EST 11. Standing waves – the energy 20.

Balun – a device that converts

Transmission Fundamentals that neither radiated into space a balanced line to an
nor completely transmitted unbalanced line of a
1. Impedance is the opposition to 12. 1 Angstrom (A°) is equal to transmission line
the transfer of energy which is 10^-10 m 21. The average power rating of
considered the dominant 13. It is impossible to use a RG-58 C/u is 50 W
characteristics of a cable or waveguide at low radio 22. RG-211A – a coaxial cable
circuit that emanates from its frequencies because of the used for high temperatures
physical structure size of the waveguide 23. The velocity factor of a
2. When load impedance equals 14. Communications is the transmission line depends on
to Zo of the line, it means that transmission and reception of the dielectric constant of the
the load absorbs all the power information material used
3. 4:1 – Impedance matching ratio 15. Transmission lines are either 24. Impedance inversion can be
of a coax balun balanced or unbalanced with obtained by a quarter-wave
4. dBr stands for dB relative level respect to ground line
5. 1000 Hz – Standard test tone 16. The standing wave ratio is 25. Transmission lines when
used for audio measurement equal to 1 if the load is properly connected to antennas have
6. When VSWR is equal to zero, matched with the transmission resistive load at the resonant
this means that no power is line frequency
applied 17. Low attenuation is the 26. Characteristic impedance –
7. Reflection coefficient is the advantage of the balanced the impedance measured at the
ratio of reflected voltage to the transmission line compared to input of the transmission line
forward traveling voltage unbalanced line when its length is infinite
8. Transmission line must be 18. Spectral analysis is the 27. Complex propagation
matched to the load to transfer method of determining the constant is not considered
maximum power to the load bandwidth of any processing primary line constant
9. Dissipation factor indicates system 28. The dielectric constants of
the relative energy loss in a 19. Losses in the conducting materials commonly used in
capacitor walls of the guide causes the transmission lines range from
10. 0 dBm is the standard test tone attenuation present in a about 1.2 to 2.8
waveguide 29. Typically, the velocity factor (Vf)
of the materials used in

1
 transmission lines rage from 0.6 37. Induction coil is a component 45. If the SWR is infinite, the load
to 0.9 in the telephone set that has transmission line is purely
30. For an air dielectric two-wire the primary function of reactive
line, the minimum characteristic interfacing the handset to the 46. Not more than 12 digits make
impedance value is 83 ohms local loop up an international telephone
31. When a quarter-wave section 38. Pulse dialing has 10 pulse/sec number as recommended by
transmission line is terminated rate CCITT REC. E. 161
by a short circuit and is 39. Trunk line is a telephone wire 47. One (1) Erlang is equal to 36
connected to an RF source at that connects two central CCS
the other end, its input offices 48. WATS – standard tariff for flat
impedance is equivalent to a 40. MTSO – the central switching rate telephone service beyond
parallel resonant LC circuit office coordinating element for the normal flat rate in that area
32. The concept used to make one all cell sites that has cellular 49. The standard analog telephone
Smith chart universal is called processor and cellular switch. It channel bandwidth is 300-3400
normalization interfaces with telephone Hz
33. The basic elements of company zone offices, control 50. Manual switching – type of
communication system are the call processing and handle switching in which a pair of wire
transmitter, receiver, and billing activities from the telephone set
transmission channel 41. Base station in a cellular terminates in a jack and the
34. Facsimile is the transmission system performs radio-related switch is supervised by an
of printed material over functions for cellular site. operator
telephone lines 42. Frequency reuse – a 51. Everytime when the telephone
35. Call waiting tone is a technology used to increase the is idle, the handset is in the on-
continuous tone generated by capacity of a mobile phone hook state.
the combination of two system 52. Varistor is a component in the
frequencies of 350 Hz and 440 43. If the grade of service of a telephone set that has the
Hz used in telephone sets telephone system indicated P = primary function of
36. VF repeaters are unidirectional 0.05, it means lost call of 5% compensating for the local loop
amplifiers having 20-25 decibel 44. 3700 Hz is the Out-of-band length
gain that are placed about 75 signaling between Toll Central 53. Electromagnetic receiver is
km apart used to compensate Offices (Bell System Standard) used in conventional telephone
for losses along the telephone handset

2
54. A voice-grade circuit using PTN variable loss plans and a fixed 73. Waveguide becomes
has an ideal passband of 0 to 4 loss plan compulsory above 3 GHz
kHz 64. Umbrella cells is appropriate 74. Normal voice channel
55. Basic voice grade (VG) is the for load management, fast bandwidth is 4 kHz
minimum-quality circuit moving mobiles and low-usage 75. Echo suppressors are used on
available using the PTN areas all communications system
56. Direct distance dialing (DDD) 65. In cellular networks, standard when the round trip propagation
network is called Dial-up base station antennas are time exceeds 50 ms
network replaced by adaptive array 76. Quarter-wavelength line is used
57. The advantage of sidetone is it 66. Analogue cellular technology as impedance transformer
assures the customer that is the basis of the first 77. The transmission lines which
the telephone is working generation wireless local loop can convey electromagnetic
58. Tie trunk is a special service 67. When the calling party hears a waves only in higher modes is
circuit connected two private “busy” tone on his telephone, usually called waveguide
branch exchanges (PBX) the call is considered 78. Nitrogen gas is sometimes
59. Tariff – the published rates, completed used in waveguide to keep the
regulations, and descriptions 68. Short-circuited stubs are waveguide dry
governing the provision of preferred to open circuited 79. It is impossible to use a
communications service for stubs because the latter are waveguide at low radio
public use liable to radiate frequencies because of the size
60. The power loss of a telephone 69. Coefficient of reflection is the of the waveguide
hybrid is 3 dB ratio of the reflected voltage to 80. To couple in and out of a
61. Telephone channel has a band- the incident voltage waveguide, insertion of an E-
pass characteristic occupying 70. Quarter-wave matching – one probe into the waveguide and
the frequency range of 300- method of determining antenna insertion of an H-loop into
3400 Hz impedance the waveguide is done
62. The first strowger step-by-step 71. Single-wire line is a single 81. A rectangular waveguide is
switch was used in 1897 conductor running from the operating in the dominant TE10
63. G.122 is the CCITT transmitter to the antenna mode. The associated flux lines
recommendation for a 72. Coaxial cable impedance is are established transversely
preparation of loss plan, a typically 50 to 75 ohms across the narrow dimension
of the waveguide

3
82. For dominant mode of a is twice the narrow grounded at the beginning
rectangular waveguide, the dimension and at the end of the cable
distance between two 87. If a rectangular waveguide is to 93. A feature of an infinite
instantaneous consecutive be excited in the dominant transmission line is that its
positions of maximum field mode, the E-probe should be input impedance at the
intensity is referred to as half of inserted at a distance of one generator is equal to the
the guide wavelength quarter-wavelength from the line’s surge impedance
sealed end 94. When the surge impedance of a
83. The guide wavelength, in a 88. A quarter-wave line is line is matched to a load, the
rectangular waveguide is connected to an RF generator line will transfer maximum
greater than the free-space and is shorted out at the far power to the load
wavelength at the same end. The input impedance to 95. SWR – ratio of the mismatch
signal frequency the line generator is a high between the antenna and the
84. Using the TE10 mode, value of resistance transmitter power
microwave power can only be 89. If the SWR on a transmission 96. F3C and A3E – emission
transmitted in free rectangular line has a high value, the designation for a facsimile
guide provided the wide reason could be an impedance 97. AWG #19 – commonly used
dimension is greater than mismatch between the line telephone wire
one-half of the wavelength in and the load 98. Wavelength is the distance
free space 90. If a quarter-wave transmission traveled by a wave in the time
85. If the signal frequency applied line is shorted at one end the of one cycle
to a rectangular guide is line behaves as a parallel- 99. The velocity factor is inversely
increased and the dominant tuned circuit in relation to the proportional with respect to the
mode is employed, the group generator square root of the dielectric
velocity is increased 91. A 50-ohm transmission line is constant
86. The frequency range over feeding an antenna which 100. Balun circuit connects a
which a rectangular waveguide represents a 50 ohm resistive balanced line to an unbalanced
is excited in the dominant mode load. To shorten the line, the line
is limited to the difference length must be any convenient 101. To connect a coaxial
between the frequency at value line to a parallel wire line, balun
which the cutoff wavelength 92. The outer conductor of the is used
coaxial cable is usually

4
102. Waveguides are 110. Standing waves is a 120. DC blocks are used in
transmission lines which can pattern of voltage and current coaxial transmission line for the
convey electromagnetic waves variations along a transmission purpose of preventing AC
only in higher order modes line not terminated in its power supply voltage from
103. The amount of characteristic impedance being shorted by a balun or
uncertainty in a system of 111. The desirable SWR on a band splitter
symbols is also called entropy transmission line is 1 121. Adjacent channel
104. The twists in twisted 112. The most desirable interference is a type of
wire pairs reduced reflection coefficient is 0 interference caused by off-air
electromagnetic interference 113. Reflection coefficient TV channels 2 and 4, plus a
105. Loading means to the is the ratio expressing the satellite dish operating on
addition of inductance percentage of incident voltage channel 3
106. Coaxial is the most reflected on a transmission line 122. Dithering (in TVRO
commonly used transmission 114. At very high communications) is a process
line for high frequency frequencies, transmission lines for reducing the effect of
application act as tuned circuits noise on the TVRO video
107. The characteristic 115. A shorted quarter-wave signal
impedance of a transmission line at the operating frequency 123. Frequency and voltage
does not depend upon its acts like a parallel resonant are important useful quantities
length circuit describing waveforms
108. For maximum 116. A shorted half-wave line 124. Halving the power
absorption of power at the at the operating frequency acts means 3-dB loss
antenna, the relationship like a series resonant circuit 125. One neper (Np) is 8.686
between the characteristic 117. Coaxial medium is least decibels
impedance of the line Zo and susceptible to noise 126. Reflectometer is used
the load impedance Zl should 118. Twisted pair medium is to measure SWR
be Zo = Zl most widely used in LANs 127. 214-056 twin lead which
109. The mismatch between 119. Coaxial cable is the is commonly used for TV lead-
antenna and transmission line most commonly used in has characteristics
impedance cannot be corrected transmission line in television impedance of 300 ohm
for by adjusting the length of system
transmission line

5
128. A coaxial cable is a 137. A ten times power 144. Reflectance – ratio of
good example of a bounded change in transmission system reflected power to incident
medium is equivalent to 10 dB power
129. dNp is known as one- 138. Parallel-wire line type 145. The SWR when a
tenth of a neper transmission line is employed transmission line is terminated
130. The input impedance of where balanced properties are in a short circuit is infinite
a quarter wave short-circuited required
transmission line at its resonant 139. To be properly matched
frequency is infinite or an the ratio of a maximum voltage
open circuit along a transmission line
131. The ratio of the largest should be equal to 1
rms value to the smallest rms 140. Absorption coefficient
value of the voltage in the line – the ratio between the energy
is called VSWR absorbed by a surface to the
132. The characteristic total energy received by the
impedance of a transmission surface
line does not depend upon its 141. When the diameter of
length the conductors of a 2 wire
133. A power difference of -3 transmission line is held
dB means a loss of one half of constant, the effect of
the power decreasing the distance
134. Low attenuation is an between the conductors is
advantage of the balance decrease the impedance
transmission line 142. The higher the gauge
135. Waveguides are used number of a conductor the
mainly for microwave higher the resistance or the
transmission because no smaller the diameter
generators are powerful 143. λ/4 transformer – a
enough to excite them short length of transmission line
136. The ratio of the smallest used to reduce/eliminate
to the largest rms current value standing waves in the main
is called ISWR transmission line

6
 6. Hearing level – a measure of through a cross-section area of
threshold of hearing, expressed 1 sq. m. at right angles to the
in decibels relative to a direction
specified standard of normal 17. Mel is the unit of pitch
hearing 18. Decibel – a measure of the
7. 330 m/s – velocity of sound in intensity of sound in
air comparison to another sound
8. Speaker is a device that intensity
converts current variations 19. Sound wave has two main
into sound waves characteristics which are pitch
ACOUSTICS 9. Carbon type of microphone and loudness
operates on the principle that 20. Dynamic type of microphone
1. Sound level meter – an the electrical resistance of operated by electromagnetic
instrument designed to carbon granules varies as the induction that generates an
measure a frequency-weighted pressure on the granules vary output signal voltage
value of the sound pressure 10. Bass response is bypassing 21. Supersonic – speed that is
level high audio frequencies faster than the speed of sound
2. Noy – a unit of noisiness 11. Pure tone of sound used as 22. Sound waves travel in water at
related to the perceived noise standard on testing is 1000 Hz a 5000 ft/sec speed
level 12. Echo is early reflection of 23. Wavelength – crest-to-crest
3. Noise rating curves – an sound distance along the direction of
agreed set of empirical curves 13. Dolby – noise reduction system wave travel
relating octave-band sound used for film sound in movie 24. Sound intensity level is 10 log
pressure level to the center 14. Sound intensity is the sound I/Iref
frequency of the octave bands. energy per unit area at right 25. Sound pressure level is 20 log
4. Natural frequency – the angles to the propagation P/Pref
frequency of a free vibration direction per unit time 26. The most important
5. Flanking transmission – the 15. Phon is the unit of loudness specification of loudspeakers
transmission of sound from one level of a sound and microphones is frequency
room to an adjacent room, via 16. Sound intensity is the average response
common walls, floors or ceilings rate of transmission of sound
energy in a given direction

7
27. Fundamental – lowest results in a boost in bass sound is doubled, the intensity
frequency produced by a frequencies for close is reduced to ¼
musical instrument microphone spacing 47. If the distance between the
28. Diffraction – tendency of a 37. 20 Hz to 20 kHz is the audio listener and the source of the
sound energy to spread frequency range sound is decreased to ½ the
29. When waves bend away from 38. 0 Hz to 20 kHz is the bass original amount, the intensity of
straight lines of travel, it is frequency range the sound would be 4 times as
called refraction 39. 5,000 Hz to 10 kHz – high great
30. Reverberation time – required frequency range of audio 48. At a sensation level of 40dB,
time for any sound to decay to signals 1000 Hz tone is 1000 mels
60 dB 40. 65 is the dB SPL of a voice 49. If the sound waves are
31. The intensity needed to paging in an office converted to electrical waves by
produce an audible sound 41. 90 – 100 is the dBdb SPL of an a microphone, the frequency of
varies with frequency auditorium with contemporary the electric current will be 25 to
32. Ultrasonic – sound that music 8000 Hz
vibrates at frequency too high 42. 80 – 85 is the church db SPL 50. For a music lover concert “A” is
for the human ear to hear (over with speech reinforcement only 440 Hz. If a musical note one
20 kHz) 43. Intensity can also be called as octave higher 0were played, it
33. Crystal microphone will be loudness would be double that frequency
damaged if exposed to high 44. The loudness of a sound 51. In a 220 Hz, if a note was
temperature above 52°C depends upon the energy of played one octave lower it
34. Spider – a thin springy sheet of motion imparted to vibrating would be 110 Hz
bakelite or metal that permits molecules of the medium 52. Much of music generally
the voice coil in a dynamic transmitting the sound referred to in octaves
loudspeaker to move back and 45. Loudness is affected by the 53. Distortion is an undesired
forth along the core of its distance between the listener change in wave form as the
magnet and the source of the sound signal passes through a device
35. One hundred twenty μbars of and its intensity varies inversely 54. Distortion enhances intelligibility
pressure variation is equal to with the square of this distance when an exciter is added
115.56 dBSPL 46. If the distance between the 55. Exciters – a class of signal
36. Proximity effect is a listener and the source of the processors
microphone characteristic that

8
56. Hall construction and internal mainly on frequency and also which are always produced by
finishes affect the final sound affected by intensity some source of vibrations
quality significantly 66. Masking – an effect that occurs 75. 10-12 W/m2 is considered to be
57. Positioning a loudspeaker near in the ear where a louder sound as the threshold of hearing
a wall can dramatically alter its can reduce or even stop the 76. The average absorption for a
frequency response in two nerve voltage generated by a person is 4.7 units
distinct ways namely hump weaker sound 77. Frequency – the number of
and notch 67. For computation of ideal vibration or pressure
58. The acoustics of most auditoria reverberation time, Stephen fluctuations per second
are very different when the and Bate is applicable 78. Sound intensity – defined as
room is full compared to the 68. The loudness of sound is a the average rate of
empty condition subjective effect which is a transmission of sound energy in
59. A microphone transducer function of the ear and brain a given direction through a
converts acoustical energy 69. Reverberation time – defined cross-sectional area of 1 m^2 at
60. All microphones have two basic as the time taken for the right angles to the direction
components namely, intensity of sound energy in the 79. The minimum sound intensity
diaphragm and generating room to drop to one millionth of that can be heard is termed as
element its initial value threshold of hearing
61. When the average absorption is 70. Sound intensity is the sound 80. Mel – the unit of pitch
greater than 0.2, Norris-Eyring energy per unit area at right 81. 3 dB is the increase in sound
formula is used to compute the angles of the propagation pressure level in dB, if the
actual reverberation time direction, per unit time intensity is doubled
62. At room temperature, the 71. Phon – the unit of loudness 82. The velocity of sound is
velocity of sound in level considered to be constant at
meters/seconds is 341.8 m/s 72. Flutter echo – consists of a 330 m/s for the purpose of
63. The ratio of frequencies is rapid succession of noticeable building acoustics
termed as interval echoes
64. 6 dB is the increase in sound 73. W.C Sabine – laid the
pressure level in dB, if the foundations of acoustic theory
pressure is doubled of buildings
65. Pitch – a term which is 74. Sound – an aural sensation by
subjective but dependent pressure variation in the air

9
 6. Mixer is also known as frequency is called deviation
converter ratio
7. A3H emission transmit the 16.A carrier signal has a
lower sideband and half of the frequency of 20 kHz and
upper sideband above
8. An FM receive signal vary in 17.In a FM system, if modulation
frequency with modulation index is doubled by halving the
9. The process of impressing modulating frequency, there will
intelligence on the carrier is be no effect on the maximum
called modulation deviation
10.Spectrum analyzer is an 18.Armstrong system is
electronic instrument used to considered as an indirect
show both the carrier and the method of generating FM
sidebands of a modulated 19.To generate an SSB or DSB
signal in the frequency domain signal one must use a circuit
MODULATION 11.Amplitude is varied at the known as balanced modulator
carrier by the intelligence during 20.Crystal radio receiver is the
1. 50 dB is the maximum modulation in an AM system first radio receiver
sideband suppression value 12.The difference between the RF 21.An interfering signal with a
using filter system carrier and the modulating frequency equal to the received
2. Modulation index determines signal frequencies is called the signal plus twice the IF is called
the number of sideband LSB image frequency
components in FM 13.Buffer stage in a radio 22.A3E – double sideband full
3. H3E transmit only one sideband transmitter isolates the carrier emission type
4. Baseband frequency oscillator from the load 23.R3E – single sideband reduced
produces sidebands on FM 14.The frequency of the carrier emission type
5. Spectrum analyzer displays unmodulated carrier in FM 24.J3E – a single sideband
the carrier and the sidebands system is center frequency suppressed carrier emission
amplitude with frequency to 15.The ratio of maximum deviation type
frequency to the maximum modulating 25.B8E – independent sideband
emission type

10
26.C3F – vestigial sideband 38.In FM, the Carson’s Rule states fundamental frequencies, and
emission type that the bandwidth is equal to contain harmonic
27.H3E – single sideband full twice the sum of the modulating frequencies\
carrier emission type frequency and frequency 47.The result of the gain level
28.G3E – phase modulation deviation being too high for signals
emission type 39. The carrier swing of an FM entering the modulator is
29.Better fidelity is not an transmitter when modulated by distortion and splatter
advantage of SSB over AM 75% is 112.5 kHz 48.Amplitude modulation causes
30.The advantage of a high level 40. Frequency modulation – the the amount of transmitter power
modulated AM transmitter is modulation system inherently to increase
higher value of operating more resistant to noise 49.When the amplitude of the
power 41.Subcarriers that are arranged modulating voltage is increased
31.The advantage of a low-level so that the channels occupying for AM, the antenna current will
modulated AM transmitter is adjacent frequency bands with increase
less audio power required some frequency space between 50.A second modulating tone
32.Interference to other radio them is known as guard bands having the same amplitude but
services is the bad effect 42.Modulation of an RF carrier a different frequency is added
caused by overmodulation in results in multiple channels, to the first at the input to the
AM transmission smaller antennas, and modulator. The modulation
33.Selectivity of a radio receiver directional propagation index will be increased by a
refers to its ability to reject an 43.Modulation is a process which factor of sqr(2)
unwanted signal occurs in the transmitter 51.Unwanted sidebands in SSB
34.F3E emission is frequency 44.Demodulation is a process equipment can be suppressed
modulation which occurs in the receiver by phasing method and filter
35.AM transmission power 45.Buffer amplifier part of the method
increase with modulation transmitter that protects the 52.Envelope detection is
36.Capture effect locks the FM crystal oscillator from “pulling” concerned with the process of
receiver to a stronger signal 46.The amplitude of a sine wave rectification
37.The highest percentage of which is modulated by a 53.Diagonal clipping in envelope
modulation for AM is 100% musical program will be detection will result in
complex, contain distortion

11
54.Product detection requires the deviation are multiplied by an AM signal, the percent
process of heterodyning some fixed constant modulation is 100
55.A sine wave which is coherent 63.Foster-Seeley discriminator – 73.Balanced modulator circuit
with carrier has identical a circuit that has the function of when inserted in the equipment
frequency and phase angle demodulating the frequency- suppressed the carrier
56.Frequency modulation and modulated signal 74.The carrier of a 100%
phase modulation are 64.The ratio detector is superior to modulated AM wave is
collectively referred to as angle the slope detector because it is suppressed, the percentage
modulation less sensitive to noise spikes power saving is 66.66%
57.In FM the change in carrier and interference causing AM 75.If the modulation index of an
frequency is proportional to 65.One implementation of a pulse- AM wave is doubled, the
amplitude of the modulating averaging discriminator is a antenna current is also
signal triggered multivibrator doubled, the AM system being
58.A louder sound, when 66.Two different signals can be used is J3E
generating the modulating coherent if they have the same 76.100% modulation in AM means
waveform for FM, will cause a frequency a corresponding increase in
greater frequency deviation 67.A quadrature detector requires total power by 50%
59.Varactor diode – a device that the inputs are coherent 77.A single-tone amplitude
whose capacitance is 68.In a phase-locked loop, the modulated wave has 3
deliberately made to be a VCO is the abbreviation for components
function of the applied voltage Voltage-controlled oscillator 78.A carrier signal has constant
60.A reactance modulator is one 69.LSB and USB – the output of a peak amplitude
method of obtaining direct FM balanced modulator 79.The modulating system is
61. VCO – a device, now available 70.If the modulation index of an frequency modulation if the
in IC form, is useful for direct AM wave is changed from 0 to modulating frequency is
FM and as one element in the 1, the transmitted power is doubled, the modulation index
phase-locked loop increased by 50% is halved, and the modulating
62.Multiplication is a frequency 71.RF carrier is not a baseband voltage remains constant
change process, whereby the signal of modulation 80.The modulation index of an FM
phase deviation and frequency 72.If the unmodulated level peak signal if its modulating
carrier amplitude is doubled in

12
 frequency is doubled is one- 90.Carrier shift is a form of 97.Frequency division is useful in
half the original index amplitude distortion introduced the implementation of a
81.A3E – standard way of when the positive and negative frequency synthesizer
designating AM alternations in the AM 98.Balanced modulator can be
82.Discriminator is the circuit modulated signals are not equal used as a phase detector
used to detect frequency 91.The advantage of phase 99.A particular frequency
modulated signal modulation over direct FM synthesizer contains only a
83.Baseband is an information frequency modulation is that single crystal. This synthesizer
signal that is sent directly the oscillator is crystal- is known as indirect
without modulating any carrier controlled 100. A recognizable feature
84.Both frequency and phase 92.If the spectrum is shifted in of a CW transmitter is keyed
modulation utilize angle frequency with no other transmitter, power amplification,
modulation changes, this is known as and frequency generation
85.Bandwidth – it is the width of frequency translation 101. The term “pulling” refers
frequencies within the spectrum 93.Balanced modulator – a to the change of the crystal
occupied by signal and used by device which is capable of oscillator frequency by
the signal for conveying causing frequency translation loading
information 94.If the frequency of each 102. When frequency
86.H3E transmit only one sideband component in a signal spectrum modulation is achieved by initial
87.Continuous modulation is a is increased by the same fixed phase modulation, this is called
kind of modulation in which the amount, this is known as indirect FM
modulated wave is always frequency translation and up 103. A disadvantage of direct
present. conversion FM is the need for AFC
88.Pulse modulation – a type of 95.Any device to be used as a 104. Direct FM can be
modulation in which no signal is frequency multiplier must be achieved by a reactance tube
present between pulses nonlinear modulator and a varactor
89.Coefficient of modulation is 96.Push-push – a particular diode
the amount of amplitude amplifier circuit used for 105. A receiver in which all
change present in an AM frequency doubling RF amplifier stages require
waveform manual tuning to the desired
RF is called TRF

13
106. It is often necessary to 114. Noise figure – the the output from the stage is the
precede the demodulator by characteristic of a receiver that audio voice information
amplifier stages in a receiver specifies the self-generated 122. In a capacitive type,
because of weak antenna noise reactance-tube modulator
signals 115. The ratio of the connected across an oscillator
107. A serious disadvantage superheterodyne receiver tune circuit, a more negative
of the TRF receiver is the response at the desired carrier voltage on the grid of the
bandwidth variations over the frequency to that at the image reactance tube will cause an
tuning range frequency is called the image increase of the oscillator
108. Modulator is not part of rejection ratio frequency
a superheterodyne receiver 116. The core of an IF 123. The limiting condition for
109. R-F amplifier element transformer usually contains sensitivity in a communications
will not be found in every powered iron receiver is the noise floor of
superheterodyne receiver 117. Shape factor is a the receiver
110. Mixer element of a measure of skirt steepness 124. When a
superheterodyne receiver must 118. AGC is the function communications receiver is
be nonlinear which tends to maintain the tuned to a strong signal, the
111. The change of the sound volume level of a voice AGC bias is measured and
modulated carrier frequency receiver nearly constant for a found to be zero. The fault
from the original RF to the I-F of large signal strength range cannot be caused by an open
the superheterodyne receiver is 119. Squelch – the function circuit in the AGC’s filter
known as frequency which tends to silence the capacitor
translation receiver in the absence of 125. Cross-modulation
112. The key to achieving transmitter carrier interference – the term used to
receiver sensitivity is the 120. Noise blanker device is refer to the condition where the
reduction of internal noise incorporated in a signals from a very strong
113. In comparing the S/N communications receiver to station are superimposed on
ratio for the input to the receiver reduce impulse noise other signals being received
with the S/N ratio for the output, 121. If the input to a detector 126. The limiter stage of an
the latter is smaller stage is an amplitude- FM receiver limits the
modulated (A3E) IF signal then amplitude of the IF signal to
the required level

14
127. Motorboating (low- of interest is indicated by 140. A3C – a type of
frequency oscillations) in an blocking dynamic range emission is produced when an
amplifier can be stopped by 133. RF amplifier, mixer, IF amplitude modulated
connecting a capacitor amplifier, and AF amplifier are transmitter is modulated by a
between the B+ and lead stages that are common to both facsimile signal
ground AM and FM receivers 141. The noise generated
128. Crossmodulation – an 134. Filter ringing occurs which primarily determines the
effect in which, the modulation during CW reception if too signal to noise ratio in a VHF
of an unwanted signal is narrow a filter bandwidth is (150 MHz) marine band
transferred to the desired used in the IF stage of a receiver is in the receiver front
carrier receiver end
129. Leads should be kept as 135. IF amplifier stage 142. Cross-modulation in a
short as possible in radio circuit mainly determines a receiver can be reduced by
so that stray coupling is communication receiver’s installing a filter at the
minimized sensitivity receiver
130. 4 voice transmissions 136. The main advantage of 143. F3E is the emission
can be packed into a given FM over AM is better signal- designation for FM telephony
frequency band for amplitude- to-noise-ratio 144. The cause of receiver
compandored single-sideband 137. Low-level modulation – desensitizing is the presence
systems over conventional FM- an amplitude modulation of a strong signal on a
phone systems created in an amplifier before nearby frequency
131. Neutralization of an RF the final RF stage 145. In a phase-modulated
amplifier stage can be 138. Receiver desensitizing signal (indirect FM), the
necessary in order to prevent can be reduced by ensuring frequency deviation is directly
the generation of spurious good RF shielding between proportional to the carrier
oscillations the transmitter amplitude only
132. The ability of a 139. In a narrow-band FM 146. An RF stage precedes
communications receiver to system, the deviation ratio is the mixer stage in a superheat
perform well in the presence of commonly one and the highest receiver. One advantage of
strong signals outside the band audio frequency is generally including this RF stage is letter
limited to 3,000 Hz rejection ratio

15
147. Bandwidth and noise circuitry of a single-sideband 161. The letter “SSSC” stand
figure are two factors that receiver for single sideband,
determine the sensitivity of a 154. The component most suppressed carrier
receiver apt to break down in the radio 162. For many types of
148. An undesirable effect of circuit is the resistor voices, the ratio of PEP-to-
using too-wide a filter 155. The base in an RF average power during a
bandwidth in the IF section of a amplifier is grounded in order to modulation peak in a single-
receiver is that the undesired avoid the requirement of sideband phone signal is
signals will reach the audio neutralizing the stage approximately 2.5 to 1
stage 156. The AM detector 163. In most mixers, the
149. FM receiver – a system performs two basic functions in oscillator frequency is higher
containing a limiter stage, a the receiver. It rectifies and than the carrier frequency of the
discriminator, and a de- filters input signal.
emphasis circuit 157. A varactor diode can be 164. Features of a
150. The limiter stage of an used in direct FM modulator transmitter’s buffer stage
FM receiver prevents any circuit, AFC circuit in a direct include improvement in
amplitude modulation of the FM transmitter and in phase- frequency stability of the
IF signal modulator circuit oscillator
151. High selectivity occurs 158. Receiver interference is 165. A3F – type of emission
when the degree of coupling not reduced by including an produced when an amplitude
between a receiver’s RF stage insulating enclosure around modulated transmitter is
is loose the receiver modulated by a television signal
152. A carrier is phase 159. Television is the 166. A pi network is a
modulated by a test tone. If the emission C3F network consisting of one
amplitude and the frequency of 160. Limiter stage in an FM inductor and two capacitors
the tone are both doubled, the receiver is responsible for 167. A G3E FM-phone
amount of deviation is drastically reducing the effect of signals is produced with a
multiplied by four static noise during the reception reactance modulator on the
153. 2.4 kHz is the degree of of a signal oscillator
selectivity desirable in the IF 168. Installing resistive
spark plugs is a way of

16
 eliminating auto interference to 176. FM receiver contains change. This means a normal
radio reception de-emphasis circuit condition
169. The carrier in an AM 177. Television is emission 183. Amplitude of the
transmitter is the transmitter’s F3F modulating signal determines
output signal when the 178. F3C emission is the percentage modulation of
modulation is present produced when a frequency an FM transmitter
170. Final IF amplifier, modulated transmitter is
which also acts as a limiter modulated by a facsimile signal
stage, feeds the discriminator 179. Two AM transmitting
of an FM receiver antennas are close tighter. As a 184. Deviation ratio of an FM
171. In an FM receiver, the result the two modulated transmitter is the ratio of the
discriminator stage has the IF signals are mixed in the final maximum frequency swing to
signal as input and the audio RF stage of both transmitters. the highest modulating
signal as output The resultant effect on the other frequency
172. Capture effect – the station is intermodulation 185. The main purpose of the
loudest signal received is the interference beat frequency oscillator (BFO)
only demodulated signal 180. Desensitizing – the is to generate an output,
173. A double-sideband term used to refer to the whose frequency differs from
phone signal can be generated reduction of receiver gain the IF by 1 kHz
by modulating the plate caused by the signal of a 186. Normally, a linear class
voltage of a class-C amplifier nearby station transmitter in the B RF power amplifier operates
174. Pre-emphasis is used in same frequency band with a bias approximately equal
FM transmitters to improve the 181. Bandwidth of to projected cut-off
signal-to-noise ratio of high emission and occupied 187. The purpose why an RF
modulating frequencies bandwidth is the bandwidth amplifier is operated under
175. The result of cross- occupied by the carrier, both linear class-B conditions (as
modulation is that the sidebands and harmonics opposed to class-C) is to
modulation of an unwanted 182. A class-C RF amplifier amplify an AM signal
signal is heard on the desired is collector amplitude 188. Cross-modulation
signal modulated and its average dc interference – the term used to
level collector current does not refer to the condition where the

17
 signal from a very strong station 195. Amplitude modulation is 204. In a diode ring
are superimposed on other the same as linear mixing modulator, the diode act like
signal being received 196. The negative half of the switches
189. Peak negative voltage AM wave is supplied by the 205. The output of a
is the amplitude of the tuned circuit in a diode balanced modulator is DSB
maximum negative excursion of modulator 206. The principal circuit in
a signal as viewed on an 197. Having the carrier vary the popular 1496/1596 IC
oscilloscope a resistance can produce AM balanced modulator is a
190. FM and double 198. Amplitude modulators differential amplifier
sideband AM – type of that vary the carrier amplitude 207. The most commonly
emission that suffer most from with the modulating signal by used filter in SSB generators
selective fading passing it through an attenuator uses crystals
191. In an FM-phone signal, network is the principle of 208. In the phasing method
percentage of modulation is variable resistance of SSB generation, one
the ratio between the actual 199. PIN diode is used to sideband is canceled out due to
frequency deviation to the produce AM at very high phase shifting
maximum frequency deviation frequencies 209. A balanced modulator
192. Capture effect is used 200. Demodulator circuit used to demodulate a SSB
to refer to the reception recovers the original modulating signal is called a product
blockage of one FM-phone information from an AM signal detector
signal by another FM-phone 201. Envelope detector is 210. Frequency translation is
signal the most commonly used done with a circuit called a
193. A receiver selectivity of amplitude demodulator mixer
10 kHz in the IF circuitry is 202. Balanced modulator 211. Mixing for frequency
optimum for double-sideband circuit generates the upper and conversion is the same as
AM type of signal lower sidebands and linear summing
194. If the envelope of suppresses the carrier 212. Lower complexity and
modulation is constant in 203. Lattice modulator is a cost is not a major
amplitude this means zero- widely used balanced disadvantage of FM over AM
modulation modulator 213. The primary
disadvantage of FM is its

18
 excessive use of spectrum
space
214. Noise is primarily high-
frequency spikes
215. The receiver circuit that
rids FM of noise is the limiter\
216. The Am signals
generated at a low level may
only be amplified by Class C
amplifier
217. SSB means Single
sideband with suppressed
carrier
218. Filter – a circuit used to
select the desired output from a
mixer
219. DSB is the output of a NOISE
balanced modulator
220. The acronym SSSC 1. Jitter is a non-continuous noise
refer to Single sideband, of irregular pulses or spikes of
suppressed carrier short duration with high
amplitudes
221. Demodulation process
2. Shannon-Hartley theorem
occurs in the receiver
sets a limit on the maximum
222. BFO is usually used to
capacity of a channel with a
demodulate SSB or CW signal
given noise level
223. Diode detector is the
3. Quantizing noise occurs in
most widely used amplitude
PCM
modulator
4. Noise always affects the signal
224. Lattice modulator is
in a communications system at
the most widely used balanced
the channel
modulator

19
5. Noise is the random and noise rates on PCM audio 25. -90 dBm is the reference noise
unpredictable electric signals channels level
from natural causes, both 15. 800 Hz is the reference 26. pWp is the unit of noise power
internal and external to the frequency of CCITT of psophometer
system phosphometric noise 27. Solar flare – a large emission
6. Gaussian noise/White measurement of hydrogen from the sun that
noise/Thermal noise – Noise 16. 290 K – reference temperature affects communications
from random acoustic or used in noise analysis 28. Atmospheric noise is known as
electric noise that has equal 17. Atmospheric noise is static noise
energy per cycle over a produced by lightning discharge 29. 290 K – standard design
specified total frequency band in thunderstorms reference for environmental
7. The approximation of the 18. Man-made noise is usually from noise temperature
quantized signal causes a transmission over power 30. C + 273 – absolute temperature
quantization noise in PCM lines and by ground wave in Kelvin
system 19. Nif stands for Noise 31. If bandwidth is doubled, the
8. Limiter – a particular circuit improvement factor signal power is not changed
that rids FM of noise 20. Industrial noise frequency is 32. Galaxies and internal
9. 290 K is the reference noise between 15 to 160 MHz combustion engines are
temperature 21. External noise fields are sources of noise bearing on
10. Noise – unwanted radio signal measured in terms of peak electronic communications
on assigned frequency values 33. De-emphasis in the receiver in
11. Noise factor is the reliable 22. Precipitation static – form of effect attenuates modulating
measurement for comparing interference caused by rain or signal components and noise in
amplifier noise characteristics dust storms high frequency range
12. White noise is measured on a 23. Thermal noise is an electric 34. Atmospheric noise or static is
circuit when it is correctly noise produced by thermal not a great problem at
terminated but does not have agitation of electrons in frequencies above 30 MHz
any traffic conductor and semiconductor 35. Is the proper procedure for
13. CCITT G. 151 standard 24. Crosstalk is the interference suppressing electrical noise in a
recommends crosstalk limits coming from other mobile station is to apply
14. CCITT Rec. G. 172 standard is communications channels shielding and filtering where
utilized in the intermodulation necessary

20
36. The noise generated that 47. The value of the resistor is proportional to its
primarily determines the signal- creating thermal noise is resistance, its temperature
to-noise ratio in a VHF (150 doubled. The noise power and the bandwidth over
MHz) marine-band receiver is generated is therefore which it is measured
in the receiver front end unchanged 58. Quantizing noise – noise
37. The difference between signal 48. Input noise voltage is not a occurring in the presence of
strength at a given point and a useful quantity for comparing signal resulting from a
reference level is level the noise performance of mismatch between the exact
38. Interfering effect of noise, C receivers value of an analog signal and
message weighted, is dBrnc 49. Most internal noise comes from the closest available quantizing
39. F1A weighting refers to F1A thermal agitation step in a digital coder
handset 50. Thermal agitation is not a 59. Impulse noise – Noise
40. Power is a definite amount of source of external noise consisting of irregular pulses of
energy per time period 51. Noise can be reduced by short duration and relatively
41. Reference noise is a noise that narrowing the bandwidth high amplitude
creates the same interfering 52. Noise at the input to a receiver 60. Crosstalk – noise the occurs via
effect as a 1000 Hz, -90 dBm can be as high as several capacitive or inductive coupling
tone, a noise than creates microvolts in a cable
zero dBrn in a voice channel 53. Mixer circuit contributes most
42. A practical dBrn measurement of the noise in a receiver
will almost always in a positive 54. The transistor with the lowest
number noise figure in the microwave 61. Sources of impulse noise
43. -85 dBm is the reference level region is a MESFET induced in communication
for noise measurement, F1A 55. Transmit-time noise becomes channels: Erroneous digital
weighted of great importance at high coding bit caused by an error
44. -90 dBm is the reference tone frequencies on a transmission facility,
level for dBm 56. The solar cycle repeats the transients due to relay
45. -85 dBm is the reference tone period of great electrical operation and crosstalk from
level for dBa disturbance approximately dc signaling systems
46. Atmospheric noise becomes every 11 years 62. Crosstalk due to incomplete
less severe at frequencies 57. The square of the thermal noise suppression of sidebands or to
above 30 MHz voltage generated by a resistor intermodulation of two or more

21
 frequency-multiplexed channels
which are unintelligible is
classified as miscellaneous
noise
63. Psophometer is a device that
measures the internal open
circuit voltage of an equivalent
noise generator having an
impedance of 600 ohm and
delivering noise power to a 600
ohm load
64. Cosmic noise – external noise
originating outside the solar
system
65. Solar noise – a noise whose
source is within the solar
system
66. Noise density – the total noise RADIATION AND WAVE
power present in a 1-Hz PROPAGATION
bandwidth
67. Lightning is the primary cause 1. Field strength is the amount of
of atmospheric noise voltage induced in a wave by
68. Space noise – noise coming an electromagnetic wave
from the sun and stars 2. An electromagnetic wave
69. The major cause of consists of both electric and
atmospheric or static noise is magnetic fields
thunderstorms 3. D is the lowest layer of the
70. MESFET is a low noise ionosphere
transistor commonly used at 4. James Clerk Maxwell
microwave frequencies profounded electromagnetic
radiation theory

22
5. The D, E and F layers are 16. D layer reflects very low 28. Light goes from medium A to
known as Kennely-Heaviside frequency waves and absorbs medium B at angle of incidence
layers medium frequency waves of 40°. The angle of refraction
6. Band – different grouping of the 17. E layer is used for high- is 30°. The speed of light in B is
electromagnetic spectrum frequency daytime propagation less than that in A
7. 90° is the relation in degrees of 18. Critical frequency is the 29. In a vacuum the speed of an
the electric and magnetic fields highest frequency that can be electromagnetic wave is a
in an electromagnetic wave sent straight upward and be universal constant
8. A changing electric field gives returned to earth 30. The depth of an object
rise to a magnetic field 19. High frequency range is from 3 submerged in a transparent
9. Frequencies in the UHF range to 30 MHz liquid always seems less than
propagate by means of space 20. Medium frequency range is its actual depth
waves from 0.3 to 3 MHz 31. Wavefront – a fixed point in an
10. In electromagnetic waves, 21. In tropospheric scatter electromagnetic wave
polarization is due to the propagation, the attenuation is 32. VHF ship station transmitters
transverse nature of the dependent on scatter angle must have the capability of
waves 22. If the transmitter power remains reducing carrier power to 1 W
11. Electromagnetic waves are constant, an increase in the
refracted when they pass into frequency of the sky wave will
a medium of different lengthen the skip distance
dielectric constants 23. The unit of electric field strength 33. Most of the effects an
12. Ionosphere is the highest layer is volts per meter electromagnetic wave produces
of the atmosphere 24. Polarization refers to the when it interacts with matter are
13. F2 is the thickest layer of the direction of the electric field due to its electric field
ionosphere vector space 34. A mobile receiver experiences
14. K factor – Effective earth 25. Circularly polarized – a TEM “dead” areas of reception as a
radius to true earth radius ratio wave whose polarization result of shading of the RF
15. Reflection-multipath – fading rotates signal by hills and trees
due to interference between 26. 300 x 10^6 m/s – velocity of 35. When the electric field is
direct and reflected rays light in free spaces perpendicular to the surface of
27. Radiowave that is far from its the earth, vertical is the
sources is called plane wave polarization of the TEM wave

23
36. When the magnetic field is phenomenon is called knife- 52. A range of microwave
perpendicular to the surface of edge diffraction frequencies more easily passed
the earth, horizontal is the 43. The index of refraction of a by the atmosphere than are the
polarization of the TEM wave material medium is greater other is called a window
37. When the magnetic field is than 1 53. Frequencies in the UHF range
parallel to the surface of the 44. Electromagnetic waves travel in normally propagate by means
earth, vertical is the free space approximately 300 of space waves
polarization of the TEM wave million meters per second 54. Tropospheric scatter is used
38. The two interrelated fields 45. Vertical polarization – electric with frequencies in the UHF
considered to make up an field that lies in a plane range
electromagnetic wave are an perpendicular to the earth’s 55. The ground wave eventually
electric field and a magnetic surface disappears as one moves away
field 46. Horizontal polarization – from the transmitter, because of
39. The bandwidth of the electric field that lies in a plane tilting
transmitted signal affect parallel to the earth’s surface 56. In electromagnetic waves,
selective fading because it is 47. Fading applies to troposcatter polarization means the
more pronounced at wide propagation physical orientation of
bandwidths 48. VLF waves are used for some electric field in space
40. Spread spectrum types of service because they 57. As electromagnetic waves
communication – a wide are very reliable travel in free space,
bandwidth communications 49. High-frequency waves are attenuation happens
system in which the RF carrier affected by the solar cycle 58. The absorption of a radio
varies according to some 50. Distances near the skip waves by the atmosphere
predetermined sequence distance should be used for depends on their frequency
41. A changing magnetic field gives sky-wave propagation to 59. Diffraction of electromagnetic
rise to electric field prevent sky-wave and upper waves may occur around the
42. When a space-wave signal ray interference edge of a sharp obstacle
passes over a mountain ridge, 51. A ship-to-ship communications 60. In an electromagnetic wave the
a small part of the signal is system is plagued by fading. electric field is perpendicular
diffracted down the far side of The best solution seems to be to both the magnetic field
the mountain. This the use of frequency diversity and the wave direction

24
61. The highest frequencies are 71. Dispersion is the term used to 81. Groundwave communications is
found in x-rays describe the splitting of white most effective in 300 kHz to 3
62. Electromagnetic waves light into its component MHz frequency range
transport energy colors in refraction 82. The ionosphere has its greatest
63. The ionosphere is a region of 72. The depth of an object effect on signals in 3 to 30 MHz
ionized gas in the upper submerged in a transparent frequency range
atmosphere. The ionosphere is liquid always seems less than 83. The type of radio wave
responsible for long-distance its actual depth responsible for long-distance
radio communications 73. Total internal reflection can communication by multiple
64. Blue – light of which has the occur when light passes from skips is the sky wave
shortest wavelength one medium to another that 84. Line-of-sight communications is
65. The quality in sound that has a lower index of not a factor in HF frequency
corresponds to color in light is refraction range
pitch 74. When a light ray approaches a 85. A microwave-transmitting
66. All real images can appear on glass-air interface from the antenna is 550 ft. high. The
a screen glass side at the critical angle, receiving antenna is 200 ft high.
67. When a beam of light enters on the angle of refraction is 90° The minimum transmission
medium from another, a quality 75. The brightness of light source is distance is 53.3 mi
that never changes is its called its luminous intensity, 86. To increase the transmission
frequency whose unit is candela distance of UHF signal,
68. Relative to the angle of 76. Luminous efficiency is least for increase antenna height
incidence, the angle of a low-wattage light bulb should be done
refraction is smaller or is 77. The minimum illumination 87. Inverse Square Law – states
larger recommended for reading is that power density is inversely
69. A light ray enters one medium 8000 lx proportional to the distance
from another along the normal. 78. The solid angle subtended by a from its source
The angle of refraction is hemisphere about its center is 88. Sky wave gets in contact with
dependent on the indexes of 2π sr the ionosphere and reflected by
refraction of the two media 79. Microwave signals propagate it
70. E layer aids MF surface-wave by way of the direct wave 89. F2 is the highest layer in the
propagation a little and reflects 80. The ionosphere causes radio ionosphere
some HF waves in daytime signals to be refracted

25
90. E is the next lowest layer in the 100. Diversity is not a cause 112. Transequatorial
ionosphere of fading propagation is best during
91. Ultraviolet radiation is the 101. Solar flares – the afternoon or early evening
primary cause of ionization in gigantic emission of hydrogen 113. Very high and ultra
the atmosphere from the sun high frequencies is most
92. F2 layers does not disappear at 102. SIDs – Sudden affected by knife-edge
night Ionospheric Disturbance refraction
93. ELF, VLF and MF use surface 103. Troposcatter 114. F2 layer has an
wave propagation propagation – a means of average height of 225 km at
94. The ability of the ionosphere to beyond the line of sight night
reflect a radio wave back to the propagation of UHF signals
earth is determined by 104. Troposcatter – two
operating frequency, ion directional antennas are
density and angle of pointed so that their beams
incidence intersect in the troposhere
95. MUF – highest frequency that 105. Ducting – super
can be used for skywave refraction
propagation between two given 106. Duct – a layer of warm
points on earth air trapped above cooler air
96. Skip distance – the shortest 107. Electric field
distance measured along the corresponds to voltage
earth’s surface that a skywave 108. Shadow zone –
is returned to earth absence of reception
97. Fading – fluctuations in the 109. Huygen’s principle –
signal strength at the receiver each point on a spherical
98. Space diversity – two or more waveform maybe a source of a ANTENNAS
antennas are used separated secondary spherical wavefront
by several wavelengths 110. Ducting occurs in 1. The polarization of a discone
99. Frequency diversity – two or Troposphere antenna is vertical
more receivers are used using 111. E region is most ionized 2. When speaking of antenna, bay
a single antenna at midday is a section which would be a
complete antenna by itself

26
3. VHF and UHF range of 14. If an antenna has a gain of 30 25. The estimated medium wind
frequencies are most dB, it increases the output of loading in the Philippines for
omnidirectional horizontally the transmitter by 1000 times antenna tower design is 200
polarized antennas used 15. Top loading is used in an kph
4. If the current ratios of the two or antenna in order to increase its 26. Discone radiation pattern is
more elements must be held effective height omnidirectional
5% and the phase angle to 3°, 16. A horizontal antenna is 27. Notch antenna is an open-
the antenna is called a critical horizontally polarized ended slot antenna
phased array 17. All elements in a beam 28. Rhombic antenna is properly
5. Antenna – a device that collinear antenna are in line terminated
converts high frequency current 18. FM broadcasting does not use 29. The radiation characteristic of a
into electromagnetic wave vertical polarization antenna dipole antenna is bidirectional
6. Rhombic antenna – non- 19. Lightning rods must be 30. The theoretical gain of Hertzian
resonant antenna mounted a top structure not dipole is 1.76 dB
7. Gain of a half-wave dipole less than 30 cm above the 31. Isotropic – an antenna with
antenna over isotropic 2.15 dB highest point unity gain
8. Null – very low signal strength 20. Antenna array is an antenna 32. You can increase the gain of an
in antenna with a number of half-wave antenna by focusing the
9. The gain of the Hertzian dipole antenna on it radiated energy in one
over isotropic antenna 1.76 dB 21. Marconi antenna radiates an desired direction
10. Beamwidth is the omnidirectional pattern in the 33. Elementary doublet – an
measurement of unilateral horizontal plane with vertical antenna which is one-tenth
antenna properties of directivity polarization wavelength long
11. In testing transmitter to prevent 22. Parabolic dish antenna – an 34. The minimum number of turns a
interfering with other stations, antenna with very high gain and helix antenna must have is 3
dummy type of antenna must very narrow bandwidth 35. The gain of an isotropic
be used 23. The direction of the electric antenna is 1
12. The best solution to fading is field vector determines 36. Parasitic element improves
space diversity antenna polarization antenna directivity
13. Entropy is the amount of 24. Azimuth is the horizontal 37. The antenna radiates
uncertainty in a system of pointing angle of an antenna horizontally polarized waves
symbols

27
 when the transmitter antenna is 45. Dummy antenna is used for 52. If the length of an antenna is
horizontally installed testing and adjusting a changed from 2.5 meters to 2.8
38. Front-to-back ratio – transmitter for proper meters, its resonant frequency
comparing the signal strength modulation, amplifier operation will decrease
arriving at the driven element and frequency accuracy 53. The effect of adding a capacitor
from the desired direction to the 46. It is possible to lower the in series with an antenna is that
signal strength reaching the resonant frequency of Hertz the antenna’s resonant
driver from the opposite dipole antenna by connecting frequency will increase
direction an inductor in series with the 54. The electrical field strength of a
39. Gain of an antenna is a antenna standard broadcast station vary
measure of how the antenna 47. A vertical antenna which is a with the distance from the
concentrates its radiated power quarter-wavelength long antenna by the field strength
in a given direction receive signals in the horizontal varies inversely as the
40. End effect – shortening effect plane equally well from all distance from the antenna
of an antenna that makes it direction 55. Stacking element in a
appear as if it were 5% longer 48. If the length of a Hertz dipole is transmitting antenna system
41. Low-pass filter – harmonic decreased its resonant increases the field strength at
suppressor connected to an frequency will be increased the receiving antenna and
antenna 49. A one-quarter wavelength increases the directivity of
42. A simple half-wavelength shunt-fed vertical Marconi the transmitter antenna
antenna radiates the strongest antenna must have a vertical 56. A vertical loop antenna has a
signal at right angles to its receiving antenna for the bidirectional radiation pattern
axis best reception in the horizontal plane
43. The current maximum in a 50. A shunt-fed quarter-wavelength 57. In order to get maximum
Marconi antenna is found at the Marconi antenna has zero DC radiation to all the surrounding
base of the antenna resistance to ground points in the horizontal plane,
44. If an antenna is too short for the 51. The parasitic element of an the antenna used is a vertical
wavelength being used, the antenna system will increase quarter-wavelength rod
effective length can be its directivity and give the 58. If the antenna current is
increased by adding antenna unidirectional doubled, the field strength at a
inductance in series properties particular position is doubled

28
59. The rhombic antenna is 69. Isotropic radiator – a eliminated by the use of wave
primarily used for sky wave theoretical reference antenna traps in the antenna circuitry
propagation that provides a comparison for 80. It is useful to refer to an
60. Isotropic antenna radiates antenna measurements isotropic radiator when
equally in all directions 70. In horizontal-dipole antenna, comparing the gains of
61. Actual height of antennas the polarization is in the directional antennas
should be at least quarter horizontal direction 81. A disadvantage of using a trap
wavelength 71. Increasing the electrical length antenna is it will radiate
62. Resonant antenna is not of an antenna means adding harmonics
properly terminated an inductor in series 82. The input terminal impedance
63. Broadcast array is an antenna 72. Stacking antennas at various at the center of a folded dipole
array which is highly directional angles results in a more antenna is 300 ohm
at right angles to the plane of omnidirectional reception 83. When a capacitor is connected
the array 73. Driven element – the element in series with a Marconi
64. The directivity pattern of an fed by the transmission line antenna the antenna resonant
isotropic radiator is a sphere 74. Antenna bandwidth – the frequency increases
65. An isotropic radiator is a frequency range over which 84. The current nodes in a half-
hypothetical, omnidirectional an antenna can be expected wave antenna is at the ends
antenna to operate satisfactorily 85. For a shortened vertical
66. The purpose of stacking 75. To lengthen an antenna antenna, loading coil should be
elements on an antenna electrically, add a coil placed near the center of the
sharper directional pattern, 76. The usual electrical length of a vertical radiator to minimize
increased gain, and improved driven element in an HF beam losses and produce the most
bandpass antenna is ½ wavelength effective performance
67. The advantage of using top 77. The bandwidth of an antenna 86. The effect of adding parasitic
loading in a shortened HF increases as it is shortened elements of a Hertz dipole is to
vertical antenna is improved through the use of loading coils increase the antenna’s power
radiation efficiency 78. To electrically decrease the gain
68. The voltage nodes in a half- length of an antenna, add a 87. Stacking antenna elements
wave antenna is at the feed capacitor in series increases sensitivity to weak
point 79. Strong interference from one signals
particular station can be

29
88. In the case of Marconi antenna, 95. Good grounding is important for reason for the use of an
the actual length of the vertical antennas antenna coupler
radiating element is one- 96. An ungrounded antenna near 103. Marconi antenna is not
quarter wavelength the ground acts as antenna a wideband
89. The antenna efficiency of an HF array 104. Adding C in series
grounded vertical antenna can 97. Log-periodic is very useful as makes an antenna physically
be made comparable to that of a multiband HF receiving long but electrically short
a half-wave antenna by antenna 105. When antennas are
installing a good ground 98. Horn antennas is best excited closed to the ground, vertical
radial system from a waveguide polarized polarization is ideal
90. An antenna “efficiency” is 99. The following reasons for using 106. Long wire is an
computed by using Efficiency metal counterpoise with antenna made up of a number
= (radiation resistance / total antenna are impossibility of a of full wavelengths
resistance) x 100% good ground connection, 107. Electromagnetic – any
91. Increasing the resonant provision of an earth for the energy which radiates in the
frequency of an end-fed antenna and rockiness of the form or radio waves, infrared
Marconi antenna can be done ground itself waves, light waves, x-rays, etc
by adding a capacitor in 100. Protection of 108. Diplexer is an antenna
series and reducing the personnel working coupling unit
physical length underneath is not a reason for 109. Vertical polarization is
92. Factor that determines the using metal counterpoise with employed in AM broadcasting
radiation resistance of an antennas 110. Horizontal polarization
antenna: the location of the 101. Reason for the use of is employed in FM broadcasting
antenna with respect to an antenna coupler: to make 111. Dipole antenna is not
nearby objects the antenna look resistive, to grounded at one end
93. Beamwidth is the angle provide the output amplifier 112. Yagi antenna does not
between the half-power with the correct load use the ground
radiation points impedance and to
94. Directivity gain is the ratio of discriminate against
the maximum radiation intensity harmonics
to the average radiation 102. To prevent reradiation
intensity of the local oscillator is not a

30
 12. Singing – an undesired self- 20. Facsimile transmit a standard
WIRE AND WIRELESS sustained oscillation in a page of 25 seconds
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM system, generally caused by 21. Electrolytic recording – a kind
excessive positive feedback of recording is used in facsimile
1. 10 to 100 μW – typical speech 13. IF stage increases the 22. Skewing – a type of distortion a
power selectivity of the circuit in an facsimile produces when it
2. The maximum intelligibility for AM receiver becomes out of synchronization
voice frequency is located 14. The sensitivity of radio 23. Acoustic coupler – a device
between 1000 and 3000 Hz receiver amplify weak signal that converts electric signal
3. The maximum voice energy is and produce a desirable signals into audio signals,
located between 250 and 500 intelligence at the output enabling data to be
Hz speaker transmitted over the public
4. Volume unit meter – a device 15. Full-duplex transmission means telephone network via a
used to measure speech two-way simultaneous conventional telephone
volume transmission handset
5. By definition, for a sine wave 0 16. Multi drop line – a line or 24. Crosstalk causes a
dBm = 0 V.U circuit interconnecting herringbone pattern in facsimile
6. Presently, 300 to 3400 Hz is several stations 25. The capture effect in an FM
the “standard” frequency 17. A passive attenuator is an receiver causes a stronger
bandwidth for voice electronic device which reduce signal to dominate over a
transmission signal strength by a specified weaker signal on the same
7. AWG # 19 is commonly used amount in dB frequency
wire for subscriber loop design 18. Roaming – the signal quality of 26. Hybrid circuit – a device that
8. The resistance limit for No.2 the cells is constantly monitored converts a 2-wire circuit to a 4-
Crossbar Exchange (US) is by the base station, when the wire circuit
1300 Ω quality of the calls drops below 27. Decision theory is deciding
9. AWG # 26 has typical loss of a certain specified level, the between a set of hypotheses
0.51 dB/1000 ft base request the MTSO to try when given a collection of
10. 4 kHz is the standard voice and find a better cell site. imperfect measurement
channel spacing 19. MIN – a digital identification 28. Jaynes maximum entropy
11. Reflectometer is used to associated with a cellular principle of a data reduction
measure SWR system says that when reducing a set

31
 of data into the form of a input of a receiver during test, receivers and transmitters
underlying mode, one should this is normal aligned
be maximally non-committal 37. A triple conversion 47. When a line and a load are
with respect to missing data superheterodyne receiver, match, the reflection coefficient
29. Estimation is selecting the best diode mixer stages are is zero
value of a parameter from a operated in the nonlinear 48. When line is terminated in an
continuum of possible values region open circuit load, the reflection
when given a collection of 38. Leased line – a permanent coefficient is unity
imperfect measurements circuit for private use within a 49. The telephone set is powered
30. Discrete channel – communication network by the central office on the ring
combination of modulator, 39. If two FM signals of different side at -42 to -52 Vdc
channel, and detector strengths are received on the 50. The telephone voice band
31. The frequency band of DECT is same frequency only the frequency is from 300 to 3400
1.88 – 1.90 GHz stronger will appear in the AF Hz
32. Each DECT system can output 51. Green wire is used to transmit
support 12 simultaneous calls 40. Cellular mobile system was first the signal
33. A DECT radio transceiver can operated in 1983 52. The corresponding frequencies
assess 120 simultaneous calls 41. TACS is a cellular system with for digit 7 in the touch tone
at any given time 1000 channels telephone is 852 & 1209 Hz
34. The AGC voltage of a radio 42. Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT) 53. The physical connection
receiver is always DC, but may has 6000 Hz frequency between the telephone set and
have either polarity 43. GSM uses GMSK digital the switching equipment is
35. Concentrator – a switching modulation technique called the subscriber loop
system that lets a large 44. The power output of Personal 54. The local loop of a telephone
number of telephone or data Communications System (PCS) system is a two-wire or four-
processing subscribers use a is 10 mW wire communication circuit
lesser number of 45. RG-58 cable has a loss of between the customer’s
transmission lines or a about 3 dB at cellular premise and the central office
narrower bandwidth frequencies up to 15 feet length 55. Dial long lines, voice repeater,
36. If you find that an SAW filter 46. Pilot carrier signals – the and loop range extender are
output is 6 dB down from the signals designed to keep the used in long loop design

32
56. A two-wire circuit is a circuit 67. A cellular phone operates on 78. Hailing channel is otherwise
usually in the subscriber full duplex known as calling channel
loop, between the telephone 68. Cellular phone transmit in the 79. Erlang is equal to the number
set and the local central band from 825 to 845 MHz of simultaneous calls
office 69. Cell phone receives in the band originated during a specific
57. 1 mW is equal to 90 dBm from 870 to 890 MHz hourly period
58. First selector responds to the 70. The frequency separation 80. All of the cell base stations are
request of a subscriber by between the transmit and the linked together by MTSO which
sending a dial tone receive channels 45 MHz serves as the central office and
59. Section – the other name of 71. For channel 1, transmit/receive management node for the
Class 2 office in the North frequency is 825.015/870.015 group
American Switching Plan MHz 81. Cell site – provides interface
60. A cell in the cellular telephone 72. The number of transmit/receive between the mobile telephone
system means small area channels in the cellular system switching office and the mobile
61. MTSO is the linking point is 666 units
between cell phone and regular 73. The transmission range of 82. A phone call over the cellular
telephone cellular telephony is generally network actually requires full
62. The typical power output of a about 80 km duplex channels
cellular phone is 3 W 74. Large service area is not an 83. Volume – a method of
63. When a single cell is subdivided advantage of a cellular expressing the amplitudes of
into smaller cells the process is telephone system complex non-periodic signals
called cell splitting 75. When the message is such as speech
64. The first cell shape is a circle transferred from one cell site 84. Echo is a signal returned to the
65. In order to provide 100% transmitter to another cell site talker after making one or more
coverage without overlap, transmitter as the caller crosses round trips between the talker
cellular telephone system can a boundary hand off process and the listener
use hexagon cell shape, take place 85. Echo suppressor is a voice
triangle, or rectangular 76. The sensitivity of a cellular operated device that inserts a
66. The beamwidth of the reflector receiver is 50 dB high loss in the opposite
of the receiving antenna in the 77. The frequency deviation of the direction of transmission of the
base station is 60 degrees cellular telephone system is +- talking party
12 kHz

33
86. Double spotting is picking up 94. Charge couple device is the 106. Cellular telephones use
of the same station at two most commonly used light full-duplex type of operation
nearby points on the receiver sensor in a modern fax 107. The maximum
dial machine frequency deviation of an FM
87. Crosstalk – when one channel 95. In FM fax, the frequencies for cellular transmitter is 12 kHz
picks up the signal carried by black and white are 1500 and 108. The output power of a
another channel 2300 Hz respectively cellular radio is controlled by
88. TPS type of connector 96. Group 2 fax uses vestigial the MTSO
arrangement wherein a sideband AM 109. When the signal from a
customer may move to another 97. The most widely used fax mobile cellular unit drops below
location and still retain the standard is Group 3 a certain level, the unit is
same telephone number 98. Group 3 fax uses QAM “handed off” to a closer cell
89. An advantage of sidetone is modulation 110. In a cellular radio, the
that is assures the customer 99. Most fax printers are of thermal duplexer is a pair of sharp
that the telephone is working type bandpass filters
90. Half-duplex – radio 100. Facsimile standards are 111. On a telephone system,
communications between set by the CCITT the loop is open during on-
points using a single share 101. Satellite weather hook condition
frequency photos are commonly 112. For every button
91. TDM – the transmission of transmitted by radio fax pressed on a touch-tone
information from multiple 102. The transmission speed telephone, two audio-
sources occurring on the same of group 4 fax is 56 kbits/s frequency tones are
facility but not at the same time 103. Mobile telephone transmitted to the C.O.
92. When human voice and music switching office is the master 113. Erlang B is the traffic
are transmitted, the type of control center for cellular model about blocked calls clear
communication employed is telephone system condition specified blocking
known as radiotelephony 104. Each cell site contain a probability
93. Printed documents to be repeater 114. A touch-tone telephone
transmitted by fax are 105. Trunk – a telephone generates 8 audible tone
converted into a baseband line connecting two central frequencies
electric signal by the process of offices
scanning

34
115. 935 – 960 MHz – the 122. Termination refers to 132. The range of a cellular
base-to-mobile frequency load connected to the output CDMA system is 13 miles
assignment of a GSM system end of a transmission line 133. In a cellular system,
116. A voice-grade channel 123. The multiple access radio capacity is used to
is suitable for transmission of used by Digital European measure the spectrum
signals with a frequency Cordless Telephone (DECT) is efficiency
ranging from 300 to 3400 Hz TDMA 134. Singing echo is
117. The bandwidth of 124. Erlang C – blocked completely out of control
cellular CDMA system is 1.23 calls delay condition specified 135. Loop extender
MHz delay probability increase the battery voltage on
118. A communication link is 125. GFSK – the modulation a loop and extends its signaling
a channel or circuit intended technique used by DECT range
to connect other channels or 126. A four-wire circuit is 136. Under ordinary
circuits used between serving central circumstances, the CCITT
119. Poisson – block calls offices for long-distance recommends that the number of
held condition specified the connections, with one pair circuits in tandem must not
held probability at a time period being used for each direction exceed 12
equal to an average holding of transmission 137. The system capacity of
time 127. Cellular CDMA system AMPS is 100,000
120. Echo – a wave which uses BPSK modulation 138. NAM means Numeric
has been reflected or 128. PABX means Private Assignment Module
otherwise returned with Automatic Branch Exchange
sufficient magnitude and 129. The voted cellular digital
delay for it to be perceptible standard at TIA is Digital
in some manner as a wave AMPS
distinct from that directly 130. The number for
transmitted channels for Band A and for
121. The system used by Band B in Digital AMPS is 416
Personal Communication 131. The mobile-to-base
Network (PCN) is modified frequency assignment for GSM
GSM system is 890 – 915 MHz

35
 4. Hybrid data – refers to the 14. 2B + D – defines the
combined digitally encoded composition of an ISDN basic
signals transmitted with FDM access line
signals as one composite 15. Synchronous digital
baseband signal hierarchy (SDH) – a digital
5. L carrier systems – transmit network where voice, video,
frequency-division-multiplexed text and data are multiplexed
voice band signals over a into a single network for
coaxial cable for distances up processing and are transmitted
to 4000 miles prior to use
6. Level 5 of Japanese PCM 16. T-1 carrier service has 1.544
multiplex hierarchy has a Mbps digital bit rate
channel capacity of 5760 VB 17. Non-ISDN equivalent can be
channels connected to ISDN line by the
7. The line data rate (in Mbps) for use of terminal adapters
level 4 of CEPT 30 + 2 PCM 18. The baseband frequency of
multiplex hierarchy is 139.264 standard FDM basic
8. The guardband between supergroup is 312 to 552 kHz
DIGITAL AND DATA supergroup 18 and supergroup 19. The transmission signal coding
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM D25 is 56 kHz for T1 carrier is Bipolar
9. Supergroup 17 has a carrier 20. The primary purpose of the
Redundancy means the symbol are to frequency (in kHz) of 2108 data modem is to interface
be repeated 10. A radio channel is composed of digital terminal equipment to
1800 VB channels analog communications
1. Optical fiber transmission 11. The guardband between channel
media is not suitable to CSMA supergroup 1 and supergroup 2 21. Data terminal equipment
operation is 12 kHz (DTE) – the line control unit
2. Transducer is a device used to 12. CCITT’s supermastergroup has (LCU) operates on the data in
convert a time varying electrical 900 voice band channels digital form
quantity to an appropriate form 13. The transparency mechanism 22. 32 H – SYN character of
3. The bandwidth of U600 used with SDLC is called zero- EBCDIC code
mastergroup is 2520 kHz bit insertion

36
23. Bit or clock synchronization designed to provide two-way digital encoding of the speech
ensures that the transmitter and communications between a signals
receiver agree on prescribed large variety of data 40. In 1950’s, computers and
time slot for the occurrence of a communications terminal terminals start communicating
bit equipment within a relatively with each other over long
24. 2^n >= m + n + 1 – used to small geographic area distance
determine the number of 33. Start/stop mode is the mode of 41. PRNET – store-and-forward
Hamming bits in the Hamming transmission in public data multiple-access network
code network in which data are 42. Huffman code – a source code
25. Data means digital transferred from source to the whose average world length
information network then to the destination approaches the fundamental
26. Network layer determines in an asynchronous data format limit set by the entropy of a
which network configuration is 34. A seven-bit character can discrete memoryless source
most appropriate represent one of 128 43. DCA promulgate
27. Ethernet is a baseband system possibilities communications-related military
using CSMA/CD operating at 35. Channel capacity is defined to standards (MIL-STD)
10 Mbps be the maximum rate at which 44. P2 is the class of probability in
28. Channel accessing – information can be transmitted error detection techniques that
mechanism used by a station to through a channel is known as residual error rate
gain access to local area 36. Source coding – circuit that 45. RS 232 is normally an interface
network performs the inverse mapping between DTE and DCE. The
29. TDM multiplexing scheme is and delivers to the user signal rate 20 kbps
used by baseband transmission destination, a reproduction of 46. TMS – digital switching
30. Use of coaxial cables in the original digital source output concepts that can handle more
interconnecting networks is 37. PSK digital modulation channels
limited to an overall length of technique used in modems 47. The most significant advantage
1500 m 38. Emile Baudot developed the of modular switch than time-
31. Topology or architecture fixed-length binary code for and-space switch is flexible
identifies how the stations are telegraphy size
interconnected in a network 39. Alex Reeves – inventor of 48. The biggest disadvantage of
32. Local Area Network is a data pulse-code modulation for the PCM systems is the larger
communications network bandwidth required

37
49. The reason why companding is cosines that makes possible to 66. The output frequency at the
employed in PCM systems is to transmit and receive to different channel combiner of channel 7
protect small signals in PCM signals simultaneously on the is 80 – 84 kHz
from quantizing distortion same carrier frequency is 67. The carrier frequency of the
50. Folding frequency – the Quadrature multiplexing supergroup D25 is 2652 kHz
highest frequency that can be 58. Pulse code modulation 68. Data in video is not a hybrid
processed at a sampling rate technique is a digital data
(fs) without aliasing transmission system 69. Baudot Code was the first
51. The overlapping of the original 59. Bandwidth utilization is not an fixed-length 5-bit character
spectrum and the first advantage of digital code
translated component is known transmission 70. CCITT V.26 modem has a
as aliasing 60. Dynamic range is the ratio of modulation rate of 1200 bauds
52. Full duplex – transmission sent the largest possible magnitude 71. A smart modem accepts
in both directions to the smallest possible commands from the terminal
simultaneously magnitude that can be decoded via RS232 interface
53. Multiplexing in a time division by the DAC 72. An advantage of PTM over
multiplexer occurs based upon 61. Companding – a process PAM is much better noise
the position of data within a where the higher amplitude immunity
frame analog signals are compressed 73. ISO adapted the seven-layer
54. Multiplexing – a technique that prior to transmission then OSI model in 1983
enables more than one data expanded at the receiver 74. Amplitude shift keying is also
source to share the use of a 62. Delta Modulation (DM) uses a known as ON/OFF keying
common line single bit PCM code to achieve 75. FSK modulation system is used
55. One of the reasons whey FDM a digital transmission of analog in telephony
is being replaced by TDM is signal 76. FSK – modulation used by
because noise is amplified 63. The line speed of Bell System asynchronous data
with voice when an FDM T1 carrier system is 1.544 77. PCM systems require large
system is used Mbps bandwidth
56. In pulse modulation the carrier 64. T2 lines carry 96 channels 78. Shanon-Hartley theorem sets
is a periodic train of pulses 65. A super group has 60 channels the limit on the maximum
57. The process that uses the capacity of a channel with a
orthogonality of sines and given noise level

38
79. Quantizing noise is present in 89. CSMA/CD – before attempting 99. A bridge that interconnects
PCM system to transmit data, each station LAN having identical protocols
80. Quantizing noise is the has to listen to the channel at the physical and data link
difference between the original 90. Synchronous modems cost layers
and reconstructed signal more than asynchronous 100. A router interconnects
81. The reason why companding is modems because they must LAN having identical protocols
employed in PCM system is to contain clock recovery at the physical data link and
protect small signals in PCM circuits network layers
from quantizing distortion 91. When one station is designated 101. A gateway
82. FDM – band of frequencies in a as master and the rest of the interconnects LAN that have
transmission medium allotted to stations are considered slaves, totally different protocols and
each communication channel massage handling is polling format
on a continuous time basis 92. Master – the computer that 102. Parallel data – all bits in
83. ARQ – error control used in initiates information transfer a character can be
high frequency radio data 93. Message switching – a store sent/received simultaneously
transmission and forward switching 103. Serial data – the bits in
84. Sampling, quantizing and 94. LAN is used to connect a character which are
coding are the steps to follow computers in the same building sent/received one at a time
to produce a PCM signal or in same area 104. DTE – a system that
85. Network topology identifies 95. WAN – two or more LAN linked performs parallel-to-serial and
how the difference stations in a together over a wide serial-to-parallel conversion of a
multipoint system are geographical area data link
interconnected 96. OSI system allows different 105. EIA stands for
86. Baseband – a transmission types of network to be linked Electronic Industry
where data are inputted directly together Association
on the cable 97. OSI consists of 7 layers of 106. An acoustic modem
87. Broadband – a transmission interconnection converts a computer digital
where data are inputted inside 98. Session layer determines if the signal into audio tones
the carrier wave user can send or receive based 107. Echoplex mode of
88. Polling – a transmission on whether they can send and transmission achieves less than
system for a multidrop network receive simultaneously or full-duplex but more than half-
alternately duplex

39
108. Line protocol – rules modems send signals to the 127. Front end processor is
governing the transmission of equalizer a data communications
digital information 117. Binary codes are hardware that assists the host
109. Codes must be agreed transformed in modem into computer in handling input and
upon in advance between Gray code output tasks
sender and receiver 118. Synchronous modems 128. ASCII means terminals
110. The standard ASCII has cost more than asynchronous using asynchronous
132 characters including 32 modem because they must transmission in ASCII
control characters contain clock recovery 129. Bit – a unit of
111. The Baudot code circuits information used in data
requires shift characters to 119. The best type of data communications
provide sufficient communications test equipment 130. Transmission of binary
combinations is a protocol analyzer signals requires more
112. The corrections and 120. The data rate of the bandwidth than analog
accuracy of the transmitted ISDN Basic access B channel 131. The modulation rate of
message content is is 64 kbps the CCITT V.26 modem is 1200
determined by the sender 121. The data rate of the bauds
and the receiver ISDN Basic access D channel 132. The digital-to-analog
113. Framing is concerned is 16 kbps converter in a synchronous
with the boundaries between 122. Baudot code uses 5 bits modem sends signal to the
characters per symbol equalizer
114. Asynchronous 123. 3 bits are there to 133. Unknown – the number
transmission is less efficient present 8 combinations of bits that are zeros in each
but simpler 124. Intelligent terminal can symbol when one is
115. Digital transmission be programmed to perform new transmitting odd parity coded
provides a higher level of signal functions symbols
quality than analog 125. EBCDIC character code 134. FSK – a digital
transmission because is used without parity bit modulation technique that
repeaters regenerate digital 126. Modem is used when results in two different
pulses and remove distortion the host computer and the frequencies representing binary
116. Digital to analog terminal are in separate 1 and 0
converter in synchronous locations

40
135. The input to the Digital- message exchange between 152. A packet format has an
to-Analog Converter of a PCM two communications system error detecting code at the end
decoder circuit is a series of of packet framing
bits 153. X.75 – it is a protocol
136. The output of the DAC used to connect the other
at a PCM decoder circuit is a 147. Null modem – a device packet switching network
parallel output of binary- that connects 2 data terminal 154. Novel Netware is a
coded digits equipment (DTE) directly by network operating system
137. Serial printer prints one emulating the physical within several buildings in
character at a time connections of a data compound
138. Delta modulation is a 1- communications equipment 155. FSK – used by Bell
bit differential PCM system (DCE) 103/113 series for full duplex, 2
139. Delta modulation – 148. Impact printer strikes a transmission speed of 0 to 300
alternative way of digitizing ribbon against the paper to bps
analog signals produce character image 156. Channel capacity is
140. One dit is equal to 3.32 149. Modem is referred to as directly proportional to
bits data communications bandwidth
141. Information theory was equipment 157. Quantizing level does
developed by Shannon 150. Common channel not affect noise in a channel
142. A quadratic signaling signaling – a signaling method 158. Bisync is a character
has 4 possible states relating to a multiplicity of oriented protocol
143. Bit is the smallest unit circuits is conveyed over a 159. STX character signifies
of information in binary single channel by labeled the start of the test for Bisync
transmission system messages 160. In synchronous data
144. Physical layer is the 151. Ring – a data highway the clock pulse is used to time
lowest layer in the ISO protocol in LAN, this type of topology the sending and receiving of the
hierarchy allows workstations to be characters
145. 64 kbps is the basic connected to a common line 161. All bits in a character
speed rate of digital system where all messages pass are sent and received in one at
146. Protocol – a formal set stations on the way to their a time in serial port
of conventions governing the destination 162. Bridge can only
formatting and relative timing of interconnect LANs having

41
 identical protocols at the 173. Protocol – set of rules modems this is called
physical and data link layers governing the orderly exchange isochronous transmission
163. OSI stands for Open of data information 183. H factor is defined as a
System Interconnection 174. Public data network figure of merit used to express
164. ISO stands for (PDN) – a communication the degree of modulation
International Standardization network designed for achieved in an FSK modulator
Organization transferring data from one point 184. Low-band channel in
165. Message switching is to another the 103 modem occupies a
store and forward network 175. Half-duplex – radio passband from 300 to 1650 Hz
166. Packet switching is hold communications between 185. Low speed modems
and forward network points using a single share generally have bit rates of 2400
167. Polling is an invitation frequency bps
by the primary to a secondary 176. RS232C interface had 186. Medium speed modems
equipment to transmit a 25 numbers of pins have bit rates of 2400 – 4800
message 177. A modem is sometimes bps
168. Bit rate is the rate of referred to as Data 187. High speed modems
change at the input of the Communication Equipment have bit rates of 9600 bps
modulator 178. Adaptive equalizers – 188. Line conditioning – a
169. Morse code – a code provide post equalization to the means of improving the quality
that uses three unequal length received analog signal of a private-line circuit by
symbols, dot, dash and space 179. The receive equalizer in adding amplifiers and
to encode a character a synchronous modem is called equalizers to it
170. BAUDOT – A 5-bit an adaptive equalizer 189. A voice-grade circuit
character code 180. Compromise equalizer using the PTN has an ideal
171. EBCDIC – an 8-bit settings typically affect passband from 0 to 4 kHz
character code amplitude delay 190. The digital-to-analog
172. Modem – an equipment 181. Training sequence (a bit converter in a synchronous
that interfaces the data terminal pattern used to synchronize the modem is called an adaptive
equipment to the analog receive modem) accomplishes equalizer
transmission line activate RLSD 191. The minimum-quality
182. When asynchronous circuit available using the PTN
data are used with synchronous

42
 is called basic voice channel 200. In the United States, the 210. Manchester – a type of
(VC) most common CRC code is digital encoding technique used
192. Direct distance dialing CRC – 16 to detect collision in CSMA/CD
(DDD) network is commonly 201. Parallel transmission is 211. With CSMA/CD, a
called dial-up network also called parallel-by-bit and station monitors the line to
193. The line control unit serial-by-character determine if the line is busy
(LCU) operates on the data 202. Data means digital 212. Channel accessing
when it is in digital form and is information describes the mechanism used
therefore called data terminal 203. Go-ahead sequence by a station to gain access to
equipment (DTE) 01111111 local area network
194. With asynchronous 204. Flag field are used to 213. Broadband uses FDM
data, each character is framed achieve character 214. TDM – a typical
between a start and a stop bit synchronization in SDLC multiplexing scheme used by
195. With synchronous 205. DISC – a command that baseband transmission
data, rather than frame each places a secondary station in 215. Baseband
character independently with the normal disconnect mode transmission uses the
start and stop bits, a unique 206. Asynchronous – connecting medium as a single-
synchronizing character called character oriented protocol channel device
a SYN character is transmitted 207. Network layer 216. Broadband
at the beginning of each determines which network transmission uses the
message configuration is most connecting medium as a multi-
196. A logic 0 is used for the appropriate channel device
start bit 208. ISO 7809 – a standard 217. The use of coaxial
197. All stop bits are logic 1 that combines previous cables in interconnecting
198. Bit or clock standards 6159 (E) networks is limited to an overall
synchronization ensures that (unbalanced) and 6256 (E) length of approximately 1500 m
the transmitter and receiver (balanced) and outlines the 218. Topology or
agree on a prescribed time slot class of operation necessary to architecture identifies how the
for the occurrence of a bit establish the link-level protocol stations are interconnected in a
199. Characters that must be 209. Ethernet is a baseband network
transmitted other than data are system using CSMA/CD 219. Local Area Network –
called overhead operating at 10 Mbps a data communications network

43
 that is designed to provide two- 227. 2B + D equation defines 235. The scrambler in a
way communications between a the composition of an ISDN synchronous modem is found in
large variety of data Basic access line the modular section
communications terminal 228. The number of channels 236. V.24 – A CCITT
equipment within a relatively on which different operations recommendation which gives
small geographic area can occur simultaneously on the definition for the
220. 2B1Q encoding – the one ISDN Basic access line is 3 interchange circuits between
type of encoding used in the 229. Digital telephones and DTE’s and DCE’s
transmission of data on an integrated voice-data 237. Binary codes are
ISDN line between a workstations are examples of sometimes transformed in
customer’s premises and a TE type of ISDN equipment modems into Gray code
carrier’s central office 230. X.25 standard have 3 238. A Western Electric 2911
221. Start/stop mode – a OSI layers covered modem operates with a carrier
mode of transmission in public 231. Physical layer – an frequency of 1800 Hz
data network in which data are Open System Interconnection 239. Flag – a special bit
transferred from source to the (OSI) layer which has the pattern used to denote the start
network to the destination in an responsibility for the physical and end of a data link layer
asynchronous data format transportation of the bits of data frame
222. IEEE 802.3 standard is from one end of a point-to-point 240. A bipolar violation
CSMA/CD link to the other occurs when two successive
223. IEEE 802.4 standard is 232. Handshaking – a pulses have the same
Token passing for bus technique involving signaling by polarity and are separated by
topology both ends of a link to ensure a zero level
224. IEEE 802.5 standard is correct data transfer 241. Flow control – the
Token passing for ring 233. XON/XOFF is a method process of starting and
topology of flow control stopping the terminal output
225. The data rate of the 234. V.14 – a to avoid loss of characters by
ISDN Basic access B channel recommendation which allows a the receiving device
is 64 kbps synchronous modem to be 242. Buffering refers to
226. The data rate of the used to transmit asynchronous temporarily storing data to
ISDN basic access D channel is characters, without error control allow for small variations in
16 kbps device speeds

44
243. The reason why many 249. The Baudot code uses 5 260. Digital PBX – a LAN
cables have RS-232 connectors bits per symbol architecture that can be
with some wires crossed is 250. ZMODEM protocol expanded to the greatest total
because asynchronous adjusts its block size based on system bandwidth
modems reverse the the line error rate 261. Bus is considered as
direction of transmitted and 251. DEREP-RB is not a the fastest LAN topology
received data from the common DNA repeater 262. Data communications
standard 252. Unknown is the number refers to the transmission of
244. RS-232, RS-530, RS- of bits that are zeros when computer data
449, V.21 and V.24 are transmitting odd-parity coded 263. Protocol is a procedure
examples of standards for symbols or rule that defines how data is
interfaces between terminals 253. X.200 – standard for the to be transmitted
and modems 7-layer model for Open System 264. XMODEM is a popular
245. Request To Send (RTS) Interconnection PC protocol
/ Clear To Send (CTS) is the 254. Application- 265. ASCII is the most widely
way the DTE indicates that is independent interfaces option used data communications
ready to transmit data, or the is a characteristic of a LAN code
way the DCE indicates that it 255. Twin lead is not a 266. The ASCII code has 7
is ready to accept data common LAN medium bits
246. Extended command 256. Cable TV system is not 267. Both analog and
sets supported by modern a local area network (LAN) digital method are used in
modems use different 257. V-series – CCITT data communications
commands to control many standard concentrating on data 268. Telephone is not a
advance modem features communications over the primarily a type of data
247. A smart modem telephone network communications
accepts commands from the 258. Fiber optic 269. Mark and space refer
terminal via the RS-232 transmission cannot be respectively to binary 1 and
interface provided in a broadband LAN binary 0
248. Communications 259. PBX – a small 270. A modem converts both
protocols always have a set of telephone switching system that analog signals to digital and
symbols can be used as a LAN digital signals to analog

45
271. I.120 – an I-series longitudinal redundancy check
recommendation which (LRC)
describe what an ISDN is 282. Balanced modulators
272. Slow speed modems is the basic modulator /
use FSK digital modulation demodulator circuit in PSK
method 283. The main reason why
273. When the data signal is serial transmission is preferred
transmitted directly over the over parallel transmission is
medium, this is called because it requires only a
baseband transmission single channel
274. Broadband is the 284. 30 stations per
technique of using modulation segment – limitation of 10base-
and FDM to transmit multiple 2 network
data channels of a common 285. Optical fiber
medium transmission media is not
275. Noise cause bit errors readily suitable to CSMA
in data transmission operation
276. The other name for 286. Entropy refers to the
parity is VRC measurement of an uncertainty
277. QAM is the combination 287. Logical is not an
of ASK and QPSK important characteristic of the
278. I-series – a CCITT physical layer
standard that refers to various 288. The bit rate of B-
aspects of Integrated Service channel is 64 kbps
Digital Network (ISDN) 289. V.26bis – defines a
279. XNOR is not a part of a 2400-bps, PSK, half-duplex
QAM modulator modem operating at 1200 baud
280. Redundancy is not a 290. V.100 – describe the
commonly used method of error interconnection techniques
detection between PDNs and PSTNs
281. Block check character
(BCC) is produced by a

46
 atmospheric attenuation effects
and the absorption of the terrain
are taken into account the
attenuation can be as high as
the inverse sixth power of the
distance
6. Slow fading – an attenuation
that occurs over many different
wavelengths of the carrier
7. Slow fading is not due to
multipath
8. Large reflector causes
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS multipath or frequency-selective
fading
1. Attenuation is the progressive 9. In microwave transmission
decrease of signal strength with using digital radio, delayed
increasing distance spreading causes most
2. If K-factor is greater than 1, the intersymbol interference
array beam is bent towards the 10. SONAR – a shipboard
earth equipment which measures the
3. The antenna separations (in distance between the ship’s
meters) required for optimum bottom and the ocean floor
operation of a space diversity 11. The cavity resonator is
system can be calculated from: equivalent to an LC resonant
S = 3λR/L circuit
4. Rainfall is an important factor 12. The input signal of a traveling-
for fading of radio waves at wave tube is inserted at the
frequencies above 10 GHz cathode end of the helix
5. Theoretically electromagnetic 13. Coupling into and out of a
radiation field strength varies in traveling-wave tube can be
inverse proportion to the square accompanied by a waveguide
of the distance, but when

47
 match, cavity match and 21. The frequency of the oscillation 27. In a radar-set receiver, the
direct coax-helix match generated by a magnetron, is usual mixer stage is a silicon
14. A high-power microwave pulse mainly determined by the crystal
of the order of megawatts can dimension of each cavity 28. Klystron oscillators are most
be generated by a magnetron resonator often used in the frequency
15. A traveling-wave tube (TWT) 22. If the instantaneous RF range of 3000 to 30000 MHz
amplifies by virtue of the potentials on the two sides of a 29. Oscillations of a klystron tube
absorption of energy by the magnetron cavity are of are maintained by bunches of
signal from an electron opposite polarity, the operation electrons passing the cavity
stream is in the π mode grids
16. The purpose of the 23. The Gunn diode oscillator 30. Ferrite emitter allows
electromagnetic field which depends on the formation of microwave to pass in only one
surrounds a traveling-wave charge domain direction
tube is to keep the electrons 24. Circular ferrite device can be 31. In an SHF pulsed radar set, a
form spreading out used instead of duplexer to reflex klystron can be used as a
17. Tunnel diode and klystron isolate a microwave transmitter local oscillator
tube are used as an oscillator and receiver when both are 32. A PPI cathode-ray tube as used
device in the SHF band connected to the same antenna on a radar set indicates both
18. Microwave frequencies are 25. To achieve good bearing the range and azimuth of a
normally regarded as those in resolution when using a pulsed- target
the range of 1 to 100 GHz radar set, an important 33. The resonant frequency of a
19. The highest frequency which a requirement is a narrow, cavity resonator depends upon
conventional vacuum-tube antenna-beam width in the its physical dimensions
oscillator can generate is not horizontal plane 34. The maximum usable range of
limited by the degree of 26. When used in conjunction with the usual radar set (on any
emission from the cathode a radar set, the purpose of an particular range setting) is
20. As the electron beam moves echo box is to provide an determined by the interval
through a klystron’s intercavity artificial target which may be between transmitted pulses
drift space the velocity used to tune the radar
modulation at the input cavity receiver
creates density modulation at
the output cavity

48
35. A reflex klystron is oscillating at 41. The main frequency 46. Magnetron is used as a high-
the frequency of its resonant determining element of a power microwave oscillator
cavity. If the reflector voltage is klystron is its resonant cavity 47. Modern loran navigational
made slightly less negative, the 42. A thin layer of dirt and grime system operates at loran C:
frequency will decrease covers the reflecting surface of 100 kHz
36. The coarse frequency the parabolic dish of a radar 48. Circulator ferrite device can be
adjustment of a reflex klystron set. The practical effect on the used instead of a duplexer to
is accomplished by adjusting performance of the radar will isolate a microwave transmitter
the flexible wall of the have no noticeable effect and receiver when both are
resonant cavity 43. Isolator permits a microwave connected to the same antenna
37. In a pulsed radar set, the STC signals to travel in one direction 49. The pulse frequency is equal to
circuit is used to reduce with virtually no loss, but duty cycle/pulse width
interference from the effects severely attenuates any signal 50. In a radar set, a blocking
of sea return attempting to travel in the oscillator can be used to
38. In a pulsed radar set, the reverse direction produce a trigger pulse for
function of the duplexer is to the transmitter
allow the transmitter and the 51. The intensity of the echoes
receiver to operate from a (target definition) on a PPI
common antenna 44. It is possible to increase the display is determined by the
39. The aquadag coating on the maximum range of a radar pulse frequency and antenna
inside of a PPI tube is used as equipment by lower the pulse rotation rate
a second anode and to frequency, raising the peak 52. A duplexer circuit allows a
prevent the build-up of power of the transmitter, and transmitter and a receiver to
secondary field narrowing the beam width operate from the same antenna
40. If the duration of the radar and increasing the pulse with virtually no interaction. This
transmitted pulse, on a duration circuit may be replaced by a
particular range of operation is 45. When it is desired that short- circulator
increased, the required range targets be clearly seen 53. 156.76 MHz and 156.8 MHz
bandwidth of the receiver’s IF on a pulsed-radar set, it is frequencies are used by a
amplifiers may be decreased important that the receiver and class-C Emergency Position-
display system have the Indicating Radio Beacon
shortest possible time

49
54. The repetition rate of a pulsed 63. The PPI tubes have an propagation, the mode is said
radar system indicates the aquadag coating on the inside to be transverse electric
frequencies of the duty cycle of the tube. The purpose of this 73. The dominant mode in most
55. The radar set, sensitivity-time coating is to act as the second rectangular waveguide is TE1,2
control circuit can reduce sea- anode 74. A magnetic field is introduced
return response 64. A traveling-wave tube is used at into waveguide by a probe
56. Isolator is a ferrite device that frequencies in the order of 8000 75. A half-wavelength, close
buffers a microwave source MHz section of a waveguide that
from the effects of a varying 65. The main benefit of using acts as a parallel resonant
load, and thereby prevents the microwave is more spectrum circuit is known as cavity
formation of standing waves space for signals resonator
57. Pulsed radar sets are primarily 66. Radio communications are 76. Decreasing the volume of a
used to find the target’s range regulated in the Philippines by cavity causes its resonant
and bearing the NTC frequency to decrease
58. Radio frequency is mainly 67. Mobile radio is not a common 77. Hot carrier is a popular
concerned in the design of an microwave application microwave mixer diode
antenna system for pulsed 68. Coaxial cable is not widely used 78. Varactor and step-recovery
radar set for long microwave diodes are widely used in
59. In a radar set receivers, an ac transmission lines because of frequency multiplier
AFC system may be used to its high loss 79. Gunn diode is a popular
maintain the desired klystron 69. Stripline and microstrip microwave oscillator
frequency transmission lines are usually 80. Tunnel diode does not
60. The input signal is introduced made with PCBs ordinarily operate with reverse
into the traveling-wave tube at 70. The most common cross bias
the cathode end of the helix section of a waveguide is a 81. Low-power Gunn diodes are
61. The display on the PPI scope of rectangle replacing reflex klystrons
a radar set will have greater 71. Signal propagation in a 82. Cathode-ray tube is not a
intensity at lower antenna waveguide is by electric and microwave tube
rotation speeds and higher magnetic fields 83. In a klystron amplifier, velocity
pulse repetition 72. When the electric field in a modulation of the electron
62. The operating frequency of waveguide is perpendicular to beam is produced by the
loran C lies within the LF band the direction of wave catcher cavity

50
84. A reflex klystron is used as an microwave beam would have a 103. Spark gap in a duplexer
oscillator curvature that is more than that protects the receiver from the
85. For proper operation, a of the earth higher transmitter output
magnetron must be 96. The optimum clearance from an 104. Most radar antennas
accompanies by a permanent obstacle in a microwave system use a horn and parabolic
magnet is accepted as 0.6 of the first reflector
86. The operating frequency of Fresnel zone radius 105. The most common radar
klystrons and magnetrons is set 97. The microwave beam curves display is the PPI
by the cavity resonators the same than that of the earth 106. A radar antenna using
87. A magnetron is used only as an when the value of the correction multiple dipoles or slot
oscillator factor k equals infinity antennas in a matrix with
88. A common application for 98. The ability of a radar to variable phase shifters is called
magnetron is in radar determine the bearing to a a phased array
89. In a TWT, the electron beam is target depends upon the 107. 10 GHz is a typical
density-modulated by a helix antenna directivity radar operating frequency
90. The main advantage of a TWT 99. The Doppler effect allows 108. A microwave system
over a klystron for microwave speed of a target to be requires the use of repeaters
amplification is wider measured when the distances involve
bandwidth are greater
91. High-power TWTs are replacing 109. Waveguides are
Klystrons transmission line which convey
92. Horn – the most widely used 100. The Doppler effect is a electromagnetic waves in
microwave antenna change in frequency produced highest frequencies
93. MTBF is a measure of reliability by relative motion between the 110. A microwave band of
expressed as the average radar set and a target 10.9 to 36 GHz is considered
number of hours between 101. The most widely used as K-band
successive failures radar transmitter component is 111. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log
94. Baseband repeater – an active a magnetron D – a microwave
microwave radio repeater that 102. Low-power radar communications system space
can provide drops and inserts transmitters and receivers use loss calculation formula
95. If the correction factor k equals Gunn diode 112. A waveguide is also a
4/3 of the earth’s curvature, the high pass filter

51
113. Frequency diversity – 120. The cut-off frequency of 129. IF bandwidth of a radar
a method of diversity reception a waveguide is the lowest system is inversely proportional
where the signal is transmitted frequency the waveguide to pulse width
on two different frequencies operates 130. EADI stands for
over the same path 121. When the clearance Electronic Altitude and
114. Litz wire – a wire used above the obstruction is equal Director Indicator
to reduce the skin effect to the radii of even Fresnel 131. DME aircraft
zones at the point of reflection, navigational system determines
the RSL is decreased the time to station (TTS) or time
122. The wavelength of a to go (TTG)
115. Space diversity wave in a waveguide is greater 132. A radio altimeter
transmission means than in free space operate at 43500 MHz
transmitting and receiving on 123. Water causes more frequency
two or more antennas attenuation particularly on 183 133. Terrestrial Flight
operating on the same GHz frequency Telephone System allows
frequencies 124. Oxygen cause passengers to make telephone
116. Frequency diversity – excessive attenuation at 60 calls, send faxes, and computer
the best system configuration to GHz frequency data shop and play computer
overcome multipath fading of 125. Terrestrial is a games, etc
microwave system over the microwave link between the 134. ADF stands for
water down-town terminal and Automatic Direction Finder
117. When the value of k another out of town terminal 135. RF carrier of the middle
increases, the effective result is 126. Attenuator is used in the marker is modulated at 1300 Hz
flattening of the equivalent traveling wave tube to prevent 136. The major advantage of
curvature oscillation using a helix traveling wave
118. A traveling wave tube 127. Space diversity is a tube is its wide bandwidth
consists of electron gun, helix method of diversity reception 137. RADAR stands for
and collector applied to reflective path to Radio Detection and Ranging
119. Advantage of periscope reduce fading
antenna in microwave: shorten 128. K X 4000 miles is the
waveguide length effective earth’s radius used in
communications design

52
 4. Telstar 1 is the first satellite to
receive and transmit
simultaneously
5. A helical antenna is used for
satellite tracking because of
circular polarization
6. Repeaters inside
communication satellites are
known as transponders
7. Privacy is considered as the
unsolved problem in satellite
system
8. Nonsynchronous satellite is a
satellite that rotates around the
earth in a low-altitude elliptical
or circular pattern
9. Footprint is the geographical
representation of a satellite
antenna radiation pattern
10. Spot beam – the smallest
beam of a satellite antenna
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS radiation pattern
11. Global beam – a satellite beam
1. Sputnik 1 is the first active that covers almost 42.4% of the
satellite earth’s surface
2. Early Bird is the first 12. The frequency range of C-band
commercial satellite is 3.4 to 6.425 GHz
3. Moon is the first passive 13. Downlink – a satellite signal
satellite transponder transmitted from a satellite
transponder to earth’s station

53
14. Satellite dish collects very 23. Lithium – a satellite battery 37. Earth station uses Cassegrain
weak signals from a broadcast that has more power but lighter antenna
satellite 24. Hydrogen battery used by 38. 0.5 s is the delay time for
15. Orthomode transducer is a older satellites satellite transmissions from
device that detects both 25. VSAT was made available in earth transmitter to earth
vertically and horizontally 1979 receiver
polarized signals 26. VSAT first operate at C-band 39. 500 MHz – the bandwidth of C-
simultaneously 27. The first Philippine Mabuhay band satellite frequency band in
satellite have 30 channels U.S.
28. The first Philippine Agila 1 will 40. The most common device used
have 36 transponders as an LNA is tunnel diode
16. LNA detects the satellite signal 29. The Philippine Government 41. The radiation pattern of earth
relayed from the feed and request 6 satellite orbital slots coverage antennas have a
converts it to an electric current, 30. 105.5° East – the location of beamwidth of approximately
amplifies and lower its AsiaSat 1 17°
frequency 31. AsiaSat 1 covers 38 countries 42. A mobile satellite array usually
17. Path loss is a loss of power of in Asia has 14 elements
a satellite downlink signal due 32. The owner of AsiaSat is China 43. Radial divider is responsible in
to earth’s atmosphere Great Wall Industry activating and deactivating
18. Perigee – point on the satellite Corporation adjacent antenna elements in a
orbit closest to the earth 33. 200 dB is the approximate path mobile satellite array
19. Footprint – the earth covered loss from satellite-to-earth 44. Most mobile satellite array uses
by a satellite radio beam station quarter-wavelength
20. The local oscillator (mixer) 34. INTELSAT stands for transformer in transforming 50
frequency of the satellite with International ohm to 150 ohm impedance
an uplink frequency in GHz Telecommunications Satellite 45. Shunt – the switching from one
band is 2225 MHz 35. 14/11 GHz – the frequency of element to the other element in
21. Gallium Arsenide solar panel Ku band for satellite a typical mobile satellite array
array are used in some communications 46. FDMA – a method of multiple
advance satellites 36. A satellite cross-link means accessing where a given RF
22. Satellite engine uses ion Satellite-to-satellite link channel bandwidth is divided
propulsion system into smaller frequency band

54
47. 0.5 s is the delay time for 57. Batteries are used to power all demodulation and
satellite transmissions from satellite subsystems during demultiplexing
earth transmitter to earth eclipse periods 69. Magnetron is not used in earth
receiver 58. The satellite subsystem that stations
48. As the height of a satellite orbits monitors and controls the 70. The common up-converter and
gets lower, the speed of the satellite is the telemetry, down-converter IF is 70 MHz
satellite increases tracking and command 71. FM modulation is used on voice
49. The main function of a subsystem and video signals
communication satellite is as a 59. Spin is the basic technique 72. QPSk modulation is normally
repeater used to stabilize a satellite used with digital data
50. The key electronic component 60. The jet thrusters are usually 73. Speed is not a typical output
in a communications satellite is fired to maintain altitude from a GPS receiver
the transponder 61. Most commercial satellite 74. Passive satellite – a satellite
51. A circular orbit around the activity occurs in C and Ku which simply reflects the signal
equator with a 24-h period is band without further amplification
called a geostationary orbit 62. Multiple earth stations share a 75. Essentially a satellite
52. A satellite stays in orbit satellite on the same frequency transponder is a radio repeater
because the gravitational by frequency reuse in the sky
force and centrifugal force 63. The typical bandwidth of a 76. Geostationary – satellite that
are balanced satellite band is about 500 MHz orbits in a circular pattern with
53. The height of a satellite in a 64. Modulator is not usually a part an angular velocity equal to that
synchronous equatorial orbit is of a transponder of the earth
about 22,300 mi 65. The satellite communications 77. Domsat – satellite that provide
54. Most satellite operate in 3 GHz channels in a transponder are services within a single country
to 30 GHz defined by the bandpass filter 78. The round-trip propagation
55. The main power sources for a 66. The HPAs in most satellite are delay between two earth
satellite are solar cells TWTs stations through a
56. The maximum height of an 67. The physical location of a geosynchronous satellite is 500
elliptical orbit is called the satellite is determined by its to 600 ms
Apogee latitude and longitude 79. Uplink signal – the signal path
68. The receive GCE system in an from earth station satellite
earth station performs

55
80. Communication satellite – orbit but unfortunately lost
designed to receive a signal during orbit injection 1. Christian Huygens founded
from a transmitting station on 89. Communication is the most the wave theory of light
the ground an retransmit it to a common application of satellite 2. Bockham and Kao proposed
receiving station located 90. Descending pass for a satellite the use of a clad glass fiber as
elsewhere means a pass from North to a dielectric waveguide
81. Downlink signal – the signal South 3. Theodore Maiman developed
path from satellite to earth- 91. Geostationary stationary the first laser
based receiver satellites are located 0° 4. Infrared – the band of light
82. A satellite position is measured latitude with respect to the wavelengths that are too long to
by its elevation angle with equator be seen by the human eye
respect to the horizon 5. Ultraviolet – the band of light
83. The azimuth angle measures wavelengths that are too short
the satellite position clockwise to be seen by the human eye
from the direction of true north 6. Blue color has the shortest
84. Arthur Clarke incidentally wavelength of light
propose the geostationary 7. Laser generates a light beam
scheme or orbit of the satellite at a specific visible frequency
in 1940s 8. Photoresist materials is
85. The control routine necessary sensitive to light
to keep the satellite in position 9. The core of an optical fiber has
is referred to as station a higher refractive index than
keeping the cladding
86. Satellite altitude – refers to the 10. Modes is the different angle of
satellite orientation with respect entry of light into an optical fiber
to the earth when the diameter of the core
87. The first Intelsat satellite that is many times the wavelength
was launched in 1965 was of the light transmitted
named Early Bird 1 11. The loss in signal power as light
88. Syncom 1 – the first satellite travels down a fiber is called
launched for a geosynchronous attenuation
FIBER OPTICS

56
12. The bandwidth of optical fiber is 22. An object nearer to a 33. Laser light is coherent and
900 THz converging lens than its focal stimulated emission
13. If a mirror is used to reflect point always has a virtual 34. Fiber optics – a dielectric
light, the reflected light angle is image waveguide for the propagation
the same as the incident angle 23. The real image formed by a of electromagnetic energy at
14. Mode is a specific path the light spherical mirror is larger light frequencies
takes in an optical fiber, relative to its object 35. LED is a non-coherent light
corresponding to a certain 24. The wavelength of light has no source for optical
angle and number of reflection role in polarization communications system
15. Spectral width is the width of 25. Longitudinal waves do not 36. Semiconductor type of laser is
the range of wavelengths exhibit polarization the simplest to modulate
emitted by the light source 26. Modal dispersion is caused by directly by changing its
16. Quantum theory states that the difference in the excitation
light wave behaves as if it propagation times of light rays 37. Argon-ion laser emits light in
consists of many tiny particles that take different path down a the visible range, 400 to 700
17. Fiber optic cables operate at fiber nm
frequencies near 800 THz 27. The average insertion loss of 38. The proper measurement of
18. When a beam of light enters fusion splice in fiber optics is average power emitted by a
one medium from another, 0.09 dB pulsed laser is pulsed energy
frequency quantity will not 28. The insertion loss of connector- times repetition rate
change type splices for a single mode 39. Atmospheric absorption does
19. Dispersion is used to describe fiber optics is 0.38 dB not harm laser efficiency
the splitting of white light into 29. The lifetime of LEDs is about 40. Doppler shift of moving
its component colors 200,000 hours atoms and molecules
20. Luminance efficiency is 30. The lifetime of ILDs is about contributes to the broadening of
minimum for a low wattage 50,000 hours laser emission bandwidth
light bulb 31. Photodiodes used as fiber optic 41. The first laser emitted pulses
21. An object farther from a detectors are reversed bias of 694-nm red light
converging lens than its focal 32. Step-index multimode type of 42. Molten is the stage of the sand
point always has an inverted fiber has the highest modal becoming a silicon
image dispersion

57
43. LED is used as an optical 54. The core of a fiber optic is 65. Single mode step-index type
transmitter in the Fiber Optical surrounded by cladding fiber-optic cable has the least
Communications 55. The speed of light in a plastic modal dispersion
44. APD is used as an optical compared to the speed of light 66. Reflection is not a factor in
receiver in fiber optics in air is slower cable light loss
communications 56. The main benefit of light-wave 67. Laser is preferred for high-
45. Then inner portion of the fiber communications over speed data in a fiber-optic
cable is called core microwaves or any other system
46. Semiconductor laser is the communications media is wider 68. Most fiber-optic light sources
simplest to modulate directly by bandwidth emit light in infrared spectrum
changing its excitation 57. X-ray is not part of the optical 69. Both LEDs and ILDs operate
47. Consumer TV is not a common spectrum correctly with forward bias
application of fiber-optic cable 58. The wavelength of visible light 70. Single-frequency light is called
48. Total internal reflection takes extends from 400 to 750 nm monochromatic
place if the light ray strikes the 59. The speed of light is 71. Laser light is very bright
interface at a greater than 300,000,000 m/s because it is coherent
angle to the critical angle 60. Refraction is the bending of 72. Photovoltaic diode is NOT a
49. The operation of a fiber optic light waves common light detector
cable is based on the principle 61. The ratio of the speed of light in 73. Avalanche photodiode is the
of reflection air to the speed of light in fastest light sensor
50. Single-mode graded-index is another substance is called the 74. Photodiodes operate properly
not a common type of fiber- index of refraction with reverse bias
optic cable 62. A popular light wavelength in 75. An important requirement for
51. Cable attenuation is usually fiber-optic cable is 1.3 μm successful transmission system
expressed in terms of dB/km 63. Single-mode step-index type using light: Powerful, reliable
52. The upper pulse rate and of fiber-optic cable is the most light source
information-carrying capacity of widely used 76. Interference filter is used to
a cable is limited by modal 64. Single-mode step-index type block light from a laser and let
dispersion fiber-optic cable is best for very other light through
53. The core of a fiber-optic cable high speed data 77. Monochromatic and in-phase
is made of glass is a light that can be coherent

58
78. Coherence of laser light is 89. The typical wavelength of light 100. Refractive index – the
important for holography emitted from epitaxially grown ratio of the speed of light in a
79. The ultrapure glass used to LEDs is 940 nm vacuum and the speed of light
manufacture optical fibers is 90. SONET stands for in the material used
approximately 99.9999% pure Synchronous Optical 101. Splicing fiber means
80. In fiber optics, PCS stands for Network both fusion and butt
Plastic-clad-silica 91. Bend loss is an attenuation 102. Optoisolator – an IC
81. Longitudinal modes has no increase caused by bends that represents a short distance
fixed limit, dependent on radiating from the side of the one-way optical
bandwidth and mode spacing fiber communications system
82. Infrared absorption is the 92. Infrared range of fiber optics is 103. When light strikes a flat
result of photons of light that about 700 – 1200 nm polished end of a fiber, it
are absorbed by the atoms of 93. Higher losses is a produces a loss of 4%
the glass core molecules disadvantage for plastic fiber 104. When light strikes a flat
83. In fiber optics, SCS stands for optics polished end of a fiber, the fiber
Silica-clad-silica 94. OTDR stands for Optical Time loss produced can be reduced
84. Helium laser was developed by Domain Reflectometer by antireflection coating
A. Javen at Bell Laboratory in 95. Under normal condition, a 105. In fiber optics, higher-
1960 single fiber should not be used order mode refers to cladding
85. Spectral response of light for a two-way communication boundary at high angle
detector determines the range mainly because of noise 106. Refraction is not a
of system length that can be 96. A single mode optical fiber has cause of light attenuation in
achieved for a given a core diameter of 0.01 nm fiber optics
wavelength 97. A step-index multimode optical 107. Visible-light LEDs are
86. Dark current in light detectors is fiber has a core diameter of not used for fiber optics
caused by thermally 0.02 nm because it has high losses
generated carriers in the 98. The graded-index multimode 108. Optical cable testers are
diode optical fiber has a core used for light power out of a
87. Ampere/watt is the unit of diameter of 0.05 nm fiber
responsitivity 99. Stepped index operation is 109. A function of an optical
88. Dispersion is not a not a possible cause of optical isolator cancels reflected
characteristic of light detectors fiber loss waves

59
110. An increase in light 118. In solid-state optical 128. The energy of the
intensity produces fast optic detectors, the excited charge is photon is directly proportional
switching due to amplification transported in the solid by to the Planck’s constant
of optical signal holes and electrons 129. Refractive index of glass
111. Light traveling in air 119. PMT is not a solid-state – 1.5
optical fiber follows Snell’s law optical detector 130. Refractive index of
112. Optical fibers for 120. Optical detectors are diamond – 2.0
telecommunications are square-law devices because 131. The unit of light
typically about 5 mils thick and they respond to intensity rather wavelength is Angstroms
consists of a glass core, a glass than amplitude 132. The power loss of the
cladding of lower index of 121. The photocurrent is fusion splice is about 0.01 dB
refraction, and a protective equal to the number of or less
coating electrons emitted per second 133. Optical power meter is
113. Material dispersion is times the electron charge used to test a fiber optics splice
caused by the wavelength 122. PMT optical detector is 134. Beam-splitting coupler
dependence of the index of used when high sensitivity and – a coupler which consists of a
refraction bandwidth are required series of lenses and a partly
114. The dominant loss 123. The average loss in reflective surface
mechanisms in silica fiber are fiber splice is about 0.15 dB 135. Diffuse reflection –
absorption and Rayleigh 124. White color is not found Reflections in many directions
scattering in the visible light wave 136. Lithium Niobate –
115. The bandwidth of a fiber spectrum commonly used electro-optic
is limited by dispersion 125. The frequency limit of crystal for polarization
116. Fiber bandwidth is an optical fiber is about 40 GHz modulation
generally specified as the 126. The mechanical splice 137. Intensity modulation
product of the bandwidth and attenuation loss is 0.1 dB or and polarization modulation
distance less are the most widely used in
117. The quantum 127. Polymer jacket is optical systems
efficiency of a detector is the applied to protect core and
fraction of incident photons that cladding of the fiber
produce a photoelectron or
electron-hole pair

60