1) Name the process a cell such as a neutrophil or a macrophage uses to ingest (eat) its

prey.
a) halitosis
b) chemotaxis
c) botulism
d) phagocytosis
e) apotosis

2) In HIV infection, reverse transcription describes which of the following?

a) converting viral DNA into RNA
b) converting viral RNA into DNA
c) converting proteins into viral RNA
d) converting human RNA into DNA
e) converting human DNA into RNA

3) Which of these produces and secretes antibodies in the body?

a) bacteria
b) plasma cell
c) red blood cell
d) virus
e) both A and D

4) What is a specific term for a bacterial or other foreign protein that initiates antibody
production by the body?
a) peptide
b) MHCII molecule
c) complement
d) antigen
e) antibiotic
5) Which of these cell types can play a primary role in attacking and killing cancer cells?
a) red blood cell
b) cytotoxic T cell
c) platelet
d) mast cell
e) plasma cell
What is an important mechanism white blood cells use to kill bacteria, fungi and other
invading pathogens?
a) asphyxiation
b) oxidative activity
c) fright
d) drowning
e) secrete toxin

6) Which of the following statements about hormones is INCORRECT?

a) They are produced by endocrine glands.
b) They are modified amino acids, peptides, or steroid molecules.
c) They are carried by the circulatory system.
d) They are used to communicate between different organisms.
e) They elicit specific biological responses from target cells.

7) What role(s) does the cytoskeleton play in a living cell?

a) maintaining cell shape
b) movement
c) contraction
d) a and b only
e) all of the above

8) When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attaches to a host cell what genetic
material is released into the cell’s cytoplasm?
a) chromosome
b) RNA
c) DNA
d) ligand
e) Reverse transcriptase

9) Name the membrane structure that open and close for potassium efflux and sodium
influx.
a) ion channels
b) vacuoles
c) capillaries
d) cytokines
e) phospholipids

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of ATP and how it provides energy?

ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released
when the bond between the adenine base and the sugar is broken.

ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released
when the bond between the second phosphate group and third phosphate group is broken.

ATP contains a 6-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released
when the bond between the second phosphate group and third phosphate group is broken.

ATP contains a 6-carbon sugar, two phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released
when a single phosphate group is added to the existing two phosphate groups.

ATP contains a 6-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released
when bonds within the 6-carbon molecule are broken.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the final step in cellular respiration.

List the following steps of oxidative phosphorylation from beginning to end.

Electrons are transferred to molecules in the beginning of the electron transport chain.

H+ ions are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane to establish an electrochemical gradient.

Electrons are transferred to oxygen, causing it to split and take up H+ ions, which forms water.

H+ ions flow down the gradient to generate ATP.

1-2-3-4

2-1-3-4

1-3-2-4

2-1-4-3

1-2-4-3

When do organisms use anaerobic pathways to generate energy?

When there is not enough oxygen available to undergo aerobic cellular respiration

When the Krebs cycle is moving too slowly

When glucose is available as a reactant

Whenever they want to

When the cytoplasm is unavailable for cellular respiration

Which of the following statements best is true of the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle occurs as part of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Oxygen and water are produced in the Krebs cycle.

The Krebs cycle is the first step in cellular respiration.

Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.

The Krebs cycle consumes glucose to create ATP.

After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and a molecule that contains 2 of
the 3 carbons from the pyruvate. Which product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle?

NADH

Glucose

Carbon dioxide

Lactate

Acetyl-CoA

The electron transport chain (ETC) is one part in oxidative phosphorylation, which is the last step in
cellular respiration. Which of the following is true of the ETC?

The movement of electrons down the ETC drives the formation of a proton gradient.

The movement of H+ ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria drives the transfer of electrons
down the ETC.

The movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase drives the transfer of electrons down the ETC.

ETC creates ATP due to the oxidation of glucose with ATPase as catalyst.

The movement of electrons down the ETC drives the movement of ADP and phosphate through ATP
synthase

Gwen is investigating how exercise affects the rate at which she can squeeze a ball. After several
minutes, she begins to experience muscle soreness and fatigue. She knows that this means her
muscles are beginning to run out of oxygen.
Which process is likely causing the soreness in her muscle cells?

Krebs cycle

Lactic acid fermentation

Alcohol fermentation

Photosynthesis

Which of the following are true regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are performed by all plants and animals.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are near-opposite processes.

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in the chloroplasts of a cell.

Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide, and cellular respiration uses carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cannot perform by prokaryotes.

Which of the following correctly describes the overall process of the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.

The Calvin cycle breaks down carbohydrates into simpler molecules.

ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions are used by the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrates.

During the Calvin cycle, carbon is oxidized.

During the Calvin cycle, plant do not respire.

Which of the following reaction(s) occurs during the Calvin cycle?

Carbon reduction

Carbon fixation

Carbon release

RuBP regeneration

2 only

1, and 2 only
2, and 4 only

1, 2, and 4 only

All are correct

Phenotypes is:

your genetic make up

represented by two alleles

given by words such as homozygous and heterozygous

your physical characteristics

determines genotype

How many alleles are there for human blood type?

A person homozygous recessive may have straight hair; a homozygous dominant curly hair, and a
heterozygote wavy hair. What is the interaction between these alleles?

dominant / recessive

co-dominant

incompletely dominant

additive

penetrance

A person with the phenotype of being AB for blood type has the genotype AB. What is the
relationship between the A allele and B allele?
dominant / recessive

co-dominant

incompletely dominant

additive

penetrance

A person with AB blood type mates with someone with BO blood type. Which of the following is not
a possible phenotype for their offspring?

AB

all of these are possible