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HOLIDAY HOMEWORK
SUMMER VACATION
XII SC
CLASS:- 6 SUBJECT:- Chemistry
Chapter-I
SOLUTION
CATEGORY-I QUESTIONS REPEATED AT LEAST 3 OR MORE TIMES
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is ‘reverse osmosis’?
2 Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics.
3. Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are ‘azeotropes’?
4. What is meant by osmotic pressure?
5. Define mole fraction.
6. Explain Henry’s Law with an example .
7. Define ideal solution .
8. Define Raoult’s Law.
2/3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State Henry’s law correlating the pressure of a gas and its solubility in a solvent and mention two
applications of the law.
2. State Raoult’s law for solutions of volatile liquids. Taking suitable examples explain the meaning
of positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
3.Define the term osmotic pressure. Describe how the molecular mass of a substance can be
determined by a method based on measurement of osmotic pressure?
4.Define osmotic pressure. How is it that measurement of osmotic pressures is more widely used for
determining molar masses of macromolecules than the rise in boiling point or fall in freezing point
of their solutions?
5. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that its freezing point is
depressed by 2 K.
6. Differentiate between molality and molarity of a solution. What is the effect of rise in temperature
on molality and molarity of the solution?
7.Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law.
What are these deviations and why are they caused? Explain with one example for each type.
8.A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3; molar mass = 92 g mol 1) in water was prepared by dissolving
someglycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42°C. What mass of
glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol 1.
3.(a) Differentiate between molarity and molality in a solution. What is the effect of temperature
change on molarity and molality in a solution?
(b) What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21g of it dissolved in 24.0 g of chloroform
form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04°C. The boiling point of pure chloroform is
61.7°C and the boiling point elevation constant, Kb for chloroform is 3.63°C/m.
2.100 mg of a protein is dissolved in just enough water to make 10.0 mL of solution. If this solution
has an osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25oC, what is the molar mass of the protein?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)
3.Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711m aqueous solution of Na 2SO4 . If this
solution actually Freezes at 0.320°C, what would be the value of van't Hoff factor?
(Kf for water is 1.86°C mol 1).
4. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25 g of oil of winter green (methyl salicylate) in 99.0 g
of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C. Determine the molar mass of this compound.
(B.P. of pure Benzene =80.10°C and Kb for benzene = 2.53°C kg mol–1)
5.What mass of ethylene glycol (molar mass = 62.0 g mol–1) must be added to 5.50 kg of water to
lower the freezing point of water from 0°C to – 10.0°C? (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1).
6 A 1.00 molal aqueous solution of trichloroacetic acid (CCl3COOH) is heated to its boiling point.
The solution has the boiling point of 100.18°C. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for trichloroacetic
acid. (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)
7.What mass of NaCl (molar mass = 58.5 g mol–1) must be dissolved in 65 g of water to lower the
freezing point by 7.5°C? The freezing point depression constant, Kf , for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1.
Assume van’t Hoff factor for NaCl is 1.87.
1. Three conductivity cells A, B and C containing solutions of zinc sulphate, silver nitrate and
copper sulphate respectively are connected in series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes is passed
through them until 1.45 g of silver is deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long did the
urrent flow? What mass of copper and what mass of zinc got deposited in their respective
cells?
2.Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K:
Fe (s) | Fe2+ (0.001 M) || H+ (1M) | H2 (g) (1 bar), Pt (s)
(Given Ecello = + 0.44 V)
3.The standard electrode potential (E°) for Daniell cell is + 1.1 V. Calculate the G° for the reaction
Zn(s) +Cu 2 +(aq) -> Zn 2 +(aq)+Cu(s)
(1 F = 96500 C mol–1).
4. A voltaic cell is set up 25° C with the following half-cells:
Al | Al3+ (0.0010 M) and Ni | Ni2+ (0.50 M).
Write the equation for the cell reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current
and determine the cell potential. (Given : E (Ni /Ni)= 0.25V, E (Al /Al)) =1.66V)
5. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction equilibrium
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) l Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
6.The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 S cm2 mol–1.
Calculate the conductivity of this solution.
7. (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Limiting molar conductivity (ii) Fuel cell
(b) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L–1 KCl solution is 100 ohm. If the
resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L–1KCl solution is 520 ohm, calculate the
conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L–1KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol L–
1KCl solution is 1.29 × 10–2 ohm–1 cm–1.
8. (a) State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms of Faraday is required for
the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu? (b) Calculate emf of the following cell at 298 K:
Mg(s); Mg 2 +(0.1M)// Cu 2 +(0.01); Cu(s)
[Given Ecello =2.71 V, 1 F=96500 C mol–1 ]
Q9. (a) How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 1.0 M. Hg(NO3)2 solution
with a current of 2.00 A for 3 hours?
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25° C with the following half-cells Al3+ (0.001 M) and Ni2+ (0.50
M). Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric current and
determine the cell potential. (Given: ENi /Ni2+= –0.25 V, EAl /Al3+= –1.66 V)
Q10. Formulate the galvanic cell in which the following reaction takes place:
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq.) → Zn+2 (aq.) + 2Ag(s)
i) Which electrode is negatively charged? ii) Write the reaction taking place at each electrode.
iii) Which are the carriers of current inside the cell?
Q11. The conductivity of a 0.20M solution of KCl at 298K is 0.0248 S cm-1. Calculate its molar
conductivity.
Q12. Explain why electrolysis of NaCl(aq.) gives H2 at cathode and Cl2 at anode. Write the overall
reaction. Given: E0Na+/Na = -2.71V, E0 H2O/H2 = -0.83V, E0Cl2/Cl- = +1.36V & E0 H+/H2O = +1.23V
Q13. State and explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions. Write an expression for
the molar conductivity of acetic acid at infinite dilution according to Kohlrausch’s law.
Q14. Two half reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below:
MnO4- (aq.) + 8H+(aq.) + 5e- → Mn+2 (aq.) + 4H2O(l) E0 = +1.51V
Sn+2(aq.) → Sn+4(aq.) + 2e- E0 = -0.15V
Construct the redox equation from these and predict whether the reaction is reactant or product
favoured.
Q15. The chemistry of corrosion of iron is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain the
reactions occurring during corrosion of iron exposed to atmosphere.
Q16. Calculate the limiting molar conductivity of acetic acid. Given that limiting molar
conductivities of HCl, NaCl & CH3COONa are 426.6, 126.0 & 91.0 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.
Q17. One half-cell in a voltaic cell is constructed from a silver wire dipped in silver nitrate solution
of unknown concentration. The other half- cell consists of a zinc electrode in a 0.10M solution of
zinc nitrate. A voltage of 1.48V is measured for this cell. Use this information to calculate the
concentration of silver nitrate solution. Given: E0Zn+2/Zn = -0.763V & E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80V.
Q18. A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration is 0.01M. The concentration of
silver ion is not known. The cell potential was found to be 0.422V. Determine the concentration of
silver ions in the cell. Given: E0Cu+2/Cu = +0.34V & E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80V.
Q19. Conductivity of 0.00241M CH3COOH is 7.896 X 105 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
If λ0m for CH3COOH is 390.5 S cm2 mol-1 , calculate its dissociation constant.
CHAPTER –III
CHEMICAL KINETICS
CATEGORY-I QUESTIONS REPEATED AT LEAST 3 OR MORE TIMES
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1Define the following terms giving an example for each:
(i) The order of a reaction (ii) The molecularity of a reaction
Q2.Identify the order of reaction from the following unit for its rate constant: L mol–1s–1
Q3.Define:
(i) Elementary reaction in a process
(ii) Rate of a reaction.
Q4.Distinguish between ‘rate expression’ and ‘rate constant’ of a reaction
Q5.. Define the following terms:
(i) Pseudo first order reaction
(ii) Half life period of reaction (t1/2)
Q1. What is meant by the ‘rate constant, k’ of a reaction? If the concentration is expressed in mol
L-1 units and time in seconds, what would be the units for k (i) for a zero order reaction and (ii) for
a first order reaction?
Q2. What is meant by a pseudo first order reaction? Give an example of a pseudo first order
reaction and write the rate equation for the same.
Q3. A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How will the rate of reaction be
affected If the concentration of this reactant is
i) doubled (ii) reduced to half?
Q4.For a decomposition reaction the values of rate constant k at two different temperatures are
given below:
k1 = 2.15 × 10–8 L mol–1 s–1 at 650 K
k2 = 2.39 × 10–7 L mol–1 s–1 at 700 K
Calculate the value of activation energy for this reaction.(R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1)
Q5.A reaction is of first order in reactant A and of second order in reactant B. How is the rate of
this reaction affected when (i) the concentration of B alone is increased to three times (ii) the
concentrations of A as well as B are doubled?
Q6.What do you understand by the rate law and rate constant of a reaction? Identify the
order of a reaction if the units of its rate constant are:
(i) L–1 mol s–1
(ii) L mol–1 s–1.
Q7.For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time
Required for the completion of 90% of reaction.
Q8.(a) For a reaction A + B →P, the rate law is given by,
r =k[A]1/ 2 [B]2 .
What is the order of this reaction?
(b) A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant k = 5.5 × 10–14 s–1. Find the
half life of the reaction.
Q9.The rate of a reaction becomes four times when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313 K.
Calculate the energy of activation (Ea) of the reaction assuming that it does not change with
temperature.
[R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1, log 4 = 0.6021]
Q10. Define half-life of a reaction. Write the expression of half-life for
(i) zero order reaction and
(ii) first order reaction.
Q11. Define order of a reaction.
Q12. A reaction is of second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate affected if the
concentration of the reactant is i) doubled ii) reduced to half.
Q13. The decomposition of NH3 on a platinum surface is a zero order reaction. What are the rates
of production of N2 & H2 if k = 2.5 X 10-4 Ms-1.
Q14.List the factors on which the rate of chemical reaction depends.
Q15. A first order reaction has a rate constant of 0.00510 min-1. If we begin with 0.10M
concentration of the reactant, how much of the reactant will remain after 3.0 h?
Q16. The half life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 yr. An archaeological artifact containing
wood had only 80% of the 14C found in a living tree. Estimate the age of the sample.
Q17. Define activation energy.
5 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. (a) A reaction is of first order in A and of second order in B. Write the differential rate
equation for this reaction. How will its initial rate be affected if the concentration of both A and B
are togetherdoubled?
(b) The rate constant k of a reaction increases four fold when the temperature changes from 300
K to 320 K. Calculate the activation energy for the reaction. (R = 8.314 J mol -1 K -1)
Q2.(a) List the factor which affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
(b) The half-life for radioactive 14 C is 5730 years. The wooden part of an archaeological
artefact has only 80% of the 14 C activity found in fresh wood. Calculate the age of the artifact
Q3.Decomposition of phosphine (PH3) at 120°C proceeds according to the equation:
4PH3(g) →P4(g) + 6H2(g
It is found that this reaction follows the following rate equation: Rate = k[PH3]
The half-life of PH3 is 37.9 s at 120°C.
(i) How much time will be required for 3/4 of PH3 to decompose?
(ii) What fraction of the original amount of PH3 will remain undecomposed after 1 minute.
Q4. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (aq) decomposes to H2O(l) and O2(g) in a reaction that is of first
order in
H2O2 and has a rate constant, k = 1.06 × 10–3 min–1.
(i) How long will it take 15% of a sample of H2O2 to decompose?
(ii) How long will it take 85% of a sample of H2O2 to decompose?
Q1. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s-1. How much time will it take to reduce the
initial concentration of the reactant to 1/16 th of its initial value?
Q2.. A first order reaction has a rate constant of 0.0051 min–1. If we begin with 0.10M
concentration of the reactant, what concentration of reactant will remain in solution after 3 hours?
Q3.The thermal decomposition of HCO2H is a first order reaction with a rate constant of
2.4 × 10–3 s–1 at a certain temperature. Calculate how long will it take for three-fourths of
initial quantity of HCO2H to decompose. (log 0.25 = – 0.6021)
Q4. A first order reaction has a rate constant of 0.0051 min–1. If we begin with 0.10M
concentration of the reactant, what concentration of reactant will remain in solution
after 3 hours?
Q5 The rate constant for a reaction of zero order in A is 0.0030 mol L–1 s–1. How long will it
take for the initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075M?
760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)
Q6. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2 at a
constant volume:
SO2Cl2 →SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
Experiment Time/second–1 Total pressure/atm
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.7
Calculate the rate constant.
(Given: log 4 = 0.6021, log 2 = 0.3010)
Q7.(a) Express clearly what you understand by ‘rate expression’ and ‘rate constant’ of a reaction.
(b) Nitrogen pentoxide decomposes according to the equation
2N2O5 (g) →4NO2 (g) +O2 (g)
This first order reaction was allowed to proceed at 40°C and the data given below were
collected:
[N2O5](M) Time (min)
0.400 0.00
0.289 20.00
0.209 40.00
0.151 60.00
0.109 80.00
(i) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction. Include units with your answer.
(ii) Calculate the initial rate of reaction.
(iii) After how many minutes will [N2O5] be equal to 0.350 M?
Q8. (a) A reaction is second order in A and first order in B.
(i) Write the differential rate equation.
(ii) How is the rate affected on increasing the concentration of A three times?
(iii) How is the rate affected when the concentrations of both A and B are doubled?
(b) A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2
for this reaction. (Given log 1.428 = 0.1548
Q9.. For a certain chemical reaction variation in the concentration vs time is given
Y
Log[R]
t(S) X
For this reaction write /draw
(i) What is the order of the reaction?
(ii) What are the units of rate constant K
(i) Give the relationship between K and t1/2
(ii) What does the slope of the above line indicate?
Q11. The rate for a zero order reaction in A is 0.0030 mol L-1 s-1. How long will it take for the
initial concentration of A to fall from 0.10M to 0.075M?
Q12. A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% completion. Calculate its half life.
Q13. Derive the expression for half life of a first order reaction.
Q14. The reaction: 4PH3(g) → P4 (g) + 6H2(g) was found to follow the rate law as: Rate = k[PH3]
with a half life of 37.9s. at 120 degree Celsius. Calculate i) Time required for 3/4th of PH3 to
decompose. ii) Fraction of the original sample of PH3 left out after 1 min.
Q1 5. A first order reaction is 15% complete in 20min. How long will it take to be 60% completed?
Q1 6. The rate of a reaction becomes double when temperature increases from 298K to 308K.
Calculate Ea
Q17. The rate of a reaction becomes four times when temperature increases from 300K to 320K.
Calculate Ea
Q18. What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a reaction? How can this effect be
expressed quantitatively?
Q19. The rate constants for a reaction at two different temperatures are found to be as follows:
k1 = 2.15 X 10-8 L mol-1 s-1 at 650K, k2 = 2.39 X 10-7 L mol-1 s-1 at 700K Calculate Ea for this
reaction.
CHAPTER -IV SURFACE CHEMISTRY
CATEGORY-I QUESTIONS REPEATED AT LEAST 3 OR MORE TIMES
1 Why is adsorption always exothermic?
2 Why does the sky appear blue?
3 Which has higher enthalpy of adsorption---physisorption or chemisorption?
4 Give an example of shape selective catalysis.
5 Define—
i)Electrophoresis
ii)Peptisation
iii)aerosol
iv)Tyndall effect
v)associated colloids
vi) shape selective catalysis
6 Write any three differences between physisorption and chemisorption
How does physisorption and chemisorption vary with temperature?
7 What are the characteristics of the following colloids?Give an example of each.
i)multimolecular colloids
ii) lyophobic sols
iii)macromolecular colloids
8 What are emulsions?Name the two different types of emulsions.
Give an example of each type.
9 What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols ?Give one example of each type.Which of these
sols can be
easily coagulated on the addition of small amount of electrolytes?
10 Explain what is observed
(i) When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.
(ii) An electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide sol.
(iii) Electric current is passed through a colloidal sol?
7 What are the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in i) milk and ii) smoke?
8 Define—
i)Coagulation
ii)micelle
iii)collodion
iv)Zeta potential
v)Dialysis
vi)enzyme
vii)adsorption
viii)Hardy Schluze rule
viii)alcosol
viii) desorption
9 What is the difference between a colloidal solution and an emulsion?What is the role of
emulsifier in forming emulsion?
10 What is an adsorption isotherm?Describe Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
11 Explain how the phenomenon of adsorption finds application in the following processes-
i)production of vaccum
ii)heterogeneous catalysis
iii)Froth floatation process
12 What is meant by coagulation of colloidal solution?Describe any three methods by which
coagulation of hydrophobic sols can be carried out.
13 What is meant by activity and selectivity of a catalyst?Give examples with reactions.
14 Name the two types of catalysis reaction.Give an example of each type with the chemical
reaction involved.
15 Classify colloids where the dispersion medium is water.State their characteristics and
write an example of each of these classes.
16 Which one of the following electrolyes is most effective for the coagulation of hydrated
ferric oxide sol and why?
NaCl ,Na2SO4 ,Na3PO4
Read the three chapter- and answer all the questions Chapter Chemistry in Every Day Life