2

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR ¡OJO! Pronouns take the place of nouns in a sentence.
Gustar is used to state what people like (or dislike) or literally what is pleasing to them. An INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN (me, te, DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
Español le, nos, les) always precedes the verb and identifies who is being pleased and the verb is conjugated to agree with what is pleasing.
Singular Plural
Me gustan las verduras. I like vegetables. (Vegetables are pleasing to me.) 1st me me us nos
¿Te gusta el arte? Do you like art? (Does art please you?)
2nd you te
A Pedro no le gusta nadar. Pedro does not like to swim. (To swim is not pleasing to Pedro.)

Other verbs that work like GUSTAR: DOLER, ENCANTAR, EXTRAÑAR, FALTAR, INTERESAR.
3rd you
him/it lo
you
them } los, las
her/it la
A direct object is the noun upon which the action of the
¡OJO! These verbs will only be conjugated in the 3rd person singular and plural forms.
verb occurs. To help you identify the D.O. in a sentence,
TÚ COMMANDS: FORMAL UD. & UDS. COMMANDS: answer the question: "The subject (use verb here)
DEMONSTRATIVE PERSONAL '"A"
AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE The personal ´Dµ is WHO(M) or WHAT ? "
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE UD. UDS. PRONOUNS:
no nades éste, ésta this (one) used before the *Lucia come manzanas. Lucia eats WHAT?
nadar: nada nadar: nade/no nade naden/no naden
ése, ésa that (one) direct object of a *Voy a ayudar a mis padres. I am going to help WHO?
comer: come no comas comer: coma/no coma coman/no coman
aquél, aquélla verb if the direct
vivir: vive no vivas vivir: viva/no viva vivan/no vivan that (over there) object is: The D.O. pronoun is located immediately preceding
¡OJO! To form these, ¡OJO! To form the conjugated verb OR attached to an infinitive.
¡OJO! To form these, go to the YO, drop éstos, éstas these *A definite person
use the same form as for these, go to the YO, *Los voy a dar. (los regalos)
ésos, ésas those or persons *Voy a darlas. (las cartas)
3rd persona singular in drop the –o and add the -o, and add the opposite ending!
aquéllos, aquéllas 9LVLWDDVXDPLJR
present tense. the opposite ending! IRREGULARS: He visits his friend.
those (over there)
apagar: apague/apaguen
IRREGULARS INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
cruzar: cruce/crucen *A domestic animal
salir: sal ser: sé apagar: no apagues POSSESSIVE Singular Plural
proteger: proteja/protejan 4XLHUHDVXSHUULWR
poner: pon decir: di cruzar: no cruces
tocar: toque/toquen
PRONOUNS: She loves her little dog 1st to me me to us nos
tener: ten hacer: haz tocar: no toques dar: dé/den el(los) mío(s) mine 2nd to you te
venir: ven ir: ve ir: no vayas la(las) mía(s) mine *A geographic name 3rd to you to you les
estar: esté/estén
ser: no seas el(los) tuyo(s) yours (unless preceded by to him le to them
ir: vaya/vayan the definite article)
estar: no estés la(las) tuyo(s) yours to her
saber: sepa/sepan Desea ver a España.
el(los) suyo(s) his, yours An indirect object is the noun which is indirectly
ser: sea/sean He wants to see Spain.
la(las) suyo(s) hers, yours affected by the action of the verb. To help you identify
but:
ADJECTIVES: Word Order & Agreement el(los) nuestros ours Desea ver la Argentina. the I.O. in a sentence, answer the question:
¡OJO! A descriptive adjective generally follows the noun that it modifies. la(las) nuestras ours He wants to see Argentina. "The subject (use verb here) TO WHOM ?”
el(los) suyo(s) theirs, ours *A pronoun referring to
*Le doy regalos (a ella). I give gifts TO WHOM ?
Gender Singular Plural
la(las) suya(s) theirs, ours a person. When an I.O. is present in a sentence, ALWAYS use
Masculine el vestido rojo los vestidos rojos Veo a alguien. the pronoun. The phrase itself is what is optional.
el sombrero gris los sombreros grises I see someone.
Feminine la camisa blanca las camisas blancas ¡OJO! The I.O. pronoun is located immediately preceding the
*The personal a is not conjugated verb OR attached to an infinitive.
la falda verde las faldas verdes Pronouns take the place used with the verb
of nouns in a sentence: *Le voy a dar regalos (a ella).
¡OJO! Articles & adjectives must agree in gender & number with the nouns they modify. TENER. *Voy a darle regalos (a ella).
No quiero éste. Tengo un amigo.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES I have a friend.
Prefiero ése.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
mi(s) my nuestro(s) este, esta estos, estas COMPARATIVES
our
nuestra(s) this these UNEQUAL EQUAL
esos, esas más grande que bigger than tan interesante como as interesting as
ese, esa menos limpio que l less clean than tanto dinero como as much money as
tu(s) your (familiar) those
that mayor/menor que older/younger than tantas monedas como as many coins as
aquel, aquella aquellos, aquellas mejor/peor que better/worse than
su(s) his, her, sus(s) their, your
that (at a distance) those (at a distance) SUPERLATIVES
your (formal) el equipo más famoso de… the most famous team in/of…
las películas menos polulares de… the least popular movies in/of…
IMPERFECT TENSE PRETERITE TENSE
USOS:
REGULAR VERBS: REGULAR VERBS:
*ongoing or continuous action in the past -ar -er/-ir
-ar -er/-ir
*description in the past (background, -é -amos -í -imos USOS:
-aba -ábamos -ía -íamos setting, mental/physical/emotional * an action that has a definite
conditions) -aste -iste
-abas -ías beginning and end
*stating weather and time in the past -ó -aron -ió -ieron
-aba -aban -ía -ían * an action that interrupted
another that was going on
IRREGULAR VERBS:
IRREGULAR VERBS:
DAR IR/SER TENER DECIR
VER SER IR
di dimos fui fuimos tuve tuvimos dije dijimos
veía veíamos era éramos iba íbamos
eras diste fuiste tuviste dijiste
veías ibas
veían era dio dieron fue fueron tuvo tuvieron dijo dijeron
veía eran iba
IRREGULAR VERBS LIKE TENER: -é, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron
SER vs. ESTAR
andar: anduv- estar: estuv- poder: pud- saber: sup- hacer: hic
Use SER when you want to SAY: Use ESTAR when you want to SAY:
caber: cup- haber: hub- poner: pus- querer: quis- venir: vin-
- D escription - P osition
IRREGULAR VERBS LIKE DECIR: -é, -iste, -o, -imos, -eron
- O ccupation - L ocation
traer: traj- traducer: traduj- producir: produj-
- C haracteristics - A ction
STEM CHANGING VERBS:
- T ime - C ondition PEDIR (E-I) DORMIR (O-U)
- O rigin - E motion pedí pedimos dormí dormimos

- R elationship pediste dormiste

pidió pidieron durmió durmieron
Similar verbs: conseguir, despedirse, Similar verbs: morir
divertirse, hervir, medir, mentir, preferir
SABER vs. CONOCER
seguir, sentir, server, sugerir, vestirse
SABER:
IRREGULAR –CAR, -GAR, -ZAR VERBS:
To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something, use "saber." To
SACAR PAGAR CRUZAR
express knowledge or ignorance of a skill, or how to do something, use saber + infinitive. saqué sacamos pagué pagamos crucé cruzamos
CONOCER: sacaste pagaste cruzaste

To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer. sacó sacaron pagó pagaron curzó cruzaron

IRREGULAR VERBS WITH -Y:

SABER and CONOCER:
LEER INFLUIR
To express knowledge or ignorance of a subject or learning discipline, use saber or conocer,
leí leímos influí influímos
depending upon the context.
leíste influíste
Juan no sabe nada de inglés. Juan conoce la literatura española.
leyó leyeron influyó influyeron
Juan doesn't know any English. Juan is familiar with Spanish literature. Similar verbs: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir, huir, incluir

REFLEXIVE VERBS: Reflexive verbs are used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same
IR+A+INFINITIVE In Spanish, you can express the future by using OR when the person doing the action is doing the action to himself or herself.
IR+A+INFINITIVE. LAVARSE
Reflexive Non-reflexive
Voy a aprender español. Él va a trabajar los sábados. me lavo nos lavamos
te lavas Mi mamá se lava el pelo por la mañana. Mi mamá lava el pelo de mi hermanita.
I'm going to learn Spanish. He goes to work on Saturdays.
se lava se lavan My mom washes her hair in the morning. My mom washes my little sister's hair.