relative atomic number 1 2

symbol
name
H He
Hydrogen Helium
relative atomic mass 1.0 4.0

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.1 40.1 44.9 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.9 58.9 58.7 63.6 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yittrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 98.1 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114
Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uuq
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Hahnium Seaborgium Neilsbohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununquadium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268) (272) (272) (277) (289)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.3 152.0 157.2 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.0 231.0 238.0 237.1 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (254) (257) (258) (255) (256)

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4
 DATA SHEET
Physical Constants
F = 96 500 C mol-1 Ideal gas equation
R = 8.31 JK-1 mol-1 pV = nRT
Vm (STP) = 22.4 L mol-1
Vm (SLC) = 24.5 L mol-1
Specific heat of water = 4.184 J mL-1 oC-1
The Electrochemical Series
E° in volt
F2(g) + 2e -
→ 2F (aq)
-
+ 2.87
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- →2H2O(l) + 1.77
Au+(aq) + e- → Au(s) + 1.68
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 1.50
Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2CI-(aq) + 1.36
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- → 2H2O(l) + 1.23
Br2(l) + 2e- → 2Br-(aq) + 1.09
Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s) + 0.80
Fe3+(aq) + e- → Fe2+(aq) + 0.77
I2(s) + 2e- → 2I-(aq) + 0.54
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- → 4OH-(aq) + 0.40
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s) + 0.34
CO2(g) + 8H+(aq) + 8e- → CH4(g) + 2H2O(l) + 0.17
S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2S(g) + 0.14
2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+(aq) + 2e- → Pb(s) - 0.13
Sn2+(aq) + 2e- → Sn(s) - 0.14
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- → Ni(s) - 0.23
Co2+(aq) + 2e- → Co(s) - 0.28
Fe2+(aq) + 2e- → Fe(s) - 0.44
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) - 0.76
2H2O(l) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) - 0.83
Mn2+(aq) + 2e- → Mn(s) - 1.03
Al3+(aq) + 3e- → Al(s) - 1.67
Mg2+(aq) + 2e- → Mg(s) - 2.34
Na+(aq) + e- → Na(s) - 2.71
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- → Ca(s) - 2.87
K+(aq) + e- → K(s) - 2.93
Li+(aq) + e → Li(s) - 3.02

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4
VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying & Using Energy Test Unit 4
SECTION A

MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER SHEET

Instructions:
For each question choose the response that is correct or best answers the question.
Circle the chosen response on this answer sheet.
Only circle one response for each question.

Question 1. A B C D

Question 2. A B C D

Question 3. A B C D

Question 4. A B C D

Question 5. A B C D

Question 6. A B C D

Question 7. A B C D

Question 8. A B C D

Question 9. A B C D

Question 10. A B C D

Question 11. A B C D

Question 12. A B C D

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4
SECTION A - [ 12 marks, 15 minutes ]
This section contains 12 multiple choice questions.
For each question choose the response that is correct or best answers the question.
Indicate your answer on the answer sheet provided.
(Choose only one answer for each question.)

Question 1
Which one of the following groups of energy sources only contains renewable sources?
A. Geothermal, wind, solar and tidal.
B. Hydroelectricity, solar, nuclear fission and wind.
C. Wind, solar, coal and oil.
D. Tidal, geothermal, solar and nuclear fission.

Question 2
The specific heat capacity of a substance is
A. the energy required to change the state of the substance from a liquid to a gas at
its boiling temperature.
B. the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance by 1 ºC
without changing the state.
C. the energy required to change the state of the substance from a solid to a liquid at
its melting temperature.
D. the energy released by one mole of the substance when it is burnt in excess
oxygen.

Question 3
In a galvanic cell
A. reduction will occur at the positive cathode.
B. reduction will occur at the negative cathode.
C. the electrons flow through the external circuit from the cathode to the anode.
D. the negative ions flow from the salt-bridge into the half-cell containing the
cathode.

Question 4
Which one of the following would not be characteristic required of the material used to
construct the negative electrode in a hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell?
A. To be the reductant in the overall reaction.
B. To be an electrical conductor.
C. To be unreactive.
D. To be able to catalyse electron transfer reactions.

Question 5
To plate an iron object with a thin layer of manganese
A. the object is made the positive electrode of an electrolytic cell containing an
aqueous solution of manganese(II), Mn2+(aq), ions.
B. the object is made the negative electrode of an electrolytic cell containing an
aqueous solution of manganese(II), Mn2+(aq), ions.
C. the object can be dipped in an aqueous solution of manganese(II), Mn2+(aq), ions.
D. an aqueous solution of manganese(II), Mn2+(aq), ions cannot be used.

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 1
Questions 6, 7 & 8 refer to the following information.
Two electrolytic cells were set up in series as shown in the diagram below.
A current of 2.00 A was passed through the system for 5.0 minutes.

Question 6
At which electrodes would reduction occur?
A. I and IV.
B. I and III.
C. II and IV.
D. II and III.

Question 7
What mass of copper would be deposited on the electrode where reduction occurs in cell 1?
A. 0.40 g.
B. 0.79 g.
C. 0.20 g.
D. 0.0062 g

Question 8
How would the mass of lead deposited in cell 2 compare with the mass of copper deposited in
cell 1?
A. It would be about 3.3 times the mass of the copper.
B. It would be about 0.3 times the mass of the copper.
C. It would be about twice the mass of the copper.
D. It would be about 1.6 times the mass of the copper.

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 2
Questions 9 & 10 refer to the following information.
A group of students carried out the electrical calibration of a solution calorimeter using a
6.00 V power supply. After passing a current of 1.20 A through the heater for 10.0 minutes
the temperature changed from 21.92 ºC to 28.85 ºC.

Question 9
What is the calibration factor for this calorimeter?
A. 10.4 J ºC-1.
B. 623 J ºC-1.
C. 104 J ºC-1.
D. 519 J ºC-1.

Question 10
When repeating the calibration using the same electrical conditions the students found that
there was a smaller temperature change.
Which one of the following could explain this observation?
A. The thermometer was placed closer to the heater while the solution was stirred
normally.
B. The thermometer was placed closer to the heater and the solution was not stirred
during the calibration.
C. A smaller volume of solution was added to the calorimeter than was previously
used.
D. A larger volume of solution was added to the calorimeter than was previously
used.

Question 11
The combustion of butane can be represented by the chemical equation;
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) ∆H = -5772 kJ mol-1
What amount of energy will be released when 1.00 kg of butane is completely burnt?
A. 99500 kJ.
B. 199000 kJ.
C. 4980 kJ.
D. 49800 kJ.

Question 12
In a typical Down's cell used to produce sodium the anode and cathode are respectively
A. both made of iron.
B. made of iron and carbon.
C. made of carbon and iron.
D. both made of iron.

End of Section A

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 3
SECTION B - [ 28 marks, 35 minutes ]
This section contains four questions, numbered 1 to 4.
All questions should be answered in the spaces provided.
The mark allocation and approximate time that should be spent on each question are given.

Question 1 - [ 8 marks, 10 minutes ]

Biodiesel is a fuel, considered as a greener alternative to diesel obtained from crude oil, that
can be made from various vegetable oils.
a. In an experiment to determine the heat of combustion for biodiesel, a 5.00 mL sample
of the fuel was burnt in a bomb calorimeter with a calibration factor of 5438 J ºC-1. The
temperature of the calorimeter and its contents changed from 24.17 ºC to 55.11 ºC
during the experiment.
i. Calculate the amount of energy released when this biodiesel sample was burnt.

ii. Determine the heat of combustion for biodiesel and express it in kJ mL-1.

1 + 1 = 2 marks
b. Why is it necessary to express the heat of combustion in kJ mL rather than in kJ mol-1?
-1

1 mark
c. When burnt in an engine the thermal energy obtained from the biodiesel was less than
that determined using the calorimeter. What would be one reason why there is a
difference in the energies obtained?

1 mark

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 4
d. The energy available from the engine was significantly less than the heat of combustion.
Give one reason for this observation.

1 mark
e. Why would biodiesel be considered as a renewable fuel?

1 mark
f. Considering the environmental and/or the economic impact of using biodiesel to replace
diesel obtained from crude oil as a fuel.
i. What would be one advantage, other than it is a renewable fuel, of using
biodiesel?

ii. What would be one disadvantage of using biodiesel?

1 + 1 = 2 marks
Question 2 - [ 9 marks, 11 minutes ]
a. The chemical equation below describes the reaction that occurs during the discharge of
a rechargeable cell, with a potential of 1.9 V, that was used for some specialist
applications.
Ag2O(s) + Zn(s) + H2O(l) → 2Ag(s) + Zn(OH)2(s)
The cell used an alkaline electrolyte.
i. Write an appropriate chemical half-equation to describe the half-reaction that
would occur at the cathode when the cell was being recharged.

ii. Write an appropriate chemical half-equation to describe the half-reaction that

would occur at the anode when the cell was being recharged.

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 5
 iii. What would be the minimum mass of silver that a cell would need to contain if it
were to be able to produce a continuous current of 0.050 A for 24 hours?

iv. Give one reason why this cell was only used for specialist applications.

1 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 6 marks
b. The NiMH batteries that are extensively used in mobile phones also use an alkaline
electrolyte and the discharge reaction can be described by the chemical equation;
NiO(OH)(s) + MH(s) → Ni(OH)2(s) + M(s)
In this equation M is a mischmetal, a form of alloy, that acts as a hydrogen carrier.
i. What is the oxidant in this reaction?

ii. Write an appropriate chemical half-equation to describe the half-reaction that

would occur at the cathode when this cell is discharging.

1 + 1 = 2 marks
c. What characteristic does a galvanic cell require for it to be viable as a rechargeable cell?

1 mark

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 6
Question 3 - [ 7 marks, 9 minutes ]
The diagram below shows a semipermeable membrane cell that can be used to produce
sodium hydroxide.

a. On the diagram mark which electrode is the anode and which is the cathode.

1 mark
b. Identify the following:
i. The gas A produced

ii. The gas B produced

iii. The material used to construct electrode C.

iv. What properties does the material used to construct electrode D need to have?

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 marks

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 7
c. Write appropriate chemical half-equations to describe the half-reactions that occur at;
i. the anode

ii. the cathode.

1 + 1 = 2 marks
Question 4 - [ 4 marks, 5 minutes ]
Write appropriate chemical equations for the following reactions.
a. A piece of calcium metal is placed in water.

1 mark
b. A piece of tin metal is placed in an aqueous solution of iron(III) nitrate.

1 mark
c. The complete combustion of liquid propanol, C3H7OH, at SLC.

1 mark
d. The electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid using platinum electrodes.

1 mark

END OF TASK

Lisachem Materials VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 8
Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying
and Using Energy Test Unit 4
SECTION A [1 mark per question.]
Q1 A A renewable energy source is one that does not use or consume a finite resource,
this would include; geothermal, hydroelectricity, solar, tidal and wind. Nuclear
fission uses uranium, and coal and oil are a finite resources.
Q2 B The specific heat, or heat capacity, of a substance is the energy required to raise
the temperature of one gram of the substance by 1 ºC without changing the state.
The specific heat for water is 4.18 J ºC-1 g-1.
Q3 A In all electrochemical cells oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at
the cathode. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, therefore the anode gains
these electrons and becomes negatively charged. Reduction involves gain of
electrons therefore electrons leave the cathode making it positively charged.
The electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.
Since the species being reduced at the cathode are becoming less positive then
cations from the salt-bridge will need to flow into this half-cell to maintain
electrical charge balance within the half-cell.

Q4 A In a fuel cell the oxidant and reductant are being continually added to the cell,
therefore the negative electrode, anode, should not be acting as the reductant in
the cell and needs to be unreactive. In all electrochemical cells the electrodes
need to be electrical conductors and able to catalyse the electron transfer
reactions.
Q5 D From the electrochemical series the reduction half-equation for manganese(II)
ions is given as;
Mn2+(aq) + 2e- → Mn(s) Eº = -1.03
This reduction potential is more negative than the reduction potential for water,
therefore manganese(II) ions are poorer oxidants than water and can not be
reduced from an aqueous solution of manganese(II) ions. In any electrolytic
reaction the water will be reduced in preference to the manganese(II) ions.
Adding iron to an aqueous solution of manganese(II) ions will not result in a
chemical reaction because iron is a poorer reductant than manganese.
Q6 C This is an electrolytic cell since an external power supply is present. As reduction
involves the gain of electrons, therefore this will occur at the negative electrodes
in the cells. Electrode IV is negative because it is attached to the negative
terminal of the power supply. Electrode I is positive, so electrode II is negative
since the cells are in series.

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 1
Q7 C The half-equation for the reduction reaction occurring in cell 1 is
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
Q = I × t where I is the current in amps and t is the time in seconds.
Q = 2.0 × 5.0 × 60 = 600 C
n(e_) = Q/F = 600/96500 = 6.2×10-3 mol
From the half-equation:
n(Cu) = ½ n(e-) = ½ × 6.2×10-3 = 3.1×10-3 mol
m(Cu) = n × M = 3.1×10-3 × 63.6 = 0.20 g
Q8 A The half-equation for the reduction reaction occurring in cell 2 is
Pb2+(aq) + 2e- → Pb(s)
Since the current passing through both half-cells and the number of electrons
being consumed are both the same then the number of mole of copper and lead
deposited will be the same. Therefore the ratio of the masses of the two metals
will depend on the molar masses of the metals.
M(Cu) : M(Pb) = 63.6 : 207.2 divide both by the smaller number 63.6
M(Cu) : M(Pb) = 1 : 3.26
Q9 B The calibration factor is the energy required to change the temperature of the
calorimeter and its contents by 1 ºC.
E = V × I × t = 6.0 × 1.2 × (10 × 60) = 4320 J
∆T = 28.85 – 21.92 = 6.93 ºC
CF = E / ∆T = 4320 / 6.93 = 623 J ºC-1.
Q10 D If the volume of solution that is added to the calorimeter was larger than that used
previously then the same amount of energy will give a smaller temperature
rise.
Not stirring the solution during the calibration will result in a larger temperature
rise of the solution near the heater.
Q11 D The combustion of butane is described by the chemical equation,
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) ∆H = -5772 kJ mol-1
M(C4H10) = 4×12.0 + 10×1.0 = 58.0 g mol-1
1.00 kg = 1000 g
n(C4H10) = m(C4H10)/M(C4H10) = 1000/58.0 = 17.2 mol
2 mol of C4H10 releases 5772 kJ of energy.
17.2 mole of C4H10 will release (17.2/2) × 5772 = 49800 kJ of energy.

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 2
Q12 C In the Down's cell molten sodium chloride is electrolysed to produce chlorine at
the anode and sodium metal at the cathode. The anode needs to be unreactive and
not attacked by the corrosive chlorine so carbon is used. An iron cathode is used
in the Down's cell.

SECTION B
Question 1 - [ 8 marks, 10 minutes ]
a. i. CF = 5438 J ºC-1
∆T = 55.11 – 24.17 = 30.94 ºC
E = CF × ∆T = 5438 × 30.94 = 1.683×105 J [1 mark]
ii. 1 kJ = 1000 J
E = 1.683×105 / 1000 = 168.3 kJ
Heat of Combustion = 168.3 / 5.00 = 33.7 kJ mL-1. [1 mark]
b. The heat of combustion needs to be expressed in kJ mL-1 rather than in kJ mol-1 because
the original vegetable oil would contain a mixture of compounds and the molar mass
could not be determined. [1 mark]
c. When the biodiesel is burnt in the calorimeter it reacts with pure oxygen and is burnt
completely to yield carbon dioxide and water, whereas when it burns in the engine, with
air, incomplete combustion occurs to yield other products, such as carbon monoxide and
carbon, and this would lower the energy released by the fuel. [1 mark]
d. The energy available from the engine is significantly less than the energy of the fuel due
to losses as heat through the various energy conversions.
(Chemical → thermal → mechanical). [1 mark]
e. Biodiesel is considered as a renewable fuel because it is made from a resource that can
be replaced over a short time scale unlike crude oil which takes millions of years to
form. [1 mark]
f. i. Possible answers include: [Total marks allocated = 1 marks]
The carbon dioxide released when the fuel is burnt would be reabsorbed by the
plants that are grown to make the fuel, unlike diesel made from crude oil.
The energy requirements for the production of biodiesel are comparable with
those used to produce diesel from crude oil.
Growing the source crops would provide an alternative income for farmers and
their employees.
Can generally be used in existing engines without modification.
ii. Possible answers include: [Total marks allocated = 1 marks]
The use of land for growing the plants required to make the biodiesel could
impact on the production of crops for food.
Growing more crops to produce vegetable oils to make biodiesel from would
require more water for irrigation.
Growing the crops to produce biodiesel could involve the usage of more fertilisers
that could lead to pollution of waterways.
Could result in a glut/famine situation due to growing conditions that could make
the price highly variable.

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 3
Question 2 - [ 9 marks, 11 minutes ]
In all electrochemical reactions, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode.
a. i. Cathode reaction = reduction
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e_ → Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) [1 mark]
Since students may not be familiar with redox reactions in an alkaline solution
accept: Zn(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) + 2H2O(l)
ii. Anode reaction = oxidation:
2Ag(s) + 2OH-(aq) → Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) [1 mark]
Since students may not be familiar with redox reactions in an alkaline solution
accept: 2Ag(s) + H2O(l) → Ag2O(s) + 2H+(l) + 2e-
iii. I = 0.050 A, t = 24 hours = 24 × 60 × 60 = 86400 s.
Q = I × t = 0.050 × 86400 = 4320 C [1 mark]
n(e-) = Q / F = 4320 / 96500 = 4.5×10-2 mol [1 mark]
From the chemical half-equation in ii. above:
n(Ag) = n(e-) = 4.5×10-2 mol.
m(Ag) = n × M = 4.5×10-2 × 107.9 = 4.9 g [1 mark]
Accept 4.8 if no rounding off is used for n(e-)
iv. The main reason why this cell was only used for specialist applications was the
cost of the silver used in the cell. [1 mark]
b. i. In a redox reaction the oxidant is reduced. In this reaction the oxidation numbers
for the Ni in NiO(OH) and Ni(OH)2 are +3 and +2 respectively. Therefore the
NiO(OH) is the oxidant. [1 mark]
ii. Cathode reaction = reduction.
NiO(OH) + H2O(l) + e- → Ni(OH)2(s) + OH-(aq) [1 mark]
Since students may not be familiar with redox reactions in an alkaline solution
accept: NiO(OH) + H+(aq) + e- → Ni(OH)2(s).
c. For a cell to be rechargeable the products from the discharge reaction must remain in
contact with the electrodes and be in a form that will allow them to be converted back to
the original reactions when an external electrical energy source (charger) is applied.
[1 mark]

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 4
Question 3 - [ 7 marks, 9 minutes ]
a. This is an electrolytic cell, therefore the anode will be positively charged and the
cathode will be the negative electrode. [1 mark]

b. i. Gas A is produced at the negative electrode, cathode, will involve a reduction

reaction. The species present in the cell that can undergo reduction are Na+(aq)
and H2O(l). From the electrochemical series water is the stronger oxidant which
will be reduced to produce hydrogen gas, H2(g). [1 mark]
ii. Gas B is produced at the negative electrode, anode, will involve an oxidation
reaction. In this cell the electrolyte is brine, which is a concentrated sodium
chloride solution. The reaction that takes place is the oxidation of the chloride ion
to produce chlorine gas, Cl2(g). [1 mark]
iii. Electrode C is usually made from a steel mesh or nickel. [1 mark]
iv. The material used to construct electrode D needs to be an electric conductor, not
oxidised during the electrolysis and not react with the chlorine gas produced.
[1 mark] Some cells use a titanium coated anode.
c. i. Oxidation occurs at the anode:
2Cl-(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e- [1 mark]
ii. Reduction occurs at the cathode.
2H2O(l) + 2e- → 2OH-(aq) + H2(g) [1 mark]

Question 4 - [ 4 marks, 5 minutes ]

a. Calcium is a strong reductant and can be oxidised by water. The chemical
half-reactions are:
Ca(s) → Ca2+(aq) + 2e-
2H2O(l) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)
The overall reaction can be determined by adding the two half-equations since both
contain 2e-.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) [1 mark]
or Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 5
b. Tin will act as a reductant which will be oxidised by the iron(III) ions. The chemical
half-equations are:
Sn(s) → Sn2+(aq) + 2e-
Fe3+(aq) + e- → Fe2+(aq)
The second half-equation must be multiplied by 2 before the two half-equations are
added.
Sn(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) [1 mark]
or Sn(s) + 2Fe(NO3)3(aq) → Sn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Fe(NO3)2(aq)
c. The complete combustion involves the reaction between the propanol and oxygen that
will produce carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O.
Build the chemical equation in steps:
1. Write down the reactants and products.
C3H7OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
2. Balance the number of carbon atoms.
C3H7OH + O2 → 3CO2 + H2O
3. Balance the number of hydrogen atoms
C3H7OH + O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
4. Balance the number of oxygen atoms.
C3H7OH + 9/2O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
If the number of oxygen molecule is a fraction multiply the equation by 2.
2C3H7OH + 9O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
5. Add appropriate states.
2C3H7OH(l) + 9O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) [1 mark]
d. The platinum electrodes are unreactive.
The appropriate chemical half-equations are:
The oxidation of water: 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-
The reduction of hydrogen ions: 2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2(g)
The overall equation can be determined by multiplying the reduction half-equation by 2
and adding the two half-equations.
2H2O(l) + 4H+(aq) → O2(g) + 2H2(g) + 4H+(aq)
Since there are 4H+ on each side of the equation these can be cancelled.
2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 2H2(g) [1 mark]

Suggested Answers VCE Chemistry 2006 Supplying and Using Energy Test Unit 4 6