PARALLEL OPERATIONOF AC ANDDC TRANSMISSION LINE. Ina DC transmission line the power to be transmitted depends on the four parameters Ve, Vi, wand f. These four parameters can be controlled nearly independently over the desired range. By operating a DC transmission line in parallel with an AC transmission system, we can achieve:- 1) Constant current flow 2) Constant power flow 3) Constant angle between AC bus voltages PARALLEL OPERATION OF AC AND DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM Figure on earlier page shows parallel operation of AC and DC transmission line. ‘The figure below shows he power angle diagram for the AC line» The power transmitted through an AC line is given by P=Vs Vr sind x Where Vs and Vr are the voltages at the two ends of the line. X is the inductive reactance of the line and ‘8” is the phase angke between Vs and Vr.POWER ANGLE DIAGRAM FOR AC LINE Normally AC transmission lines are operated at an angle 6 of about 30°. The value of 30° allows a margin for additional power flow required to meet the transient fluctuations in the load or to meet sudden changes in the system conditions arising because of fault. When an AC fine is operated in parallel with a DC line, the AC line can be operated at a much greater phase angle. The AC line can be operated with a phase angle value of nearly 80°, thereby causing an increase in the power transmission capacity of nearly 95%. To increase the power transfer capacity the DC link should be controlled. The control is achieved either by a signal proportional to the angle “8° orby measuring the AC power flow. In either case the required signal should be proportional to the rate of change of the controlling parameter as to obtain a stabilized power flow in the DC line. During normal parallel operation of the AC and DC line, the power flow through the DC line is kept small and delay angle *a” of the rectifier is large. In an abnormal condition such as a sudden increase in load or a fault, the power transfer through the AC line reduces. During such abnormal situations, the power flow through the DC line can be increased by quickly reducing the delay angle to a suitable value. Arrangement for reversal of power in the DC line is also necessary to mitigate. the sudden drop in the sending end voltage, particularly when the voltage drop is due to faults in the CA system.PROBLEMS AND ADVANTAGES EHC AC transmission line has the following” inherent advantages:- i) Voltage canbe stepped up or stepped down in substation to have economical transmission ii) Parallel lines can beeasily added. iii) AC lines canbe easily extended or tapped. iv) Equipments-are simple and reliable. ¥) Operation of A system is simple and adopts naturally to the synchronously operating AC system. DISADVANTAGES of EHV AC transmission Reactivelosses While transferring power at a lagging power factor there will be drop in.voltage along the line. Where as if the reactive power is leading there is rise in voltage. The reactive voltage drop or rise and the natural load do not put any restriction onthe distance over which the power may be transmitted. But to fix the voltage which causes limitation in power transmission. id Stability Consideration:- The stable condition means the sending end and the receiving end remains in synchronism with each other. If synchronism is lost the system is called unstable. The stability limit is the maximum power flow without losing synchronism, P= Vs Vr sind % X (Vs=Sending end voltage, Vr= receiving end voltage, X= series reactance, a =load angle) ii) Current carrying capacity of conductors The permissible loading of an EHV AC line is limited by transient stability limit and line reactance to almost one third of thermal rating of conductors iii) _Ferranti Effect the rise of receiving end voltage for a lightly loaded line is known as “Ferranti Effect”, Shunt reactors in the load end are generally used to control this voltage rise. iv) Number of lines: - A fault on any one phase of a 3phase AC trips all the 3phases. Hence an additional three phase line is always provided to maintain continuity of power flow and transmission stability.ADVANTAGES DC TRANSMISSION LINE, ‘Various advantages of HVDC transmission are:- av i) iii) iv) vy) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xi) xiii) xiv) xv) Cheaper in cost:- Bi polar DC transmission line requires two conductors while AC system requires 3 wire The potential stress is 1/V2 times less in case of DC system compare to AC system of same operating voltage. The phase to phase and phase to ground clearance and tower size are smaller in case of DC transmission. No skin effect:~ There is no skin effect on DC transmission system. Lower transmission losses: As only two conductors are required in HVDC, hence FR losses are low for the same power transfer. Better voltage regulation, As there is no inductance hence voltage drop due to inductance does not exists, Permissible loading ona EHV AC line is limited by transient stability. No such limit exists in HVDC lines. Greater reliability A two conductorbipolar HVDC link is more reliable tha 3phase HVAC 3wire line. It is possible to generate power at one frequency and utilize it at some other frequeney. Less dielectric power loss and higher current carrying capacity. Cable have less dielectric Joss with HVDC compare to HVAC Absence of charging current:- Due to absence of charging current in HVDC, power can betransmitted to along distance by cabks. Low short circuit current, In HVAC parallel lines. results I larger short circuit currents in the system. Lesser comonaloss:- the coronalosses are proportional to )f+25), f frequency. The corona losses are less in HVDC. Lower switching surge level:- The level of switching surges due to DC is lower compare to HVAC. Reactive power compensation :-~ HVDC does not require any reactive power compensation, where as HVAC requires shunt or series compensation.DISADVANTAGES of HVDC yay Costly Terminal equipments : The convertors required at both ends are more expensive. The convertors have a very litle over load capacity and absorb considerable reactive power. The convertors producea lot of harmonics both on De and AC sideand may cause R.L. To remove rippkes from the DC output, filtering and smoothening equipments are to be provided. On AC side filters are to be provided for absorbing the harmonies, and thus further increasing the cost of convertor HVDC circuit breakers comprises of circuit breaking capacitors, reactors etc, which increase cost several times than that of an AC circuit breaker: More maintenance of insulators is required in HVDC system. Circuit breaking in multi terminal DC system is difficult and costlier Voltage transformation is not easier in case of DC system,