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 Lang  Style  Guidelines  

Please  ensure  that  the  style  of  the  paper  is  consistent  and  accurate  throughout.  

Text  size  and  fonts  

Note  that  the  page  settings  must  be  A4  with  2.5  cm  (1  inch)  margins.  
Use   Times   New   Roman   12p.   for   the   main   text,   Times   New   Roman   11p.   for   examples   and   Times   New  
Roman   10p.   for   footnotes,   spacing   1.5p   for   the   main   text   and   single   for   footnotes   with   a   full  
justification  for  the  entire  paper.  Please  place  footnote  numbers  after  punctuation,  like  this.4  
New  paragraphs  and  direct  citations  must  be  indented  (1  cm).    

Examples  
All  examples  must  be  consecutively  numbered.    

Tables  and  Figures    

Tables  and  figures  should  not  be  wider  than  11  cm  and  should  be  numbered  consecutively.  Figures  
are  illustrations,  graphs  and  charts.  If  graphs  have  been  created  in  Excel,  please  send  the  separate  
Excel   file   with   the   graph.   Each   table   should   have   a   title   preceding   it.   Please   use   the   table   below   as   a  
model.    
 
Table  4:  Proceeds  from  Privatization,  1990–1996  (in  US$  millions)  
 
Year   All   Latin   Argentina( OECD   UK  
LDCs   America   and   a)   countries(
the   b)  
Caribbean  
1990   12,658   10,961   891   12,988   4,219  
1991   24,243   18,723   1,892   10,168   5,346  
1992   26,180   15,560   2,654   18,722   7,923  
1993   23,651   10,487   3,823   37,930   8,114  
1994   21,704   8,198   746   55,119   4,632  
1995   21,802   4,615   954   54,429   5,648  
1996   25,175   13,919   272   52,949   2,426  
1990– 155,41 82,417   11,232   242,305   38,308  
6   3  
 
 
References  
The  style  should  be  uniform  throughout  the  work.  Note  that  he  author’s/authors’  first  name  must  
be  spelled  in  full.  Examples  of  entries:  
 
Book  
Brown,   Sue.   1999.   The   Syntax   of   negation   in   Russian:   A   Minimalist   approach.   Stanford:   CSLI  
Publications.  
 
Chapter  in  a  book  
Haegeman,  Liliane  and  Zanuttini,  Raffaella.  1996.  “Negative  concord  in  West  Flemish.”  In  
Parameters  and  Functional  Heads.  Essays  in  Comparative  Syntax,  Adriana  Belletti  and  Luigi  
Rizzi  (eds.).  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press,  117–179.    
 
Article  in  a  journal  
Chomsky,  Noam.  2005.  “Three  factors  in  language  design.”  Linguistic  Inquiry  36:  1–22.    
 2  

Dissertation  
Starke,  Michal.  2001.  “Move  dissolves  into  Merge.”  PhD  thesis,  University  of  Geneva.  
 
 
Citations  
In-­‐text  citations  should  use  the  author–date  style  and  be  inserted  into  text  prior  to  punctuation.  In  
indented   block   quotes,   however,   the   author–date   citation   follows   end   punctuation.   The   page  
number  may  be  included  after  a  colon,  if  necessary:  
For  years,  most  textbooks  referred  to  the  five  stages  of  economic  integration  (Jessop  1995b).  
According  to  Higgins,  preventative  medicine  is  ‘cost  effective’  (2005:  56),  but  not  efficient.  
Berkley  (2009:  43)  argued  that  ‘[g]lobal  climate  change  has  caused  billions  of  pounds  of  damage.’    
 

Abbreviations,  Contractions  and  Acronyms  

Use  full  points:  

• If  an  abbreviation  does  not  end  with  the  final  letter  of  the  word:  ed.,  vol.,  no.,  Rev.  
• After  initials  in  a  name:  R.  A.  Butler  (and  leave  a  space  between  initials)  
 
Do  not  use  full  points:  
• If  a  contraction  ends  with  the  final  letter  of  the  word:  Dr,  Mr,  Mrs,  St,  eds,  edn  
• In  metric  units  of  measurement:  cm,  kg  
• In  acronyms,  such  as  initials  of  organizations  or  associations:  RAC,  BBC,  USA  
 
 
Punctuation  

Dashes:  Use  an  ‘en’  rule  with  a  space  on  either  side  –  to  be  typed  thus.  

Ellipses:    
Use  three  dots  with  spaces  on  either  side  ...  even  if  a  sentence  starts  or  ends  with  one.    
•
Indicate  the  elision  of  text  from  within  a  quote  like  this  [...]  with  remaining  text  continuing.  
•
If  a  full  stop  follows  the  elision  of  text,  indicate  like  this  [...].  
•
 
Hyphens:  Maintain  consistency  throughout  the  manuscript  for  all  key  terms.  

• Use   hyphens   for   compound   nouns   (make-­‐up),   adjectival   phrases   (middle-­‐class  

neighbourhoods),  between  repeated  vowels  (co-­‐operate)  
• Do   not   use   hyphens   for   established   compound   nouns   (soundtrack,   breakdown),   between   an  
adverb   and   adjective   if   the   adverb   ends   in   ‘ly’   (widely   known),   between   two   vowels   that  
don’t  clash  (reintroduce),  in  words  with  the  ‘re-­‐‘  prefix  that  don’t  clash  (rewrite,  rethink)  

Commas:  Do  not  use  serial  commas  in  lists:  We  bought  apples,  oranges  and  pears.  

Numbers  
Spans  of  numbers:  
• Use  the  fewest  number  of  numerals:  pp.  23–4,  1984–5  
 3  

• In  the  teens,  the  ‘1’  is  always  repeated:  12–13,  217–19  

• In  titles  and  headings,  put  numbers  in  full:  1931–1993  
 
Quotations    
Use   single   quotation   marks.   Place   the   punctuation   after   the   quotation   mark   if   it   is   not   part   of   the  
original  quote.  For  quotes  inside  of  quotes,  use  double  quotation  marks.    

Use   square   brackets   for   an   editor’s   interpolation   (‘in   many   respects   [hers   is   an]   exemplary  
biography’).    

For   quotations   in   prose   that   exceed   five   lines,   indent   the   entire   quote   and   do   not   use   quotation  
marks.  

Italics  
Use  italics:  
• For  emphasis  (do  not  use  bold  or  underlining)  
• For  key  terms  or  coined  words