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Wind Energy System

This document discusses various aspects of wind turbine technology. It covers the historical development of wind power, different types of wind turbines, the impact of tower height on wind speed and power generation, maximum rotor efficiency theory, and methods for variable speed control including pole-changing induction generators, multiple gearboxes, variable-slip induction generators, and indirect grid connection systems. The key points are that taller towers access higher wind speeds, the theoretical maximum rotor efficiency is 59.3%, and variable speed control helps maximize power extraction from fluctuating winds.

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Nilesh Dadhe
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75 views16 pages

Wind Energy System

This document discusses various aspects of wind turbine technology. It covers the historical development of wind power, different types of wind turbines, the impact of tower height on wind speed and power generation, maximum rotor efficiency theory, and methods for variable speed control including pole-changing induction generators, multiple gearboxes, variable-slip induction generators, and indirect grid connection systems. The key points are that taller towers access higher wind speeds, the theoretical maximum rotor efficiency is 59.3%, and variable speed control helps maximize power extraction from fluctuating winds.

Uploaded by

Nilesh Dadhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

WIND ENERGY SYSTEM

BY: NILESH S. DADHE


REFERENCE: GILBART M. MASTER
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WIND
POWER
• Wind has been utilized as a source of power for thousands of years for
such tasks as propelling sailing ships, grinding grain, pumping water, and
powering factory machinery. The world’s first wind turbine used to
generate electricity was built by a Dane, Poul la Cour, in 1891.

• The wind is a by-product of solar energy. Approximately 2% of the sun's


energy reaching the earth is converted into wind energy. The surface of
the earth heats and cools unevenly, creating atmospheric pressure zones
that make air flow from high- to low-pressure areas.

• The wind has played an important role in the history of human civilization.
The first known use of wind dates back 5,000 years to Egypt, where boats
used sails to travel from shore to shore.

• The multi-vane "farm windmill" of the American Midwest and West was
invented in the United States during the latter half of the l9th century.
2. Types of wind turbine
One way to classify wind turbines is in terms of the axis around
which the turbine blades rotate. Most are horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT), but there are some with blades that spin
around a vertical axis (VAWT). Examples of the two types are
shown
4. IMPACT OF TOWER HEIGHT
• Since power in the wind is proportional to the cube of the windspeed, the
economic impact windspeed can be significant. One way to get the turbine
into higher winds is to mount it on a taller tower.
• In the first few hundred meters above the ground, wind speed is greatly
affected by the friction that the air experiences as it moves across the
earth’s surface.
• One expression that is often used to characterize the impact of the
roughness of the earth’s surface on windspeed is the following:

• where v is the windspeed at height H, v0 is the windspeed at height H0


(often a reference height of 10 m), and α is the friction coefficient.
• The friction coefficient α is a function of the terrain over which the wind
blows.
Cont..
• While the power law given in (6.15) is very often used in the United States there is
another approach that is common in Europe. The alternative formulation is
• where z is called the roughness length.

Since power in the wind varies as the cube of windspeed, we can rewrite to indicate
the relative power of the wind at height H versus the power at the reference height of
H0:
5. MAXIMUM ROTOR EFFICIENCY

Approaching wind slows and expands as a portion of its kinetic energy


is extracted by the wind turbine, forming the stream tube shown
cont
• wind approaching from the left is slowed down as a portion of its kinetic energy is
extracted by the turbine. The wind leaving the turbine has a lower velocity and its
pressure is reduced, causing the air to expand downwind of the machine.
• An envelope drawn around the air mass that passes through the turbine forms
what is called a stream tube,
• So why can’t the turbine extract all of the kinetic energy in the wind? If it did, the
air would have to come to a complete stop behind the turbine, which, with
nowhere to go, would prevent any more of the wind to pass through the rotor. The
downwind velocity, therefore, cannot be zero. And, it makes no sense for the
downwind velocity to be the same as the upwind speed since that would mean the
turbine extracted no energy at all from the wind.
• In Fig. 6.9, the upwind velocity of the undisturbed wind is v, the velocity of the
wind through the plane of the rotor blades is vb, and the downwind velocity is vd .
• The power extracted by the blades Pb is equal to the difference in kinetic energy
between the upwind and downwind air flows:

• //……(1)
Cont..
• The easiest spot to determine mass flow rate ˙m is at the plane of the rotor where
we know the cross-sectional area is just the swept area of the rotor A. The mass
flow rate is thus

• ….(2)

• If we now make the assumption that the velocity of the wind through the plane of
the rotor is just the average of the upwind and downwind speeds

• ….(3)

• To help keep the algebra simple, let us define the ratio of downstream to upstream
windspeed to be λ:

• ….(4)
Cont..
Substituting equ (3) into (2)

….(5)
• Equation (5) shows us that the power extracted from the wind is equal to the
upstream power in the wind multiplied by the quantity in brackets. The quantity in
the brackets
• The quantity in the brackets is therefore the fraction of the wind’s power that is
extracted by the blades; that is, it is the efficiency of the rotor, usually designated
as Cp

….(6)
Cont..
• So our fundamental relationship for the power delivered by the rotor becomes

…(7)
To find the maximum possible rotor efficiency, we simply take the derivative
of (6) with respect to λ and set it equal to zero:
Cont..
• In other words, the blade efficiency will be a maximum if it slows the wind to one-
third of its undisturbed, upstream velocity. If we now substitute λ = 1/3 into the
equation for rotor efficiency (5), we find that the theoretical maximum blade
efficiency is

This conclusion, that the maximum theoretical efficiency of a rotor is 59.3%, is called the Betz
efficiency or, sometimes, Betz’ law.
5.Speed control for maximum power
5.1Importance of Variable Rotor Speeds
• Modern wind turbines operate best when their TSR is in the range of around 4–6,
meaning that the tip of a blade is moving 4–6-times the wind speed. Ideally, then,
for maximum efficiency, turbine blades should change their speed as the windspeed
changes.
• Example of the impact that a three-step rotational speed adjustment has on
delivered power. For winds below 7.5 m/s, 20 rpm is best; between 7.5 and 11
m/s,V30 rpm is best; and above 11 m/s, 40 rpm is best.
Cont..
• the generator may need to spin at a fixed rate in order to deliver current and
voltage in phase with the grid that it is feeding. So, for grid-connected turbines, the
challenge is to design machines that can somehow accommodate variable rotor
speed and somewhat fixed generator speed—or at least attempt to do so.
• If the wind turbine is not grid-connected, the generator electrical output can be
allowed to vary in frequency (usually it is converted to dc),
5.2 Pole-Changing Induction Generators
• as far as the rotor is concerned, the number of poles in the stator of an induction
generator is irrelevant. That is, the stator can have external connections that switch
the number of poles from one value to another without needing any change in the
rotor.

3 Multiple Gearboxes
Some wind turbines have two gearboxes with separate generators attached to each,
giving a low-wind-speed gear ratio and generator plus a high-wind-speed gear ratio
and generator.

4 Variable-Slip Induction Generators


One way to provide this capability is to have adjustable resistors external to the
generator, but the trade off is that now an electrical connection is needed between
the rotor and resistors. That can mean abandoning the elegant cage rotor concept and
instead using a wound rotor with slip rings and brushes similar to what a synchronous
generator has. And that means more maintenance will be required.
5.5 Indirect Grid Connection Systems

• In this approach, the wind turbine is allowed to spin at whatever speed that is
needed to deliver the maximum amount of power. When attached to a synchronous
or induction generator, the electrical output will have variable frequency depending
on whatever speed the wind turbine happens to have at the moment. This means
that the generator cannot be directly connected to the utility grid, which of course
requires fixed 50- or 60-Hz current.
Cont..
• shows the basic concept of these indirect systems. Variablefrequency ac from the
generator is rectified and converted into dc using highpower transistors. This dc is
then sent to an inverter that converts it back to ac, but this time with a steady 50-
or 60-Hz frequency
• variable-speed wind turbines have an advantage of greatly minimizing the wear
and tear on the whole system caused by rapidly changing wind speeds. When gusts
of wind hit the turbine, rather than having a burst of torque hit the blades, drive
shaft, and gearbox,

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