution

C. Goal – Materials – Steps

D. Goal – Ingredients – Resolution

5. What is the social fuction of this text?

A. To inform the readers about Bregedel Tempe.

B. To retell about Bregedel Tempe.

C. To describe about Bregedel Tempe

D. To describe about how to make Bregedel Tempe

90 | English Book
6. The language feature of this text is. . .

A. PresentTense

B. Past Tense

C. Imperative

D. Gerund

7. “Fry until golden brown on both sides, drain on absorbent…” (last line)

The underlined word has the closest meaning to. . .

A. Flat

B. Plate

C. Dry

D. Getter

How to Make Flannel Rose Ring

Ingridients

1. Red Flannel around 10×10 cm

2. Scissors
3. Glue

The ways:

1. Cut round the flannel about 5×3 cm and make spiral in it.
2. Glue each side of spiral flannel.
3. Twist it from central until the end (look like a rose).

91 | English Book
 4. Cut the flannel in a rectangle (the size depend on your finger).
5. Put the rose in a rectangle and glue it.
6. Flannel rose ring is ready to wear.

B. Choose the best answer based on the text above!

8. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the instruction?

A. We must glue the rose in rectangle to get the ring.

B. The biggest the finger means the more flannel that needed.

C. All people have the same size of rectangle to make the ring.

D. We make a rectangle after we make a rose form.

9. We need flannel . . . to make rose ring for twice.

A. Less than 10x10cm

B. Only 10x10cm

C. About 10x10cm

D. More than 10x10cm

10.What should we do after we cut round the flannel?

A. Glue each side of the flannel

B. Cut it in spiral form

C. Twist from the central until the end

D. Put the rose in a rectangle and glue it.

11. What is the Generic Structure of the second paragraph?

92 | English Book
A. Goal

B. Materials

C. Ingredients

D. Steps

12. “Twist it from central until the end “ (second paragraph)

The underlined word has similar meaning with. . .

A. pull

B. Fling

C. Ream

D. Coil

93 | English Book