Network Management

Network Management: Goals,

Organization and Functions
Telecomm/Data Network

 A telecommunication/Data network is composed from

many network elements (switching systems,
terminals, circuits etc.) which provides certain
services for the users. The collection of such
elements forms the system resources.
 Heterogeneous (Platforms/Protocols)

 Complex (Many layered)

 Service Management (Fast service setup)

2
 View of a Telecomm/Data Network
Access Metro Core

ISP
Peering

Internet
R-ONT
100FX
ADSL2+
R-ONT
OSP OLT VDSL2
VoIP
ADSL2+ GbE
IPDSLAM 2x 10 GE

ROADM
VDSL2 6100 6500
(MSAP) / OC48

R-ONT
GPON PSTN

R-ONT
GbE Video
R-ONT
Services

WIMAX Management

Packets
Packets
Access Networks

3000 Optical Transport

 Network Management
Systems
 A network management systems are used to control
the system and its resources by controlling its usage,
access monitoring and reporting its current and
historical status.
 Judgment, forecasting, decision making, analyzing

data, and make positive efforts to maintain quality

of service.
Overview: Network Management
OAM&P(operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning)

Management Platform

Administrator Collect, organize & interpret

Workstation Operational Data

mgmt requests/replies
event reports
Provisioning
- Planning Agent Agent
- Design Agent Agent
Agent Agent Agent

Observation
& Control
 Network Management
 Defined As
 OAMP (Operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning) of
Network and Services
 Goal
 Main goal of Network Management is to ensure that the users of the
network receives the information technology services with the QoS that
they expect.
 SLA – Formally or Informally – Operation Critical Services should be un-
interrupted 24x7 and other non – critical 8x5
 From business administration point of view network management involves
strategic and tactical planning of engineering, operation and maintenance of
network services for current and future needs.
 Network Management Function
 Network Provisioning, operations, I&M

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 6
 Network Management Operation
 Network Provisioning
 Network planning & Design; Responsibility of engineering group
 Keep track of new technologies and apply based on analysis of network
traffic and performance data collected through network operations.
 Use Network Management Tools
 Network Operations
 NOC is responsible for discharging ISO defined five OSI network
management applications – fault, configuration, performance, security &
Accounting
 Fault Management
 Accounting Management
 Configuration Management
 Performance Management
 Security Management

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 7
 Fault Management
 Fault : A fault is an abnormal condition that requires management attention
for repair whereas error is a single event. A fault is usually indicated by
failure to operate correctly or by excessive errors. For example if a
communication line is physically cut no signal will get thru so that there is
persistently high bit error rate.
 Fault Management
 Is the process of locating faults
 Related to service failure
 Main Steps
 Discover the problem
 Isolate the problem
 Fix the problem (if possible)
 How do we do it
 Trouble Ticket (I&M group)

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 8
 Accounting Management
 Accounting Management
 NOC administers costs and allocates the use of the network
 Measure the usage of network resources and services
 Involves tracking individual’s utilization and grouping of network resources
to ensure users have sufficient resources
 Involves granting or removing permission for access to the network

 The reason to do accounting

 An end user or group of users may be abusing their access privilege and
burdening the network at the expense of others
 An end user may be making inefficient use of the network
 Network Managers can plan better growth of the network if user behaviour
is know.

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 9
 Configuration Management
 Config Mgmt is related to initializing the network and gracefully shutting it
down. Manage the behaviour of devices thru software. Same device could
be used as router or end device with the help of software with set of
attributes and values.
 Configuration Management
 Configuration of network devices controls the behavior of the network.

 Process of finding and setting up these critical devices

 Three types of configurations – Static or permanent, Dynamic or

current & Planned

 NOC has displays which shows dynamic configurations of the network

and its status

 Shows Failure points, traffic patterns and performance

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 10
 Performance Management
 Performance Concerns
 What is the level of network utilization
 Is there excessive traffic
 Has thruput has been reduced to unacceptable limits
 Are there any bottlenecks
 Is response time increasing
 Taken care thru monitoring & control
 Performance Management
 Involves measuring the performance of the network hardware, software and media
 NOC gathers data and keep it upto date to perform above stated objective as well as tune the
network for optimum performance.
 Examples of measured indicators are – network traffic/overall throughput, network
availability/percentage utilization, Error rates, Response time/delays.
 Traffic analysis is useful in detecting trends and future planning, performance data on
availability and delay is useful for tuning the network and increase the reliability and improve
the response time.

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 11
 Security Management

 Security Management
 Is the process of controlling access to the information on the network
 Provides a way to monitor access points and records information on a periodic basis
 Provides audit trails and sounds alarms for security breaches
 A security database is established and maintained by the NOC for access to network and
network information.
 Generating, distributing & storing encryption keys
 Password and Access control and Authentication
 Audit logs Security records
 Enabling disabling logging services.

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 12
Overview: Network Management
OAM&P(operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning)

Management Platform

Administrator Collect, organize & interpret

Workstation Operational Data

mgmt requests/replies
event reports
Provisioning
- Planning Agent Agent
- Design Agent Agent
Agent Agent Agent

Observation
& Control
 Network Management Standards

 OSI (CMIP/CMISE)
 International standard (ISO/OSI)
 Data communication networks (LAN/MAN)
 Deals with all seven layers
 Most complete
 Object oriented
 Well structured and layered
 Complex and consume large resources
 Internet Model
 Industry standard (IETF)
 Originally intended for internet components (routers/switches), currently
adopted for WANs and Telecomm
 Easy to implement/Most widely deployed

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 14
 Network Management Standards

 TMN
 International standard (ITU-T)
 For Telecomm/based on OSI NM model
 Addressed both network management and administrative aspects
 IEEE LAN/MAN
 IEEE standard adopted internationally
 Addressed management of LANs/MANs
 First two layers of OSI model/based on OSI model
 Web-based management
 Web-based Enterprise Management
 Java Management Extensions (JMX)

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 15
 Network Management Models

 OSI network model proposes following four management models

 Organizational Model
 Defines Components of network management system, their function & infrastructure
 Defines terms object, manager, agent
 ISO I0040
 Informational Model
 Structure & Organization of Management Information
 ISO I0165 defines SMI & MIB (Structure of management information & management
information database)
 SMI – how management information is structured
 MIB – relationship and storage of information
 Communication Model
 Mode of communication between the entities of organization models
 Functional Model
 Configuration, Fault, Performance, Accounting & Security

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 16
 Network Management Models

 Organizational Model
 Consists of Managers, Agents and Managed Objects
 MDB
 Two-tier & Three-tier systems
 MoM
 Three-tier EMS systems
 NMS systems

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 17
 Network Management Models

 Information Model
 Structure & Storage of Information, e.g. ISBN – “ISBN”, “Chapter”,”Figure”
 Specifies the information base to describe managed objects & their
relationship
 SMI – Syntax & Semantics of management information
 MIB – storage of SMI data (used by both manager & agent)
 MIB v/s MDB, i.e. meta-data v/s real data
 Example data of MIB
 Network elements : hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities
 Software Processes : programs, algorithms, protocols, databases
 Administrative information : contact person, account numbers

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 18
 Management Information Trees

 MIT
 Managed objects are uniquely defined by a tree structure specified by OSI model
 Root Node and well defined nodes underneath each node at different levels
 Each managed object = a node in the tree
 Containment model

ISO (1) ISO-ITU (2)

ITU (0)
org (3)

dod(6)

internet(1)

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 19
 Managed Object Perspective

 Internet Perspective

Object Type:
Access: Object ID &
Descriptor (Unique ID & Name of object type)
Access privilege

Status:
Syntax: Implementation
Requirements
Model of object
Definition:
Textual description of
object

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 20
 Managed Object Perspective

 ISO Perspective

Object Class: Object Class:

Circular Object Elliptical Object

Behaviour Notification:
Operations: Notify changes in
Push attribute values

Attributes: Attributes:
Circle, dimensions ellipse, dimensions

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 21
 Managed Object (ISO/IETF)
Characterstics Example Characterstics Example

Object type PktCounter Object Class Packet Counter

Syntax Counter Attributes Single-valued

Access Read-only Operation Get,set

Status Mandatory Behaviour Retrieve or reset

values
Description Counts no. of Notification Generate
pkts notification on
change

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 22
 Network Management Models

 Communication Model
 The way information is exchanged between the systems
 Three important aspects are defined here
 Transport medium of message exchange (transport protocol)
 Message format of communication (application protocol)
 The actual messages (commands & responses)
 Connectionless or Connection-oriented (TP4 over X.25 or IP)

Manager Oper/req/res/t Agent

Application raps/notificatio Application
ns
Manager Agent
Communication SNMP (IETF) Communication
Module CMIP (OSI) Module

Transport Layer Transport Layer

UDP/IP (IETF)
OSI Layer (OSI)

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 23
 Network Management Models

 Functional Model
 Fault Management
 Configuration Management
 Performance Management
 Administration Management
 Security Management

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 24
 Network Management Cost Models

 Response Time Evaluations

 Asynchronous polling
 Synchronous polling

tdel,i = average network latency delay between the manager and ith
agent
tp = average processing time for handling a single request/response
message
tcomp = computation time to process the collected data

Find out the overall response time for both the modes

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 25
 Network Management Cost Models

 Bandwidth Overhead Evaluations

Sreq = Size of a request packet

Sres = Size of a response packet

Ot = transport protocol overhead

P = no. of polling intervals

Find out the network bandwidth overhead

Systems and Network

Management SNMP 26