4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

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November 11, 2015 ⁄ electronicsbeliever

Buck Converter Duty Cycle

Derivation
In this article I will share to you the methods I used in buck
converter duty cycle derivation. We will consider the ideal and
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the real scenarios. In ideal buck converter duty cycle derivation, One Month F
you don’t need to consider the voltage drops of the switching
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element and catch diode. On the other hand, in real buck
converter duty cycle derivation, the voltage drops are taken into
account.

Below is a typical buck converter circuit diagram. In a

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conventional buck converter the PWM is applied to the
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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

switching device which is an N-channel MOSFET in the figure Purpose of Power

below. Factor Correction
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Below are the current waveforms of a buck converter. These

include the MOSFET current in green, diode current in yellow Popular Posts
and the inductor current in red. The bottom waveform in blue
is the PWM signal. I will discuss here two ways of formulating How to Know if
the duty cycle of a buck converter. The first one is to use the MOSFET is
inductor voltage/current equation then do integration. The Defective
second one is to use volt-second balance method. Actually buck
converter duty cycle and currents are all can be derived from its Electricity

waveform. Thus it is very important to know the waveforms. Saving Box

Below are the waveforms of buck converter currents operating Scam Revealed
in CCM.
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Waveform used in buck converter duty cycle derivation
Step Tutorials
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Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation

using the Inductor Current Waveform
Now, let’s start to derive the buck converter duty cycle using the Join 75 other
inductor current waveform above. subscribers

This is very important. This buck converter duty cycle Email Address
derivation is only valid for operation in CCM and
boundary mode. For DCM, this must not be used.
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Categories

Electronics (42)

BJT (10)
Circuit Analysis
(1)
ESD (2)
When the PWM signal is high, the inductor current will ramp Fuse (3)
up linearly as above waveform. When the PWM signal is low, Miscellaneous
the inductor current will decay in a linear fashion. So, the level (2)
of the current rise and current decay is the same. MOSFET (6)
Optocoupler
Analysis at Ton (11)
RC Circuit (1)
The current rise is can be expressed as
Regulators (1)
Relay (2)
Resistor (1)
Thermal
Management (1)

EMI/EMC (1)
Integrate to eliminate dt
LED Drivers (1)
Others (4)
Power Electronics
(17)

Boost Converter
(3)

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Buck Converter
(3)
MOSFET (2)
Power Supply
(7)

For a pulse or a PWM signal, the time the logic is high (Ton) Reviews (6)
divided by the period (Tsw) is called the duty cycle. Tutorials (34)

BJT (4)
Control System
(1)
ESD (2)
LTSpice (9)
Expressing Ton Mathcad (1)
Matlab (2)
MOSFET (3)
Power Supply
(1)
Simulink (2)
Substitute Ton to the diton equation
Uncategorized (1)

During PWM high, the MOSFET Q1 will turn on and the voltage
loop will be

Expressing VLon

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

Substitute to diton will give

Analysis at Toff

The decay current is expressed by the equation

Integrate to eliminate dt

Replace Ton by

Then

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

During PWM low, the MOSFET turns off and the inductor will
reverses its polarity and the diode will be forward biased. The
voltage loop will be

Expressing VLoff

Substitute to ditoff will give

Equating diton and ditoff

The final stage of this buck converter duty cycle derivation is to

equate the inductor rise and decay currents derived above.

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

And the real buck converter duty cycle is

Considering the voltage drop of the MOSFET and diode are

zero, the ideal duty cycle will be

Where;

VD1 – voltage drop of the diode

VOUT – buck converter output voltage

VQ1 – MOSFET voltage drop

VIN – input voltage of the buck converter

Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation

using Volt-Second Balance Concept
This approach is actually a short cut to the previous method.
This concept makes use of the product of inductor voltage and
time. The product of the inductor voltage during PWM high and
Ton is equal to the product of the inductor voltage during PWM
low or Toff as below figure shows.

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

Waveform used in buck converter duty cycle derivation using the volt-second
balance method

Mathematically,

The inductor voltages during Ton and Toff are given below as
derived in the first method.

So

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

Toff is can be expressed as

Substitute to above equation will give

Substitute Ton

The result will be

The duty cycle equation is therefore

Considering ideal values

The result is very the same to the previous method.

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4/13/2019 Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation | ElectronicsBeliever

Conclusion
Buck converter duty cycle derivation is can be done through the
inductor current waveform and then perform integration. This
is the long method. To get the duty cycle, the inductor current
linear ramp and decay will be equated. This technique is very
fundamental and requires great analytical skills. However, once
you master this out, you can derive duty cycles of any topology.
Another technique that can be used for Buck converter duty
cycle derivation is using volt-second method. Actually this is a
short cut on the fundamental approach and somehow derived
from it. Whichever method you will use will give you the same
result.

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