DMK3042 OIL AND FAT PROCESSING

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND

FAT PROCESSING
 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND FAT PROCESSING

1.1 Raw material used in oil and fat processing;

1.1.1 The composition and the processing of animal fats in tallow, lard and marine
oils
1.1.2 The composition and the processing of vegetable oils in palm oil and olive oil
1.1.3 Discuss the composition and the processing of seed oils in palm kernel oil,
coconut oil, sunflower oil and soy bean oil

1.2 The supply chain of palm oil from the plantation to palm oil processing Plant

1.3 The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Certification to promote sustainable
path for palm oil industry.
1.1 RAW MATERIAL USED IN OIL AND FAT PROCESSING

RAW
MATERIAL
PLANT ANIMAL

• Palm oil • Fish oil

Tropical
• Palm kernel oil
• Coconut oil
oil • Tallow
• Soy bean oil • Lard
• Sunflower oil Seed oil • Butter
• Canola oil
1.1.1 THE COMPOSITION AND THE
PROCESSING
ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
 ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
METHOD : RENDERING
• Use to extract fat from animal.
• Generally heat rendered (coagulate protein from cell wall) from animal tissue.
• Devided into 2 :
• Wet • Edible
• Dry wet products
• Pets food

• Inedible
Dry products
• Sanitary
products
 ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
METHOD : RENDERING
• Animal Fat Animal fats are rendered tissue fats that can be
obtained from a variety of animals.
• Basically, these are the by-products of the meat packing industry,
made available as a result of the preparation of meat either for sale
as meat percent or from the manufacture of meat product.
• Rendering :The most conventional way of stabilizing raw material is
to process the raw material with heat. This serves to both evaporate
the water content and sterilize at the same time
 ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
METHOD : RENDERING
• In the process of rendering, meat scraps are heated in steam or
water to cause the fat to melt. The melted fat then rises and water
and remaining tissue settle below.
• The melted fat is then separated by skimming or centrifugation.
• Dry rendering -heat rendering cooks the tissue under vacuum to remove moisture
• Wet rendering -utilizes water and steam; and low-temperature rendering uses just
enough heat to melt the fat.
ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
METHOD : RENDERING
WET RENDERING
Chopping
• Adipose tissue from pig (lard) fats
• Direct steam injection into the
vessel (40 -60psi / 90-140°C)
• Fat floats to the top, drawn off Melting
and centrifuge to remove
excessive water.

Centrifuge
ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
METHOD : RENDERING
DRY RENDERING
Chopping
• To produce tallow (beef cattle) fats
• Heated in steam jacketed
vessel at 115-120°C / 1.5 – 4
hrs until most of water Steam jacket
evaporated. vessel
• The remaining solid material is
pressed / centrifuge to
separate fat from protein Pressed /
centrifuge
ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
COMPOSITION - refresh
Major component Minor component
1. Triacylglycerol (TAG) 1. Monoacylglycerol (MAG) & Diacylglycerol (DAG)

2. Fatty acid 2. Phospholipid

3. Sterols

4. Tocols

5. Fat soluble vitamins

6. Chlorophyll A. Alkanes
B. Squalene
7. Hydrocarbon C. Carotenes
D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
ANIMAL FATS : TALLOW, LARD AND MARINE OILS
COMPOSITION – Major fatty acid
Sources Major Fatty Acid
Tallow Mutton : 18:0(32%) 18:1(31%) 16:0(27%)
Beef : 18:1(48%) 16:0(27%) 16: 1(11%)
Lard 18:1(44%) 16:0(27%) 18:0(11%)
Fish Oil Depends on try of fish : normally high in 20: 5 &
22:6
1.1.1 THE COMPOSITION AND THE
PROCESSING
VEGETABLE OILS : PALM OIL
 OILS AND FATS SOURCES
Palm and palm kernel oil

Palm fruit: Oil: 35 -45 %

Sludge: 45 - 55 %
Palm kernel  oil: 5 %
Oil yield: 3.5 t/ha
Economic life around 25 years
Oil recovered by pressing
Global application as:
Cooking/frying oil
Hardstocks for spreads
Soap making
 1.1.1 THE COMPOSITION AND THE
PROCESSING
SEED OIL : PALM KERNEL OIL, COCONUT OIL, SUNFLOWER OIL
AND SOY BEAN OIL
 OILS AND FATS SOURCES
Soybean oil

Oil: 20 % => 40 % crop value

Protein meal for animal feed
Oil yield: 0.5 t/ha
Rotation crop
Oil recovered by hexane extraction
Global application as:
Cooking/frying/salad oil
Liquid oil in spreads
After hydrogenation in hardstock (USA)
 OILS AND FATS SOURCES
Sunflower oil

Oil: 40 % => 80 % crop value

Meal for animal feed
Oil yield: 0.8 t/ha
Rotation crop
Oil recovered by pressing and extraction
Global use as:
Cooking/frying/salad oil
Liquid oil in spreads
OILS AND FATS SOURCES
Rapeseed/Canola oil
Oil: 40 % => 80 % crop value
Meal for animal feed
Oil yield: 0.4 - 1.2 t/ha
Rotation crop
Oil recovered by pressing and extraction
Design oil (selective breeding)
Regional application as:
Cooking/salad oil
Liquid oil in heart health spreads
Fatty acid composition main oils and fats
100%

90%
C22
80%
C20
70% C18:3
C18:2
60%
C18:1
50% C18
C16
40%
C14
30% C12

20% C10
C8
10%

0%
1.2 THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF PALM OIL FROM THE
PLANTATION TO PALM OIL PROCESSING PLANT
PLANTATION

REFINING MANUFACTURING

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

MILLING
 Upstream palm oil supply chain
Plantation Smallholders

Palm kernels
Oil mill Palm kernel mill

Crude palm kernel oil

Refinery

Fractionation
Palm olein Palm stearin

Storage Storage Storage Storage

Golden Hope
Downstream palm oil supply chain

Storage Storage Storage crude

crude palm oil RBD palm stearin palm kernel oil

Refining Refining

Palm stearin

Palm kernel oil

Fractionation
Palm oil

Palm olein Interesterification

Post refining

Consumer goods manufacturer

Kernel oil
PALM OIL

Refined Palm Olein

Refined Palm Stearin

Refined Palm Oil

Crude Palm Oil

RANGE OF USES OF OILS FROM OIL PALM

28
GLOBAL DEMAND FOR VEGETABLE OIL IS GROWING FAST

Source: Oilseeds - World Markets and Trade, USDA, January 2017

PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LIVING BELOW
NATIONAL PROVERTY LINE

Source : CIA World Factbook

Why is palm oil so popular?
 1.3 RSPO
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
 RSPO
Vision
• RSPO will transform markets to make sustainable palm oil the norm

Mission
• Advance the production, procurement, finance and use of sustainable palm oil products
• Develop, implement, verify, assure and periodically review credible global standards for
the entire supply chain of sustainable palm oil
• Monitor and evaluate the economic, environmental and social impacts of the uptake of
sustainable palm oil in the market
• Engage and commit all stakeholders throughout the supply chain, including
governments and consumers
 RSPO
• The RSPO has developed a set of environmental and social criteria
which companies must comply with in order to produce Certified
Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO).
• When they are properly applied, these criteria can help to minimize
the negative impact of palm oil cultivation on the environment and
communities in palm oil-producing regions.
• The RSPO has more than 3,000 members worldwide who represent
all links along the palm oil supply chain. They have committed to
produce, source and/or use sustainable palm oil certified by the RSPO
 Who are They?
Oil Palm
Growers
Palm Oil
Not-for-profit Social Processors and
Traders
that unites NGOs

stakeholders
from the 7
sectors of the RSPO
Environmental Consumer
palm oil NGOs Goods
Manufacturers
industry

Banks /
Retailers
Investors
 HISTORY
• The RSPO was established in 2004 to promote the production
and use of sustainable palm oil for People, Planet, and
Prosperity.
8 PRINCIPLES FOR GROWERS TO BE RSPO CERTIFIED
RSPO WORLDWIDE IMPACT
Some of the global companies who have committed to
100% RSPO certified sustainable palm oil