Programming 1972

Computer Programming: the process of developing and  Prolog

implementing various sets of instructions to enable a  Programming in Logic
computer to do a certain task.  Alain Colmerauer
Program: a set of instructions that tell the computer to
do the task.  Smalltalk
 2nd OOPL and 1st true IDE
Programming involves tasks such as:  Alan Kay
 Analysis  OOPL- Object-oriented Programming Language
 Generating algorithm  IDE- Integrated Development Environment
Tasks related to programming: 1974
 Testing  SQL
 Debugging  Structured Query Language
 Source code maintenance  Database PL by Edgar Codd
1979
Computer Programming History  C++
 Bjarne Stroustrup
1843 1991
 Ada Lovelace- 1st person to write a program for  Python
analytical engine.  For data analysis
1956  Guido Van Rossum
 FORTRAN 1993
 Formula Translation  R
 Developed by John Backus  For data analysis
 One of the programming languages  Robert Gentleman
 First high-level programming language 1995
1958  Java
 LISP  James Gosling
 List Processing
 2ND oldest PL developed by John McCarthy  Ruby
1959  Yukihiro Matsumoto
 COBOL
 Common Business Oriented Language Generations of Programming Languages:
 Grace Hopper and Bob Bemer Low Level
1964 1GL: Machine Languages
 BASIC 2GL: Assembly Languages
 Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction High Level
Code 3GL: High Level Languages
 John Kemeny, Mary Keller, Thomas Kurtz 4GL: Declarative Languages
1965 5GL: AI- Artificial Intelligence
 SIMULA
 Simulation Algorithm
 1st ever object-oriented PL  Set of instructions typically to solve a class of
 Ole-Johan Dahl problems or perform a computation.
1972  An instance of logic written in software by
 C software developers.
 Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan
 Bell labs
Typical steps: 3. Usability
1.Problem Definition 4. Portability
2. Development of the model 5. Maintainability
3. Specification of the algorithm 6. Efficiency
4. Designing algorithm
5. Checking the correctness of algorithm Compiler
6. Analysis of algorithm  A computer program that transforms codes
7. Implementation written in a high-level Programming Language
8. Program testing into machine code.
9. Documentation reformation  Translate the human-readable code to a
language a computer processor understands.
What is a Program Flowchart?
 A diagram that uses a set of standard graphic SC  COMPUTER  MC  OUTPUT
symbols to represent a sequence of coded
instructions fed into a computer to perform JAVA
specified logical and arithmetical operations.  1995 “OAK”
 James Gosling @Sun Microsystem
Basic flowchart symbols  Object-oriented Programming Language
 Automation of household appliances
1. Terminal (start & end) Java features
 Widely used & available
2. Input/output  Variety of automatic checks for mistakes in
program
3. Process Benefits
1. Simple
2. Reliable
4. Decision (true or false |If, else) 3. Dynamic
4. Used in networking
5. Secure
5. Connector: on page (A,B,C) 6. Free
7. Portable
Phases of JAVA Program
6. Connector: off page (A,B,C) 1. Write
2. Compile
3. Run
7. Flowlines (sequence)

8. Preparation

Java program
execution
Computer Software for Flowchart
 UML- Unified Modeling Language
 DRAKON

Quality requirement in programming:

1. Reliability
2. Robustness
 Arithmetic operations
Comments + * % --decrement
/* */- multi-line - / ++increment
//- single line
Order of Precedence
Concatenation: operation of joining character strings (), /, *, %, +, -
end-to-end
Systerm.out.print(“Hello”+ “World”); Operators
> >= <= == !=
Printing
System.out.println(); Conditional/Logical operations
System.out.print(); ! Not
ll Or ^ XOR
Identifiers/variables: simply known as containers to hold && AND
values.
Selection Structure
Rules:  If Statement
if (<condition>)
1. Variables should start either by letters (not {
numbers) or special symbol such as underscore <statement 1>;
(_) or dollar sign($). No space. .
2. No space is allowed between a two-word (or .
more) variable name. .
3. Do not use java reserved words. <statement n>;
}
Naming Conventions
1. Use camelized form.  THE if-else STATEMENT
2. Use small letter at the start of variable name. if (<condition>)
{
<statement 1>;
Data Types: Determine “what kind of container does the .
.
identifier have. .
 Int( Integer) whole number +,-,or 0 <statement n>;
}
 Float (Floating Point Number) decimals, fractions else
{
 Double- decimal values (64bits store) <statement 1>;
 Boolean- creating true or false statements .
.
(AND,OR; XOR & NOT) .
 String- represent text <statement n>;
}
 Char (Character) number, letter, space or
symbol.  Nested if-else statement
Variable syntax (common) If
<data type>_identifier_name; Else if
Else
Casting- process of assigning value or variable of a  THE switch/case STATEMENT
<intVarName>;
specific type to a variable of another type. switch(<intVarName>)
{
case <first value of intVarName>: <statement 1>;
Operators- symbols that perform logical or mathematical <statement 2>;
functions on operands such as variable, consonants, or <statement n>;
break;
objects. case < 2nd value of intVarName> : <statement 1>;
<statement 2>;