Project: CONSTRUCTION OF LANDING SITE FOR BOATS AT BONGASE

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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)

TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.06
750 500 2700

10 kN/m2

4000

4850
500 350 500

1200
250

3350 350

3950

Wall details
Retaining wall type; Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem; hstem = 4000 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 500 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 750 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 2700 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 3950 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 350 mm
Depth of downstand; dds = 500 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 3350 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 350 mm
Height of retaining wall; hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 4850 mm
Depth of cover in front of wall; dcover = 500 mm
Depth of unplanned excavation; dexc = 500 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; hwater = 1200 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 350 mm
Density of wall construction; wall = 23.6 kN/m 3
Density of base construction; base = 23.6 kN/m 3
Angle of rear face of wall;  = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall;  = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; heff = hwall + lheel  tan() = 4850 mm

Retained material details

Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
Moist density of retained material; m = 18.0 kN/m 3
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Saturated density of retained material; s = 21.0 kN/m 3

Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction;  = 0.0 deg

Base material details

Moist density; mb = 18.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; 'b = 24.2 deg
Design base friction; b = 18.6 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 150 kN/m 2

Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient for retained material
Ka = sin(+ ')2 / (sin()2  sin(- )  [1 + (sin(' + )  sin(' - ) / (sin(- )  sin(+ )))]2) = 0.419
Passive pressure coefficient for base material
Kp = sin(90- 'b)2 / (sin(90- b)  [1 - (sin('b + b)  sin('b) / (sin(90 + b)))]2) = 4.187

At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K0 = 1 – sin(’) = 0.590

Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 10.0 kN/m 2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; W dead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; W live = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 0 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; hload = 0 mm

10

60.7 4.2 27.5 5.6 11.8

100.7 58.8

Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m 2

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Vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; wwall = hstem  twall  wall = 47.2 kN/m
Wall base; wbase = lbase  tbase  base = 32.6 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds = dds  tds  base = 4.1 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur = Surcharge  lheel = 27 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w = lheel  (hstem - hsat)  m = 177.4 kN/m
Saturated backfill; ws = lheel  hsat  s = 19.8 kN/m
Soil in front of wall; wp = ltoe  dcover  mb = 6.8 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total = wwall + wbase + wds + wsur + wm_w + ws + wp = 314.9 kN/m

Horizontal forces on wall

Surcharge; Fsur = Ka  Surcharge  heff = 20.3 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a = 0.5  Ka  m  (heff - hwater)2 = 50.2 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fm_b = Ka  m  (heff - hwater)  hwater = 33 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs = 0.5  Ka  (s- water)  hwater2 = 3.4 kN/m
Water; Fwater = 0.5  hwater2  water = 7.1 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal = Fsur + Fm_a + Fm_b + Fs + Fwater = 113.9 kN/m

Calculate stability against sliding

Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp = 0.5  Kp  cos(b)  (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2  mb = 25.8 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Fres = Fp + (W total - wsur - wp)  tan(b) = 120.4 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force

Overturning moments
Surcharge; Msur = Fsur  (heff - 2  dds) / 2 = 39.1 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a = Fm_a  (heff + 2  hwater - 3  dds) / 3 = 96.2 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Mm_b = Fm_b  (hwater - 2  dds) / 2 = 3.3 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o = Fp  [2  dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 5.6 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot = Msur + Mm_a + Mm_b + Mp_o = 144.1 kNm/m

Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall = wwall  (ltoe + twall / 2) = 47.2 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = wbase  lbase / 2 = 64.4 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds = wds  (lds + tds / 2) = 14.6 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r = (wm_w  (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s  (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 461.2 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r = ws  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 51.6 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Mds + Mm_r + Ms_r = 639 kNm/m

Check stability against overturning

Total overturning moment; Mot = 144.1 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = 639.0 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment

Check bearing pressure

Surcharge; Msur_r = wsur  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 70.2 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_r = wp  ltoe / 2 = 2.5 kNm/m
Total moment for bearing; Mtotal = Mrest - Mot + Msur_r + Mp_r = 567.6 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R = W total = 314.9 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar = Mtotal / R = 1802 mm
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Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar) = 173 mm

Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe = (R / lbase) + (6  R  e / lbase2) = 100.7 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel = (R / lbase) - (6  R  e / lbase2) = 58.8 kN/m 2
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
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RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)

TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.06

Ultimate limit state load factors

Dead load factor; f_d = 1.4
Live load factor; f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor; f_e = 1.4

Factored vertical forces on wall

Wall stem; wwall_f = f_d  hstem  twall  wall = 66.1 kN/m
Wall base; wbase_f = f_d  lbase  tbase  base = 45.7 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds_f = f_d  dds  tds  base = 5.8 kN/m
Surcharge; wsur_f = f_l  Surcharge  lheel = 43.2 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w_f = f_d  lheel  (hstem - hsat)  m = 248.3 kN/m
Saturated backfill; ws_f = f_d  lheel  hsat  s = 27.8 kN/m
Soil in front of wall; wp_f = f_d  ltoe  dcover  mb = 9.5 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total_f = wwall_f + wbase_f + wds_f + wsur_f + wm_w_f + ws_f + wp_f = 446.3
kN/m

Factored horizontal active forces on wall

Surcharge; Fsur_f = f_l  Ka  Surcharge  heff = 32.5 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a_f = f_e  0.5  Ka  m  (heff - hwater)2 = 70.3 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fm_b_f = f_e  Ka  m  (heff - hwater)  hwater = 46.2 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs_f = f_e  0.5  Ka  (s- water)  hwater2 = 4.7 kN/m
Water; Fwater_f = f_e  0.5  hwater2  water = 9.9 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal_f = Fsur_f + Fm_a_f + Fm_b_f + Fs_f + Fwater_f = 163.5 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp_f = f_e  0.5  Kp  cos(b)  (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2  mb = 36.1
kN/m

Factored overturning moments

Surcharge; Msur_f = Fsur_f  (heff - 2  dds) / 2 = 62.5 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a_f = Fm_a_f  (heff + 2  hwater - 3  dds) / 3 = 134.7 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Mm_b_f = Fm_b_f  (hwater - 2  dds) / 2 = 4.6 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o_f = Fp_f  [2  dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 7.8 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot_f = Msur_f + Mm_a_f + Mm_b_f + Mp_o_f = 209.6 kNm/m

Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall_f = wwall_f  (ltoe + twall / 2) = 66.1 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_f = wbase_f  lbase / 2 = 90.2 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds_f = wds_f  (lds + tds / 2) = 20.4 kNm/m
Surcharge; Msur_r_f = wsur_f  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 112.3 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f  (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f  (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 645.7
kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_r_f = ws_f  (lbase - lheel / 2) = 72.2 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_r_f = wp_f  ltoe / 2 = 3.5 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Mds_f + Msur_r_f + Mm_r_f + Ms_r_f + Mp_r_f =
1010.5 kNm/m
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Factored bearing pressure

Total moment for bearing; Mtotal_f = Mrest_f - Mot_f = 800.9 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; Rf = W total_f = 446.3 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar_f = Mtotal_f / Rf = 1794 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; ef = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar_f) = 181 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe_f = (Rf / lbase) + (6  Rf  ef / lbase2) = 144 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel_f = (Rf / lbase) - (6  Rf  ef / lbase2) = 82 kN/m 2
Rate of change of base reaction; rate = (ptoe_f - pheel_f) / lbase = 15.70 kN/m 2/m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe; pstem_toe_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate  ltoe), 0 kN/m 2) = 132.2 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at mid stem; pstem_mid_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate  (ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m 2) = 128.3 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at stem / heel; pstem_heel_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate  (ltoe + twall)), 0 kN/m 2) = 124.4 kN/m 2

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall toe (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 30 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 500 N/mm 2

Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe; ctoe = 40 mm

Calculate shear for toe design

Shear from bearing pressure; Vtoe_bear = (ptoe_f + pstem_toe_f)  ltoe / 2 = 103.6 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vtoe_wt_base = f_d  base  ltoe  tbase = 8.7 kN/m
Total shear for toe design; Vtoe = Vtoe_bear - Vtoe_wt_base = 94.9 kN/m

Calculate moment for toe design

Moment from bearing pressure; Mtoe_bear = (2  ptoe_f + pstem_mid_f)  (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 69.4 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mtoe_wt_base = (f_d  base  tbase  (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 5.8 kNm/m
Total moment for toe design; Mtoe = Mtoe_bear - Mtoe_wt_base = 63.6 kNm/m
304
350

150

Check toe in bending

Width of toe; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dtoe = tbase – ctoe – (toe / 2) = 304.0 mm
Constant; Ktoe = Mtoe / (b  dtoe2  fcu) = 0.023
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; ztoe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Ktoe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  dtoe
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ztoe = 289 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_des = Mtoe / (0.87  fy  ztoe) = 506 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_toe_min = k  b  tbase = 455 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_req = Max(As_toe_des, As_toe_min) = 506 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 12 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_toe_prov = 754 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate

Check shear resistance at toe

Design shear stress; vtoe = Vtoe / (b  dtoe) = 0.312 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.382 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_toe = 0.452 N/mm 2
vtoe < vc_toe - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall heel (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 30 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 500 N/mm 2

Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in heel; cheel = 40 mm

Calculate shear for heel design

Shear from bearing pressure; Vheel_bear = (pheel_f + pstem_heel_f)  lheel / 2 = 278.6 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vheel_wt_base = f_d  base  lheel  tbase = 31.2 kN/m
Shear from weight of downstand; Vheel_wt_ds = f_d  base  dds  tds = 5.8 kN/m
Shear from weight of moist backfill; Vheel_wt_m = wm_w_f = 248.3 kN/m
Shear from weight of saturated backfill; Vheel_wt_s = ws_f = 27.8 kN/m
Shear from surcharge; Vheel_sur = wsur_f = 43.2 kN/m
Total shear for heel design; Vheel = - Vheel_bear + Vheel_wt_base + Vheel_wt_ds + Vheel_wt_m + Vheel_wt_s +
Vheel_sur = 77.7 kN/m

Calculate moment for heel design

Moment from bearing pressure; Mheel_bear = (2  pheel_f + pstem_mid_f)  (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 423.9 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mheel_wt_base = (f_d  base  tbase  (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 50.3 kNm/m
Moment from weight of downstand; Mheel_wt_ds = f_d  base  dds  tds  (lds - ltoe + (tds - twall) / 2) = 14.6
kNm/m
Moment from weight of moist backfill; Mheel_wt_m = wm_w_f  (lheel + twall) / 2 = 397.4 kNm/m
Moment from weight of saturated backfill; Mheel_wt_s = ws_f  (lheel + twall) / 2 = 44.5 kNm/m
Moment from surcharge; Mheel_sur = wsur_f  (lheel + twall) / 2 = 69.1 kNm/m
Total moment for heel design; Mheel = - Mheel_bear + Mheel_wt_base + Mheel_wt_ds + Mheel_wt_m + Mheel_wt_s +
Mheel_sur = 151.9 kNm/m
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350 150
300

Check heel in bending

Width of heel; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dheel = tbase – cheel – (heel / 2) = 300.0 mm
Constant; Kheel = Mheel / (b  dheel2  fcu) = 0.056
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zheel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kheel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  dheel
zheel = 280 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_des = Mheel / (0.87  fy  zheel) = 1248 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_heel_min = k  b  tbase = 455 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_req = Max(As_heel_des, As_heel_min) = 1248 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 20 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_heel_prov = 2094 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate

Check shear resistance at heel

Design shear stress; vheel = Vheel / (b  dheel) = 0.259 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.382 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress

From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8

Design concrete shear stress; vc_heel = 0.640 N/mm 2
vheel < vc_heel - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall downstand (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 30 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 500 N/mm 2

Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in downstand; cds = 40 mm

Calculate shear for downstand design

Total shear for downstand design
Vdown = f_e  Kp  cos(b)  m  dds  (dcover + tbase + dds / 2) = 55 kN/m

Calculate moment for downstand design

Total moment for downstand design
Mdown = f_e  Kp  cos(b)  m  dds  [(dcover + tbase)  (tbase + dds) + dds  (tbase / 2 + 2  dds / 3)] / 2 = 24.4 kNm/m
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304
350

200

Check downstand in bending

Width of downstand; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; ddown = tds – cds – (down / 2) = 304.0 mm
Constant; Kdown = Mdown / (b  ddown2  fcu) = 0.009
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zdown = Min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kdown, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  ddown
zdown = 289 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_des = Mdown / (0.87  fy  zdown) = 194 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_down_min = k  b  tds = 455 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_req = Max(As_down_des, As_down_min) = 455 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 12 mm dia.bars @ 200 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_down_prov = 565 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall downstand is adequate

Check shear resistance at downstand

Design shear stress; vdown = Vdown / (b  ddown) = 0.181 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.382 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_down = 0.411 N/mm 2
vdown < vc_down - No shear reinforcement required

Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall stem (BS 8002:1994)

Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 30 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 500 N/mm 2

Wall details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in stem; cstem = 40 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall; cwall = 40 mm

Factored horizontal active forces on stem

Surcharge; Fs_sur_f = f_l  Ka  Surcharge  (heff - tbase - dds) = 26.8 kN/m
Moist backfill above water table; Fs_m_a_f = 0.5  f_e  Ka  m  (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)2 = 70.3 kN/m
Moist backfill below water table; Fs_m_b_f = f_e  Ka  m  (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)  hsat = 13.5 kN/m
Saturated backfill; Fs_s_f = 0.5  f_e  Ka  (s- water)  hsat2 = 0.4 kN/m
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Water; Fs_water_f = 0.5  f_e  water  hsat2 = 0.8 kN/m

Calculate shear for stem design

Shear at base of stem; Vstem = Fs_sur_f + Fs_m_a_f + Fs_m_b_f + Fs_s_f + Fs_water_f = 111.8 kN/m

Calculate moment for stem design

Surcharge; Ms_sur = Fs_sur_f  (hstem + tbase) / 2 = 58.3 kNm/m
Moist backfill above water table; Ms_m_a = Fs_m_a_f  (2  hsat + heff - dds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 122.4 kNm/m
Moist backfill below water table; Ms_m_b = Fs_m_b_f  hsat / 2 = 2.4 kNm/m
Saturated backfill; Ms_s = Fs_s_f  hsat / 3 = 0 kNm/m
Water; Ms_water = Fs_water_f  hsat / 3 = 0.1 kNm/m
Total moment for stem design; Mstem = Ms_sur + Ms_m_a + Ms_m_b + Ms_s + Ms_water = 183.1 kNm/m
450
500

125

Check wall stem in bending

Width of wall stem; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dstem = twall – cstem – (stem / 2) = 450.0 mm
Constant; Kstem = Mstem / (b  dstem2  fcu) = 0.030
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zstem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kstem, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95)  dstem
zstem = 428 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_des = Mstem / (0.87  fy  zstem) = 985 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_stem_min = k  b  twall = 650 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_req = Max(As_stem_des, As_stem_min) = 985 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 20 mm dia.bars @ 125 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_stem_prov = 2513 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate

Check shear resistance at wall stem

Design shear stress; vstem = Vstem / (b  dstem) = 0.248 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8  (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5)  1 N/mm 2 = 4.382 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_stem = 0.553 N/mm 2
vstem < vc_stem - No shear reinforcement required
 Project: CONSTRUCTION OF LANDING SITE FOR BOATS AT BONGASE
Job no.

ABIE CONSTRUCTION Calcs for Start page no./Revision

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E. O. 19/06/2019

Check retaining wall deflection

Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratiobas = 7
Design service stress; fs = 2  fy  As_stem_req / (3  As_stem_prov) = 130.6 N/mm 2
Modification factor; factortens = min(0.55 + (477 N/mm 2 - fs)/(120  (0.9 N/mm 2 + (Mstem/(b  dstem2)))),2) = 2.00
Maximum span/effective depth ratio; ratiomax = ratiobas  factortens = 14.00
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratioact = hstem / dstem = 8.89
PASS - Span to depth ratio is acceptable
 Project: CONSTRUCTION OF LANDING SITE FOR BOATS AT BONGASE
Job no.

ABIE CONSTRUCTION Calcs for Start page no./Revision

LIMITED 12
Calcs by Calcs date Checked by Checked date Approved by Approved date
E. O. 19/06/2019

Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram

Stem reinforcement

Toe reinforcement Heel reinforcement

Downstand reinforcement

Toe bars - 12 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (754 mm 2/m)

Heel bars - 20 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (2094 mm 2/m)
Downstand bars - 12 mm dia.@ 200 mm centres - (565 mm 2/m)
Stem bars - 20 mm dia.@ 125 mm centres - (2513 mm 2/m)