Fire Sprinkler System

February 2018, Kalidasan S

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Overview of Fire Protection

Today most of the equipments used in offices, Industries and at home are highly
sophisticated and high-end equipments. Every workplace has mission critical areas that need
to be protected from fire hazard not only to save life and property but also to ensure that the
enterprise does not come to a stand still.

The most common fuels in fire and explosion incidents are petroleum products, cellulose
materials (wood, paper, cloth) and polymers.

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 Type of Fire Protection Systems

Fire
Protection System

Water Gas
Based System Based Systems

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Water based Systems

Water Based
Systems

Yard
Wet Riser Sprinkler Spray Foam
Hydrant
System System System System
System

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Standards/Codes for Fire Fighting System

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 SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• It is the first self detecting and second acting fire protection
system.

• It is basically a fire water network provided inside the occupancy

duly provided with fire sensitive fusible elements.

• It can work in absence of man power and at any time. It provides

detection & protection in otherwise unapproachable area also.

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Components of Sprinkler System

SPRINKLER PUMP AS REQUIRED

HEAVY GRADE GI/MS PIPES

ALARM VALVE & GONG BELL

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Components of Sprinkler System

FLOW SWITCH

ISOLATION VALVES

SPRINKLER AIR RELEASE VALVE

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Components of Sprinkler System
SPRINKLERS
FLEXIBLE HOSES
FITTINGS
SUPPORTING CLAMPS

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 TYPE OF SPRINKLERS
Upright and pendent sprinklers
Flush and Recessed sprinklers
Concealed sprinklers
Intermediate sprinklers
Extra and very extra large orifice sprinklers
High temperature sprinklers
Large drop sprinklers
Fast response sprinklers

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 How a sprinkler system works
A sprinkler system consists of a network of pipes connected to a water
supply, carrying sprinkler heads which are activated in the event of
fire. Each sprinkler acts as an individual heat sensing device, and
during a fire only those affected by the heat activates.

The sprinkler bulb contains a liquid which has a high co-efficient of

expansion. A small quantity of vapour is trapped when the bulb is
hermetically sealed. When the liquid expands under the influence of
heat from a fire, pressure in the bulb rises until all the vapour is
absorbed. Further rises of temperature cause a rapid pressure rise
sufficient to shatter the bulb into small pieces, releasing the seal and
allowing water to be distributed evenly over the fire area.

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 Fast response sprinklers for life safety

In a fire, few deaths result from direct contact with flames; the
greatest threat comes from inhalation of the products of
combustion such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide,
hydrogen chloride and other toxic gases, and the heat of the
gases.

The response time of a fast response sprinkler ensures that

the life-threatening levels of toxic gases and temperature are
never reached.

Sprinklers provide valuable time for those in charge to assist

their escape.

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 Components of Sprinkler

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 SPRINKLER DESIGN
Two functions to perform i.e first
detect a fire and then provide an
adequate distribution of water to control
the fire spread

Hence an early detection and

adequate discharge of water at required
pressure over the affected area are the
main criteria for design of sprinklers.

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 Matching the sprinkler to the hazard

Conventional sprinklers
These can be mounted in either the upright or pendent
position and the deflector is designed to spray a proportion of
the water discharge onto the surface of the ceilings.

Upright and pendent spray sprinklers

Spray sprinklers are used for applications where all the water
needs to be discharged downwards.

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Matching the sprinkler to the hazard
Sidewall sprinklers

These are primarily used to keep ceilings clear of pipe work for aesthetic
reasons or to avoid having to disturb existing ceilings when installing pipe
work. Each sprinkler protects up to 17 m2 in light hazards and 9m2 in
ordinary hazards. Application Hotel guest rooms.

Horizontal sidewall sprinklers with extended coverage

These are specifically designed to give an extended coverage of water

distribution. This type of sprinkler must have a fast response bulb. One
sprinkler can protect an area of up to 21m2

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 Nominal Release Temperature & Color Coding
Glass bulbs
•Nominal release Liquid color code
•Temperature in o C
•57 Orange
•68 Red
•79 Yellow
•93 Green
•141 Blue
•182 Mauve
•227 Black
•260 Black

Selected temperature rating shall be at least 30 o above highest ambient temperature at the
site of installation.
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Factors controlling the performance of Sprinklers
• Actual operating temperature of the sprinkler.
• Ease of transfer of heat from the surrounding air to the affected parts of the sprinkler.

• Height of the ceiling below which the sprinkler is mounted.

• Shape of ceiling – Inverted V type, paneled, flat, curved, north light.
• Thermal characteristics of the ceiling assembly.
• Distance between the sprinkler and the ceiling.
• Horizontal distance of sprinkler from the fire.

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 SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Important considerations

Coverage area per sprinkler

Location and spacing of sprinklers
Selection of type and temperature rating
Hydraulics of the system
Pumping and water requirements
Compliance to the code

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 SPRINKLER COVERAGE
Light Hazard : 21 M2

Ordinary Hazard : 12 M2

High Hazard : 9 M2

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 SPRINKLER SPACING

(ORDINARY HAZARD)

Sprinkler

Spray Area coverage per sprinkler is

Pattern
12M2 for all sprinklers

Area covered = 12M2

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 All the sprinkler patterns are overlapped to
ensure that there are no dry spots.

Hence spacing of sprinklers is

very important

Hence for a floor area of 1200 M2, requirement of roof sprinklers is > 100, (as a thumb rule 8 to 10% more)
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FALSE CEILING SPRINKLER SECTION

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 DESIGN DENSITY AS PER IS CODE

Hazard Density in Assumed Maximum Area of

LPM/M2 Operation in M2 (AMAO)

Light 2.5 84

Ordinary 5 360
High 10 260
(Process)
High 12.5 to 22.5 260 to 300
(Storage)

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DESIGN DENSITY (Illustration)

5 LPM/M2 over an AMAO of 360M2

One Sprinkler covers a floor area of 12M2

Each M2 of the floor area below should receive

water from the sprinkler at a rate of at least of 5
LPM

Means sprinkler discharge should be at least 60

LPM

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WATER REQUIREMENT AS PER IS CODE

LIGHT HAZARD :- NOT LESS THAN 20 MINUTES RUN FOR THE INSTALLED
PUMPING CAPACITY OR 35M3 WHICHEVER IS GREATER

ORDINARY HAZARD :- NOT LESS THAN 1 HOUR RUN FOR THE AGGREGATE
PUMPING CAPACITY OR 200M3 WHICHEVER IS GREATER

HIGH HAZARD :- NOT LESS THAN 2 HOUR RUN FOR THE AGGREGATE PUMPING
CAPACITY

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 ROOF SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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 ROOF SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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 ROOF SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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WET RISER AND SPRINKLER SYSTEM

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