ENGINEERING COLLEGES

2016 – 17 Even Semester

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SUBJECT CODE: ME 6603

SUBJECT NAME: FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Regulation: 2013 Year and Semester: III and VI

Prepared by
D
Sl. No. Name of the Faculty Designation Affiliating College
A
1. R.SAMUEL SANJAY RAJA AP SMTEC

2. V.VIGNESH AP SMTEC
SC

Verified by DLI, CLI and Approved by the Centralised Monitoring Team

1
 2. SYLLABUS

ME 6603 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS LTPC

3 0 03

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Historical Background – Mathematical Modeling of field problems in Engineering – Governing
Equations – Discrete and continuous models – Boundary, Initial and Eigen Value problems–
Weighted Residual Methods – Variational Formulation of Boundary Value Problems –
RitzTechnique – Basic concepts of the Finite Element Method.
UNIT II ONE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS 9
One Dimensional Second Order Equations – Discretization – Element types- Linear and Higher
order Elements – Derivation of Shape functions and Stiffness matrices and force vectors-
Assembly of Matrices - Solution of problems from solid mechanics and heat transfer.
Longitudinal vibration frequencies and mode shapes. Fourth Order Beam Equation –Transverse
deflections and Natural frequencies of beams.
UNIT III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9
Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar Variable Functions – Variational formulation –
Finite Element formulation – Triangular elements – Shape functions and element matrices and
vectors.Application to Field Problems - Thermal problems – Torsion of Non circular shafts –
Quadrilateral elements – Higher Order Elements.
UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS 9
D
Equations of elasticity – Plane stress, plane strain and axisymmetric problems – Body forces
and temperature effects – Stress calculations - Plate and shell elements.
A
UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION 9
Natural co-ordinate systems – Isoparametric elements – Shape functions for iso parametric
elements – One and two dimensions – Serendipity elements – Numerical integration and
SC

application to plane stress problems - Matrix solution techniques – Solutions Techniques to

Dynamic problems – Introduction to Analysis Software.

TEXT BOOK:
1. Reddy. J.N., “An Introduction to the Finite Element Method”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2005
2. Seshu, P, “Text Book of Finite Element Analysis”, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi,2007.

REFERENCES:
1. Rao, S.S., “The Finite Element Method in Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Butterworth
Heinemann,2004
2. Logan, D.L., “A first course in Finite Element Method”, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002
3. Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus, Michael E. Plesha, Robert J. Witt, “Concepts and
Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 4th Edition, Wiley Student Edition, 2002.
4. Chandrupatla & Belagundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 3rd
Edition,Prentice Hall College Div, 1990
5. Bhatti Asghar M, "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications", John Wiley
& Sons,2005 (Indian Reprint 2013)

2
 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE..
S.NO TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO
a. Aim and Objective of the subject 4
b. Detailed Lesson Plan 5
c. Unit I- Introduction -Part A 8
d. Unit I- Introduction -Part B 10
e. Unit II- One-dimensional problems -Part A 37
f. Unit II- One-dimensional problems -Part B 39
g. Unit III- Two dimensional scalar variable problems -Part A 66
h. Unit III- Two dimensional scalar variable problems -Part B 68
i. Unit IV- Two Dimensional Vector Variable Problems -Part A 95
j. Unit IV- Two Dimensional Vector Variable Problems -Part B 96
k. Unit V- Isoparametric Formulation - Part A 117
l. Unit V- Isoparametric Formulation - Part B 120
m. Question bank D 141
A
SC

3
ME 6603 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

AIM
 The goal is to understand the fundamentals of the finite element method for the
analysis of engineering problems arising in solids and structures.
 The course will emphasize the solution to real life problems using the finite
element method underscoring the importance of the choice of the proper
mathematical model, discretization techniques and element selection criteria.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to the analysis of simple

structures using the finite element method.
2. To analyze and interpret the results.
3. To identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems using the finite element
method.
4. To perform steady-state and transient heat transfer analysis including the effects of
conduction, convection, and radiation.
D
5. To perform modal analysis of a part to determine its natural frequencies, and analyze
harmonically-forced vibrations.
A
SC

4
 SCAD GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Detailed Lesson Plan

Name of the Subject& Code: ME 6603 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

TEXT BOOK:
1. Reddy. J.N., “An Introduction to the Finite Element Method”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,2005
2. Seshu, P, “Text Book of Finite Element Analysis”, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,2007.

REFERENCES:
1. Rao, S.S., “The Finite Element Method in Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Butterworth Heinemann,2004
2. Logan, D.L., “A first course in Finite Element Method”, Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2002
3. Robert D. Cook, David S. Malkus, Michael E. Plesha, Robert J. Witt, “Concepts and
Applications of Finite Element Analysis”, 4th Edition, Wiley Student Edition, 2002.
4. Chandrupatla & Belagundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, 3rd Edition,
Prentice Hall College Div, 1990
5. Bhatti Asghar M, "Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications", John Wiley & Sons,
2005 (Indian Reprint 2013)*
D
Hours
Unit Cumulative Books
A
S.No Topic / Portions to be Covered Required
No Hrs Referred
/ Planned
1 1 1 T1,R1
SC

1 Historical Background
2 1 Mathematical modeling of field problems in 1 2 T1,R1
Engineering
3 1 1 3 T1,R1
Governing Equations
4 1 1 4 T1,R1
Discrete and continuous models
5 1 1 5 T1,R1
Boundary, Initial and Eigen Value problems
6 1 1 6 T1,R1
Weighted Residual Methods concept
7 1 1 7 T1,R1
Weighted Residual Methods-Problems
8 1 Variational Formulation of Boundary Value 1 8 T1,R1
Problems
9 1 1 9 T1,R1
Ritz Technique concept
10 1 1 10 T1,R1
Ritz Technique -Problems
11 1 1 11 T1,R1
Basic concepts of the Finite Element Method.
12 2 One Dimensional Second Order Equations 1 12 T1,R1

5
13 2 Discretization – Element types 1 13 T1,R1

Derivation of Shape functions and Stiffness T1,R1

14 2 1 14
matrices and force vectors (Linear)

Derivation of Shape functions (Higher order T1,R1

15 2 1 15
Elements)

Derivation of Stiffness matrices and force T1,R1

16 2 1 16
vectors(Higher order Elements)

Solution of problems from solid mechanics T1,R1

17 2 1 17
and heat transfer

18 2 Solution of problems from solid mechanics 1 18 T1,R1

Longitudinal vibration frequencies and mode T1,R1

19 2 1 19
shapes

20 2 Fourth Order Beam Equation 1 20 T1,R1

21 2 Transverse deflections of beams. 1 21 T1,R1

D
22 2 Transverse Natural frequencies of beams. 1 22 T1,R1
A
Second Order 2D Equations involving Scalar 1 T1,R1
23 3 23
Variable Functions
SC

Variational formulation -Finite Element T1,R1

24 3 1 24
formulation

Triangular elements – Shape functions and T1,R1

25 3 1 25
element matrices and vectors.

26 3 Application to Field Problems 1 26 T1,R1

27 3 Thermal problems 1 27 T1,R1

28 3 Torsion of Non circular shafts 1 28 T1,R1

29 3 Quadrilateral elements 1 29 T1,R1

30 3 Higher Order Elements concept 1 30 T1,R1

31 3 Higher Order Elements problems 1 31 T1,R1

32 4 Equations of elasticity 1 32 T1,R1

6
33 4 Plane stress condition 1 33 T1,R1

34 4 plane strain conditions 1 34 T1,R1

35 4 Axisymmetric problems 1 35 T1,R1

36 4 Body forces in axisymmetric 1 36 T1,R1

37 4 temperature effects in axisymmetric 1 37 T1,R1

38 4 Stress calculations 1 38 T1,R1

39 4 Plate and shell elements 1 39 T1,R1

40 5 Natural co-ordinate systems 1 40 T1,R1

41 5 Isoparametric elements 1 41 T1,R1

Shape functions for iso parametric elements – T1,R1

42 5 1 42
One and two dimensions

43 5 Serendipity elements 1 43 T1,R1

D
Numerical integration and application to T1,R1
44 5 1 44
A
plane stress problems

45 5 Matrix solution techniques 1 45 T1,R1

SC

46 5 Solutions Techniques to Dynamic problems 1 46 T1,R1

47 5 Introduction to Analysis Software 1 47 T1,R1

7
 UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION

Part- A
1. Distinguish one Dimensional bar element and Beam Element (May/June 2011)
1D bar element: Displacement is considered.
1D beam element: Displacement and slope is considered

2. What do you mean by Boundary value problem?

The solution of differential equation is obtained for physical problems, which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
The differential equation together with these boundary conditions, subjected to a boundary
value problem.
Examples: Boundary value problem.
2 2
d y/dx - a(x) dy/dx – b(x)y –c(x) = 0 with boundary conditions, y(m) = S and y(n) = T.

3. What do you mean by weak formulation? State its advantages. (April/May 2015), (May/June
2013)
A weak form is a weighted integral statement of a differential equation in which the
differentiation is distributed among the dependent variable and the weight function and also
includes the natural boundary conditions of the problem.
D
 A much wider choice of trial functions can be used.
 The weak form can be developed for any higher order differential equation.
A
 Natural boundary conditions are directly applied in the differential equation.
 The trial solution satisfies the essential boundary conditions.
SC

4. Why are polynomial types of interpolation functions preferred over trigonometric functions?
(May/June 2013)
Polynomial functions are preferred over trigonometric functions due to the following
reasons:
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.

5. What do you mean by elements & Nodes?(May/June 2014)

In a continuum, the field variables are infinite. Finite element procedure reduces such
unknowns to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called Elements. The
common points between two adjacent elements in which the field variables are expressed are called
Nodes.

6. What is Ritz method?(May/June 2014)

It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is
available. In Ritz method approximating functions satisfying the boundary conditions are used to
get the solutions

8
7. Distinguish Natural & Essential boundary condition (May/June 2009)
There are two types of boundary conditions.
They are:
1. Primary boundary condition (or) Essential boundary condition
The boundary condition, which in terms of field variable, is known as primary
boundary condition.
2. Secondary boundary condition or natural boundary conditions
The boundary conditions, which are in the differential form of field variables, are
known as secondary boundary condition.
Example: A bar is subjected to axial load as shown in fig.

In this problem, displacement u at node 1 = 0, that is primary boundary condition.

EA du/dx = P, that is secondary boundary condition.
D
8. Compare Ritz method with nodal approximation method.(Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
A
Similarity:
(i) Both methods use approximating functions as trial solution
(ii) Both methods take linear combinations of trial functions.
SC

(iii) In both methods completeness condition of the function should be satisfied

(iv) In both methods solution is sought by making a functional stationary.
Difference
(i) Rayleigh-Ritz method assumes trial functions over entire structure, while finite element method
uses trial functions only over an element.
(ii) The assumed functions in Rayleigh-Ritz method have to satisfy boundary conditions over entire
structure while in finite element analysis, they have to satisfy continuity conditions at nodes and
sometimes along the boundaries of the element. However completeness condition should be
satisfied in both methods.

9. What do you mean by elements & Nodes?

In a continuum, the field variables are infinite. Finite element procedure reduces such
unknowns to a finite number by dividing the solution region into small parts called Elements. The
common points between two adjacent elements in which the field variables are expressed are called
Nodes.

10. State the discretization error. How it can be reduced? (April /May 2015)

Splitting of continuum in to smallest elements is known as discretization. In some context

like structure having boundary layer the exact connectivity can’t be achieved. It means that it may

9
 not resemble the original structure. Now there is an error developed in calculation. Such type of
error is discretization error.

To Reduce Error:

(i) Discretization error can be minimized by reducing the finite element (or) discretization
element.

(ii) By introducing finite element it has a curved member.

11. What are the various considerations to be taken in Discretization process?
(i) Types of Elements.
(ii) Size of Elements.
(iii) Location of Nodes.
(iv) Number of Elements.
12. State the principleofminimum potential energy. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Amongallthedisplacementequationsthatsatisfiedinternalcompatibilityandthe
boundaryconditionthosethatalsosatisfytheequationofequilibriummakethe potential energya
minimum is astable system.
PART-B
𝒅𝟐 𝒖
1. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon. 𝑨𝑬 = +
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒖
D
𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎, The boundary conditions are u(0) = 0, 𝑨𝑬 = = 𝟎 By using Galerkin’s
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝑳
technique, find the solution of the above differential equation.
A
Given Data:
SC

𝑑2𝑢
Differential equ. 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
Boundary Conditions 𝑢 0 = 0, 𝐴𝐸 = + 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2

To Find:
u(x) by using galerkin’s technique
Formula used
𝐿

𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0

Solution:
Assume a trial function
Let 𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 …….. (1)
Apply first boundary condition
i.e) at x=0, u(x) = 0
1 ⟹ 0 = 𝑎0 + 0 + 0 + 0
𝑎0 = 0

10
 𝑑𝑢
Apply first boundary condition i.e at x = L, 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑢
⟹ = 0+𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
𝑑𝑥
⟹ 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2
⟹ 𝑎1 = −(2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 )
sub 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 in value in equation (1)
𝑢 𝑥 = 0 + − 2𝑎2 𝐿 + 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= −2𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 − 3𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3
= 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) ……… (2)
We Know That
𝑑2𝑢
Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 ………. (3)
𝑑𝑢
(2) ⟹ = 𝑎2 2𝑥 − 2𝐿 + 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 3𝐿2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑢
= 𝑎2 2 + 𝑎3 (6𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑢
D
= 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑢
A
Sub 𝑑𝑥 2 value in equation (3)

3 ⟹ 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥
SC

Residual, 𝑅 = 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 ……… (4)

From Galerkn’s technique
𝐿

𝑤𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0 . . … … . . . (5)
0

from equation (2) we know that

𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥
𝑤2 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥
sub w1, w2 and R value in equation (5)
𝐿

5 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … … … … … (6)

0
𝐿

𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … … … … … (7)

0
𝐿

6 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0

11
 𝐿

𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0
𝐿

2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝑥 2 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 3 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿𝑥 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝐿𝑥 2 = 0

0

𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
⟹ [2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿 − 2𝑎𝐿 ]𝐿0 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4 𝐿3 𝐿4 𝐿4
⟹ 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 + 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 − 12𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 − 2𝑎 = 0
3 4 4 2 3 3
2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 3 𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 + 2 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 − 4𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 − 3 𝑎𝐿4 = 0
4

2 3 𝐿4 2
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 − 2 + 𝑎3 𝐴𝐸 𝐿4 − 4 + 𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝐿4 = 0
3 2 4 3
−4 5 2 1 4 5 5 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = 𝑎𝐿
3 2 3 4 3 2 12
−4 5 5
𝐴𝐸𝐿3 𝑎2 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 𝑎3 = − 𝑎𝐿4 ………. 8
3 2 12
Equation (7)
D
𝐿

⟹ (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) 𝐴𝐸 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

A
0
𝐿
SC

⟹ (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥) 2𝑎2 𝐴𝐸 + 6𝑎3 𝐴𝐸𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0
𝐿

⟹ 2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

0
𝐿
𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3
⟹ 2𝐴𝐸𝑎2 + 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 + 𝑎 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 − 18𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 − 3𝑎𝐿2 =0
4 5 5 2 3 3 0
𝐿
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝑥 4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝑥 5 + 𝑎𝑥 5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝐿2 𝑥 3 =0
2 5 5 0
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿2 (𝐿2 ) − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) − 𝑎𝐿2 (𝐿3 ) = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 + 𝑎𝐿5 − 3𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 6𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 𝑎𝐿5 = 0
2 5 5
1 6 1
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 3 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 − 6 + 𝑎𝐿5 + − 1 = 0
2 5 5
5 24 4
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 − 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
2 5 5
5 24 4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5 …………. 9
2 5 5
12
Solving Equation (8) and (9)
4 5 5
Equation (8) ⟹ 3 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 + 2 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿4 = − 12 𝑎𝐿4
5 24 4
Equation (9) ⟹ 2 𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 5 𝑎𝐿5
5
5 4
Multiplying Equation (8) 2 𝐿 and Equation (9) by 3
20 25 25
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
6 4 24
20 25 16
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿4 + 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
6 4 15
Subtracting
25 96 16 25
− 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = − 𝑎𝐿5
4 15 15 24
375 − 384 384 − 375
𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
60 360
−9 9
⟹ 𝐴𝐸𝑎3 𝐿5 = 𝑎𝐿5
60 360
⟹ −0.15𝐴𝐸𝑎3 = 0.025𝑎
𝑎
D
𝑎3 = −0.1666
𝐴𝐸
𝑎
A
𝑎3 = − … … … . (10)
6𝐴𝐸
Substituting a3 value in Equation (8)
SC

4 5 −𝑎 4 −5 4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐿 = 𝑎𝐿
3 2 6𝐴𝐸 12
4 −5 4 5 −𝑎
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 𝑎𝐿 − 𝐴𝐸𝐿4 =
3 12 2 6𝐴𝐸
4 −5 4 5
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝐴𝐸𝐿4
3 12 2
4
𝐴𝐸𝑎2 𝐿3 = 0
3
𝑎2 = 0
Sub a2 and a3 value in equation (2)
−𝑎
⟹ 𝑢 𝑥 = 0𝑥 𝑥2 − 2𝐿𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝐿2 𝑥 = 0
6𝐴𝐸
𝑎
⟹𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸
Result:
𝑎
𝑢 𝑥 = 3𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3
6𝐴𝐸

13
2. Find the deflection at the centre of a simply supported beam of span length “l” subjected
to uniformly distributed load throughout its length as shown in figure using (a) point
collocation method, (b) sub-domain method, (c) Least squares method, and (d) Galerkin’s
method. (Nov/Dec 2014)

Given data
Length (L) = 𝑙
UDL = 𝜔 𝑁/𝑚
To find
Deflection
Formula used
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Point Collocation Method R = 0
𝑙
𝑅𝑑𝑥 =0
D
Sub-domain collocation method = 0
𝑙 2
Least Square Method 𝐼 = 0
𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
A
Solution:
The differential equation governing the deflection of beam subjected to uniformly
SC

distributed load is given by

𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 − 𝜔 = 0, 0≤𝑥≤𝑙 … … … . (1)
𝑑𝑥
The boundary conditions are Y=0 at x=0 and x = l, where y is the deflection.
𝑑4 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 4 = 0, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑙
𝑑𝑥
Where
𝑑4𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 4 = 𝑀, (Bending moment)

E → Young’s Modules
I → Moment of Inertia of the Beam.
𝜋𝑥
Let us select the trial function for deflection as 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ……. (2)
𝑙

Hence it satisfies the boundary conditions

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
⟹ = 𝑎 . cos
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 2 = −𝑎 2 . sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙

14
 𝑑3 𝑦 𝜋3 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 3 = −𝑎 3 . cos
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑4 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 4 = 𝑎 4 . sin
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
Substituting the Equation (3) in the governing Equation (1)
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑎 4 . sin −𝜔 = 0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
Take, Residual 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin −𝜔
𝑙

a) Point Collocation Method:

In this method, the residuals are set to zero.
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑎 4
. sin −𝜔 =0
𝑙 𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑎 4
. sin =𝜔
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙
To get maximum deflection, take 𝑘 = 2 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝜋4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐸𝐼𝑎 𝑙 4 . sin 𝑙 =𝜔
2 𝜋
D
4 [∵ sin = 1]
𝜋 𝑙
𝐸𝐼𝑎 =𝜔
𝑙4
A
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑎=
𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼
SC

Sub “a” value in trial function equation (2)

𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= . sin
𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑌max = 4 . sin
2 𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝜔 𝑙4
𝑌max = 𝜋
𝜋 4 𝐸𝐼
[∵ sin = 1]
𝜔𝑙 4 2
𝑌max =
97.4𝐸𝐼
b) Sub-domain collocation method:
In this method, the integral of the residual over the sub-domain is set to zero.
𝑙
0
𝑅𝑑𝑥 = 0
Sub R value
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 sin − 𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙

15
 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝜋 4 −cos
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 𝑙 −𝜔 𝑥 =0
𝑙4 𝜋
𝑙 0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
⟹ 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4 −cos −𝜔𝑥 =0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑢 0
𝜋3 ∵ cos 𝜋 = −1
⟹ −𝑎𝐸𝐼 cos𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 𝜔 𝑙 = 0 ,
𝑙3 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1
𝜋3
−𝑎𝐸𝐼 3 −1 − 1 = 𝜔 𝑙
𝑙
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜔𝑙 4
⟹ −𝑎 = 3 =
2𝜋 𝐸𝐼 62𝐸𝐼
Sub “a” value in the trial function equation (2)
𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌= . sin
62𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = . sin ( )
2 62𝐸𝐼 𝑙 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
62𝐸𝐼
D
c) Least Square Method:
A
In this method the functional
𝑙

𝐼= 𝑅 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
SC

0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
𝐼= (𝑎𝐸𝐼 4
. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜔)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
2
𝜋8 2 2 2
𝜋𝑥 2
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
= [𝑎 𝐸 𝐼 8 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜔 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0

2
𝜋8 1 2𝜋𝑥
2 2
𝑙 2
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝑙
= [𝑎 𝐸 𝐼 8 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝜔 − 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 4 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]]
𝑙 2 𝑙 2𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 𝜋 0
𝜋8 1 𝑙 𝜋4 𝑙
= 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝑙 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝜔2 𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝑙8 2 2𝜋 𝑙4 𝜋

∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋 = 0; 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 = 0; 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 1

𝜋8 𝑙 𝜋3
𝐼 = 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 + 𝜔 2
𝑙 + 2𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔 . (−1 − 1)
𝑙2 2 𝑙3
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 2
𝜋3
𝐼= + 𝜔 𝑙 − 4𝑎𝐸𝐼𝜔
2𝑙 7 𝑙3
𝜕𝜋
Now, 𝜕𝑎 = 0

16
 𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
⟹ = 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
2𝑙 7 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸 2 𝐼 2 𝜋 8 𝜋3
= 4𝐸𝐼𝜔 3
𝑙7 𝑙
4𝐸𝐼𝜔𝑙 5
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙
𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]

4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
d) Galerkin’s Method:
In this method
𝑙
D
𝑌. 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
A
𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝐸𝐼 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜔 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
SC

0
𝑙
𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
− 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 4
[ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) − 𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑙
𝜋4 1 2
1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑎 𝐸𝐼 4 [ 1 − 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑎𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =0
𝑙 2 2𝜋 𝑙 𝜋 𝑙 0
4
𝜋 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎2 𝐸𝐼 − 2𝑎𝜔 =0
𝑙4 2 𝜋
2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3
∴𝑎= .
𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4
4𝜔𝑙 3
𝑎= 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
Hence the trial Function
4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋𝑥
𝑌 = 5 . sin
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑙

17
 𝑙 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , max 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = 1]

4𝜔𝑙 4 𝜋 𝑙
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 2 2
4𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5
𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
76.5 𝐸𝐼
Verification,
We know that simply supported beam is subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum
deflection is,
5 𝜔𝑙 4
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑙 4
= 0.01
𝐸𝐼
3) i) What is constitutive relationship? Express the constitutive relations for a linear
elastic isotropic material including initial stress and strain. (4)
[Nov/Dec 2009]
D
Solution:
A
It is the relationship between components of stresses in the members of a structure or in a
solid body and components of strains. The structure or solids bodies under consideration are made
SC

of elastic material that obeys Hooke’s law.

𝜎 = 𝐷 {𝑒}
Where
[D] is a stress – strain relationship matrix or constitute matrix.
The constitutive relations for a linear elastic isotropic material is
𝜎𝑥 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝑣 (1 − 𝑣) 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑣 𝑣 (1 − 𝑣)1 − 2𝑣 0 0
𝛿𝑥𝑦 1 + 𝑣 1 − 2𝑣 0 0 𝑣𝑥𝑦
0 2 1 − 2𝑣 0
𝛿𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 2 1 − 2𝑣 𝑣𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝑧𝑥 0 0 0 𝑣𝑧𝑥
0 0 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
ii) Consider the differential equation + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 subject to boundary
𝒅𝒙𝟐
conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0. The functions corresponding to this problem, to be eternized
𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
is given by 𝑰 = 𝟎
−𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒀 . Find the solution of the problem using Ray
𝒅𝒙
Light Ritz method by considering a two term solution as 𝒀 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 −
𝒙) (12)

18
Given data
𝑑2𝑦
Differential equation = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 400𝑥 2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Boundary conditions Y(0) = 0, Y(1) = 0

𝑙 𝑑𝑦 2
𝐼= 0
−0.5 + 400𝑥 2 𝑌
𝑑𝑥

𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)

To find:
Rayleigh- Ritz method
Formula used

𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1

𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
Solution:
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
D
𝑌 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
A
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
SC

= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥)2 2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 (2 − 3𝑥)
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥(2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
We know that
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
2 2
𝑑𝑦 2
−1 𝑑𝑦
𝐼= [−0.5 + 400𝑥 𝑦] = + 400 𝑥2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑙

= 𝑐12 1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑐22 𝑥 2 4 − 12𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6𝑥 2

0
𝑙

+ 400[ 𝑥 2 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥
0

By Solving

19
 −1 𝑐12 2 1 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝐼= + 𝑐22 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 400 +
2 3 15 3 20 30
−1 2 1 2 1 40
𝐼= 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 20𝑐1 + 𝑐2
6 15 6 3
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐1
−1 1
⟹ × 2𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0
6 6
−1 1
⟹ × 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 + 20 = 0 … … … . . (1)
3 6
Similarly,
𝜕𝐼
=0
𝜕𝑐2
−2 1 40
⟹ 𝑐2 − 𝑐1 + =0 … … … . . (2)
15 6 3
By Solving (1) and (2)
80 200
𝑐1 = ; 𝑐1 =
3 3
D
We know that
𝑌 = 𝑐1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)
A
80 200 2
𝑌= 𝑥 1−𝑥 + 𝑥 1−𝑥
3 3
SC

4) Consider a 1mm diameter, 50m long aluminum pin-fin as shown in figure used to
enhance the heat transfer from a surface wall maintained at 300C. Calculate the
temperature distribution in a pin-fin by using Rayleigh – Ritz method. Take, 𝒌 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒘 , 𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎𝐂.
𝒎𝐂 for aluminum h= 𝒎𝟐 𝐂 ∞

𝒅𝟐 𝑻 𝑷𝒉 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝑨
(𝑻 − 𝑻∞ ) , 𝑻 𝟎 = 𝑻𝒘 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐂, 𝒒𝑳 = 𝑲𝑨 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 = 𝟎 (insulated tip)

20
Given Data:
The governing differential equation
𝑑2 𝑇 𝑃𝑕
𝑘 = (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
Diameter d = 1mm = 1x10-3m
Length L = 50mm = 50x10-3m
Thermal K = 200𝑤 𝑚C

Conductivity Heat transfer co-efficient h = 200𝑤 𝑚C

Fluid Temp 𝑇∞ = 30C.
Boundary Conditions 𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑤 = 300C
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝐿 = 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 = 0

To Find:
Ritz Parameters
Formula used
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
D
Solution:
The equivalent functional representation is given by,
A
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝜋 =𝑢−𝑣
SC

𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑞𝐿 𝑇𝐿 … … … … . (1)
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
0 0
𝐿 𝐿
2
1 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= 𝐾 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….. 2
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴
0 0

∵ 𝑞𝐿 = 0
Assume a trial function
Let
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 … … … … … . . (3)
Apply boundary condition
at x = 0, T(x) = 300
300 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (0) + 𝑎2 (0)2
𝑎0 = 300
Substituting 𝑎0 value in equation (3)
𝑇 𝑥 = 300 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 …………….. 4

21
 𝑑𝑇
⟹ = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 … … … … … … (5)
𝑑𝑥
Substitute the equation (4), (5) in (2)
𝑙 𝑙
1 1 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= 𝑘 (𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 + 270 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥.
2 2 𝐴
0 0
2
[∵ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏; 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 2
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
𝑙 𝑙
𝑘 𝑃𝑕
𝜋= (𝑎12 + 4𝑎22 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥) + 2702 + 𝑎1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 2 𝑥 4 + 540𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑎1 𝑥 3 + 540𝑎2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐴
0 0

50𝑥10 −3
𝑘 4𝑎22 𝑥 3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝜋 = (𝑎12 𝑥 + +
2 3 2 0
50𝑥10 −3
𝑃𝑕 𝑎1 2 𝑥 3 𝑎2 2 𝑥 5 540𝑎1 𝑥 2 2𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 4 540𝑎2 𝑥 3
+ 72900𝑘 + + + + +
2𝐴 3 5 2 4 3 0
−3
[∵ 𝑙 = 50𝑥10 ]
𝑘 4𝑎22 (50 × 10−3 )3 4𝑎1 𝑎2 (50 × 10−3 )2
𝜋= (50 × 10−3 )𝑎12 + +
2 3 2
D
𝑃𝑕 𝑎1 2 (50 × 10−3 )3 𝑎2 2 (50 × 10−3 )5
+ 72900𝑘 + +
2𝐴 3 5
A

𝜋 × 10−3 × 20
SC

200
𝜋= 50 × 10−3 𝑎12 + 1.666 × 10−4 𝑎22 + 50 × 10−3 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝜋
2 2 × 2 × 10−3 2

= 364.5 + 4.166 × 10−5 𝑎12 + 6.25 × 10−8 𝑎22 + 0.675𝑎1 + 3.125 × 10−6 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 0.0225𝑎2
𝜋 = 5𝑎12 + 0.0166𝑎22 + 0.5𝑎1 𝑎2 + 14.58 × 10−7 + 1.66912 + 2.5 × 10−3 𝑎22 + 2700 𝑎1
+ 0.125 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 900𝑎2 ]
𝜋 = 6.66𝑎12 + 0.0191𝑎22 + 0.625𝑎1 𝑎2 + 2700𝑎1 + 900𝑎2 + 14.58 × 107
𝜕𝜋
Apply 𝜕𝑎 = 0
2

⟹ 13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 + 27000 = 0

13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 = − + 27000 … … … … … (6)
⟹ 0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 + 900 = 0
0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 = −900 … … … … . . (7)
Solve the equation (6) and (7)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625𝑎2 = − + 27000 … … … … … (6)
0.625𝑎1 + 0.382𝑎2 = −900 ………….. 7
(6) x 0.625

22
 8.325𝑎1 + 0.3906𝑎2 = −16875 ………….. 8
(7) x -13.32
−8.325𝑎1 − 0.5088𝑎2 = 11988 ………….. 9

−0.1182𝑎2 = −4887
𝑎2 = 41345
Sub 𝑎2 value in equation (6)
13.32𝑎1 + 0.625(41345) = − + 27000
𝑎1 = −3967.01
Sub 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values in equation (3)
𝑇 = 300 − 3697.01𝑥 + 41345𝑥 2
5) Explain briefly about General steps of the finite element analysis.
[Nov/Dec 2014]
Step: 1
Discretization of structure
D
The art of sub dividing a structure into a convenient number of smaller element is known as
discretization.
A
Smaller elements are classified as
i) One dimensional element
SC

ii) Two dimensional element

iii) Three dimensional element
iv) Axisymmetric element

(i) One dimensional element:-

a. A bar and beam elements are considered as one dimensional element has two nodes,
one at each end as shown.

1 2
(ii) Two Dimensional element:-
Triangular and Rectangular elements are considered as 2D element. These elements
are loaded by forces in their own plane.

3 4 3

1 2

1 2

23
iii) Three dimensional element:-
The most common 3D elements are tetrahedral and lexahendral (Brick) elements. These
elements are used for three dimensional stress analysis problems.

iv) Axisymmetric element:-

The axisymmetric element is developed by relating a triangle or quadrilateral about a fixed
axis located in the plane of the element through 3600. When the geometry and loading of the
problems are axisymmetric these elements are used.

The stress-strain relationship is given by,

𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒
Where, 𝜎 = Stress in 𝑥 direction
D
𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity
Step 2:- Numbering of nodes and Elements:-
A
The nodes and elements should be numbered after discretization process. The numbering
process is most important since if decide the size of the stiffness matrix and it leads the reduction of
SC

memory requirement . While numbering the nodes, the following condition should be satisfied.
{Maximum number node} – {Minimum number node} = minimum

24
 D
Step 3:
A
Selection of a displacement function or a Interpolation function:-
It involves choosing a displacement function within each element. Polynomial of linear,
SC

quadratic and cubic form are frequently used as displacement Function because they are simple to
work within finite element formulation. 𝑑 𝑥 .

The polynomial type of interpolation functions are mostly used due to the following
reasons.
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
2. It is easy to perform differentiation or Intigration.
3. The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.

25
Step – 4:-
Define the material behavior by using strain – Displacemnt and stress. Strain
relationship:
Strain – displacement and stress – strain relationship and necessary for deriving the equatins
for each finite element.
In case of the dimensional deformation, the strain – displacement relationship is given by,
𝑑𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑑𝑥

Where, 𝑢 → displacement field variable 𝑥 direction 𝑒 → strain.

Step – 5
Deviation of equation is in matrix form as
𝑓1 𝑘11 , 𝑘12 , 𝑘13 … . . 𝑘1𝑛 𝑢1
𝑓2 𝑘21 , 𝑘22 , 𝑘23 … . . 𝑘2𝑛 𝑢2
𝑓3 𝑘31 , 𝑘32 , 𝑘33 … . . 𝑘3𝑛 𝑢3
. . .
. . .
. . .
𝑓4 𝑘𝑛1 , 𝑘42 , 𝑘43 … . . 𝑘4𝑛 𝑢𝑛
D
In compact matrix form as.
A
Where,
𝑒 is a element, {𝐹} is the vector of element modal forces, [𝑘] is the element stiffness
SC

matrix and the equation can be derived by any one of the following methods.
(i) Direct equilibrium method.
(ii) Variational method.
(iii) Weighted Residual method.
Step (6):-
Assemble the element equations to obtain the global or total equations.
The individual element equations obtained in step 𝑠 are added together by using a
method of super position i.e. direction stiffness method. The final assembled or global equation
which is in the form of
𝑓 = 𝑘 {𝑢}
Where, 𝐹 → Global Force Vector
𝐾 → Global Stiffness matrix
{𝑢} → Global displacement vector.
Step (7):-
Applying boundary conditions:

26
 The global stiffness matrix [𝑘] is a singular matrix because its determinant is equal
to zero. In order to remove the singularity problem certain boundary conditions are applied so that
the structure remains in place instead of moving as a rigid body.
Step (8):-
Solution for the unknown displacement formed in step (6) simultaneous algebraic
equations matrix form as follows.
Deviation of equation is in matrix form as
𝑓1 𝑘11 , 𝑘12 , 𝑘13 … . . 𝑘1𝑛 𝑢1
𝑓2 𝑘21 , 𝑘22 , 𝑘23 … . . 𝑘2𝑛 𝑢2
𝑓3 𝑘31 , 𝑘32 , 𝑘33 … . . 𝑘3𝑛 𝑢3
𝑓3 𝑘41 , 𝑘42 , 𝑘43 … . . 𝑘4𝑛 𝑢4
. . .
. . .
. . .

𝑓4 𝑘𝑛1 , 𝑘42 , 𝑘43 … . . 𝑘4𝑛 𝑢𝑛

These equation can be solved and unknown displacement {𝑢} calculated by using
Gauss elimination.
D
A
Step (9):-
Computation of the element strains and stresses from the modal displacements 𝒖 :
SC

In structural stress analysis problem. Stress and strain are important factors from the
solution of displacement vector {𝑢}, stress and strain value can be calculated. In case of 1D the
strain displacement can strain.
𝑑
𝑒=
𝑢
= 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
Where, 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 are displacement at model 1 and 2
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = Actual length of the element from that we can find the strain value,
By knowing the strain, stress value can be calculated by using the relation.
Stress 𝜎 = 𝐸𝑒
Where, 𝐸 → young’s modulus
𝑒 → strain

Step – 10
Interpret the result (Post processing)

27
Analysis and Evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post-processing. Post processor
computer programs help the user to interpret the results by displaying them in graphical form.

6) Explain in detail about Boundary value, Initial Value problems.

The objective of most analysis is to determine unknown functions called dependent

variables, that are governed by a set of differential equations posed in a given domain. Ω and some
conditions on the boundary Γ of the domain. Often, a domin not including its boundary is called an
open domain. A domain boundary is called an open domain. A domain Ω with its boundary Γ is
called a closed domain.
Boundary value problems:- Steady state heat transfer : In a fin and axial deformation of a bar
shown in fig. Find 𝑢(𝑥) that satisfies the second – order differential equation and boundary
conditions.
−𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓 for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑎 = 𝑞0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿
D
i) Bending of elastic beams under Transverse load : find 𝑢 𝑥 that satisfies the fourth order
A
differential equation and boundary conditions.
𝑑2 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑥 < −𝐿
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
SC

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , = 𝑑0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑 𝑑2𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑚0 . 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝓋0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 0

x=0 Ω = (o, L) x=L

x
Initial value problems:-
i) A general first order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the first-order differential equation and initial condition.
Equation and initial condition:-
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡

𝑢 0 = 𝑢0 .
ii) A general second order equation:-
Find 𝑢 𝑡 that satisfies the second – order differential equation and initial conditions:-

28
 𝑑𝑢 𝑑2𝑢
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐𝑢 = 𝐹 for 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 𝑢0 , 𝑏 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣0
𝑡=0

Eigen value problems:-

(i) Axial vibration of a bar:
Find 𝑢 𝑥 and 𝑙 that satisfy the differential equation and boundary conditions.
−𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜆𝑢 = 0 for 𝑜 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑜 = 0, 𝑎 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

(ii) Transverse vibration of a membrane:-

Find 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝜆 that satisfy the partial differential equation and
boundary condition.
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
− 𝑎1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜆𝑢 = 0 in Ω
𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 0 on Γq
D
The values of 𝜆 are called cigen values and the associated functions 𝑢 are called cigen functions.
A

b) A simple pendulum consists of a bob of mass 𝒎(𝒌𝒈)attached to one end of a rod of

SC

length 𝒍(𝒎) and the other end is pivoted to fixed point 𝟎.

Soln:-
𝑑
𝐹= 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚. 𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑄
−𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑙
𝑑𝑡 2
or
𝑑2 𝑄 𝑔
+ sin 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙

𝑑2 𝑄 𝑠
+ 𝑄=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙

𝑑𝑄
+ (𝑜) = 𝑈0.
𝑑𝑡

29
 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝜆𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜆 𝑡.

Where,
𝑠
𝜆= and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constant to be determined using the initial condition we
𝑙

obtain.
𝜈0
𝐴− , 𝐵 = 𝜃0
𝜆

the solution to be linear problem is

𝜈0
𝜃 𝑡 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∧ 𝑡 + 0. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜆𝑡
𝜆

for zero initial velocity and non zero initial position 𝜃0 , we have.
𝜃 𝑡 = 𝜃0 cos 𝜆𝑡.

7) A simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire span and
it is subject to a point load at the centre of the span. Calculate the bending moment
and deflection at imdspan by using Rayleish – Ritz method. (Nov/Dec 2008).
D
Given data:-
A
SC

To Find:

1. Deflection and Bending moment at mid span.

2. Compare with exact solutions.

Formula used

𝜋 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

Solution:

We know that,

πx 3πx
Deflection, y = a1 sin + a2 sin 1
l l
2

30
Total potential energy of the beam is given by,

π=U−H 2
2
Where, U – Strain Energy.

H – Work done by external force.

The strain energy, U of the beam due to bending is given by,

2
EI 1 d2y
U= 0 dx 2
dx 3
2
2
dy πx π 3πx 3π
= a1 cos × + a2 cos ×
dx l l l l

dy a 1 πx πx a 2 3πx 3πx
= cos + cos
dx l l l l

d2y a1 π πx π a 2 3π 3πx 3π
=− sin × − sin ×
dx 2 l l l l l l

d2y a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
D
=− sin − 9 sin 4
dx 2 l2 l l2 l

2
d2y
A
Substituting dx 2 value in equation (3),
SC

2
EI l a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
U= − sin − 9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l

2
EI l a1 π2 πx a2 π2 3πx
= sin +9 sin dx
2 0 l2 l l2 l

EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 2 a1 sin .9 a2 sin dx
2 l4 0 l l l l

2
[∴ a + b = a2 + b2 + 2ab]

EI π 4 l πx 3πx πx 3πx
U= a21 sin2 + 81a22 sin2 + 18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx 5
2 l4 0 l l l l
2
𝑙 2 πx l1 2πx 1−cos 2x
a
0 1
sin2 l dx = a21 0 2 1 − cos dx ∴ sin x = 2
l 2

1 l 2πx
= a21 2 0
1 − cos dx
l

a 21 𝑙 1 2πx
= 2 0
dx − 0
cos l dx

31
 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝑎 12 𝑙 sin
= 𝑥 0 − 2𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0

𝑎 12 1 2𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 2𝜋 𝑙

𝑎 12 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 2𝜋 2

𝑙
πx 𝑎12 𝑙
a21 sin2
dx = 6
0 l 2
2

Similarly,

𝑙 3πx 𝑙1 6πx 1−cos 2x

0
81 a22 sin2 dx = 81a22 02
1 − cos dx ∴ sin2 x =
l l 2

1 𝑙 6πx
= 81a22 2 0
1 − cos dx
l

81a 22 𝑙 𝑙 6πx
= dx − cos dx
2 0 0
D
l

6𝜋𝑥 𝑙
81𝑎 22 sin
A
𝑙
= 𝑥 0 − 6𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0
SC

81𝑎 22 1 6𝜋𝑙
= 𝑙−0− sin − sin 0
2 6𝜋 𝑙

81𝑎 22 1 𝑎 12 𝑙
= 𝑙− 0−0 = ∴ sin 6𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0
2 6𝜋 2

𝑙
3πx 81𝑎22 𝑙
81a22 sin 2
dx =
0 l 2 7
2
𝑙 πx 3πx 𝑙 πx 3πx
0
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l l l

𝑙 3πx πx
= 18 a1 a2 0
sin . sin dx
l l

𝑙1 2πx 4πx
= 18 a1 a2 02
cos − cos dx
l l

cos 𝐴−𝐵 −cos 𝐴+𝐵

∴ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2

18 a 1 a 2 𝑙 2πx 𝑙 4πx
= 0
cos l dx − 0
cos l dx
2

32
 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 4𝜋𝑥 𝑙
18 a 1 a 2 sin sin
= 2𝜋
𝑙
− 4𝜋
𝑙
2
𝑙 0 𝑙 0

= 9 a1 a 2 0 − 0 = 0 ∴ sin 2𝜋 = 0; sin 4𝜋 = 0; sin 0 = 0

𝑙
πx 3πx
18 a1 a2 sin . sin dx = 0
0 l l 8
2

Substitute (6), (7) and (8) in equation (5),

EI π 4 𝑎 12 𝑙 81𝑎 22 𝑙
U= + +0
2 l4 2 2

EI π 4 𝑙
U= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22
4 l4

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2
Strain Energy, U = 𝑎 + 81𝑎22 9
4𝑙 3 1
D
2

Work done by external forces,

A
𝑙
𝐻= 𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑊 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
SC

0 10

𝑙
2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜔 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎1 + 11
0 𝜋 3

𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑎1 sin + 𝑎2 sin
𝑙 𝑙

1
In the span, deflection is maximum at 𝑥 = 2

1 1
𝜋× 3𝜋×
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 sin 2
+ 𝑎2 sin 2
𝑙 𝑙

𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑎1 sin 2 + 𝑎2 sin ∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2 2

𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 12

Substitute (11) and (12) values in equation (8),

2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
H= 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
𝜋 3 13

33
Substituting U and H values in equation (2), we get

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + + 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 𝑎2
𝜋= 𝑎12 + 81𝑎22 − 𝑎1 + − 𝑊 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 ) 14
4𝑙 3 𝜋 3

For stationary value of 𝜋, the following conditions must be satisfied.

𝜕𝜋 𝜕𝜋
= 0and𝜕𝑎 = 0
𝜕𝑎 1 2

𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
= 2𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎 1 4𝑙 3 𝜋

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 − −𝑊 =0
2𝑙 3 𝜋

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎1 = +𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 15
𝑎1 = +𝑊
D
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋
A
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙 1
= 3
162𝑎2 − +𝑊 =0
𝜕𝑎2 4𝑙 𝜋 3
SC

Similarly,

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 − +𝑊 =0
4𝑙 3 𝜋

𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 2𝜔𝑙
162𝑎1 = −𝑊
2𝑙 3 𝜋

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑎2 = −𝑊 16
81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋

From equation (12), we know that,

Maximum deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2

2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑊 − 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 3𝜋

34
 4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3 4𝜔 𝑙 4 2𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 243𝐸𝐼𝜋 5 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4

𝜔 𝑙4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0207 17
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load, maximum deflection
5 𝜔 𝑙4
is, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 𝐸𝐼

Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum deflection is,

𝜔 𝑙3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝐸𝐼

5 𝜔 𝑙4 𝜔 𝑙3
So, total deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 384 +
𝐸𝐼 48𝐸𝐼

𝜔𝑙 4 𝑊𝑙 3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0130 + 0.0208 18
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

From equations (17) and (18), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by using
D
Rayleigh-Ritz method are same.
A
Bending Moment at Mid span
SC

We know that,

d2y
Bending moment, M = EI dx 2 19

From equation (9), we know that,

d2y 𝑎1 𝜋 2 𝜋𝑥 𝑎 2 9𝜋 2 3𝜋𝑥
= − sin + sin
dx 2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙

Substitute 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 values from equation (15) and (16),

d2y 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋𝑥

= − +𝑊 × sin + 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 −𝑊 × sin
dx 2 𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙 3𝜋 𝑙2 𝑙

𝑙
Maximum bending occurs at 𝑥 = 2

1 1
2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 𝜋×2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2 3𝜋 × 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 sin + − 𝑊 × 2 sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙 𝑙

35
 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 𝜋2 2𝑙 3 2𝜔𝑙 9𝜋 2
= − + 𝑊 × 2 (1) + − 𝑊 × 2 (−1)
𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 𝜋 𝑙 81𝐸𝐼𝜋 4 3𝜋 𝑙

𝜋 3𝜋
∴ sin 2 = 1; sin = −1
2

2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙 2𝑙 2𝜔𝑙
= − + 𝑊 − −𝑊
𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 𝜋 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 3𝜋

4𝜔𝑙 2 2𝑊𝑙 4𝜔 𝑙 2 2𝑊𝑙

=− + − +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2 27𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 9𝐸𝐼𝜋 2

3.8518 𝜔𝑙 2 2.222𝑊𝑙
=− +
𝐸𝐼𝜋 3 𝐸𝐼𝜋 2

d2 y 𝜔𝑙 2 𝑊𝑙
= − 0.124 + 0.225
dx 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

d2y
Substitute dx 2 value in bending moment equation,

d2y 𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
D
Mcentre = EI dx 2 = −𝐸𝐼 0.124 + 0.225
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Mcentre = − 0.124 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.225 𝑊𝑙

A
20

(∴Negative sign indicates downward deflection)

SC

We know that, simply supported beam subjected to uniformly distributed load,

maximum bending moment is,
𝜔 𝑙2
Mcentre = 8
Simply supported beam subjected to point load at centre, maximum bending moment
is,
𝑊𝑙
Mcentre = 4

𝜔 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙
Total bending moment, Mcentre = +
8 4

21
Mcentre = 0.125 𝜔𝑙 2 + 0.25 𝑊𝑙

From equation (20) and (21), we know that, exact solution and solution obtained by
using Rayleigh-Ritz method are almost same. In order to get accurate results, more terms in Fourier
series should be taken.

36
 UNIT – II ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

PART - A

1. What is truss?(May/June 2014)

A truss is an assemblage of bars with pin joints and a frame is an assemblage of beam elements. Truss
can able to transmit load and it can deform only along its length. Loads are acting only at the joints.

2. State the assumptions made in the case of truss element.

The following assumptions are made in the case of truss element,
1. All the members are pin jointed.
2. The truss is loaded only at the joints
3. The self weight of the members are neglected unless stated.
3. What is natural co-ordinate?(Nov/Dec 2014), (April/May 2011)
A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity, This system is useful inassembling of
stiffness matrices.
4. Define shape function. State its characteristics (May/June 2014), (Nov/Dec 2014), (Nov/Dec 2012)
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by the
following approximate relation:
u (x,y) = N1(x,y) u1+N2 (x,y) u2+ N3(x,y) u3
Where u,1 u2, u3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N1 N2 N3 are interpolation
D
function. N1 N2 N3 is called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry or shape
of the element.
The characteristics of the shape functions are follows:
A
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the
other nodes.
SC

2. The sum of the shape function is equal to one.

5. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?
Polynomials are generally used as shape functions due to the following reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the Polynomial.
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
6. Write the governing equation for 1D Transverse and longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end
and give the boundary conditions. (April/May 2015)
The governing equation for free vibration of abeam is given by,
𝜕4 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
𝐸𝐼 4 + 𝜌𝐴 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Where,
E – Young’s modulus of the material.
I – Moment of inertia
Ρ – Density of the material.
A – Cross sectional area of the section of beam.

The governing equation for 1D longitudinal vibration of the bar at one end is given by
d2 U
AE + ρAUω2 = 0
dx 2
Where,
U – axial deformation of the bar (m)
ρ – Density of the material of the bar (kg/m3)

37
 ω – Natural frequency of vibration of the bar
A – Area of cross section of the bar (m2)
7. Express the convections matrix for 1D bar element. (April/May 2015)
hPL 2 1
[ ]
6 1 2
Convection stiffness matrix for 1D bar element:

hPTaL 1
2 1
Convection force matrix for 1D bar element:
Where,
h- Convection heat transfer coefficient (w/m2k)
P – Perimeter of the element (m)
L – Length of the element (m)
Ta – Ambient temperature (k)
8. State the properties of a stiffness matrix.(April/May 2015), (Nov/Dec 2012)
The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are,
1. It is a symmetric matrix
2. The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.
3. It is an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero.
D
9. Show the transformation for mapping x-coordinate system into a natural coordinate system for
a linear bar element and a quadratic bar element.(Nov/Dec 2012)
For example consider mapping of a rectangular parent element into a quadrilateral element
A
SC

The shape functions of this element are

To get this mapping we define the coordinate of point P as,

10. Define dynamic analysis.(May/June 2014)

When the inertia effect due to the mass of the components is also considered in addition to the
externally applied load, then the analysis is called dynamic analysis.

38
11. What are the types of boundary conditions used in one dimensional heat transfer problems?

(i) Imposed temperature

(ii) Imposed heat flux

(iii) Convection through an end node.

12. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem?
(i) The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some
specified conditions known as boundary conditions.
(ii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it is
known as initial value problem.
(iii) If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then it is
known as boundary value problem.
PART -B

1. For the beam and loading shown in fig. calculate the nodal displacements.
Take [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , [I] = 6×10-6 m4 NOV / DEC 2013

6 KN 12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚

1m
D
2m
A
Given data

Young’s modulus [E] =210 GPa =210×109 𝑁 𝑚2

SC

Moment of inertia [I] = 6×10-6 m4

Length [L]1 = 1m
Length [L]2 = 1m
W=12 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 =12×103 𝑁 𝑚
F = 6KN
To find
 Deflection
Formula used
−𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹1 12 6𝑙 𝑢1
12 𝑀 𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃1
f(x) + 1 = 𝑢2
−𝑙 𝐹2 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀2 𝜃2
𝑙2 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 6 KN
12
M1,θ1
M1,θ1
Solution
1 2
For element 1

𝑣1, F1 𝑣2 ,F2

39
 −𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹1 12 6𝑙 𝑢1
12 𝑀1 𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃1
f(x) + = 𝑢2
−𝑙 𝐹2 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀2 𝜃2
𝑙2 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
12

Applying boundary conditions

F1=0N ; F2=-6KN=-6×103 N; f(x)=0
M1=M2=0; u1=0; θ1=0; u2≠0; θ2≠0
12 – 12 6
6 𝑢1
0
210×10 9 ×6×10 −6 6 4–6 2 𝜃1
103× 0 = 𝑢2
−6 13
– 12 – 6 12 – 6 𝜃2
0
6 2 –6 4

12 6 −12 6 0
=1.26×106 6 4 −6 2 0
−12 −6 12 −6 𝑢2 M3,θ3
M2,θ2 12 𝐾𝑁 𝑚
6 2 −6 4 0

For element 2 2 3
D
−𝑙
2 – 12 6𝑙
−𝑙 2 𝐹2 12 6𝑙 𝑢2 𝑣2, F2 𝑣3 ,F3
𝑀2 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2 𝜃2
A
12 𝐸𝐼
f(x) + = 𝑢3
−𝑙 𝐹3 𝑙3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
2 𝑀3 𝜃3
6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
SC

𝑙2
12

Applying boundary conditions

f(x) = -12 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 =12×103 𝑁 𝑚; F2=F3=0=M2=M;

u2≠0; θ2≠0; u3=θ3=0

−6 0 12 6 − 12 6 𝑢2
𝜃2
103 × −1 + 0 = 1.26×106× 6 4 −6 2
−6 0 −12 6 12 − 6 0
1 0 6 4 −6 4 0
−6 12 6 − 12 6 𝑢2
𝜃2
103 × −1 = 1.26×106× 6 4 −6 2
−6 −12 6 12 − 6 0
1 6 4 −6 4 0

40
Assembling global matrix

0 12 6 −12 −6 0 0 0
0 6 4 −6 2 0 0 0
3 −12 6 −12 −6 24 0 −12 6 𝑢2
10 × = 1.26×10 × 𝜃2
−1 6 2 0 8 −6 2
−6 0 0 −12 −6 12 −6 0
1 0 0 6 2 −6 4 0
Solving matrix
-12×103=1.26×106×24u2=0; u2=-3.96×10-4m
-1×103=1.26×106×8θ2=0; θ2=-9.92rad
Result
θ2=-9.92rad
u2=-3.96×10-4m

2. Determine the axial vibration of a steel bar shown in fig. Take [E] =2.1×105
𝑵 𝒎𝒎𝟐 , [ρ] = 7800 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 NOV/DEC 2014

1200mm2 900mm2

300mm 400mm
D
Given data
A1=1200mm2; A2=900mm2
A
l1 =300mm; l2=400mm
Young’s modulus [E] =2.1×105 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
SC

Density [ρ] = 7800 𝐾𝑔 𝑚3

=7.8×10-6 𝐾𝑔 𝑚𝑚3
To find
 Stiffness matrix
 Mass matrix
 Natural frequency
 Mode shape
Formula used
General equation for free vibration of bar 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {u}= 0
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙
–1 1
𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 6
1 2
𝜌𝐴𝐿 1 0
Lumped mass matrix [m] = 2
0 1
Mode shape 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 U1 = 0 ; Normalization 𝑈1𝑇 M U1 = 1

Solution
For element 1 u1 u2
1200mm2

300mm

41
 𝐴𝐸 1 –1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙 –1 1
𝐴1 𝐸1 1 –1 1200 ×2.1×10 5 1 −1
[k1] = ; =
𝑙1 –1 1 300 −1 1
1 –1 8.4 – 8.4
=8.4×105 ; =105
–1 1 – 8.4 8.4

𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = ;
6 1 2

𝜌𝐴1 𝐿1 2 1
[m1] = 6 1 2
1200 ×300×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468×
1 2
0.936 0.468
[m1] =
0.468 0.936

u2 900 mm2 u3
For element 2
1 –1
𝐴𝐸
D
Stiffness matrix [k] = 400mm
𝑙 –1 1
1 –1
A
𝐴2 𝐸2
[k2] = ;
𝑙2 –1 1
900×2.1×10 5 1 −1
SC

= 400 −1 1
5 1 −1
= 4.73×10
−1 1
4.73 – 4.73
[k2] = 105 ;
– 4.73 4.73
𝜌𝐴𝐿 2 1
Consistent mass matrix [m] = ;
6 1 2
𝜌𝐴2 𝐿2 2 1
[m2] = 6 1 2
900×400×7.8×10 −6 2 1
= 6 1 2
2 1
= 0.468
1 2
0.936 0.468
[m2] =
0.468 0.936
Assembling global matrix
8.4 −8.4 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 105 −8.4 13.13 −4.73
0 −4.73 4.73

0.936 0.468 0
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 0.468 1.87 0.468
0 0.468 0.936

42
General equation for free vibration of bar 𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {u} = 0
8.4 −8.4 0 0.936 0.468 0
105 −8.4 13.13 −4.73 - λ 0.468 1.87 0.468 =0
0 −4.73 4.73 0 0.468 0.936

13.13 −4.73 1.87 0.468

105 –λ =0
−4.73 4.73 0.468 0.936

13.13 × 105 − 1.87𝜆 −4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆 = 0

−4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆 4.73 × 105 − 0.936𝜆

[(13.13×105 -1.87λ)( 4.73 × 105 − 0.936𝜆) – (−4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)( −4.73 × 105 − 0.468𝜆)] =0

6.2×1011 – 1.23× 106 λ – 8.84×10 5 λ + 1.75×λ2 -2.24×1011 -2.21×105 λ -2.21×105 λ – 0.22 λ2 =0

1.53λ2 -2.55×105 λ+3.96×1011 =0
Solving above equation
𝜆1 = 1.49×106
𝜆2 = 1.73×105 = 0.173×106
To find mode shape
D
𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {𝑢} = 0 ;
𝜆1 = 0.173×106
A

𝑢2
SC

13.13 −4.73 1.87 0.468

105 – 0.173×106 𝑢3 = 0
−4.73 4.73 0.468 0.936

0.99 × 106 −0.55 × 106 𝑢2

−0.55 × 106 0.31 × 106 𝑢3 = 0

0.99×106 u2 – 0.55× 106 u3 =0

- 0.55×106 u2 + 0.31×106 u3 =0
u3 = 1.77u2
𝑘 − 𝑚𝜆 {𝑢} = 0
𝜆2 = 1.49×106

13.13 −4.73 1.87 0.468 𝑢2

105 – 1.49×106 𝑢3 = 0
−4.73 4.73 0.468 0.936

−1.48 × 106 −1.17 × 106 𝑢2

−1.17 × 106 −0.924 × 106 𝑢3 = 0

-1.482×106 u2 – 1.17× 106 u3 =0

- 1.17×106 u2 -0.924×106 u3 =0
𝑢3 =-1.26u2
Normalization 𝑈1𝑇 M U1 = 1
Normalization of 𝜆1
43
 1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2
0.46 0.936 1.77𝑢2 =1

𝑢2
𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 1.77𝑢2 = 1

2.7𝑢22 + 3.79𝑢22 =1
1
𝑢22 = 6.4 ; 𝑢2 = 0.392

𝑢3 =1.78𝑢2 ; 𝑢3 = 0.698

Normalization of 𝜆2

𝑈2𝑇 M U2 = 1

1.87 0.468 𝑢2
𝑢2 −1.26𝑢2
0.46 0.936 −1.26𝑢2 =1

𝑢2
1.28𝑢2 −0.707𝑢2
−1.256𝑢2 = 1

1.28𝑢22 + 0.88𝑢22 =1
D
𝑢22 = 0.46; 𝑢3 =-1.268𝑢2
A
𝑢3 = -0.84
SC

Result
Mode shape

1 2 3

u3=0.698
u2=0.392
u1=0
Mode 1

u2=0.678
u1=0
Mode 2

u3=-0.698

44
3. Consider the simply supported beam shown in fig. let the length L=1m,
E=2×1011𝑵 𝒎𝟐 , area of cross section A=30cm2, moment of inertia I=100mm4,
density[ρ] = 7800𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟑 . Determine the natural frequency using two types of
mass matrix. Lumped mass matrix and consistent mass matrix. APRIL / MAY 2011

Given data

Length = 1m
Young’s modulus E=2×1011 𝑁 𝑚2
Area A=30cm2 = 3×10-3 m2
Moment of inertia I=100mm4 = 100×10-12 m4
Density[ρ] = 7800 kg/m3=76518 𝑁 𝑚3
To find

 Lumped mass matrix

D
 Consistent mass matrix
 Natural frequency
A
Formula used
SC

General equation for free vibration of beam 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0

12 6𝑙 – 12 6𝑙
𝐸𝐼 6𝑙 4𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 2𝑙 2
Stiffness matrix[k] = 𝑙 3
– 12 – 6𝑙 12 – 6𝑙
6𝑙 2𝑙 2 – 6𝑙 4𝑙 2
156 22𝑙 54 −13𝑙
𝜌𝐴𝐿 22𝑙 4𝑙 2 13𝑙 −3𝑙 2
Consistent mass matrix [m] = 420
54 13𝑙 156 – 22𝑙
−13𝑙 −3𝑙 2 −22𝑙 4𝑙 2
1 0 0 0
𝜌𝐴𝑙 0 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m] = 2
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

Solution
For element 1

45
 12 6𝑙1 −12 6𝑙1
𝐸1 𝐼 6𝑙1 4𝑙12 −6𝑙1 2𝑙12
Stiffness matrix[k]1 =
𝑙 13 −12 −6𝑙1 12 −6𝑙1 θ1 θ2
6𝑙1 2𝑙12 −6𝑙1 4𝑙12
1 2
0.5 m

𝑣1 𝑣2
12 6 × 0.5 −12 6 × 0.5
=
2×10 11 ×100×−12 6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52
0.53 −12 −6 × 0.5 12 −6 × 0.5
6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

12 3 −12 3
[k]1 =160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1

1 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m]1 =
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
D
1 0 0 0
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 0 0 0 0
= 2 0 0 1 0
A
0 0 0 0
SC

57.38 0 0 0
[m]1 = 0 0 0 0
0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0

156 22𝑙1 54 −13𝑙1

𝜌𝐴 𝑙 1 22𝑙1 4𝑙12 13𝑙1 −3𝑙12
Consistent mass matrix [m]1 = 420 54 13𝑙1 156 −22𝑙1
−13𝑙1 −3𝑙12 −22𝑙1 4𝑙12

156 22 × 0.5 54 −13 × 0.5

=
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52
420 54 13 × 0.5 156 −22 × 0.5
−13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52 −22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

42.63 3 14.74 −1.77

[m]1 = 3 0.27 1.77 −0.20
14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
−1.77 −0.20 −3 0.27

46
For element 2
12 6𝑙2 −12 6𝑙2 θ2 θ3
𝐸𝐼 6𝑙2 4𝑙22 −6𝑙2 2𝑙22
Stiffness matrix[k]2 = 𝑙 3
2 −12 −6𝑙2 12 −6𝑙2 2 3
6𝑙2 2𝑙22 −6𝑙2 4𝑙22 0.5 m

𝑣2 𝑣3

12 6 × 0.5 −12 6 × 0.5

=
2×10 11 ×100×−12 6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52
0.53 −12 −6 × 0.5 12 −6 × 0.5
6 × 0.5 2 × 0.52 −6 × 0.5 4 × 0.52

12 3 −12 3
[k]2 = 160× 3 1 −3 0.5
−12 −3 12 −3
3 0.5 −3 1

1 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m]2 =
𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
D
1 00 0
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 0 00 0
= 2 0 01 0
A
0 00 0
57.38 0 0 0
= 0 0 0 0
SC

[m]2
0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0

156 22𝑙2 54 −13𝑙2

𝜌𝐴 𝑙 2 22𝑙2 4𝑙22 13𝑙2 −3𝑙22
Consistent mass matrix [m]2 = 420 54 13𝑙2 156 −22𝑙2
−13𝑙2 −3𝑙22 −22𝑙2 4𝑙22

156 22 × 0.5 54 −13 × 0.5

=
76518 ×3×10 −3 ×0.5 22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52 13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52
420 54 13 × 0.5 156 −22 × 0.5
−13 × 0.5 −3 × 0.52 −22 × 0.5 4 × 0.52
42.63 3 14.74 −1.77
[m]2 = 3 0.27 1.77 −0.20
14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
−1.77 −0.20 −3 0.27
Global matrix

47
 12 3 −12 3 0 0
3 1 −3 0.5 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3
Stiffness matrix [k] =160×
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1

57.38 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 114.77 0 0 0
Lumped mass matrix [m]=
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 57.38 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0

3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0
14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77
Consistent mass matrix[m]=
−1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2
0 0 14.74 1.77 42.63 −3
0 0 −1.77 −0.2 −3 0.27
Frequency for lumped mass matrix
𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0
D
12 3 −12 3 0 0 57.38 0 0 0 0 0 𝑣1
3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝜃1
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 0 0 114.77 0 0 0 𝑣2
A
2
160 × −𝜔 𝜃2 =0
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 0 0 57.38 0 𝑣3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝜃3
SC

Applying boundary conditions

𝑣1 =0=𝜃1 ; 𝑣2 ≠0; 𝜃2 ≠0 𝑣3 =0=𝜃3 ;
12 3 −12 3 0 0 57.38 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 2 0 0 114.77 0 0 0 𝑣2
160 × −𝜔 𝜃2 =0
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 0 0 57.38 0 0
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 0 114.7 0 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2 𝜃2 = 0
0 2 0 0

3840 − 𝜔2 × 114.7 0−0

=0
0−0 320 − 0

{(3840 − 𝜔2 × 114.7) × ( 320 − 0)-0-0} =0

1228800-36704𝜔2 = 0

𝜔2 = 33.47
𝜔 = 5.78 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

Frequency for consistent mass matrix

48
 𝑘 − 𝜔2 𝑚 {u} = 0

12 3 −12 3 0 0 42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0 𝑣1

3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0 𝜃1
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 −1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2 𝜃2 =0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 14.74 1.77 42.63 −3 𝑣3
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 −1.77 −0.2 −3 0.27 𝜃3

Applying boundary conditions

𝑣1 =0=𝜃1 ; 𝑣2 ≠0; 𝜃2 ≠0 𝑣3 =0=𝜃3 ;

12 3 −12 3 0 0 42.63 3 14.74 −1.77 0 0 0

3 1 −3 0.5 0 0 3 0.27 1.77 −0.2 0 0 0
−12 −3 24 0 −12 3 2 14.74 1.77 85.26 0 14.74 −1.77 𝑣2
160 × −𝜔
3 0.5 0 2 −3 0.5 −1.77 −0.2 0 0.5 1.77 −0.2 𝜃2 =0
0 0 −12 −3 12 −3 0 0 14.74 1.77 42.63 −3 0
0 0 3 0.5 −3 1 0 0 −1.77 −0.2 −3 0.27 0

24 0 85.26 0 𝑣2
160 × − 𝜔2
𝜃2 =0
0 2 0 0.5

3840 − 85.26ω2 0−0

=0
0−0 320 − 0.5ω2
D
(3840 − 85.26𝜔2 ) 320 − 0.5𝜔2 = 0
1.23×106-1920𝜔2 -27283.2𝜔2 +42.63𝜔4 =0
A
Take λ = 𝜔2
SC

−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
42.63 λ2 -29203.3 λ+1.23×106 =0 ax2 +bx+c=0; x = 2𝑎

29203 .3 ± 29203 .32 −4×42.63×1.23×10 6

𝜆= 2×42.63

29203 .3 ±25359 .28

= 85.26

29203 .3+25359 .28 29203 .3−25359 .28

𝜆1 = ; 𝜆2 =
85.26 85.26

𝜆1 =639.95; 𝜆2 =45.08

λ = 𝜔2

𝜔1 = λ1 ; 𝜔 2 = λ2

𝜔1 = 639.95 𝜔2 = 45.08

𝜔1 = 25.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 𝜔2 = 6.7 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠

49
4. For a tapered plate of uniform thickness t = 10mm as shown in fig. find the
displacements at the nodes by forming in to two element model. The bar has mass
density ρ = 7800𝑲𝒈 𝒎𝟑 Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑴𝑵 𝒎𝟐 . In addition to self
weight the plate is subjected to a point load p = 10KN at its centre. Also
determine the reaction force at the support. Nov/Dec 2006
80mm

150m
P m
300m
m

40m
Given data
Mass density ρ = 7800𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 m
= 7800 × 9.81=76518 𝑁 𝑚3
= 7.65 × 10-5 𝑁 𝑚𝑚3
Young’s modulus E = 2×105𝑀𝑁 𝑚2 ;
= 2×105 × 106 𝑁 𝑚2
= 2×105 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
D
Point load P = 10 KN
A
To find
 Displacement at each node
SC

 Reaction force at the support

Formula used
{F} =[K] {u}
𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
Stiffness matrix [k] = 𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2
𝜌𝐴𝑙 1
Force vector 𝐹 = 2 1
𝐹1 𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2

{R} =[K] {u} -{F}

Solution
The given taper bar is considered as stepped bar as shown in fig.
W1=80mm W1=80mm

150m 150mm
P m 2
300m 1
m 10KN
150mm
3
W3=40 50
mm
 W1 = 80mm
𝑊1 +𝑊3 80+40
W2 = = = 60 mm
2 2

W3 = 40mm

Area at node 1 A1 = Width × thickness

=W1 × t1

= 80 × 10 = 800mm2

Area at node 2; A2 = Width × thickness

=W2 × t2 = 60 × 10 =600mm2

Area at node 1 A1 = Width × thickness

= W3 × t3 = 40 × 10 =400mm2

Average area of element 1

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 +𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 800+600
Ā1 = = = = 700mm2
2 2 2
D
Average area of element 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 2 +𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 3 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 600+400
A
Ā2 = = = = 500mm2
2 2 2

For element 1
SC

u1,F1
Ā1 𝐸1 1 – 1 𝑢1
Stiffness matrix [k]1 = 𝑙1 –1 1 𝑢2
150mm
700 ×2×10 5 1 −1 𝑢1
= 150 −1 1 𝑢2
u2,F2
4.67 5 −4.67 𝑢1
= 2× 10
−4.67 4.67 𝑢2 10KN
𝜌 Ā1 𝑙 1 1
Force vector 𝐹 1 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×700×150 1 4.017
= =
2 1 4.017
u2,F2
For element 2

Ā2 𝐸2 1 – 1 𝑢2 150mm
Stiffness matrix [k]2 = 10KN
𝑙2 –1 1 𝑢3

500 ×2×10 5 1 −1 𝑢2 u3,F3

= 150 −1 1 𝑢3
3.33 −3.33 𝑢2
= 2× 105
−3.33 3.33 𝑢3

51
 𝜌 Ā2 𝑙 2 1
Force vector 𝐹 2 = 2 1
7.65×10 −5 ×500×150 1 2.869
= =
2 1 2.869
Global matrix

4.66 −4.66 0
Stiffness matrix [k] = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33
0 −3.33 3.33
4.017
Force vector 𝐹 = 6.88
2.87
Finite element equation

{F} =[K] {u}

𝐹1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2
𝐹3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3

Applying boundary conditions

D
𝑢1 = 0; 𝑢2 ≠ 0; 𝑢3 ≠ 0; 𝐹2 = 10 × 103 N

𝐹1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1
A
𝐹2 = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2
𝐹3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3
SC

4.017 4.66 −4.66 0 0

6.88 + 10 × 10 3
= 2×10 5
× −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2
2.87 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3

10006.88 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2

= 2×105
2.86 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3
2×105 (7.99𝑢2 − 3.33𝑢3 ) = 10006.88

2×105 (-3.33𝑢2 + 3.33𝑢3 ) = 2.86

Solving above equation

2×105 (4.66 𝑢2 ) = 10009.74

𝑢2 = 0.01074 mm

2×105 (-3.33×0.01074+3.33𝑢3 ) = 2.86

666000𝑢3 = 2.86 + 7152.88

𝑢3 = 0.01074

52
Reaction force

{R} =[K] {u} -{F}

𝑅1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1 𝐹1
𝑅2 = 2×105 × −4.66 7.99 −3.33 𝑢2 - 𝐹2
𝑅3 0 −3.33 3.33 𝑢3 𝐹3

𝑅1 4.66 −4.66 0 𝑢1 4.017

𝑅2 = 2×10 × −4.66
5
7.99 −3.33 0.01074 - 10006.88
𝑅3 0 −3.33 3.33 0.01074 2.87
0 − 0.05 + 0 4.017
=2×105 0 + 0.086 − 0.036 - 10006.88
0 − 0.036 + 0.036 2.87
−0.05 4.017
= 2×105 0.05 - 10006.88
0 2.87
−10000 4.017
= 10000 - 10006.88
0 2.87
D
−10004.017
= −6.88
A
−2.86
Result
SC

𝑅1 −10004.017
𝑅2 = −6.88
𝑅3 −2.86
5. A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/mk. The wall is to
be insulated with a material of thickness 0.06m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/mk. The inner surface temperature in 1000OC and outside
of the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 30oc with heat transfer co-
efficient of 35 W/m2k. Calculate the nodal temperature. NOV/DEC 2014

Given Data:-

Thickness of the wall, l1 = 0.6m

Conduction Conduction Convection
Thermal conductivity of the wall K1= 1.2W/mk
h
Thickness of the insulation l2 = 0.06m
T1 T2 T3
Thermal Conductivity of the wall K2 = 0.3W/mk

Inner surface temperature T1= 1000oC+273 𝑇∞

Wall Insulation
= 1273 K
𝑙1 𝑙2

53
 Atmospheric air temperature T2 = 30 +273

= 303 K

Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side h = 35W/m2k

To find

Nodal temperature T2 and T3

Formula used

1D Heat conduction
𝐹1 𝐴𝑘 1 – 1 𝑇1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑇2
1D Heat conduction with free end convection
𝐴𝑘 1 –1 0 0
[K]= + hA
𝑙 –1 1 0 1

Solution
Conduction
For element 1
T1 T2
D
f1 k1 A1 1 −1 T1
=
f2 l1 −1 1 T2
A
For unit area: A1 = 1m2
1.2 1 −1 T1
= 0.6
SC

−1 1 T2
f1 2 −2 T1 L1
=
f2 −2 2 T2

For element (2)

A2 K 2 1 −1 0 0 T2 0
+ hA = h T2 A
l2 −1 1 0 1 T3 1 Conduction Convection
1 X 0.3 1 −1 0 0 T2 0
+ 35 × 1 =35×303×1× T2 T3 h T∞
0.06 −1 1 0 1 T3 1

5 −5 0 0 T1 0
+ =
−5 5 0 35 T2 10.605 × 103 L2
5 −5 T1 0
=
−5 5 T2 10.605 × 103

Assembling finite element equation

f1 2 −2 0 T1
f2 = −2 7 −5 T2
f3 0 −5 40 T3

Applying boundary conditions

f1 = 0

54
f2 = 0
f3 = 10.605 x 103
2 −2 0 T1 0
−2 7 −5 T2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103

Step (1)
The first row and first column of the stiffness matrix K have been set equal to 0
except for the main diagonal.

1 0 0 T1 0
T
0 7 −5 2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103

Step – II
The first row of the force matrix is replaced by the known temperature at node 1

1 0 0 T1 1273
0 7 −5 T2 = 0
0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103
Step – III
D
The second row first column of stiffness K value is multiplied by known
temperature at node 1 -2 × 1273 = -2546. This value positive digit 2546 has been
A
added to the second row of the force matrix.
1 0 0 T1 1273
0 7 −5 T2 = 2546
SC

0 −5 40 T3 10.605 × 103
⟹ 7 T2 − 5 T3 = 2546
−5 T2 + 40 T3 = 10.605 × 103
Solving above Eqn ×8 56 T2 − 40T3 = 20.368 × 103
5 T2 − 40T3 = 10.605 × 103

51 T2 = 30973
T2 = 607.31 K

7 × 607.31 -5 T3 = 2546
4251.19 - 5 T3 = 2546
-−5 T3 = −1705
T3 = 341.03 K
Result
Nodal Temp T1 = 1273 K
T2 = 607.31K
T3 = 341.03 K
55
7. Derivation of the displacement function u and shape function N for one dimensional
linear bar element. OR

Derive the shape function, stiffness matrix and load vector for one dimensional bar
element. May / June 2013

Consider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.

1 2
𝑢1 𝑢2

Fig Two node bar element

Since the element has got two degrees of freedom, it will have two generalized co-ordinates.
D
𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
Where, 𝑎0 and 𝑎1 are global or generalized co – ordinates.
A
Writing the equation in matrix form,
𝑎0
𝑢 = 1𝑥 𝑎
1
SC

At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑥 = 0
At node 1, 𝑢 = 𝑢2 , 𝑥 = 1
Substitute the above values ion equation,
𝑢1 = 𝑎0
𝑢2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙
Arranging the equation in matrix form,

𝑢1 1 0 𝑎0
𝑢2 = 1 𝑙 𝑎1

𝑢∗ 𝐶 𝐴
∗
Where, 𝑢 ⟶ Degree of freedom.
𝐶 ⟶ Connectivity matrix.
𝐴 ⟶ Generalized or global co-ordinates matrix.
𝑎0 1 0 −1 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑢2
1 𝑙

1 1 −0 𝑢1
= 𝑢2
𝑙−0 −1 1
𝑎11 𝑎12 −1 1 𝑎22 −𝑎12
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑎 𝑎22 = × −𝑎 𝑎11
21 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 21

56
 𝑎0 1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑎1 = 𝑙 −1 1 𝑢2
𝑎0
Substitute 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑙 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑙 0 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1 𝑥 𝑢2
−1 1
1 𝑢1
= 𝑙 1−𝑥 0+𝑥 𝑢
2
∵ 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 × 2 2 × 2 = 1 × 2
1− 𝑥 𝑥 𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑢2
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑢
2
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where, Shape function, 𝑁1 = ; 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
𝑙 𝑙
Stiffness matrix for one dimensional linear bar element
Consider a bar with element with nodes 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 𝜐1 and 𝜐2 are the
displacement at the respective nodes. 𝜐1 And 𝜐2 is degree of freedom of this bar element.
𝓍
D
1 2
A
𝑢1 𝑢2
SC

T
Stiffness matrix, 𝐾 = 𝑣
B 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑣
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Shape function, 𝑁1 = ; 𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑁2 =
𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑁1 𝑑𝑁2
Strain displacement matrix,[B] = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
= 𝑙 𝑙
−1
𝑙
[B]T= 1
𝑙
One dimensional problem [D] = [E] = young’s modulus
−1
𝒍 𝑙 −1 1
[K] = 𝟎 1 ×𝐸× 𝑙 𝑙
𝑑𝑣
𝑙

57
 1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × 𝑑𝑣 [dv = A×dx
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 0 −1 1 × 𝐸 × A × dx
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1 1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙
= AE −1 1 × 0
𝑑𝑥 = AE −1 1 𝑥 0
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2
= AE −1 1 (𝑙 − 0)
𝑙2 𝑙2

1 −1
𝑙2 𝑙2
= AE 𝑙 −1 1
𝑙2 𝑙2

𝐴𝐸𝑙 1 −1
= 𝑙2
−1 1
D
𝐴𝐸 1 –1
[K] = 𝑙 –1 1
A
Finite element equation for finite element analysis
SC

{F} =[K] {u}

𝐹1 𝐴𝐸 1 – 1 𝑢1
=
𝐹2 𝑙 –1 1 𝑢2

Load vector [F]

Consider a vertically hanging bar of length𝑙, uniform cross section A, density ρ and young’s
modulus E. this bar is subjected to self weight Xb
The element nodal force vector
𝑇
𝐹 𝑒 = 𝑁 Xb
Self weight due to loading force Xb = ρAdx
x
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥
Where; 𝑁1 = ; 𝑁2 = ;
𝑙 𝑙
𝑙− 𝑥 𝑥 xb
[N] = 𝑙 𝑙

58
 𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙
[N]T = 𝑥
𝑙
Substitute Xb and [N]T values

𝑙− 𝑥 𝑙− 𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
𝐹 𝑒 = 0 𝑥 ρA dx = ρA 0 𝑥 dx
𝑙 𝑙

𝑙
𝑥2 𝑙2 𝑙
𝑥− 𝑙− 𝑙−
2𝑙 2𝑙 2
= ρA 𝑥2
= ρA 𝑙2
= ρA 𝑙
2𝑙 0 2𝑙 2

𝑙
2
= ρA 𝑙
2

𝜌𝐴𝑙 1
Force vector {F} = 2 1

7. DERIVATION OF SHAPE FUNCTION AN STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ONE-

DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT: May / June 2012
D
Consider a quadratic bar element with nodes 1,2 and 3 as shown in
Fig.(i), 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are the displacement at the respective nodes. So, 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 are
A
considered as degree of freedom of this quadratic bar element.

𝓍
SC

𝜐1 1 2 𝜐2
3 𝜐3

𝑙
2

Fig. (i). Quadratic bar element

Since the element has got three nodal displacements, it will have three generalized
coordinates.

u = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2

Where, 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 are global or generalized coordinates. Writing the equation is matrix
form,

59
 𝑎0
𝑈 = 1𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑎1
𝑎2

At node 1, u = u1 , 𝑥 = 0

At node 2, u = u2 , 𝑥 = 1
1
At node 3, u = u3 , 𝑥 = 2

Substitute the above values in equation.

u1 = 𝑎0

u2 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2

𝑙 𝑙 2
u3 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
2 2

Substitute the equation we get

u2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2

𝑎1 𝑙 𝑎2 𝑙2
u3 = 𝑢1 + +
D
2 4

u2 − u1 = 𝑎1 𝑙 + 𝑎2 𝑙 2
A
𝑎1 𝑙 𝑎2 𝑙2
u3 − 𝑢1 = +
2 4
SC

Arranging the equation in matrix form,

u2 − u1 𝑙 𝑙2 a1
= 𝑙 𝑙2
u3 − 𝑢1 a2
2 4

−1
a1 𝑙 𝑙2 u2 − u1
⇒ a2 = 𝑙 𝑙2
u3 − 𝑢1
2 4

𝑙2
1 −𝑙 2 u2 − u1
4
= 𝑙3 𝑙3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4
−
2 𝑙
2

𝑎11 𝑎12 −1 1 𝑎22 −𝑎12

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∵ 𝑎 𝑎22 = X −𝑎 𝑎11
21 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 21

𝑙2
a1 1 −𝑙 2 u2 − u1
4
⇒ a2 = −𝑙 3 −𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
4 𝑙
2

−4 𝑙2
⇒ 𝑎1 = u2 − u1 −𝑙 2 u3 − 𝑢1
𝑙3 4

60
 −4 −𝑙
⇒ 𝑎2 = u2 − u1 + 𝑙 u3 − 𝑢1
𝑙3 2

−4 𝑙2 𝑢2 𝑙2 𝑢1
Equation 𝑎1 = − −𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1
𝑙3 4 4

−4𝑙 2 𝑢 2 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1 4𝑙 2 𝑢 3 4𝑙 2 𝑢 1
= + + −
4𝑙 3 4𝑙 3 𝑙3 𝑙3

− 𝑢2 𝑢1 4 𝑢3 4 𝑢1
= + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

−3 𝑢 1 𝑢2 4 𝑢3
𝑎1 = − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

Equation

−4 −𝑙𝑢 2 𝑙
𝑎2 = − 2 𝑢1 + 𝑙𝑢3 − 𝑙𝑢1
𝑙3 2

4𝑙 𝑢 2 4𝑙 4𝑙 4𝑙
= + 2 𝑙 3 𝑢1 − 𝑢3 + 𝑢1
2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙3

2𝑢 2 2 4 4
= − 𝑙 2 𝑢1 − 𝑙 2 𝑢3 + 𝑙 2 𝑢1
𝑙2

2 2𝑢 2 4
𝑎2 = 𝑙 2 𝑢1 + − 𝑙 2 𝑢3
𝑙2
D
Arranging the equation in matrix form,

𝑎0 1 0 0 𝑢1
A
−3 −1 4
𝑎1 = 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑢2
𝑎2 2 2 −4 𝑢3
SC

𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2

Substitution the equation

1 0 0 𝑢1
−3 −1 4
𝑢 = 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑢2
2 2 −4 𝑢3
𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙2
𝑢1
3 2 𝑥2 −𝑥 2 𝑥2 4𝑥 4 𝑥2
𝑢 = 1− 𝑙 𝑥+ + − 𝑢2
𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑢3
𝑢1
𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑢2
𝑢3

𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 + 𝑁3 𝑢3

Where, shape function,

3𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁1 = 1 − +
𝑙 𝑙2

−𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁2 = +
𝑙 𝑙2

4𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑁3 = −
𝑙 𝑙2

61
 STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT:

𝜐1 1 1 2 𝜐1 2 23 𝜐2
𝑙
2

Fig. A bar element with three nodes

Consider a one dimensional quadratic bar element with nodes 1,2, and 3 as shown in Fig. 2.
Let 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 be the nodal displacement parameters or otherwise known as degree of
freedom.

We know that,

𝑇
Stiffness matrix, 𝑘 = 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
D
In one dimensional quadratic bar element,
A
Displacement function, 𝑢 = 𝑁1 𝑢1 + 𝑁2 𝑢2 + 𝑁3 𝑢3

2𝑥 2
SC

3𝑥
Where, 𝑁1 = 1 − +
𝑙 𝑙2

−𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑁2 = +
𝑙 𝑙2

4𝑥 4𝑥 2
𝑁3 = −
𝑙 𝑙2

We know that,
𝑑 𝑁1 𝑑 𝑁2 𝑑 𝑁3
Strain – Displacement matrix, 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑁1 −3 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

𝑑 𝑁2 −1 4𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

𝑑 𝑁3 4 8𝑥
⟹ = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑙 𝑙2

Substitute the equation

−3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
𝐵 = + + −
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2

62
 −3 4𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑇 −1 4𝑥
𝐵 = +
𝑙 𝑙2
4 8𝑥
+
𝑙 𝑙2

In one dimensional problems,

𝐷 = 𝐸 = 𝐸 = 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑇
Substitute 𝐵 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 values in stiffness matrix equation 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑙 .

−3 4𝑥
+ 2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
−1 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
⟹= + 2 + 2 + 2 − × E 𝑑𝑣
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙2
0
4 8𝑥
−
𝑙 𝑙2

−3 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 −3 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
+ + + + + −
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑙 −3 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴 + + + + + − 𝑑𝑥
D
0 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
−3 4𝑥 4 8𝑥 −1 4𝑥 4 8𝑥 4 8𝑥 4 8𝑥
+ − + − − −
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
A
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
SC

9 12𝑥 12𝑥 16𝑥 2 3 12𝑥 4𝑥 16𝑥 2 −12 24𝑥 16𝑥 32𝑥 2

2
− − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙 2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4
𝑙 3 12𝑥 4𝑥 16𝑥 2 1 4𝑥 4𝑥 16𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 16𝑥 32𝑥 2
0
− − + − − + + + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4
−12 24𝑥 16𝑥 32𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 16𝑥 32𝑥 2 16 32𝑥 32𝑥 64𝑥 2
+ + − + + − − − +
𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 𝑙2 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4

9𝑥 12𝑥 2 12𝑥 2 16𝑥 3 3𝑥 12𝑥 2 4𝑥 2 16𝑥 3 −12 24𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 3

− − + − − 3+ + + −
𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2𝑙 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4
2 2
3𝑥 12𝑥 4𝑥 16𝑥 3 𝑥 4𝑥 2
4𝑥 2
16𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 2
16𝑥 2
32𝑥 2
= 𝐸𝐴 − − + − − + + + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4
−12 24𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 2 −4 8𝑥 2 16𝑥 2 32𝑥 2 16 32𝑥 2 32𝑥 64𝑥 2
+ + − + 3+ − − − 3+
𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2𝑙 2 𝑙3 3 𝑙4 𝑙2 2 𝑙3 2𝑙 3 𝑙4

9 6 6 16 3 6 2 16 −12 12 8 32
− − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
3 6 2 16 1 2 4 16 −4 4 8 32
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴 − − + − − + + + −
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙
−12 12 8 32 −4 4 8 32 16 16 16 64
+ + − + + − − − +
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 3𝑙

63
 7 1 −8
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
1 7 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 𝐸𝐴
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙
−8 −8 16
3𝑙 3𝑙 3𝑙

𝐸𝐴 7 1 −8
⟹ 𝑘 = 1 7 −8
3𝑙
−8 −8 16
LOAD VECTOR FOR ONE DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC BAR ELEMENT:

`We know that, general force vector is,

𝑙 𝑇
𝐹 = 0
𝑁 Xb

3𝑥 2𝑥 2
1− +
𝑁1 𝑙 𝑙2
𝑇 −𝑥 2𝑥 2
Where, 𝑁 = 𝑁2 = +
𝑙 𝑙2
𝑁3 4𝑥 4𝑥 2
−
𝑙 𝑙2

Due to self weight, Xb = ρ A 𝑑𝑥

D
Substitute the equation,
A
3𝑥 2𝑥 2
1− +
𝑙 𝑙2
SC

𝑙 −𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝐹 = 0
+ ρ A 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙2
4𝑥 4𝑥 2
−
𝑙 𝑙2

1
3𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
𝑥− +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
−𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
𝐹 =ρA +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
4𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2 0

3𝑙 2 2𝑙 3
1− +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
−𝑙 2 2 𝑙3
= ρA +
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
4 𝑙2 4𝑙 3
−
2𝑙 3 𝑙2
3𝑙 2𝑙
𝑙− +
2 3
−𝑙 2𝑙
=ρA +
2 3
4𝑙 4𝑙
−
2 3

64
 0.166 𝑙
=ρA 0.166 𝑙
0.166 𝑙
0.166
= ρ A 𝑙 0.166
0.166
1
6
1
𝐹 =ρA𝑙
6
2
3
1
𝐹1 6
1
𝐹2 = ρ A 𝑙
𝐹3 6
2
3
D
A
SC

65
 UNIT-III TWO DIMENSIONAL SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS

PART- A

1. Differentiate CST and LST elements. (Nov/Dec 2014)

Three nodded triangular element is known as constant strain triangular element. It has 6unknown degrees
of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3. The element is called CST because it has constant strain throughout
it.
Six nodded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangular element. It has 12unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. The displacement function for the element are quadratic instead of linear
as in the CST.
2. What do you mean by the terms: C0, C1 and Cn continuity?

C0 – Governing differential equation is quasiharmonic, ø has to be continuous.

C1 – Governing differential equation is biharmonic, øas well as derivative has to be continuous inside
and between the elements.

Cn – Governing differential equations is polynomial.

3. How do we specify two dimensional elements? (May/June 2014)

Two dimensional elements are defined by three or more nodes in two dimensional plane (i.e x and y
D
plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is a triangular element.
4. What is QST element?(May/June 2014)
A
Ten noded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain element (QST).
SC

5. Write the governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer.

The governing differential equation for two dimensional heat transfer is given by,

6. Write the governing differential equation for shaft with non-circular cross-section subjected to
torsion.

The governing differential equation is given by,

66
 1 𝑑2 ∅ 1 𝑑2 ∅
+ + 2𝜃 = 0
𝐺 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐺 𝑑𝑦 2
Where,

Ø – Field variable

 - Angle of twist per unit length (rad/m)

G – Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus (N/m2)

7. What is geometric isotropy?(May/June 2013)

An additional consideration in the selection of polynomial shape function for the displacement
model is that the pattern should be independent of the orientation of the local coordinate system. This
property is known as Geometric Isotropy, Spatial Isotropy or Geometric Invariance.

8.Write the strain displacement matrix of CST element.(Nov/Dec 2012),(April/May 2011)

𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0 𝑞 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑞 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑞3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
1
[B]= 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3 𝑟1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑟2 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 1 𝑟3 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
2𝐴
𝑟1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 1 3 2 2 1 3

𝑝1 = 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 𝑝2 = 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 𝑝3 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1
D
9. Why higher order elements are preferred?
Higher order elements are preferred to,
(i) Represent the curved boundaries
A
(ii) Reduce the number of elements when compared with straight edge elements to model geometry.
SC

10. Evaluate the following area integrals for the three noded triangular element
𝛼 ! 𝛽! 𝛾!
𝑋 2𝐴 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴. (May/June 2013), (Nov/Dec 2012)
𝛼+ 𝛽+ 𝛾+2
We know that,
𝛽 𝛾 1! 2! 3!
𝐿𝛼𝑖 𝐿2 𝐿𝑘 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑋 2𝐴
(1+ 2+ 3+2)!
Here, α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3

1𝑋2𝑋1𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1 1! 2! 3!
𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑋 2𝐴 = 𝑋 2𝐴
(8𝑋7𝑋6𝑋5𝑋4𝑋3𝑋2𝑋1) (8)!

𝐴
=1680 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑗2 𝑁𝑘3 𝑑𝐴

11. Write the strain displacement relation for CST element.

𝑢1
𝑒𝑋 𝑣1
1 𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0 𝑢2
𝑒𝑌 = 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3
𝛾𝑥𝑦 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑣2
1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3 𝑢3
𝑣3

67
12. List out the two theories for calculating the shear stress in a solid non circular shaft subjected to
torsion.
The two theories which helps in evaluating the shear stresses in a solid non circular shaft is proposed
by,
(i) St. Venant called as St.Venant theory
(ii) Prandtl called as Prandtl’s theory.

13. Write down the shape functions associated with three noded linear triangular element (April/May
2015)
1 1 1
𝑁1 = 2𝐴
𝑝1 + 𝑞1 𝑥 + 𝑟1 𝑦 ; 𝑁2 = 2𝐴
𝑝2 + 𝑞2 𝑥 + 𝑟2 𝑦 ; 𝑁3 = 2𝐴
𝑝3 + 𝑞3 𝑥 + 𝑟3 𝑦 ;

PART - B

1. For a four Noded rectangular element shown in fig. determine the temperature at the
point (7, 4). The nodal values of temperature are T1=420C, T2=540C, T3= 560C, & T4=
460C. Also determine 3 points on the 500C contour line.

Given:

ϕi= 420C m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C

ϕj= 540C
D
ϕk=560C
A
ϕm=460C
i (5,3) 460C j(8,3) 540C
2b=3 2a=2
SC

b=3/2 a=1

To find:

1. Temperature at point (2,1),ϕ

2. Three points on 500C.

Formula used:

 s  t   s  t 
Ni= 1  1    1  1  
 2b  2a   3  2 

 s  t   s  t
Nj=  1     1  
 2b  2a   3  2 

 
 st 
 st    =  st 
Nk=  
 4ab   4  3 1   6 
 
 2 

 t  s   t  s 
Nm=  1     1  
 2a  2b   2  3 

68
Solution:

The point (7,4) in global coordinate (x,y) is changed in the local coordinate (s,t)

S= x-xi  7-5=2

t= y-yi  4-3=1

the temperature at point (2,1) in local coordinate as

ϕ = Niϕi + Njϕj + Nkϕk + Nmϕm.

 2  1  1
Ni= 1  1   =
 3  2  6

 2  1  1
Nj=  1   =
 3  2  3

 2 1  1
Nk=  =
 6  3

 1  2  1
Nm =  1   =
 2  3  6
D
1 1 1 1
ϕ =  42   54   56   46 .
A
6 3 3 6

ϕ = 51.40C
SC

𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦
The x,y coordinates of 500C contour line are = =
𝜙 𝑗 −𝜙 𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 −𝑥 𝑖 𝑦 𝑗 −𝑦 𝑖

m (5,5) 460C k(8,5) 560C

i j(8,3) 540C
460C (5,3) 500C

54  50 8  x 3  y
i,j  
54  42 8  5 3  3

(1) (2) (3)

Equating(1),(2) equating (1),(3)

69
 4 8 x 4 3 y
 
12 3 12 0

x  7cm y  3cm

𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦
m,k = =
𝜙 𝑘 −𝜙 𝑚 𝑥 𝑘 −𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑘 −𝑦𝑚

56  50 8  x 5  y
 
56  46 8  5 5  5

(1) (2) (3)

Equating (1),(2) equating (1),(3)

6 8 x 6 5 y
 ; 
10 3 10 0

x  6.2cm ; y  5cm

Third point y=4 [lower point yi=3, upper point ym=5]

D
Centre line between the sides i,j&k,m
A
Local coordinates

t = y-yi= 4-3 = 1
SC

ϕ = Niϕi + Njϕj + Nkϕk + Nmϕm

 s  1  s 1
50= 1  1  42  1  54
 3  2  3 2

 s 1  1 s
   56  1  46
 6  2  3

 s  s
1  21  93  9.33s  231  
 3  3

50= 21  73  9s  9.33s  23  7.66s

s  1.63cm (6.2,5)

s  x  xj

1.63  5  x (6.7,4)

x  6.7cm
500C (7,3)
y  4cm

70
2. For the plane stress element shown in Fig, the nodal displacements are:

[Anna University, May 2002]

U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;

U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;

U3=3.0mm; v3=1.0mm.

Determine the element stresses σx, σy, σ1, and σ2 and the principal angle θp, let E=210 GPA,
ν= 0.25 and t=10 mm. All coordinates are in millimetre.

Given:
D
Nodal Displacements: U1=2.0mm; v1=1.0mm;

U2=0.5mm; v2=0.0mm;
A
U3=3.0mm; v3=1.0mm.
SC

X1= 20mm y1=30mm

X2= 80mm y2=30mm

X3=50mm y3=120mm

Young’s modulus, E= 210 GPa =210x109 Pa

= 210x109N/m2 = 210x103 N/mm2

=2.1x 105 N/mm2

Poisson’s ratio, ν=0.25

Thickness, t= 10mm

71
To find: 1. Element stress

a) Normal stress, σx
b) Normal stress, σy
c) Shear stress,  xy
d) Maximum normal stress, σ1
e) Minimum normal stress, σ2

2. Principle angle,θp

Formula used:

 Stress {σ} = [D] [B] {u}

 x  y  x  y
2

 Maximum normal stress, σmax = σ1 =     2 xy
2  2 

 x  y  x  y
2

 Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 =     2 xy
2  2 
2 xy
 principle angle, tan 2θp=
 x  y
D
Solution: we know that
A
1 x1 y1 1 20 30 
1
y 2  1 80 30 
 1
Area of the element, A= 1 x 2
2 2
SC

1 x3 y3 1 50 120

1
= x[ 1x(80x120-50x30)-20(120-30)+30(50-80)]
2

1
= x [8100-1800-900]
2

A=2700 mm2 ….. (1)

We know that,

Strain Displacement matrix,

 q1 0 q 2 0 q3 0 
1 
[B]= 0 r1 0 r 2 0 r 3  …… (2)
2A 
 r1 q1 r 2 q 2 r 3 q3

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 30-120 = -90

q2= y3 – y1 = 120- 30 = 90

q3= y1- y2 = 30 – 30 = 0

72
 r1= x3- x2 = 50-80 = -30

r2= x1- x3 = 20-50 = -30

r3= x2- x1 = 80-20 = 60

Substitute the above values in equation no. (2),

 90 0 90 0 0 0 
1 
 [B] = 0  30 0  30 0 60 
2A 
 30  90  30 90 60 0 

Substitute Area, A value,

 90 0 90 0 0 0 
[B] =
1  0  30 0  30 0 60 
2  2700 
 30  90  30 90 60 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
30 
= 0 1 0 1 0 2 
2  2700 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 
D
 3 0 3 0 0 0
-3 
2 
A
 [B] = 5.555 x 10  0  1 0  1 0 ………(3)
  1  3  1 3 2 0 
SC

We know that

Stress strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is,

 
1 v 0 
E
[D]= v 1 0 
1 v2  1 v 
0 0 
 2 

 
 1 0.25 0 
2.1 10 5
= 0.25 1 0 
1  (0.25) 2  1  0.25 
 0 0 
 2 

 1 0.25 0 
2.1 10 5 
=  0.25 1 0 
0.9375
 0 0 0.375

73
 4 1 0 
2.1x10 5  0.25 
=
 1 4 0 
0.9375
0 0 1.5

4 1 0 
= 56  10 1 4 0 
3
…. (4)
 
0 0 1.5

4 1 0   3 0 3 0 0 0
[D] [B] = 56  10 1 4 0  x 5.555 x 10-3
3  0 1 0 1 0 2 
  
0 0 1.5   1  3  1 3 2 0 

4 1 0   3 0 3 0 0 0
= 311.08 x 1 4 0   0 1 0 1 0 2 
  
0 0 1.5   1  3  1 3 2 0 

 12  0  0 0 1  0 12  0  0 0 1 0 000 020 


= 311.08  3  0  0 040 3 0 0 040 000 0  8  0 

 0  0  1.5 0  0  4.5 0  0  1.5 0  0  4.5 003 0  0  0 
D
  12 1 12 1 0 2 
A

=311.08 x  3 4 3 4 0 8 

  1.5  4.5  1.5 4.5 3 0 
SC

We know that

Stress { σ} = [D] [B] {u}

 u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
= [D] [B]  
v2 
u 3 
 
 v3 

2
1 
  12 1 12 1 0 2   
 0.5
= 311.08   3 4 3 4 0 8  X  
0
  1.5  4.5  1.5 4.5 3 0   
3
 
 1 

74
  (12  2)  (1 1)  (12  0.5)  (1 0)  (0  3)  (2  1) 
 
= 311.08  (3  2)  (4  1)  (3  0.5)  (4  0)  (0  3)  (8  1) 
 (1.5  2)  (4.5  1)  (1.5  0.5)  (4.5  0)  (3  3)  (0  1)
 

  17 
 
{σ} =311.08  0.5
 0.75 
 

 x   5288.36
   
 y  =   155.54 
   233.31 
 z  

 Normal stress, σx =  5288.36 N/mm2

Normal stress, σy =  155.54 N/mm2
Shear stress,  xy = 233.31 N/mm2

We know that,

 x  y  x  y
2

Maximum normal stress, σmax = σ1 =     2 xy ….. (7)
D
2  2 
A
=  5288.36  155.54    5288.36  155.54   (233.31) 2
2

2  2 
SC

σ1 = -144.956 N/mm2

 x  y  x  y
2

Minimum normal stress, σmin = σ2 =     2 xy …… (8)
2  2 

 5288.36  155.54   5288.36  155.54 

2

=     (233.31)
2

2  2 

σ2 = -5298.9N/mm2

2 xy
We know that principle angle, tan 2θp=
 x  y

 2 xy 
 tan 2θp = tan-1  
 x   y 

 2  233.31 
= tan-1 
  5288.36  155.54 

2θp=-5.1940

75
  θp = -2.590

Result: 1. Element stress

a) Normal stress, σx=  5288.36 N/mm2

b) Normal stress, σy=  155.54 N/mm2
c) Shear stress,  xy = 233.31 N/mm2
d) Maximum normal stress, σ1= -144.956 N/mm2
e) Minimum normal stress, σ2= -5298.9N/mm2

2. Principle angle,θp= -2.590

3. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the temperature force vector for the plane stress
element as shown in figure. The element experiences a 20°C increase in temperature, Assume
coefficient of thermal expansion is 6 x 10-6/°C. Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X
105N/mm2,possion ratio v=0.25,Thickness t=
5mm.

D
Given data:
A
X1 = 0; Y1 = 0
SC

X2 = 2; Y2 = 0
X3 = 1; Y3 = 3
E = 2 X 105N/mm2
V = 0.25
t= 5mm
ΔT = 10°C
α = 6 x 10-6/°C
To find: 1. Element stiffness matrix [K]
2. The temperature force vector [F]
Formula used:
 Stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
 Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t

Solution:
We know that, stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t
Where A = Area of the element

76
 1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
= 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 2 0
2 2
1 X 3 Y3 1 1 3

1
= [1(6-0)-0+0]; A= 3 mm2.
2

 q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A 
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 0-3 = -3; r1 = x3 – x2 = 1-2 = -1

q2 = y3 – y1 = 3-0 = 3; r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-1 = -1
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-0 = 0; r3 = x2 – x1 = 2-0 = 2
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation

 3 0 3 0 0 0
[B] =
1  0 1 0 1 0 2 
2A 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 
D
 3 0 3 0 0 0
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1  0 1 0 1 0 2 
23 
A
  1  3  1 3 2 0 

 3 0 3 0 0 0
SC

[B] = 0.1667  0 1 0 1 0 2 

  1  3  1 3 2 0 

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is

1 v 0   1 0.25 0 
 210 5 
E
[D] = 1V 2 v 1 0  = 10.252 0.25 1 0 
 1 v  1  0.25 
0 0 2   0 0
2 
 

4 1 0  4 1 0 
2 x105 0.25 1 4 0  3 1 4 0 
= ; [D] = 53.33 x 10
0.9375    
0 0 1.5 0 0 1.5

 3 0 3 0 0 0
We know [B] = 0.1667  0 1 0 1 0 2 

  1  3  1 3 2 0 

77
   3 0  1
 0  1  3
 
3 0  1
[B]T = 0.1667  
 0 1 3 
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

  3 0  1
 0  1  3
  4 1 0 
3 0  1 1 4 0 
 
T 3
[B] [D] = 0.1667 x 53.33 x 10
 
 0 1 3  0 0 1.5
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5

 12 3  1.5 
= 0.1667 X 53.33 X 103  
 1 4 4.5 
 0 0 3 
 
D
 2 8 0 

  12 3  1.5 
A
 1 4  4.5

 12  1.5 
SC

3
[B]T [D] = 8.890 X 103  
 1 4 4.5 
 0 0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
  3 0 3 0 0 0
 12 3  1.5   0 1 0 1
T
[B] [D] [B] == 8.890 X 10 3
  x 0.1667  0 2 
 1 4 4.5 
  1  3  1 3 2 0 
 0 0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[B]T [D] [B] = 1.482 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 
Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix

78
Stiffness matrix [K] = [B] T [D] A t

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[K] = 1.482 X 103   x3x5
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
[K] = 22.23 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 9 3 9 6 0 
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 

 
 
We know that, for plane stress problem, Initial strain {eo} =  
 
 

6 x10 6 x10
D
60
   
{eo} = 6 x10 6 x10 = 1 x 10-6 60
  60
A
 0   
We know that, Temperature force vector, {F} = [B] T [D] {eo} A t
SC

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
 60
 12 3  1.5   
  60
3 -6
{F} = 8.890 x 10 x 1 x 10 xAxt
 1 4 4.5  60
 0  
0 3 
 
 2 8 0 
Substitute “A” and “t” values

  12 3  1.5 
 1 4  4.5
 60
 12 3  1.5   
  x 60
3 -6
= 8.890 x 10 x 1 x 10 x3x5
 1 4 4.5  60
 0  
0 3 
 
 2 8 0 

79
 (12 x60)  (3 x60)  0  900
 (1x60)  (4 x60)  0   300
   
 (12 x60)  (3 x60)  0 
  900 
= 0.1335  (1x60)  (4 x60)  0  = 0.1335  
 000   300
  0 
 (2 x60)  (8 x60)  0   
  600 

 120.15
 40.05 
 
120.15 
{F} =  
 40.05 
0 
 
80.10 

Result:

 37.5 7.5  34.5  1.5 3 6 

 7.5 17.5 1.5  9.5 9 8 
 
D
 34.5 1.5 37.5  7.5 3 6 
Stiffness matrix [K] = 22.23 X 103  
  1.5  9.5  7.5 17.5 9 8 
 3 0 
A
9 3 9 6
 
  6 8 6 8 0 16 
SC

 120.15
 40.05 
 
120.15 
Temperature force vector, {F} =  
 40.05 
0 
 
80.10 

4. A thin plate is subjected to surface traction as shown in figure. Calculate the global stiffness
matrix.

fig (i)
Take Young’s modulus E = 2 X 105N/mm2, possion ratio v=0.30, Thickness t=25mm.Assume plane
stress condition.

80
Given data:

E = 2 X 105N/mm2; Breath b =250mm

V = 0.25; length l =500mm
t= 25mm; tensile surface traction T= 0.4 N/mm2
1
“T” is converted into nodal force F = 2 T A = ½ x T x (b x t)
1
= 2 x 0.4 x 250 x 25 F = 1250 N

Fig (ii) Discretized plate

To find:
Global stiffness matrix [K].
Formula used:
D
 Global Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t
A
SC

Solution:

Fig (iii)
For element (1) - Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4

Fig (iv)
Take node 1 as origin;

81
For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node 3: X2=500, Y2=250; For node 4: X3= 0, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D][B] A t

1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 250
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 0 250

1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 X 103 mm2

q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3
2A
r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 250-250 = 0 r1 = x3 – x2 = 0-500 = -500

q2 = y3 – y1 = 250-0 = 250 r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-0 = 0
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-250 =-250 r3 = x2 – x1 = 500-0 = 500
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation
D
0 0 250 0  250 0
1
A
[B] = 0  500 0 0 0 500
2A
 500 0 0 250 500  250
SC

 0 0 250 0  250 0 
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
1  0  500 0 0 0 500 
2  62.5  103 
  500 0 0 250 500  250

0 0 1 0 1 0
[B] =
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 2 0 0 1 2  1

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is

1 v 0   1 0.3 0 
 21 0 5 
E
[D] = 1V 2 v 1 0  = 1 ( 0.3) 2 0.3 1 0 
 1 v  1  0.3 
0 0 2  0 2 
0
 

 1 0.3 0 
2105 0.3 1
= 0.91
 0 
 0 0 0.35

82
  1 0.3 0  0 0 1 0 1 0
[D][B] =
2 x105 0.3 1 0  x
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
0.91  2 x62.5 x10 3 
 0 0 0.35  2 0 0 1 2  1

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
= 439.56  0 2 0.3 0  0.3 2 

  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35

0 0 1 0 1 0
We know that, [B] =
250  0 2 0 0 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 2 0 0 1 2  1

0 0  2
 0 2 0 
 
1 0 0
[B]T = 2 x 10-3  
0 0 1 
1 0 2
 
 0 2  1 

0 0  2
D
 0 2 0 
   0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
 1 0 0  
2  0.3 2 
A
[B]T [D] [B] = 2 x 10-3 x 439.56  x 0 0.3 0
0 0 1  
  0.7  0.35
2 
0 0 0.35 0.7
1 0
 
SC

 0 2  1 

 1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 

 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
= 0.8791  
  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35
  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix

Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D] A t

 1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 

 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
Stiffness matrix [K]1 =0.8791   x 6.25x 10 x25
3

  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35

  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

83
  1.4 0 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 
 0 4  0.6 0 0.6  4 

 0  0.6 1 0 1 0.6 
=1373.59 x 103  
  0.7 0 0 0.35 0.7  0.35
  1.4 0.6 1 0.7 2.4  1.3 
 
 0.7 4 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 

U1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4

 1923.026 0 0  961.513  1923.026 961.513  u1

 0 5494.36  824.154 0 824.154  5494.36  v1

 0  824.154 1373.59 0  1373.59 824.154  u3
[K]1 =1x103  
  961.513 0 0 480.7565 961.513  480.7565 v3
  1923.026 824.154  1373.59 961.513 3296.616  1785.667  u 4
 
 961.513  5494.36 824.154  480.7565  1785.667 5975.1165  v4
For element (2):
D
A
SC

fig(v)
Nodal displacements are u1, v1, u3, v3 and u4 v4
Take node 1 as origin; For node 1: X1= 0, Y1=0; For node2: X2=500, Y2=0; For node 3: X3= 500, Y3=250;
We know that, stiffness matrix [K]2 = [B] T [D][B] A t

1 X 1 Y1 1 0 0
1 1
Where A =Area of the triangular element = 1 X 2 Y2 = 1 500 0
2 2
1 X3 Y3 1 500 250

1
= x 1 (500x250 -0) = 62500mm2
2
A = 62.5 x 103 mm2

84
  q1 0 q2 0 q3 0
1 
Strain –Displacement matrix [B] = 0 r1 0 r2 0 r3 
2A 
 r1 q1 r2 q2 r3 q3 

Where, q1 = y2 – y3 = 0-250 = -250; r1 = x3 – x2 = 500-500 = 0

q2 = y3 – y1 = 250-0 = 250; r2 = x1 – x3 = 0-500 = -500
q3 = y1 – y2 = 0-0 =0; r3 = x2 – x1 = 500-0 = 500
Substitute the above values in [B] matrix equation

 250 0 250 0 0 0 
[B] =
1  0 0 0  500 0 500 
2A 
 0  250  500 250 500 0 

 1 0 1 0 0 0
Substitute “A” value, [B] =
250 0 0 0 2 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 0 1  2 1 2 0 

We know that, stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for plane stress problem is
D
1 v 0   1 0.3 0 
 2 x10 5 
v 1 0  0.3 1 0 
E
[D] = 1V 2 = 1 ( 0.3) 2
A
 1 v  1  0.3 
0 0 2  0 2 
0
 
SC

1 0.3 0 
2 x105
= 0.91 0.3 1 0 

 0 0 0.35

 1 0.3 0   1 0 1 0 0 0
2 x105 0.3 1  x  0 0 0 2 2 
250
[D][B] = 0.91
 0  2 x62.5 x10 3  0
 0 0 0.35  0  1  2 1 2 0 

 1 0 1  0.6 0 0.6 
= 439.56   0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2 

 0  0.35  0.7 0.35 0.7 0 

 1 0 1 0 0 0
We know that, [B] =
250  0 0 0 2 0 2 
2  62.5  103 
 0  1  2 1 2 0 

85
 1 0 0
0 0  1 

1 0  2
[B]T = 2 x 10-3  
 0 2 1 
0 0 2
 
 0 2 0 

1 0 0
0 0  1 
  1 0 1  0.6 0 0.6 
1 0  2 
[B] [D] [B] = 2 x 10 x 439.56 
T -3
   0.3 0 0.3 2 0 2 
 0 2 1   0  0.35  0.7 0 
2 
0.35 0.7
0 0
 
 0 2 0 

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
= 0.8791  
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
D
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 
Substitute [B]T [D] [B] and A, t values in stiffness matrix
A
Stiffness matrix [K]1 = [B] T [D] A t
SC

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
  x 6.25x 10 x25
3
Stiffness matrix [K]1 =0.8791
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 

 1 0 1 0.6 0  0.6 
 0 0.35 0.7  0.35  0.7 0 

 1 0.7 2.4  1.3  1.4 0.6 
=1373.59 x 103  
 0.6  0.35  1.3 4.35 0.7 4 
 0  0.7  1.4 0.7 1.4 0 
 
  0.6 0 0.6 4 0 4 

u1 v1 u3 v3 u4 v4

86
  1373.59 0  1373.59 824.154 0  824.154  u1
 0 480.7565 961.513  480.7565  961.513 0 v
  1
  1373.59 961.513 3296.616  1785.667  1923.026 824.154  u3
[K]2 =1x103  
 824.154  480.7565  1785.667 5975.1165 961.513  5494.36  v3
 0  961.513  1923.026 961.513 1923.026 0  u4
 
  824.154 0 824.154  5494.36 0 5494.36  v4
Global stiffness matrix [K]:
Assemble the stiffness matrix equations [K]1 & [K]2 = 1 x 103 x
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
1923.026+ 0+0 -1373.59 824.154 0+0 -961.513+ -1923.026 961.513 u1
1373.59 -824.154
0+0 5494.36+ 961.513 -480.7565 -824.154+ 0+0 824.154 -5494.36 v1
480.7565 -961.513
-1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 -1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 961.513 -5494.36 0 0 v2
0+0 -824.154+ 0+ 0+ 1373.59+ 0+0 -1373.59+ 824.154+ u3
-961.513 -1923.026 961.513 1923.026 0 0
D
-961.513+ 0+0 0+ 0+ 0+0 480.7565 961.513+ -480.7565 v3
+
-824.154 824.154 -5494.36 0 +0
A
5494.36
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
SC

961.513 -5494.36 0 0 824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 v4

Global stiffness matrix [K] = 1 x 103 x

u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
3296.616 0 -1373.59 824.154 0 -1785.667 -1923.026 961.513 u1
0 5975.1165 961.513 -480.7565 -1785.667 0 824.154 -5494.36 v1
-1373.59 961.513 9296.616 -1785.667 -1923.026 824.154 0 0 u2
824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 961.513 -5494.36 0 0 v2
5
0 -1785.667 -1923.026 961.513 9296.616 0 -1373.59 824.154 u3
-1785.667 0 824.154 -5494.36 0 5975.116 961.513 -480.7565 v3
5
-1923.026 824.154 0 0 -1373.59 961.513 3296.616 -1785.667 u4
961.513 -5494.36 0 0 824.154 -480.7565 -1785.667 5975.116 v4

87
5. Derive the Shape function for the six noded triangular elements.

Fig. A six noded triangular element

Consider a six-noded triangular element is shown in figure. It belongs to the serendipity family of
elements. It consists of six nodes, which are located on the boundary.
We know that, shape function N1=1 at node 1 and 0 at all other nodes. The natural coordinates of the
nodes are indicated in the figure. By following our earlier procedure, the shape functions can be obtained as,
At node 1: (Coordinates L1 =1, L2 =0, L3 =0)
Shape function N1=1 at node 1
N1=0 at all other nodes,

1
D
N1 has to be in the form of N1 = C L1 (L1 - ); where C is constant.
2
A
1
Substitute L1= 1 and N1 =1 N1 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
SC

C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation

1
N1 = 2 L1 (L1 - )
2
N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)

At node 2: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 =1, L3 =0)

Shape function N2=1 at node 2
N2=0 at all other nodes,
1
N2 has to be in the form of N2 = C L2 (L2 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L2= 1 and N2 =1 N2 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation
1
N2= 2 L2 (L2 - )
2
N2 = L2 (2L2 -1)

88
At node 3: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 =0, L3 =1)
Shape function N3=1 at node 3
N3=0 at all other nodes,

1
N3 has to be in the form of N3 = C L3 (L3 - ); where C is constant.
2
1
Substitute L3= 1 and N3 =1 N3 = C x 1 (1 - )
2
C=2
Substitute C value in the above equation

1
N3= 2 L3 (L3 - )
2
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
Now, we define N4, N5 and N6 at the mid-points.
1 1
At node 4: (Coordinates L1 = , L2 = , L3 =0)
2 2
Shape function N4=1 at node 4
D
N4=0 at all other nodes,
N4 has to be in the form of N4 = C L1L2; where C is constant.
A
1 1 1 1
Substitute L4= and L2 = N4 = C x x
2 2 2 2
SC

C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N4 = 4L1 L2
1 1
At node 5: (Coordinates L1 =0, L2 = , L3 = )
2 2
Shape function N5=1 at node 5
N5=0 at all other nodes,
N5 has to be in the form of N5 = C L2L3; where C is constant.

1 1 1 1
Substitute L2= and L3 = N5= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N5 = 4L2 L3
1 1
At node 6: (Coordinates L1 = , L2 =0, L3 = )
2 2
Shape function N6 =1 at node 6
N6=0 at all other nodes,

89
N6 has to be in the form of N6 = C L1L3; where C is constant.

1 1 1 1
Substitute L1= and L3 = N6= C x x
2 2 2 2
C=4
Substitute C value in the above equation
N6 = 4L1 L3
Shape functions are,

N1 = L1 (2L1 -1)
N2 = L2 (2L2 -1)
N3 = L3 (2L3 -1)
N4 = 4L1 L2
N5 = 4L2 L3
N6 = 4L1 L3

6. Derive the Shape function for the Constant Strain Triangular element (CST).

We begin this section with the development of the shape function for a basic two dimensional
D
finite element, called constant stain triangular element (CST).

We consider the CST element because its derivation is the simplest among the available two
A
dimensional elements.
SC

Fig. Three noded CST elements.

Consider a typical CST element with nodes 1, 2 and 3 as shown in fig. let the nodal
displacements to be u1, u2, u3, v1, v2, v3.

 u1 
u 
 2
u3 
Displacement u   
 v1 
 v2 
 
 v3 

90
 Since the CST element has gat two degrees of freedom at each node (u, v), the total degree of
freedom are 6. Hence it has 6 generalised coordinates.

Let, u  a1  a2 x  a3 y … (3.1)

v  a 4  a5 x  a 6 y … (3.2)

Where a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, and a6 are globalised coordinates

 u1  a1  a2 x1  a3 y1
u 2  a1  a2 x2  a3 y 2
u3  a1  a2 x3  a3 y3

Write the above equations in matrix form,

u1  1 x1 y1   a1 
    
u 2   1 x 2 y 2  a 2 
u  1 x y 3  a3 
 3  3

1
 a1  1 x1 y1  u1 
    
a 2   1 x 2 y 2  u 2  … (3.3)
D
a  1 x y 3  u 
 3  3  3
A
1 x1 y1 

Let D = 1 x 2 y 2 

SC

1 x3 y 3 

CT
We know, D-1 = … (3.4)
D

Find the co-factor of matrix D.

x2 y2
C11 =   ( x 2 y 3  x3 y 2 )
x3 y3

1 y2
C12 =   ( y 3  y 2 )  y 2  y 3
1 y3

1 x2
C13 =   ( x3  x 2 )
1 x3

x1 y1
C21 =   ( x1 y3  x3 y1 )  x3 y1  x1 y3
x3 y3

91
 1 y1
C22 =   ( y3  y1 )
1 y3

1 x1
C23 =   ( x3  x1 )  x1  x3
1 x3

x1 y1
C31 =   x1 y 2  x2 y1
x2 y2

1 y1
C32 =   ( y 2  y1 )  y1  y 2
1 y2

1 x1
C33 =   ( x2  x1 )
1 x2

 x 2 y 3  x3 y 2   y 2  y 3   x3  x 2 
x3 y1  x1 y3   y3  y1  x1  x3 
C= x1 y 2  x2 y1   y1  y 2  x2  x1 
x2 y3  x3 y 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y 2  x2 y1 
D
  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y 2 
C =  x3  x 2  x1  x3  x2  x1 
A
T
…(3.5)
SC

1 x1 y1
We know that, D= 1 x 2 y2
1 x3 y3

D = 1 ( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
…(3.6)

Substitute CT and D value in equation (3.4)

x2 y3  x3 y 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1 

1
  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2 
( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
D-1 =  x3  x 2  x1  x3  x2  x1 
Substitute D-1 value in equation (3.3)

1
 a1  1 x1 y1  u1 
    
a 2   1 x 2 y 2  u 2 
a  1 x y 3  u 
 3  3  3

92
 a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1  u1 
 
 2 =
a 1
  y2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2   u2 
 a  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2  x3  x2  x1  x3  x2  x1  u3  ..(3.7)
 3

The area of the triangle can be expressed as a function of the x,y coordinate of the nodes 1,2 and 3.

1 x1 y1 
1
1 x2 y 2 
2
A= 1 x3 y 3 

( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
1
A
2

2 A  ( x2 y3  x3 y 2 )  x1  y3  y 2   y1 x3  x2 
... (3.8)

Substitute 2A value in equation (3.7),

 a1  x2 y3  x3 y2  x3 y1  x1 y3  x1 y2  x2 y1  u1 

  1
a 2  =  y 2  y3   y3  y1   y1  y2   u2 
  2A
x3  x2  x1  x3  x2  x1  u 
D
  a3   3 ...(3.9)

 a1   p1  p 2  p3 u1 

 
A
a 2  =
1
q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
 
  a3 
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 
SC

p1  x2 y3  x3 y2  p 2  x3 y1  x1 y3  p3  x1 y2  x2 y1 

q1   y2  y3  q 2   y3  y1  q3   y1  y2 
Where, r1  x3  x2  r 2  x1  x3  r 3  x2  x1 

From eq (3.1) we know that

 a1
 
u= 1 x y a 2
 a3
 

 a1 
 
Sub a 2 values from Eq (3.10)
 a3
 

 p1  p 2  p3 u1 

u= 1 x y 
1
q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 

93
  p1  p2  p3 u1 
 
 1 x y  q1 q 2 q3  u 2 
1
2A
r1 r 2 r 3 u3 

 u! 
 
1
 p1  q1 x  r1 y p2  q2 x  r2 y p3  q3 x  r3 y  u2 
2A u 
 3

 u! 
 p1  q1 x  r1 y p2  q2 x  r2 y p3  q3 x  r3 y   
  u2 
u=

 2A 2A 2A   
u3 

The above equation is in the form of

 u1 
 
u = N1 N2 N 3 u 2 
u 
 3 … (3.11)
u=
D
 v1 
 
N1 N 3 v2 
A
V = N2
v 
Similarly,  3 … (3.12)
SC

p1  q1 x  r1 y
Where shape function , N1=
2A
p1  q1 x  r1 y
N2=
2A
p3  q3 x  r3 y
N3=
2A

Assembling the equations (3.11) and (3.12) in matrix form

u1 
v 
 1
u ( x, y )   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u  
    2
 v ( x, y )   0 N1 0 N2 N3 0   v2 
Displacement matrix u = u3 
… (313)
 

 v3 


94
 UNIT IV – TWO DIMENSIONAL VECTOR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
PART - A
1. What is meant by axisymmetric field problem? Give example.(April/May 2010)
In some of the three dimensional solids like flywheel, turbine, discs etc, the material is
symmetric with respect to their axes. Hence the stress developed is also symmetric. Such solids are
known as axisymmetric solids. Due to this condition, three dimensional solids can be treated as two
dimensional elements.
2. List the required conditions for a problem assumed to be axisymmetric. (April/May 2011)
The condition to be axisymmetric is as follows:
 Problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
 All boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
 All loading conditions must be symmetric about the axis of revolution.
3. What is Plane stress and Plane strain condition? (April/May 2015), (May/June 2013)
Plane stress - A state of plane stress is said to exist when the elastic body is very thin and there is
no load applied in the coordinate direction parallel to the thickness.
Example: A ring press-fitted on a shaft in a plane stress problem. In plane stress problem σz,
τyz, τzx are zero.
Plane strain – A state of plane strain is said to exist when the strain at the plane perpendicular
D
to the plane of application of load is constant.
4. What are the forces acting on shell elements? Give its applications
A
The two forces in which the shell element is subjected to are:
Bending moments
SC

Membrane forces
Shell elements can be employed in the analysis of the following structures,
Example:
 Sea shell, egg shell (the wonder of the nature);
 Containers, pipes, tanks;
 Car bodies;
 Roofs, buildings (the Superdome), etc.
5. Write the constitutive relations for axisymmetric problems.

6. Define body force.

A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body.
Unit: force per unit volume.
7. Write the governing equation for 2D bending of plates.

95
8. Write the stress strain relationship for plane stress problems.

9. Differentiate material non linearity and geometric non linearity. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Material Non linearity Geometric non linearity
(i) The stress – strain relation for the (i) The Strain – Displacement relations
material may not be linear. are not linear.
D
(ii) Basic non-linear relations are (ii) Need consideration of actual strain
time dependent complex constitutive displacement relations rather than linear
A
relations strain displacement.
10. Write the equilibrium equations for two dimensional elements. (Nov/Dec 2012)
In elasticity theory, the stresses in the structure must satisfythe following equilibrium
SC

equations,

wherefx and fy are body forces (such as gravity forces) per unit volume.
PART - B
1. For the axe symmetric element shown in fig .Determine the element stresses. Take E=
2.1 x 105 N/mm2 𝝂 = 0.25. The co-ordinates shown in fig are in mm. The nodal
displacements are u1=0.05 mm, u2=0.02 mm, u3=0.0 mm, 𝝎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎, 𝝎𝟐 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒎, 𝝎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

Z 3 (30,50)

(0,0) 1 2 (60,0) r
96
Given data:
r1 = 0 mm z1=0 mm u1=0.05 mm 𝜔1 = 0.03 𝑚𝑚

r2 = 60 mm z2=0 mm u2=0.02 mm 𝜔2 = 0.02 𝑚𝑚

r3 = 30 mm z3=50 mm u3=0.0 mm 𝜔3 = 0.0 𝑚𝑚

E= 2.1 x 105 N/mm2, 𝜈 = 0.25

To find
i. Radial stress 𝜎𝑟
ii. Circumferential stress 𝜎𝜃
iii. Longitudinal stress 𝜎𝑧
iv. Shear stress 𝜏𝑟𝑧

Formula used
{σ} = [D] [B] {u}
𝑢1
𝜎𝑟 𝑤1
𝜎𝜃 𝑢2
= [D] [B] 𝑤
D
𝜎𝑧 2
𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝑢3
𝑤3
A
Solution:
{σ} = [D] [B] {u}
SC

D = Stress - Strain relationship matrix

1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
D= 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2

1 − 0.25 0.25 0.25 0

2.1 x 105 0.25 1 − 0.25 0.25 0
= 0.25 0.25 1 − 0.25 0
1 + 0.25 1 − 2 × 0.25 1 − 2 × 0.25
0 0 0
2
3 1 1 0 3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0 1 3 1 0
[D] = 336 × 103 × 0.25 = 84 × 103
1 1 3 0 1 1 3 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
[B] =Strain displacement relationship matrix or gradient matrix
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
[B] = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3

97
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 = 60 × 50 − 30 × 0 = 3000𝑚𝑚2

𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 = 30 × 0 − 0 × 50 = 0

𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1 = 0 × 0 − 60 × 0 = 0

𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 = 0 − 50 = −50 ; 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 50 − 0 = 50 ; 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 0 − 0 = 0
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 = 30 − 60 = −30 ; 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 = 0 − 30 = −30 ; 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 60 − 0 = 60
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 0 + 60 + 30
𝑟= = = 30 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 0 + 0 + 50
𝑧= = = 16.67 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝛼₁ 𝛾1 𝑧 3000 (−30 × 16.67)
+ 𝛽1 + = + −50 + = 33.33 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 30 30
𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 (−30 × 16.67)
+ 𝛽2 + = 0 + 50 + = 33.33 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 30
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 60 × 16.67
+ 𝛽3 + = 0+0+ = 33.33 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 30
D
1 𝑟1 𝑧1 1 0 0
1 1
𝐴=2 1 𝑟2 𝑧2 = 1 60 0
2
1 𝑟3 𝑧3 1 30 50
A
1
= 2 [1 3000 − 0 − 0 50 − 0 + 0 30 − 60 ]=1500 𝑚𝑚2
SC

−50 0 50 0 0 0
1 33.33 0 33.33 0 33.33 0
[B] = 2 × 1500 0 −30 0 −30 0 60
−30 −50 −30 50 60 0
3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0
[D] [B] = 84 × 103 × 3.34 ×10-4
1 1 3 0
0 0 0 1
−50 0 50 0 0 0
33.33 0 33.33 0 33.33 0
0 −30 0 −30 0 60
−30 −50 −30 50 60 0
−116.67 −30 183.33 −30 33.33 60
49.99 −30 149.99 −30 99.99 60
= 28
−16.67 −90 83.33 −90 33.33 180
−30 −50 −30 50 60 0
0.05
𝜎𝑟 −116.67 −30 183.33 −30 33.33 60 0.03
𝜎𝜃 49.99 −30 149.99 −30 99.99 60 0.02
= 28
𝜎𝑧 −16.67 −90 83.33 −90 33.33 180 0.02
𝜏𝑟𝑧 −30 −50 −30 50 60 0 0
0
98
 𝜎𝑟 −3.66 −102.65
𝜎𝜃 4 112
= 28 =
𝜎𝑧 −3.66 −102.65
𝜏𝑟𝑧 −2.6 −72.8
Results
Radial stress 𝜎𝑟 = −102.65 N/mm2
Circumferential stress 𝜎𝜃 = 112 N/mm2
Longitudinal stress 𝜎𝑧 = −102.65 N/mm2
Shear stress 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = −72.8 N/mm2
2. Calculate the element stiffness matrix and the thermal force vector for the
axisymmetric triangular element shown in figure. The element experiences a 15 0c
increase in temperature. The co-ordinates are in mm. Take α= 10 x 10-6/0c ; E= 2x 105
N/mm2 , 𝝂 = 0.25
Z 3 (9,10)

(6,7) 1 2 (8,7)

r
D
Given data:
r1 = 6 mm z1=7 mm
A
r2 = 8 mm z2=7 mm
r3 = 9 mm z3=10 mm
E= 2 × 10 N/mm , 𝜈 = 0.25, α= 10 × 10-6/0c
5 2
SC

To find
Thermal force vector {F}t
Formula used
[K]=[𝐵]T D B 2πr A
{F}= 𝐵 T D 𝑒𝑡 2πr A
Solution:
[B] =Strain displacement relationship matrix or gradient matrix
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 0 + 𝛽2 + 0 + 𝛽3 + 3 0
[B] = 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3

𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 = 8 × 10 − 9 × 7 = 17𝑚𝑚2

𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 = 9 × 7 − 6 × 10 = 3𝑚𝑚2

𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1 = 6 × 7 − 8 × 7 = 13𝑚𝑚2

𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 = 7 − 10 = −3𝑚𝑚 ; 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 = 10 − 7 = 3 ; 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 = 7 − 7 = 0
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 = 9 − 8 = 1𝑚𝑚 ; 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 = 6 − 9 = −3 ; 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 8 − 6 = 2

99
 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 6 + 8 + 9
𝑟= = = 7.67 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 7 + 7 + 10
𝑧= = = 8 𝑚𝑚
3 3
𝛼₁ 𝛾1 𝑧 17 (1 × 8)
+ 𝛽1 + = + −3 + = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67
𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 3 (−3 × 8)
+ 𝛽2 + = +3+ = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 −14 2 × 8
+ 𝛽3 + = +0+ = 0.26 𝑚𝑚
𝑟 𝑟 7.67 7.67

1 𝑟1 𝑧1 1 6 7
1 1 1
𝐴 = 2 1 𝑟2 𝑧2 = 1
2
8 7 = 2 [1 80 × 63 − 6 10 − 7 + 7(9 − 8)=3 𝑚𝑚2
1 𝑟3 𝑧3 1 9 10
−3 0.26 0 1
−3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 −3
0.26 0 0.26 0 0.26 0
[B]T = 0.167 3 0.26 0 −3
1
[B] = ;
2×3 0 1 0 −3 0 2 0 0 −3 3
1 −3 −3 3 2 0 0 0.26 0 2
D
0 0 2 0
1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
A
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
[D] = 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
SC

1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2

1 − 0.25 0.25 0.25 0

2 × 10 5 0.25 1 − 0.25 0.25 0
= 0.25 0.25 1 − 0.25 0
1+ 0.25 1−2× 0.25
1− 2× 0.25
0 0 0 2

3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0
= 320 × 105 × 0.25
1 1 3 0
0 0 0 1
−3 0.26 0 1
0 0 1 −3 3 1 1 0
1 3 1 0
[B]T[D] = 0.167 3 0.26 0 −3 × 8×104
0 0 −3 3 1 1 3 0
0 0.26 0 2 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 0
−8.7 −2.2 −2.7 1
1 1 3 −3
= 13.36×103 9.26 3.78 3.26 −3
−3 −3 −9 3
0.26 0.78 0.26 2
2 2 6 0

100
 −8.7 −2.2 −2.7 1 −3 0.26 0 1
1 1 3 −3 0 0 1 −3
T 3 9.26 3.78 3.26 −3 × 0.167 3 0.26 0 −3
[B] [D][B] = 13.36×10
−3 −3 −9 3 0 0 −3 3
0.26 0.78 0.26 2 0 0.26 0 2
2 2 6 0 0 0 2 0
26.63 −5.7 −29.79 11.21 1.42 −5.4
−5.7 12 12.26 −18 −5.7 6
[K]= 321.27 × 10 3 −29.79 12.26 37.76 −18.78 −5.01 6.5
11.21 −18 −18.78 36 5.2 −18
1.42 −5.7 −5.01 5.2 4.2 0.52
−5.4 6 6.5 −18 0.52 12
T
Thermal force vector {F}= 𝐵 D 𝑒𝑡 2πr A

𝛼∆𝑡 10 × 10−6 × 15 150

𝛼∆𝑡 10 × 10 −6
× 15 -6 150
𝑒𝑡 = = =10
0 0 0
𝛼∆𝑡 −6
10 × 10 × 15 150
−8.7 −2.2 −2.7 1
1 1 3 −3 150
{F}= [B]T[D] 𝑒𝑡 2πr A = 13.36×103 9.26 3.78 3.26 −3 × 10-6 150 × 2π × 7.67 × 3
−3 −3 −9 3 0
0.26 0.78 0.26 2 150
D
2 2 6 0
−1493.46
A
−150
1506.54
= 1.927
−450
SC

456.54
600
𝐹1𝑢 −2878.25
𝐹1𝑤 −289.08
𝐹2𝑢 2903.45
Thermal force vector {F} = =
𝐹2𝑤 −867.25
𝐹3𝑢 879.86
𝐹3𝑤 1156.34

3. DERIVE THE EXPRESSION FOR STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR A

2D- ELEMENT?
EQUATION OF ELASTICITY
1. Stress – strain relationship matrix for a two dimensional element

Consider a three dimensional body as shown in fig. which is subjected to a stress σx σy

and σz

101
 Y
σy σz

σx
σ
x
x

σz σy
Hook’sZlaw
σ = Ee
𝜎
e=𝐸
D
The stress in the x direction produces a positive strain in x direction as shown in fig.
𝜎𝑥
ex = 𝐸
A
The positive stress in the y direction produces a negative strain in the x direction
SC

−𝜈𝜎 𝑦
ey = 𝐸

The positive stress in the z direction produces a negative strain in the x direction
−𝜈𝜎 𝑧
ez = 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝜈𝜎 𝑦 𝜈𝜎 𝑧
ex = − −
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜈𝜎 𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜈𝜎 𝑧
ey = − +𝐸−
𝐸 𝐸
𝜈𝜎 𝑥 𝜈𝜎 𝑦 𝜎𝑧
ez = − − +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸

Solving 3 equations
𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = e𝑥 1−𝑣 +𝑣 𝑒𝑦 +𝑉 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣

𝐸
𝜎𝐽 = v e𝑥 1−𝑣 − 𝑒𝑦 +𝑉 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣

𝐸
𝜎2 = v e𝑥+𝑣 𝑒𝑦 + 1−𝑣 𝑒2
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣

The shear stress and shear strain relationship

𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 where, 𝜏 - Shear Stress

102
 𝛾 – Shear Strain

G – Modular of rigidity

𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = G𝛾𝑥𝑦

𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = G𝛾𝑦𝑧

𝜏 𝑧𝑥 = G𝛾𝑧𝑥
𝐸
G Modular of rigidity = 2 1+𝑣

𝐸 𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 ; 𝜏 𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝛾𝑦2
1+𝑣 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2

𝐸 1−2𝑣 𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑥𝑧 ;𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2

𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝜏 𝑧𝑥 = 𝛾𝑧𝑥
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2

1−v v v 0 0 0
𝜎𝑥 v 1− v v 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦 v v 1− v 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 1−2𝑣 𝑒𝑧
= 0 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1−2𝑣
D
𝜎𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 0 𝛾𝑦𝑧
2
𝜎𝑧𝑥 1−2𝑣 𝛾𝑧𝑥
0 0 0 0 0 2
A
𝜎 = 𝐷 𝑒
SC

D- in a stress strain relation ship matrix

1−v v v 0 0 0
v 1− v v 0 0 0
v v 1− v 0 0 0
𝐸 1−2𝑣
𝐷 = 0 0 0 0 0
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2
1−2𝑣
0 0 0 0 0
2
1−2𝑣
0 0 0 0 0 2

Where E – Yours Modules

V – Poisson Ratio

(i) PLANE STRESS CONDITION:-

Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress 𝜎 and shear
stress 𝜏 cleared perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.

Normal stress 𝜎𝑧 = 0; Shear Stress 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝜎𝑧 = 𝜏 𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏 𝑦𝑧 = 0

103
 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = -v ; 𝑒𝑦 = -v +
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = -v
𝐸 𝐸
2 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
v𝑒𝑦 = −𝑣 𝐸 +𝑣 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝑣2𝜎 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + v𝑒𝑦 = -
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + v𝑒𝑦 = - 1 − 𝑣2
𝐸

𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑒𝑦
1−𝑣 2

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
v 𝑒𝑥 = v -V 2
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑦 = -v +
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
v 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 = -V 2 +𝐸
𝐸
𝜎𝑦
v 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 = 𝐸
1 − 𝑣2

𝐸
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑣𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦
1−𝑣 2
D
Share Stress 𝜏 𝑥𝑧 = G 𝛾𝑥𝑧
A
𝐸
Where G Modular of rigidity =
2 1+𝑣
SC

𝛾𝑥𝑦 Share Strain

V – Poisson ratio
𝐸
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1+𝑣
𝐸 1−𝑣
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = × 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1+𝑣 1−𝑣 2

𝐸 1−𝑣
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = × × 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1−𝑣 2 2

Above equation matrix form

𝜎𝑥 1 𝑣 0 𝑒𝑥
𝐸 𝑣 1 0
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦
1−𝑣 1−𝑣
𝜏𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2

Two dimensional stress strain relationship matrix for phase stress location.
1 𝑣 0
𝐸 𝑣 1 0
𝐷 = 1−𝑣
1−𝑣
0 0
2

104
 (ii) PLANE STRAIN CONDITION
Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane
and the shear strain are assumed to be zero.
Normal strain 𝑒𝑧 =0
Shear Stress 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 0 = 𝛾𝑦𝑧
1−v v v 0 0 0
𝜎𝑥 v 1− v v 0 0 0 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑦 v v 1− v 0 0 0 𝑒𝑦
𝜎𝑧 𝐸 1−2𝑣 𝑒𝑧
= 0 0 0 0 0
𝜎𝑥𝑦 1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1−2𝑣
𝜎𝑦𝑧 0 0 0 0 0 𝛾𝑦𝑧
2
𝜎𝑧𝑥 1−2𝑣 𝛾𝑧𝑥
0 0 0 0 0 2

𝑒𝑧 =0 ; 𝛾𝑥0 =𝛾𝑦𝑧 =0 Sub in above matrix.

𝜎𝑥 1−𝑣 𝑣 0 𝑒𝑥
𝐸 𝑣 1−𝑣 0
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣 1−2𝑣
𝛾𝑥𝑦 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦
2

Stress Strain relationship matrix for phase strain condition.

1−𝑣 𝑣 0
D
𝐸 𝑣 1−𝑣 0
𝐷 = 1−2𝑣
1+𝑣 1−2𝑣
0 0 2
A
4. A long hollow cylinder of inside diameter 100 mm and outside diameter 140 mm is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4 N/mm2 as shown in figure.(i) By using two
SC

elements on the 15 mm length shown in figure. (ii) Calculate the displacements at the
inner radiusTake E=2×105 N/mm2. V=0.3. F1 4
Z 1
Element
Axis of the hallow Cylinder

15 mm
Element
Cylinder

2
2 3

F2

50 mm
100 mm 70 mm
140 mm

105
Given data:
Inner diameter, de= 100mm
Inner radius re= 50 mm
Outer diameter De=140 mm
Outer radius Re=70mm
Internal pressure P=4N/mm2
Length le=15mm

Young’s modulus E=2×105 N/mm2

Poison’s ratio v= 0.3

To Find
W1 W4
u1, w1, u2, w2, u3, w3, u4, w4
U1 U4
Formula used (r1 Z1) Element (r3 Z3 )
𝐹 =𝐾 𝑈
Axis of the hallow cylinder
1
Solution
D
For element (1) 15 mm
A
(Nodal displacements u1, w1, u2, w2, u4, w4)

Co ordinates
SC

W2 U2
At node 1 2 (r2 Z2 )
Z
r1=50mm
z1=15mm 50mm

At node 2 70 mm
r
r1=50mm
z1=0mm

At node 3
r1=70mm
z1=15mm
𝑟1 +𝑟2 +𝑟3 50+50+70
We know that, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = =
3 3

r = 56.6667mm
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 15+0+15
𝑧= = ; z= 10 mm
3 3

1
Area of the triangle element = × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

106
 1
= 2 × 20 × 15 ; A = 150 mm

We know that,
Stiffness matrix for axisymmetric triangular element (1),

𝐾 1 =2 𝜋 rA 𝐵 T
𝐷 B
1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2

1 − 0.3 0.3 0.3 0

2𝑋10 5 0.3 1 − 0.3 0.3 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1 − 0.3 0
1+0.3 1−(2×0.3)
1−(2×0.3)
0 0 0 2

0.7 0.3 0.3 0

2×10 5 0.3 0.7 0.3 0
= 0.5 𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
0 0 0 0.2
0.7 0.3 0.3 0
D
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
= 384.6153×103
𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
0 0 0 0.2
A
We know that , strain-Displacement matrix
SC

𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
B = 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1

𝛼1 = 50 × 15 − 70 × 0 𝛼2 = 70 × 15 − 50 × 15 𝛼3 = 50 × 0 − 50 × 15

𝛼1 = 750 𝑚𝑚2 𝛼2 = 300𝑚𝑚2 𝛼3 = −750𝑚𝑚2

𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝛽1 = 0 − 15 𝛽2 = 15 − 15 𝛽3 = 15 − 0
𝛾1 = 70 − 50 𝛾2 = 50 − 70 𝛾3 = 50 − 50
𝛽1 = −15𝑚𝑚 𝛽2 = 0 𝛽3 = 15𝑚𝑚
𝛾1 = 20𝑚𝑚 𝛾2 = −20𝑚𝑚 𝛾3 = 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 750 20×10
+ 𝛽₁ + = + (−15) + 56.6667 =1.7647 mm
𝑟 𝑟 56.6667

𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 300 (−20×10)
+ 𝛽2 + = +0+ = 1.7647 mm
𝑟 𝑟 56.6667 56.6667
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 −750
+ 𝛽3 + = 56.6667 + 15 + 0 =1.7647mm
𝑟 𝑟

107
 𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼 2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧
Substitute𝛽1, 𝛽2 , 𝛽3, + 𝛽₁ + , 𝑟 + 𝛽2 + , + 𝛽3 + , 𝛾1 , 𝛾2, 𝛾3 and A values in
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
equations no 5, we get,
−15 0 0 0 15 0
1 1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
B = 2×150
0 20 0 −20 0 0
20 −15 −20 0 0 15

−15 0 0 0 15 0
1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
0 20 0 −20 0 0
20 −15 −20 0 0 15
−15 1.7647 0 20
0 0 20 −15
0 1.7647 0 −20
B T=3.333 × 10−3 0 0 −20 0
15 1.7647 0 0
0 0 0 15
0.7 0.3 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
D B = 384.6153×10 3
×
0.3 0.3 0.7 0
D
0 0 0 0.2
−15 0 0 0 15 0
1.7647 0 1.7647 0 1.7647 0
A
3.33310−3
0 20 0 −20 0 0
20 −15 −20 0 0 15
SC

−9.9706 6 0.5294 −6 11.0294 0

0.3 0.7 0.3 −6 5.7353 0
D B = 1.282×103
0.3 0.3 0.7 −14 5.0294 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

−9.9706 6 0.5294 −6 11.0294 0

0.3 0.7 0.3 −6 5.7353 0 X3.33 10-3
D B B T =1.282×103
𝜈 𝜈 0.7 −14 5.0294 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
−15 1.7647 0 20
0 0 20 −15
0 1.7647 0 −20
0 0 −20 0
15 1.7647 0 0
0 0 0 15
223.798 −139.4118 −85.7611 79.4118 −155.32 60
−139.412 325 70.588 −280 100.588 −45
D B B 𝑇 = 4.2733 −85.7612 70.588 82.18 −10.588 10.1211 −60
79.412 −280 −10.588 280 −100.588 0
−155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 −100.588 175.5621 0
60 −45 −60 0 0 45

108
 𝑇
Substitute D B B value in equ no 4

𝐾 1 = 2 𝜋 ×56.6667×150×4.2733
223.798 −139.4118 −85.7611 79.4118 −155.32 60
−139.412 325 70.588 −280 100.588 −45
× −85.7612 70.588 82.18 −10.588 10.1211 −60
79.412 −280 −10.588 280 −100.588 0
−155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 −100.588 175.5621 0
60 −45 −60 0 0 45
223.798 −139.4118 −85.7611 79.4118 −155.32 60
−139.412 325 70.588 −280 100.588 −45
𝐾 1 =228224.6× −85.7612 70.588 82.18 −10.588 10.1211 −60
79.412 −280 −10.588 280 −100.588 0
−155.3202 100.5882 10.1210 −100.588 175.5621 0
60 −45 −60 0 0 45
u1 w1 u2 w2 u4 w4
51.076 −31.817 −19.573 18.124 −35.448 13.693
−31.817 74.173 16.110 −63.903 22.597 −10.270
𝐾 1= −19.573 16.110 18.755 −2.416 2.310 −13.693
18.124 −63.903 −2.416 63.903 −22.597 0
−35.448 22.597 2.310 −22.597 40.068 0
13.693 10.270 −13.693 0 0 10.270
D
A
For element (2) (Nodal displacements, u2, w2, u3, w3, u4, w4)

Co ordinates Z
W4
SC

(r3,z3)
At node 2 U4

r1=50mm 4

z1=0mm

At node 3
15 mm
r1=70mm
z1=0mm

At node 4 Element

r1=70mm W2
2
z1=15mm W3 U3
U2 3
𝑟1 +𝑟2 +𝑟3
We know that, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 = 2
(r,z1) (r2,z2)
3

50+70+70
= 3
50mm
r = 63.3333mm,
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3 0+0+15
𝑧= = ;z= 5 mm 70 mm
3 3

109
 1
Area of the triangle element = 2 × 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1
= 2 × 20 × 15

A = 150 mm
We know that,
Stiffness matrix for axisymmetric triangular element (2),

𝐾 2 =2 𝜋 rA 𝐵 T
𝐷 B
1−𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 0
𝐸 𝜈 1−𝜈 𝜈 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1−𝜈 0
1+𝜈 1−2𝜈
1− 2𝜈
0 0 0 2

1 − 0.3 0.3 0.3 0

2𝑋10 5 0.3 1 − 0.3 0.3 0
Stress strain relationship matrix 𝐷 = 𝜈 𝜈 1 − 0.3 0
1+0.3 1−(2×0.3)
1−(2×0.3)
0 0 0 2

0.7 0.3 0.3 0

2×10 5 0.3 0.7 0.3 0
D
= 0.5 𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
0 0 0 0.2
A
0.7 0.3 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
=384.6153×103
𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
SC

0 0 0 0.2
0.7 0.3 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0
=384.6153×103
𝜈 𝜈 0.7 0
0 0 0 0.2
We know that, strain-Displacement matrix
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝛽3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
B= 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1

𝛼1 = 70 × 15 − 70 × 0 𝛼2 = 70 × 0 − 50 × 15 𝛼3 = 50 × 0 − 70 × 0

𝛼1 = 1050 𝑚𝑚2 𝛼2 = −750𝑚𝑚2 𝛼3 = 0

𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 𝛽2 = 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝛽3 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1

110
 𝛽1 = 0 − 15 𝛽2 = 15 − 0 𝛽3 = 0 − 0
𝛾1 = 70 − 70 𝛾2 = 50 − 70 𝛾3 = 70 − 50
𝛽1 = −15𝑚𝑚 𝛽2 = 15𝑚𝑚 𝛽3 = 0
𝛾1 = 0 𝛾2 = −20𝑚𝑚 𝛾3 = −20𝑚𝑚
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 1050
+ 𝛽₁ + = + (−15) + 0 =1.579 mm
𝑟 𝑟 63.333

𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 −750 (−20×5)
+ 𝛽2 + = + 15 + = 1.579 mm
𝑟 𝑟 63.333 63.333
𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 (20×5)
+ 𝛽3 + = 0 + 0 + 63.333 =1.579mm
𝑟 𝑟
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼 2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧
Substitute 𝛽1, 𝛽2 , 𝛽3, + 𝛽₁ + , + 𝛽2 + , + 𝛽3 + , 𝛾1 , 𝛾2, 𝛾3 and A values in
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
equations no 10, we get,
−15 0 15 0 0 0
1 1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
B = 2×150
0 0 0 −20 0 20
0 −15 −20 15 20 0

−15 0 15 0 0 0
1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
D
0 0 0 −20 0 20
0 −15 −20 15 20 0
A
D B = 384.6153×103
SC

0.7 0.3 0.3 0 −15 0 15 0 0 0

0.3 0.7 0.3 0 1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
× 3.333 × 10−3
0.3 0.3 0.7 0 0 0 0 −20 0 20
0 0 0 0.2 0 −15 −20 15 20 0

−10.0263 0 10.9737 −6 0.4737 6

−3.3947 0 5.6053 −6 1.1053 6
D B = 1.282×10 3
−4.0263 0 4.9737 −14 0.4737 14
0 −3 −4 3 4 0
We know that
−15 0 15 0 0 0
1.579 0 1.579 0 1.579 0
B =3.333 × 10−3
0 0 0 −20 0 20
0 −15 −20 15 20 0
−15 1.579 0 0
0 0 0 −15
15 1.579 0 −20
B T =3.333 × 10−3 0 0 −20 15
0 1.579 0 20
0 0 20 0

111
 −10.0263 0 10.9737 −6 0.4737 6
−3.3947 0 5.6053 −6 1.1053 6
D B B T =1.282×103 3.333 × 10−3
−4.0263 0 4.9737 −14 0.4737 14
0 −3 −4 3 4 0
−15 1.579 0 0
0 0 0 −15
15 1.579 0 −20
0 0 −20 15
0 1.579 0 20
0 0 20 0

145.034 0 −155.755 80.526 −5.360 −80.526

0 45 60 −45 −60 0
D B B T =4.2733 −155.755 60 253.456 −159.474 −71.149 99.474
80.526 −45 −159.474 325 50.256 −280
−5.360 −60 −71.149 50.526 81.745 9.474
−80.526 0 99.474 −280 9.474 280

𝑇
Substitute D B B value in equ no 8
D
145.034 0 −155.755 80.526 −5.360 −80.526
0 45 60 −45 −60 0
−155.755 60 253.456 −159.474 −71.149 99.474
A
𝐾 2 =2 𝜋 ×63.333×150×4.2733×
80.526 −45 −159.474 325 50.256 −280
−5.360 −60 −71.149 50.526 81.745 9.474
−80.526 0 99.474 −280 9.474 280
SC

145.034 0 −155.755 80.526 −5.360 −80.526

0 45 60 −45 −60 0
𝐾 2 =255.074X103 −155.755 60 253.456 −159.474 −71.149 99.474
80.526 −45 −159.474 325 50.256 −280
−5.360 −60 −71.149 50.526 81.745 9.474
−80.526 0 99.474 −280 9.474 280
36.994 0 −39.729 20.540 −1.367 −20.540
0 11.478 15.304 −11.478 −15.304 0
𝐾 2 =106 −39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678 −18.148 25.373
20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899 12.877 −71.421
−1.367 −15.304 −18.148 12.877 20.851 2.417
−20.540 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 71.421

112
Assemble the equations.
Global stiffness matrix, [ K ] =

51.076 -31.817 -19.573 18.124+0 0 0 -35.448+0 13.693+0

+0 +0 +0
-31.817 74.173 16.110 - 0 0 22.957+0 -10.270+0
+0 +0 +0 63.903+0
-19.573 16.110 18.755+ -2.416 -39.729 20.540 2.310- -13.693
+0 +0 36.994 + +0 +0 1.367 -20.540
0
18.124 -63.903 -2.416 63.903 0+15.304 0 -22.957 0+0
+0 +0 +0 +11.478 -11.478 -15.304
0 0 0+ 0+ 0+64.650 0+ 0+ 0+25.373
(-39.729) 15.304 (-40.678) (-18.148)
0 0 20.540+0 - - 82.899+0 12.887+0 -71.421+0
11.478+0 40.678+0
-35.448 22.597+0 2.310- -22.597 0 0+12.887 40.068+20 0+2.417
+0 1.367 -15.304 -18.148 .851
13.693+ -10.270+0 -13.693 0+0 0+25.373 0-71.421 0+2.417 10.270
D
0 -20.540 +71.421
A
Global stiffness matrix, [ K ] =
SC

51.076 -31.817 -19.573 18.124 0 0 -35.448 13.693

-31.817 74.173 16.110 -63.903 0 0 22.957 -10.270
-19.573 16.110 55.749 -2.416 -39.729 20.540 0.943 -34.233

18.124 -63.903 -2.416 75.381 15.304 -11.478 -38.261 0

0 0 (-39.729) 15.304 64.650 -40.678 -18.148 25.373
0 0 20.540 -11.478 -40.678 82.899 12.887 -71.421
-35.448 22.597 0.943 -38.261 18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417
13.693 -10.270 -34.233 0 25.373 71.421 2.417 81.691

We know that

𝐹 =𝐾 𝑈
51.076 −31.817 −19.573 18.124 0 0 −35.448 13.693 𝑢1
𝐹1𝑢 −31.817 74.173 16.110 −63.903 0 0 22.957 −10.270 𝑤1
𝐹2𝑢 −19.5573 16.110 55.759 −2.416 −39.729 20.540 0.943 −34.233 𝑢2
𝐹3𝑢 6 18.124 −63.903 −2.416 75.381 15.304 −11.478 −38.261 0 𝑤2
=10 𝑢3
𝐹4𝑢 0 0 −39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678 −18.148 25.373
𝐹5𝑢 0 0 20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899 12.887 −71.421 𝑤3
𝐹6𝑢 −35.448 22.957 0.943 −38.261 −18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417 𝑢4
13.693 −10.270 −34.233 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 81.691 𝑤4

113
Forces we know that
2 𝑃𝜋 𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑒 2× 𝜋×50×15×4
F1u = F2u = = = 9424.77 N
2 2

The remaining forces are zero F1w, F2w, F3u, F3w, F4w, are zero.
Displacements

1. Node 1 is moving in r direction. u1 0 but w1 =0

2. Node 2 is moving in r direction. u2 0 but w2 =0

3. Node 3 & 4 are fixed. So u3, w3 u4 and w4 are zero.

Substitute nodal force and nodal displacements values in eqn 12
𝑢1
51.076 −31.817 −19.573 18.124 0 0 −35.448 13.693
9424.77 −31.817 74.173 16.110 −63.903 0 0 22.957 −10.270 0
𝑢2
0 −19.5573 16.110 55.759 −2.416 −39.729 20.540 0.943 −34.233
9424.77 18.124 −63.903 −2.416 75.381 15.304 −11.478 −38.261 0 0
0
=106
0 0 −39.729 15.304 64.650 −40.678 −18.148 25.373
× 0
0 0 0 20.540 −11.478 −40.678 82.899 12.887 −71.421 0
0 −35.448 22.957 0.943 −38.261 −18.148 12.887 60.919 2.417 0
13.693 −10.270 −34.233 0 25.373 −71.421 2.417 81.691 0
D
Delete second row, second column, fourth row, fourth column, fifth row, fifth column,
sixth row, sixth column, seventh row, seventh column, and eighth row and eight column of the
A
above matrix. Hence the Equation reduces to

9424.77 51.706 −19.5573 𝑢1

SC

=106 X
𝑢2
9424.77 −19.5573 55.759

9424.77 = 106 (51.706u1-19.573u2)

9424.77 = 106 (-19.573u1-55.749u2)

Above equations we solving and we get

u1 =2.88×10-4mm u2 =2.70×10-4mm

RESULTS
DISPLACEMENTS

u1 =2.88×10-4mm w1=0

u2 =2.70×10-4mm w2=0
u3 =0 w3=0
u4 =0 w4=0

114
 5. DERIVE THE EXPRESSION FOR STRAIN-DISPLACEMENT
RELATIONSHIP FOR AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENT.

Shape function are given below

U = N1u1+N2u2+N3u3 --------------------------- 1

W = N1w1+N2w2 +N3w3 --------------------- 2

𝜕𝑢
Radial strain er = 𝜕𝑟

Eqn 1 d.w.r to “r “

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁
er = = 𝑢1 + 𝜕𝑟2 𝑢2 + 𝜕𝑟3 𝑢3 ------------------- 3
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝑢
Circumferential strain e Ɵ = 𝑟

𝑁1 𝑁 𝑁3
eƟ= 𝑢1 + 𝑟2 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 --------- 4
𝑟 𝑟

𝜕𝑤
Longitudinal strain ez = 𝜕𝑧
D
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3
ez = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 ---------- 5
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
A
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤
Shear strain ϒ rz = 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑟
SC

𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁

ϒ rz = 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + 𝑤1 + 𝜕𝑟2 𝑤2 + 𝜕𝑟3 𝑤3 ------ 6
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

Arranging equation 3, 4, 5 & 6 in matrix form

𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3
0 0 0 𝑢1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑒𝑟 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝑁3 𝑤1
𝑒𝜃 0 0 0 𝑢2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
= 𝑤2 ------------- 7
𝑒𝑧 0
𝜕𝑁1
0
𝜕𝑁2
0
𝜕𝑁3
𝛾𝑟𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑢3
𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁1 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁2 𝜕𝑁3 𝜕𝑁3 𝑤3
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟

Shape function
1
𝑁1 = 𝛼1 + 𝛽1 𝑟 + 𝛾1 𝑧 ;
2𝐴
1
𝑁2 = 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 𝑟 + 𝛾2 𝑧 ;
2𝐴
1
𝑁3 = 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 𝑟 + 𝛾3 𝑧 ;
2𝐴

115
 𝜕𝑁1 𝛽1
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝐴
𝑁1 1 ∝1 𝛾1 𝑧
= + 𝛽1 +
𝑟 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕𝑁1 𝛾1
=
𝜕𝑧 2𝐴
𝜕𝑁2 𝛽2
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝐴

𝑁2 1 ∝2 𝛾2 𝑧
= + 𝛽2 +
𝑟 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟

𝜕𝑁2 𝛾2
=
𝜕𝑧 2𝐴

𝜕𝑁3 𝛽3
=
𝜕𝑟 2𝐴

𝑁3 1 ∝3 𝛾3 𝑧
= + 𝛽3 +
𝑟 2𝐴 𝑟 𝑟
D
𝜕𝑁3 𝛾3
=
𝜕𝑧 2𝐴
A
SC

Above values substitute in eqn 7

𝑢1
𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝑏3 0
𝑒𝑟 𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾2 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾3 𝑧 𝑤1
𝑒𝜃 1 + 𝛽₁ + 0 + 𝛽2 + 0 + 𝛽3 + 0 𝑢2
= 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑤2
𝑒𝑧 2𝐴
𝛾𝑟𝑧 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3 𝑢3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3 𝑤3
{e} = [B]{u}
𝛽1 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 𝛽2 = 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 𝛽3 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝛾1 = 𝑟3 − 𝑟2 𝛾2 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟3 𝛾3 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝛼1 = 𝑟2 𝑧3 − 𝑟3 𝑧2 𝛼2 = 𝑟3 𝑧1 − 𝑟1 𝑧3 𝛼3 = 𝑟1 𝑧2 − 𝑟2 𝑧1

𝛽1 0 𝛽2 0 𝑏3 0
𝛼₁ 𝛾₁𝑧 𝛼2 𝛾 𝑧 𝛼3 𝛾 𝑧
1 + 𝛽₁ + 𝑟 0 + 𝛽2 + 2𝑟 0 + 𝛽3 + 3𝑟 0
[B] = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
2𝐴 0 𝛾1 0 𝛾2 0 𝛾3
𝛾1 𝛽1 𝛾2 𝛽2 𝛾3 𝛽3

116
 UNIT V ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
PART A
1. What do you mean by uniqueness of mapping?
It is absolutely necessary that a point in parent element represents only one point in the isoperimetric
element. Some times, due to violent distortion it is possible to obtain undesirable situation of
nonuniqueness. Some of such situations are shown in Fig. If this requirement is violated determinant of
Jacobiam matrix (to be explained latter) becomes negative. If this happens coordinate transformation fails
and hence the program is to be terminated and mapping is corrected.

Non Uniqueness of Mapping

2. What do you mean by iso parametric element?(April/May 2011)
If the shape functions defining the boundary and displacements are the same, the element is called
D
as isoparametric element and all the eight nodes are used in defining the geometry and displacement.
A
SC

3. What do you mean by super parametric element?

The element in which more number of nodes are used to define geometry compared to the number of
nodes used to define displacement are known as superparametric element.

4. What do you mean by sub parametric element?

The fig shows subparametric element in which less number of nodes are used to define geometry
compared to the number of nodes used for defining the displacements. Such elements can be used
advantageously in case of geometry being simple but stress gradient high.

117
5. What do you mean by iso parametric formulation?(April/May 2011)

The principal concept of isoparametric finite element formulation is to express the element
coordinates and element displacements in the form of interpolations using the natural coordinate system of
the element. These isoparametric elements of simple shapes expressed in natural coordinate system,
known as master elements, are the transformed shapes of some arbitrary curves sided actual elements
expressed in Cartesian coordinate system.

6. What is a Jacobian matrix of transformation?(April/May 2011)

It‟s the transformation between two different co-ordinate system. This transformation is
used to evaluate the integral expression involving „x‟ interms of expressions involving ε.
XB 1


xA
f ( x)dx   f ( )d
1

D
The differential element dx in the global co-ordinate system x is related to differential
element dε in natural co-ordinate system ε by
A
dx = dx/ dε . dε

dx = J . dε
SC

𝐽11 𝐽12
Jacobian matrix of transformation J =dx/ dε =
𝐽21 𝐽22

7. Differentiate the serendipity and langrangian elements

Serendipity elements langrangian elements

In discretized element In discretized element, if nodes

If nodes lies on corner, then the are present in both centre of element

element are known as serendipity and corner are known as langrangian

elements. elements.

8. Explain Gauss quadrature rule.(Nov/Dec 2012), (April/May 2011)

The idea of Gauss Quadrature is to select “n” Gauss points and “n” weight functions such that the
integral provides an exact answer for the polynomial f(x) as far as possible, Suppose if it is necessary to
evaluate the following integral using end point approximation then

1
I=  f ( x)dx
1

118
 The solution will be

 f ( x)dx  w f ( x )  w
1
1 1 2 f ( x2 )  .........  wn f ( xn )

w1,w2,…………..…., wnare weighted function, x1,x2……………….., xnare Gauss points

9. What are the differences between implicit and explicit direct integration methods?

Implicit direct integration methods:

(i) Implicit methods attempt to satisfy the differential equation at time „t‟ after the solution at time “t-
∆t”is found

(ii) These methods require the solution of a set of linear equations at each time step.

(iii) Normally larger time steps may be used.

(iv) Implicit methods can be conditionally or unconditionally stable.

Explicit direct integration methods:

(i) These methods do not involve the solution of a set of linear equations at each step.

(ii)
“t+∆t”
D
Basically these methods use the differential equations at time „t‟ to predict a solution at time
A
(iii) Normally smaller time steps may be used

(iv) All explicit methods are conditionally stable with respect to size of time step.
SC

(v) Explicit methods initially proposed for parabolic PDES and for stiff ODES with widely separated
time constants.

10. State the three phases of finite element method.

The three phases of FEM is given by,

(i) Preprocessing

(ii) Analysis

(iii) Post Processing

11. List any three FEA software.(Nov/Dec 2014)

The following list represents FEA software as,

(i) ANSYS

(ii) NASTRAN

(iii) COSMOS

119
 PART-B

1. A four noded rectangular element is shown in Fig. Determine the following

1. jacobian matrix 2. Strain – Displacement matrix 3. Element Stresses.

D T
Take E = 2 10 N/mm ; v = 0.25 ; u = 0, 0, 0, 0.003, 0.004, 0.006, 0.004, 0, 0
5 2
ε=0;=0
A
Assume the plane Stress condition.

Given Data
SC

Cartesian co – ordinates of the points 1,2,3 and 4

𝑥1 = 0; 𝑦1 = 0
𝑥2 = 2; 𝑦2 = 0
𝑥3 = 2; 𝑦3 = 1
𝑥4 = 0; 𝑦4 = 1

Young‟s modulus, E = 2 105 N/mm2

Poisson‟s ratio v = 0.25
0
0
0.003
0.004
Displacements, u =
0.006
0.004
0
0
Natural co-ordinates , ε = 0 ,  = 0

To find:
1. Jacobian matrix, J
2. Strain – Displacement matrix [B]
3. Element Stress σ.

120
Formulae used
𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22
J22 −J12 0 0
1 1
𝐵 = 0 0 −J21 J11 
𝐉 4
−J21 J11 J22 −J12

−(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + ) 0
−(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀) 0
0 −(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + )
0 −(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀)

Solution :Jacobian matrix for quadrilateral element is given by,

𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22

Where , D
1
J11 = 4 −(1 − )𝑥1 + (1 − )𝑥2 +(1 + )𝑥3 −(1 + )𝑥4 (1)
1
J12 = −(1 − )𝑦1 + (1 − )𝑦2 +(1 + )𝑦3 −(1 + )𝑦4
A
(2)
4
1
J21 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑥1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑥2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑥3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑥4 (3)
SC

1
J22 = 4 −(1 − 𝜀)𝑦1 − (1 + 𝜀)𝑦2 +(1 + 𝜀)𝑦3 +(1 − 𝜀)𝑦4 (4)

Substitute 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, 𝑥4, 𝑦1, 𝑦2, 𝑦3, 𝑦14, ε and  values in equation (1), (2),(3) and (4)

1
(1) J11 = 4 0 + 2 + 2 − 0

𝐉𝟏𝟏 = 1

1
(2) J12 = 4 0 + 0 + 1 − 1

J12 = 0
1
(3) J21 = 4 0 − 2 + 2 − 0

J21 = 0
1
(4) J22 = 4 −0 − 0 + 1 + 1

J22 = 0.5

121
 𝐽11 𝐽12
J =
𝐽21 𝐽22

1 0
Jacobian matrix J = (5)
0 0.5

J = 10.5- 0

J = 0.5

We Know that, Strain – Displacement matrix for quadrilateral element is,

J22 −J12 0 0
1 1
𝐵 = 0 0 −J21 J11 
𝐉 4
−J21 J11 J22 −J12

−(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + ) 0
−(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀) 0
0 −(1 − ) 0 (1 − ) 0 (1 + ) 0 −(1 + )
0 −(1 − 𝜀) 0 −(1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 + 𝜀) 0 (1 − 𝜀)

Substitute 𝐉𝟏𝟏 , 𝐉𝟏𝟐, 𝐉𝟐𝟏, 𝐉𝟐𝟐 𝐉 , 𝜺 𝐚𝐧𝐝  𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬

−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
D
0.5 0 0 0
1 1 −1 0 −1 0 10 1 0
𝐵 = 0.5 0 0 0 1 4
0 −1 0 1 01 0 −1
0 1 0.5 1
A
0 −1 0 −101 0 1
SC

−0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 −0.5 0

1
𝐵 = 0.54 0 −1 0 −1 0 1 0 1
−1 −0.5−10.5 1 0.5 1 −0.5

−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
0.5
= 0.54 0 −2 0 −202 0 2
−2−1−2 1 21 2 −1

−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
𝐵 = 0.25 0 −2 0 −202 0 2
−2−1−2 1 21 2 −1
We know that,

Element stress, σ = 𝐃 𝑩 𝒖

For plane stress condition,

122
 𝐸 1𝑣 0
Stress- strain relationship matrix, D = 𝑣 1 0
1−𝑣 2 0 0 1−𝑣
2

2 10 5 1 0.25 0
= 0.25 1 0
1− (0.25)2 0 0 1−0.25
2

1 0.25 0
= 213.33 103 0.25 1 0
0 0 0.375
41 0
= 213.33103 0.25 1 4 0
0 0 1.5
41 0
= 53.333103 1 4 0
0 0 1.5
Substitute 𝐷 , 𝐵 and 𝑢

0
D 0
0.003
−1 0 1 0 10−1 0
41 0 0.004
σ = 53.333103 1 4 0 0.25 0 −2 0 −202 0 2
A
0.006
0 0 1.5 −2−1−2 1 21 2 −1
0.004
0
SC

0
0
0
0.003
−4 2 4 −24 2 −4 2
0.004
= 53.333103 0.25 −1 −8 1 −81 8 −1 8
0.006
−3−1.5−31.531.5 3 −1.5
0.004
0
0

0 + 0 + 4 × 0.003 + −2 × 0.004 + 4 × 0.006 + 2 × 0.004 + 0 + 0

3
=13.33310 0 + 0 + 1 + 0.003 + −8 × 0.004 + 1 × 0.006 + 8 × 0.004 + 0 + 0
0 + 0 + −3 × 0.003 + 1.5 × 0.004 + 3 × 0.006 + 1.5 × 0.004 + 0 + 0

0.036
𝜎 = 13.333103 0.009
0.021

123
 480
𝜎 = 120 N/m2
280

Result :

J = 0.5

480
𝜎 = 120 N/m2
280

2. For the isoparametric quadrilateral element shown in Fig. the Cartesian co-ordinate of
point P are (6,4). The loads 10KN and 12KN are acting in x and y direction on the point P.
Evaluate the nodal equivalent forces.

D
A
SC

Givendata :

Cartesian co- ordinates of point P,

X = 6; y=4

The Cartesian co-ordinates of point 1,2,3 and 4 are

𝑥1 = 2; 𝑦1 = 1

𝑥2 = 8; 𝑦2 = 4

𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6

𝑥4 = 3; 𝑦4 = 5

Loads ,F𝑥 = 10𝐾𝑁F𝑦 = 12𝐾𝑁

To find : Nodal equivalent forces for x and y directions,

124
 i,e., F1𝑥 , F2𝑥 , F3𝑥 , F4𝑥 , F1𝑦 , F2𝑦 , F3𝑦 , F4𝑦
Formulae Used
1
N1 = 4 (1-ε) (1-)

1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1-  )

1
N3 = 4 (1+ ε) (1+)

1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+)

Fx
Element force vector, F e = N T
Fy

solution:

Shape functions for quadrilateral elements are,

1
N1 = 4 (1-ε)(1-)(1)
D
1
N2 = 4 (1+ ε) (1-  ) (2)
A
1
N3 = (1+ ε) (1+) (3)
4
SC

1
N4 = 4 (1-ε) (1+) (4)

Cartesian co-ordinates of the point,P(x,y)

𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 + N3 𝑥3 + N4 𝑥4 (5)

𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 + N3 𝑦3 + N4 𝑦4 (6)

Substitute 𝑥,𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁4 values in equation.

1
6 = 4 [(1-ε) (1-) 2 +(1+ε) (1- )8 + (1+ ε) (1+)6 +(1 - ε) (1+)3]

24= [(1--ε+ε)2+(1-+ε-ε)8+(1++ε+ε)6+(1+-ε-ε)3]

24 = 19-+9ε-3ε

5 = -+9ε - 3ε
9ε -  - 3ε = 5 (7)

Substitute 𝑦,𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 , 𝑦4 , 𝑁1 , 𝑁2 , 𝑁3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁4 values in equation.

125
 1
4 = 4 [(1-ε) (1-) 1 +(1+ε) (1- )4 + (1+ ε) (1+)6 +(1 - ε) (1+)5]

16 = [1--ε+ε+4-4+4ε-4ε+6+6+6ε+6ε+5+5-5ε-5ε]

16= [16+6+4ε-2ε]
4ε + 6 - 2ε = 0 (8)

Equation (7) multiplied by 2 and equation (8) multiplied by (-3).

18ε - 2 - 6ε = 10 (9)

-12ε - 18 + 6ε = 0 (10)

6ε – 20  = 10

-20  = 10 - 6ε

20 = 6ε -10
6𝜀−10
D = 20

 = 0.3ε – 0.5 (11)

A
Substituting  value in equation (7),
SC

9ε – (0.3ε – 0.5) - 3ε (0.3ε – 0.5) = 5

10.2ε – 0.9ε2 – 4.5 = 0

0.9ε2 - 10.2ε + 4.5 = 0

10.2± (−10.2)2 −4 0.9 (4.5)

ε= 2(0.9)

10.2−9.372
= 1.8

ε = 0.46

Substitute ε and  values in equation (1),(2),(3) and (4)

1
(1) N1 = (1 - 0.46) (1+ 0.362)
4

N1 = 0.18387
1
(2) N2 = (1 + 0.46) (1+ 0.362)
4

126
 N2 = 0.49713
1
(3) N3 = (1 + 0.46) (1 - 0.362)
4

N3 = 0.23287
1
(4) N4 = (1 - 0.46) (1 - 0.362)
4

N3 = 0.08613

We know that,

Fx
Element force vector, F e = N T
Fy (12)

F1𝑥 𝑁1
F2𝑥 𝑁2
= F𝑥
F3𝑥 𝑁3
F4x 𝑁4

F1𝑥
F2𝑥
=
D
0.18387
0.49713
10
A
F3𝑥 0.23287
F4x 0.08613
SC

F1𝑥 1.8387
F2𝑥 4.9713
= KN
F3𝑥 2.3287
F4x 0.8613

Similarly,

F1𝑦 𝑁1
F2𝑦 𝑁2
= F𝑦
F3𝑦 𝑁3
F4y 𝑁4

127
 F1𝑦 0.18387
F2𝑦 0.49713
= 12
F3𝑦 0.23287
F4y 0.08613

F1𝑦 2.20644
F2𝑦 5.96556
= KN
F3𝑦 2.79444
F4y 1.03356

Result:

Nodal forces for x directions,

F1𝑥 1.8387
F2𝑥 4.9713
= KN
F3𝑥 2.3287
F4x 0.8613

Nodal forces for y directions,

F1𝑦 2.20644
F2𝑦
F3𝑦
F4y
=
D5.96556
2.79444
1.03356
KN
A
4. Derive the shape function for the Eight Noded Rectangular Element
SC

Consider a eight noded rectangular element is shown in fig. It belongs to the

serendipity family of elements. It consists of eight nodes, which are located on the boundary.

We know that, shape function N1 = 1 at node 1 and 0 at all other nodes.

128
 N1=0 at all other nodes

N1 has to be in the form of N1 =C(1- ε)(1-)(1+ε+) (1)

Where C is constant

Substitute ε = -1 and  = -1 in equation (1)

N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)(-1)

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation

1
N1= -4 (1+ ε) (1 +) (1+ε+) (2)

At node 2 :(Coordinates ε =1,= -1)

D
Shape Function N2 = 1 at node 2
A
N2 = 0 at all other nodes

N2has to be in the form of N2 =C(1 +ε)(1-)(1-ε+) (3)

SC

Substitute ε = 1 and  = -1 in equation (3)

N2 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation (3)

1
N2= -4 (1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε +) (4)

At node 3 :(Coordinates ε =1,= 1)

Shape Function N3 = 1 at node 3

N3 = 0 at all other nodes

N3has to be in the form of N3 =C(1+ε)(1+)(1- ε - ) (5)

Substitute ε = 1 and  = 1 in equation (5)

129
 N3 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

1 = -4C
1
C =-4

Substitute C value in equation (5)

1
N3= − 4 (1+ ε) (1+ ) (1- ε - ) (6)

At node 4 :(Coordinates ε =- 1,= 1)

Shape Function N4 = 1 at node 4

N4 = 0 at all other nodes

N4 has to be in the form of N4 =C(1- ε)(1 + )(1+ε - ) (7)

Substitute ε = -1 and  = 1 in equation (7)

N4 = C (1+1) (1+1) (-1)

1 = -4C
1
D
A
C = −4

Substitute C value in equation (3)

SC

1
N4= - 4 (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -) (8)

Now , we define N5,N6,N7 and N8 at the mid points.

At node 5 :(Coordinates ε = - 1,= - 1)

Shape Function N5 = 1 at node 5

N5 = 0 at all other nodes

N5has to be in the form of N5 =C(1- ε)(1 -)(1+ε )

N5 = C (1- ε2)(1 - ) (9)

Substitute ε = 0 and  = -1 in equation (9)

N5 = C (1-0)(1+1)

1 = 2C
1
C=2

130
Substitute C value in equation (9)
1
N5= 2 (1- ε2)(1 - ) (10)

At node 6 :(Coordinates ε = 1,= - 1)

Shape Function N6 = 1 at node 6
N6 = 0 at all other nodes
N6 has to be in the form of N6 =C (1+ε)(1 - )(1+ )
N6 = C (1 + ε)(1 - 2) (11)
Substitute ε = 1 and  = 0 in equation (11)
N6 = C (1+1) (1 - 0)
1 = 2C
1
C=2

Substitute C value in equation (11)

1
N6 = (1+ ε)(1 - 2) (12)
2D
A
At node 7 :(Coordinates ε = 1,= 1)
Shape Function N7 = 1 at node 7
SC

N7 = 0 at all other nodes

N7 has to be in the form of N7 =C (1+ε)(1 + )(1- ε )
N7 = C (1 – ε2)(1 + ) (13)
Substitute ε = 0 and  = 1 in equation (12)
N7 = C (1-0) (1 + 1)
1 = 2C
1
C=2

Substitute C value in equation (13)

1
N7 = (1 – ε2)(1 + ) (14)
2

At node 8 :(Coordinates ε = -1,= 1)

Shape Function N8 = 1 at node 8
N8 = 0 at all other nodes
N8 has to be in the form of N8 =C (1-ε)(1 + )(1-  )

131
 N8 = C (1 – ε)(1 -2) (15)
Substitute ε = -1 and  = 0 in equation (15)
N8 = C (1+1) (1 - 0)
1 = 2C
1
C=2

Substitute C value in equation (15)

1
N8 = (1 – ε)(1 -2) (16)
2

Shape Functions are,

1
N1 = - (1+ ε) (1 +) (1+ε+)
4
1
N2 = - (1+ ε) (1 - ) (1- ε + )
4
1
N3= − 4 (1+ ε) (1 + ) (1- ε - )
1
N4 = - (1- ε) (1 + ) (1+ ε -)
4 D
1
N5 = (1- ε2)(1 - )
2
A
1
N6 = (1+ ε)(1 - 2)
2
1
(1 – ε2)(1 + )
SC

N7 = 2
1
N8 = (1 – ε)(1 - 2)
2

5. Derive the shape function for 4 noded rectangular parent element by using natural co-
ordinate system and co-ordinate transformation
η

4 (-1,1) 3 (1,1) η (+1)

ε
ε (+1)
ε (-1)

1(-1,-1) η (-1)
2 (1,-1)

Consider a four noded rectangular element as shown in FIG. The parent element is defined in ε
and η co-ordinates i.e., natural co-ordinates ε is varying from -1 to 1 and η is also varying -1 to 1.

132
We know that,

Shape function value is unity at its own node and its value is zero at other nodes.

At node 1: (co-ordinate ε = -1, η = -1)

Shape function N1 = 1 at node 1.

N1 = 0 at nodes 2, 3 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N1 = C (1 - ε) (1 -η) (1)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = -1 and η = -1 in equation (1)

N1 = C (1+1)(1+1)

N1= 4C
1
C=4

D
Substitute C value in equation (1)
1
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η) (2)
A
SC

At node 2: (co-ordinate ε = 1, η = -1)

Shape function N2 = 1 at node 2.

N2 = 0 at nodes 1, 3 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N2 = C (1 + ε) (1 -η) (3)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = 1 and η = -1 in equation (3)

N2 = C (1+1) (1+1)

N2 = 4C
1
C=4

Substitute C value in equation (1)

1 (4)
N2 = 4(1 + ε) (1 -η)

133
At node 3: (co-ordinate ε = 1, η = 1)

Shape function N3 = 1 at node 3.

N3 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 4

N1has to be in the form of N3 = C (1 + ε) (1 +η) (5)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = 1 and η = 1 in equation (5)

N3 = C (1+1)(1+1)

N3 = 4C
1
C=4

Substitute C value in equation (1)

1 (6)
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η)
D
At node 4: (co-ordinate ε = -1, η = 1)
A
Shape function N4 = 1 at node 4.
SC

N4 = 0 at nodes 1, 2 and 3

N1has to be in the form of N4 = C (1 - ε) (1 +η) (7)

Where, C is constant.

Substitute ε = -1 and η = 1 in equation (1)

N4 = C (1+1) (1+1)

N4 = 4C
1
C=4

Substitute C value in equation (1)

1 (8)
N4 = 4(1 - ε) (1 +η)

𝑢
Consider a point p with co-ordinate (ε ,η). If the displacement function u = represents the
𝑣
displacements components of a point located at (ε ,η) then,

134
 u = N1 𝑢1 +N2 𝑢2 +N3 𝑢3 +N4 𝑢4

v = N1 𝑣1 +N2 𝑣2 +N3 𝑣3 +N4 𝑣4

It can be written in matrix form as,

𝑢1
𝑣1
𝑢2
𝑢 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑣2
u= = 𝑢3 (9)
𝑣 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4
𝑣3
𝑢4
𝑣4
In the isoparametric formulation i,e., for global system, the co-ordinates of the nodal points are
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , and 𝑥4 , 𝑦4 . In order to get mapping the co-ordinate of point p is
defined as D
A
𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4
SC

𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4

135
 The above equation can be written in matrix form as,

𝑥1
𝑦1
𝑥2
𝑥 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 0 𝑦2
u= 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 0 𝑁2 0 𝑁3 0 𝑁4 𝑥3 (10)
𝑦3
𝑥4
𝑦4

6. D
For the isoparametric four noded quadrilateral element shown in fig. Determine the
Cartesian co-ordinates of point P which has local co-ordinatesε= 0.5 , η =0.5
A
SC

Given data

Natural co-ordinates of point P

ε= 0.5

η =0.5

136
Cartesian co-ordinates of the point 1,2,3 and 4 P 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑥1 = 1; 𝑦1 = 1

𝑥2 = 5; 𝑦2 = 1

𝑥3 = 6; 𝑦3 = 6

𝑥4 = 1; 𝑦4 = 4
To find : Cartesian co-ordinates of the point P(x,y)

Formulae used:

Co -ordinate, 𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4

Co-ordinate, 𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4

Solution
D
Shape function for quadrilateral elements are,
1
N1 = 4(1 - ε) (1 -η)
A
1
N2 = (1 + ε) (1 -η)
4
SC

1
N3 = 4(1 +ε) (1 + η)
1
N4 = 4(1 - ε) (1 +η)

Substitute ε and η values in the above equations,

1
N1 = 4(1 – 0.5) (1 –0.5) = 0.0625

1
N2 = 4(1 + 0.5) (1 –0.5) = 0.1875

1
N3 = 4(1 +0.5) (1 + 0.5) =0.5625

1
N4 = 4(1 – 0.5) (1 +0.5) = 0.1875

We know that,

Co-ordinate, 𝑥 = N1 𝑥1 +N2 𝑥2 +N3 𝑥3 +N4 𝑥4

= 0.0625×1+0.1875×5+0.5625×6+0.1875×1

137
 𝑥 = 4.5625

Similarly,

Co-ordinate, 𝑦 = N1 𝑦1 +N2 𝑦2 +N3 𝑦3 +N4 𝑦4

= 0.0625×1+0.1875×1+0.5625×6+0.1875×4

y = 4.375

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏
7. Evaluate the integral I =
−𝟏
𝒆 + 𝒙 + dx using Gaussian integration with one,
𝒙+𝟕
,two , three integration points and compare with exact solution

Given:

1 1
I=
−1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + dx
𝑥+7

To Find:
D
Evaluate the integral by using Gaussian.

Formulae used:
A
1 1
I=
−1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + dx
SC

𝑥+7

f 𝑥1 ,w1 f 𝑥1 ,

w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 + w3 f 𝑥3

Solution

1. point Gauss quadrature

𝑥1 = 0; w1 = 2

1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒0 + 0 +
0+7

f 𝑥1 = 1.1428

w1 f 𝑥1 = 2 ⨯1.1428

= 2.29

138
 2. point Gauss quadrature

1
𝑥1 = =0.5773;
3

1
𝑥2 = − 3= -0.5773;

w1 = w2 = 1

1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥+7
1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒 0.5773 + 0.57732 +
0.5773 +7

f 𝑥1 = 1.7812 + 0.33327 + 0.13197

f 𝑥1 = 2.246

w1 f 𝑥1 = 1 ⨯2.246
D
A
= 2.246
1
f 𝑥2 = 𝑒 −0.5773 + (−0.5773)2 +
SC

−0.5773 +7

= 0.5614 + 0.3332+0.15569

f 𝑥2 = 1.050

w2 f 𝑥2 = 1 ⨯1.050

= 1.050

w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 = 2.246 + 1.050

= 3.29

3. point Gauss quadrature

3
𝑥1 = =0.7745;
5

𝑥2 = 0:

139
 3
𝑥1 = − = - 0.7745;
5

5
w1 = 9 = 0.5555;

8
w2 = 9 = 0.8888

5
w2 = 9 = 0.5555

1
f 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥+7

1
f 𝑥1 = 𝑒 0.7745 + 0.77452 + 0.7745 +7

f 𝑥1 = 2.1697 + 0.6 + 0.1286

f 𝑥1 = 2.898

w1 f 𝑥1 = 0.55555⨯2.898

= 1.610 D
1
f 𝑥2 = 1+ 7
A
f 𝑥2 = 1.050
SC

w2 f 𝑥2 = 0.888⨯1.143

= 1.0159

w1 f 𝑥1 + w2 f 𝑥2 + w3 f 𝑥3 = 1.160 + 1.0159 +0.6786

= 2.8545
1 1
Exact Solution I= −1
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + dx
𝑥+7

1
1 𝑥3 1
= 𝑒𝑥 −1 + + ln(𝑥 + 7) −1
3 −1

1 −1
= 𝑒 +1 − 𝑒 −1 + − + ln(1 + 7) − ln(−1 + 7)
3 3

2
= 2.7183 − 0.3678 + 3 + ln(8) − ln(6)

= 2.3505 +0.6666 + 2.0794 − 1.7917

= 3.0171 + 0.2877 = 3.3048

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