INDEX

SR NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

List of Table 1

List of Figures 2

Nomenclature 4

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 5

1.2 Necessity of Affordable Housing in India 5

1.3 Aim and Objective 6

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Summary 8

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 General Methods To Build An Affordable house 9

3.2 Materials used in Affordable Housing 9

3.3 Comparison Of Materials 19

3.4 Model Making 29

4.0 CONCLUSION 32

5.0 REFRENCES 33

6.0 Acknowledgement 34
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

Table No.2.1 7

Table No.3.1 19

Table No.3.2 20

Table No.3.3 22

Table No.3.4 22

Table No.3.5 24

Table No.3.6 25

Table No.3.7 26

Table No.3.8 26

Table No.3.9 29

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO,

FIGURE NO.3.1 11

FIGURE NO.3.2 11

FIGURE NO.3.3 12

FIGURE NO.3.4 12

FIGURE NO.3.5 12

FIGURE NO.3.6 12

FIGURE NO.3.7 15

FIGURE NO.3.8 15

FIGURE NO.3.9 17

FIGURE NO.3.10 17

FIGURE NO.3.11 17

FIGURE NO.3.12 19

FIGURE NO.3.13 19

FIGURE NO.3.14 19

FIGURE NO.3.15 24

FIGURE NO.3.16 25

FIGURE NO.3.17 27

FIGURE NO.3.18 27

FIGURE NO.3.19 27

FIGURE NO.3.20 27

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 FIGURE NO.3.21 30

FIGURE NO.3.22 30

FIGURE NO.3.23 30

FIGURE NO.3.24 30

FIGURE NO.3.25 31

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 NOMENCLATURE

GFRG GLASS FBRE REINFORCED GYPSUM

RCC REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
IJOSER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
IJER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
IRJET INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
IJCSER INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH
IJSR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
THK THICKNESS
KG KILOGRAM
N/MM2 NEWTON PER MILIMETER SQUARE
KG/CM2 KILOGRAM PER CENTIMATER SQUARE
M3 CUBIC METRE
Rs RUPEES
$ DOLLAR
KW KILO WATT
SQ. M SQUARE METRE
GDP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

AFFORDABLE HOUSING
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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1General

Affordable housing is the term sometimes used very generally without knowing what it
refers to. Broadly, it refers to housing made available at the cost that can be attained by a
modest household with an average annual income; statistically, it refers to median price
that can be afforded by median household; and symbolically, it refers to right housing
options to right income groups.

1.2 Necessity Of Affordable Housing In India

India has been experiencing rapid population growth together with rising levels of
urbanization for a long time. The rising importance of urban areas in taking share of not
only population but also economic growth became much apparent since after the 1980s
when urbanization rates were growing. Accompanying the process of urbanization is the
issue of housing of population and shortages were evident as early as in 1970s and 80s,
primarily attributed to the lack of construction technologies and methods that lead to
advancement of supply. Whereas housing shortage was well existing throughout the
period after independence, there has been a gradual shift in housing problem in urban areas
from the shortage of housing availability to the lack of housing affordability. Land cost
and its availability, apart from availability and access to finance, has been becoming
important determinant of house prices in cities. By implication, the housing has become
out of the reach of several millions due to the high rise of house prices in comparison to
their incomes.

Adequate shelter for all people is one of the pressing challenges faced by the developing countries.
India is currently facing a shortage of about 17.6 million houses. The dream of owning a house
particularly for low-income and middle-income families is becoming a difficult reality. Hence, it
has become a necessity to adopt cost effective, innovative and environment-friendly housing
technologies for the construction of houses and buildings for enabling the common people to
construct houses at affordable cost. This paper compares construction cost for the traditional and
low cost housing technologies. Case studies in India are used for the investigation. Construction
AFFORDABLE HOUSING
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methods of foundation, walling, roofing and lintel are compared. Strength and durability of the
structure, stability, safety and mental satisfaction are factors that assume top priority during cost
reduction. It is found that about 26.11% and 22.68% of the construction cost can be saved by using
affordable housing technologies in comparison with the traditional construction methods in the
case studies for walling and roofing respectively. This proves that using affordable housing
technologies is a cost effective construction approach for the industry.

A small house of his own to live in is the cherished dream of the little man in our country,
whether he is a daily labourer, a small farmer, a low paid employee in Government or
other service or a pretty merchant. More often his dream remains unfulfilled. This is
mainly because of the high cost of house building. What contributes to this high cost is
not only the high cost of materials and the high rates of wages prevailing especially in our
State; It is also because of the insane craze for the so called ‘new fashions’ in house
building which the large majority of our engineers are advocating and persuading their
clientele to adopt. Very often the poor house holder is at the mercy of the ‘all knowing’
engineer and he cannot or dare not have his way as to what sort of house he really wants.
The result is that houses are built with lavish use of steel and cement and painted all over
in garish colours. It is hardly fit, to live in, because it is hot as an oven, during summer.
And for this contraption the poor man has to spend his whole fortune. Such is the picture
of the house – building activity in our State at the present time. People have begun to
realize the folly of the whole thing and are seeking ways and means of building houses of
reasonably good quality and capable of fulfilling their real needs.

1.3 Aims and Objectives

 To examine the present housing scenario in India .

 To study the housing requirements of people.
 To study various Construction techniques which can be used to reduce the cost
of construction.
 Study of alternative materials which can be used for affordable housing .
 Cost estimation of normal building and the identifying the percentage reduction in
cost for affordable building.
 to provide quality, affordable and sustainable housing and associated services for
people.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

LITERATURE REVIEW
Table No.2.1
Sr. Title of paper / Paper/Journal
Author Abstract
No Journal Publication
Comparative study
on estimation of
wall panel system K. This paper compares the cost of
1 with conventional KALAIPRIYA,R. IJOSER GFRG panel with conventional
building in JAYANTHI materials
construction
industry
A.R.LAXMI
Ferrocement as a
SALGIA AND This paper compares the cost of
2 cost effective IJER
A.R APPARN ferrocement building with
alternative to RCC
PANGANTI conventional building
Cost effectiviness of
using low cost This paper compares the
VIVIAN W. Y SCIENCE
3 housing conventional building with rat
TAM DIRECT
technologies in trap bond and filler slab
construction technology building
Cost comparative
study of fly ash brick DEVPA RANI
masonry and & RAHUL IRJET This paper compares the fly ash
conventional SIKKA brick masonary with
4 masonry conventional masonary
Study of GFRG panel BASIL P
and its ALIAS,BIJI K IJCSER This paper comapares the GFRG
5 strengthening ELDHOSE & panel strength to RCC strength

AFFORDABLE HOUSING
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 SARATH
RAJAN
Study and cost JOURNAL OF
analysis of GANESH A BASIC AND This paper compares the
6 ferrocement panel CHOUGULE APPLIED ferrocement strength with
for affordable &N.N.MOREY ENGINEERING conventional strength of a
housing RESEARCH building
Affordable housing
S.S SHINDE &
materials and This paper describes about
7 A.B IJSR
techniques for various techniques of affordable
KARANKAL
urban poor housing

2.2 Summary
Thus based on the above-mentioned literature review it is observe that rat trap bond and
filler slab house will be the most effective method from all aspects of an affordable
housing method to make a house.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methods To Build An Affordable House

These Are The General Methods Which Can Be Used For Affordable Housing :

1) Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.Ex.15 cms thick solid concrete block
wall.

2) Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place
of burnt brick.

3) Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in
place of burnt brick.

4) Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building
components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.

5) Every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the
size of the component in the building.
6) By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to
demolition of the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.

7) Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it’s necessary, if it is not
necessary, then that component should not be used.

3.2 MATERIALS USED IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING

The various affordable materials researched by our group considering several factors
are:

 GFRG panel
 Rat trap bond and filler slab
 Ferrocement

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  Fly ash brick
 GFRG panel
Glass fibre reinforced gypsum (GFRG) walls, also known as Rapid wall in the constructed
dwelling industry, are new building materials firstly manufactured in Australia in the early
1990s. GFRG panels. Rapid wall are ready-made gypsum panels with hollow cavities and
are made of calcined gypsum plaster and reinforced with cut glass fibres (a slender
filament). Glass fibre reinforced gypsum (GFRG) panel is a green product ready for quick
assembly and erection as buildings. Fundamental analysis and utilization of GFRG panels
has been carried in India, Australia, and China. Rapid wall could be used in low buildings
as load- bearing walls and in low-rise buildings or as upper storey walls in a high-rise
building when filled with self-compacting concrete in the hollow cavities. The application
of GFRG wall is finite for its impoverished sideways rigidity even though it is filled with
concrete in its hollow cavities. Discovering a unique way to intensify this disadvantage
(its sideways rigidity) to make it relevant for the small high-rise residential building is a
beneficial choice for analysts.

A regular cross-section and enlarged view of a typical GFRG panels . At the time of the
manufacturing operation, glass fibres of about 30–35 cm in length are anyway scattered
inside the panel surface and in the ribs. The glass fibre amount in the panel is 800 gram
per sq. meter of Rapid wall surface area. The physical properties of the ongoing typical
GFRG panels. In building construction, the standard GFRG panels are cut in the
manufacturing unit into building element that may possess window and door openings.
These elements are then moved to the construction location and hoisted in a similar
process as in the construction process of precast concrete panels. The hollow cavities
inside the GFRG panel can be properly filled with miscellaneous materials, such as
concrete or any insulating material like quarry dust mixed with 5% cement, to serve
different aims, such as to escalate the strength or enhance the thermal and sound insulation
of the walls. In a Rapidwall building, all or most of the building elements are built using
GFRG panels. Therefore, the GFRG panels aid as both architectural partitions and
structural load bearing walls.

The typical connections between wall and floor. Connections made are of two types. In
the first type, the connection made was of starter bars that are cast in both the lower and
upper walls and extend into them by 400 mm. The reinforcement is discontinued in the
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middle of the GFRG walls and therefore there is no vertical tensile resistance observed in
type one connections, i.e., starter bars connection. In the second type of connections, the
full length reinforcement was provided through the walls. The lapping of bars was done
at the bottom of the walls o ensure continuity. The continuity of lengthwise reinforcement
at the horizontal joints affects the shear strength of the failure mode.

The continuity of lengthwise reinforcement is necessary when tensile resistance is

required in a wall. However, the concrete cores inside the wall panels may crack and
become discontinuous, which may affect the shear performance of the wall panels.

Fig No.-3.1 Fig No.-3.2

IIT MADRAS GFRG PANEL BUILDING

 Rat Trap Bond and Filler Slab

Rat trap Bond

This double-wall technique uses bricks on edge with a cross brick between each and
produces a 9- inch thick wall with an insulating air cavity in between.

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9” walls are usually capable of being load bearing up to three story height.

English bond (9’’thk wall) 350 bricks are required per cu. M whereas in Rat-trap bond
only 280 bricks are required and also the reduced number of joints reduces the mortar
consumption.

25% of bricks, mortar, cost etc. can be saved by using the rat trap bond.

Fig No.-3.3 Fig No.-3.4

PROCEDURE OF RAT TRAP BOND

Fig No.-3.5 Fig No.-3.6

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 ELEVATIONAL WALL OF RAT TRAP BOND

Filler Slab

 Filler slab is based on the principle of Simply supported slab

 Upper part subjected to Compressive force and lower part subjected to tensile
force.
 Thus the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete except for
holding the steel reinforcements together.
 By using low-cost and light weight filler materials, it will reduce the dead weight
as well as the cost of the slab to 25% (as 40% less steel is used and 30% less
concrete).

The Mechanism

 Tension in a slab is on the bottom fiber and compression on the top fiber.
 If we want to optimize the structure we can remove concrete from the tension zone
where it is not much needed.
 That’s the key behind filler slab construction.
 The filler slab is a mechanism to replace the concrete in the tension zone and use
of filler material.
 By reducing the quantity and weight of material, the roof become less expensive,
yet retains the strength of the conventional slab.
 The most popular filler material is the roofing tile.
 Mangalore tiles are placed between steel ribs and concrete is

Materials for Filler Slab Technique

• Light weight, inexpensive materials such as low grade

1. Mangalore tiles,
2. Burnt Clay Bricks,
3. Hollow Concrete blocks,

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 4. Stabilized Mud blocks/ Hollow Mud blocks,
5. Clay pots,
6. Coconut shells etc. can be used as filler materials.

 Into the gap to make a filler slab.

Benefits

 Saving on cost: The savings on cost can be from 15 per cent to 25 per cent
 Thermal insulation: An internal cavity can be provided between the filler material
which adds an extra advantage; other than cost savings and energy savings;
improved thermal comfort for the interiors.
 The filler slab is a mechanism to replace the concrete in the tension zone. The filler
material, thus, is not a structural part of the slab
 By reducing the quantity and weight of material, the roof become less expensive,
yet retains the strength of the conventional slab. The most popular filler material
is the roofing tile.
 Mangalore tiles are placed between steel ribs and concrete is poured into the gap
to make a filler slab.
 The structure requires less steel and cement and it is also a good heat insulator.

The following points to be kept in mind for filler material selection

1. Filler material should be inert in nature.

2. Filler materials water absorption should be checked.
3. Filler material should be light in weight.
4. Filler material should be low cost.
5. Filler material should be of a size and cross-section.
6. Moreover the Filler slab also provides insulation.

Filler material texture should match with the desired ceiling finish requirements so as
not to provide an ugly ceiling pattern.

Installing Filler Material In The Slab

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 3. The dimension of filler material will help decide the spacing of reinforcement and
accordingly the depth of the slab and other structural details will be worked out.

2. Filler material should be properly soaked in water so that it does not absorb any
water from the concrete.
3. While installing the filler material, one will have to decide the concreting sequence
of the slab i.e. from where the concrete will be started and how will it progress to
cover the whole slab.
4. Filler materials like Mangalore tiles/Clay tiles can be installed in two layers (2 nos.
one over the other) entrapping an air cavity between the two tiles.

Fig No.-3.7 Fig No.-3.8

 FERROCEMENT

Ferrocement is a form of reinforced concrete that consists of closely spaced, multiple

layers of mesh or fine rods completely embedded in cement mortar. It is a composite
material that can be formed into thin panels, less than 1 in. (25 mm) thick, with only a thin
mortar cover over the outermost layers of reinforcement.

I. Properties Of Ferrocement

 Has increased bond strength

 Can undergo large deformations before collapse

 High surface area imparts ductility

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  Ferro cement more homogenous and improves the properties of tension, flexure,
impact resistance and crack resistance.

 Closely spaced wires act as crack arrestors

 Equal strength in both directions

II.Constituents Of Ferrocement

1.Cement

The cement is fresh, uniform consistency and free from lumps and foreign matter.
Generally Portland cement of 43 or 53 grade is used.

2. Aggregate

Well graded and washed river sand passing 2.36mm IS sieve. Size of aggregate depends
on size of mesh and spacing between mesh. For 13 mm mesh opening max size of
th
aggregate 3.25mm, ¼ its opening size. The fine aggregate should be clean, free from
organic matter.

3.Clean water

In Ferro cement, the water used should be fresh, clean and fit for construction purposes;
pH equal or greater than 7 and free from organic matter.

4.Steel

Three basic types of meshes are Weld mesh, Fine wire mesh in form of woven square
mesh and interlocked hexagonal wire mesh, expanded metal and Crimped wire mesh.

III. The steps in making a Ferro cement structure are:-

a. Planning the work.

b. Fabricating Skeleton of the Structure.

c. Tying the weld mesh and wire mesh to bars.

d. A chicken wire mesh layer is attached to this outline.

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 Fig No.-3.9 Fig No.-3.10

e. Mortar in meshes. The mortar is to be applied under pressure into the layers of mesh in
such a way as to impregnate and encase them completely.

Fig No.-3.11

f. Testing the wall panels constructed in Ferro cement are removed from tank after
curing of 28 days. Testing was carried under UTM machine for flexure test.Two Point
Loading System.Next the panels were loaded UTM Machine for under two point loading
and load and deflectionsg. Precautions about curing though Ferro cement structures gain
sufficient strength in one weeks’ time, curing should be done for about 26 days.

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 o FLY ASH BRICKS

Fly Ash bricks are made of fly ash, lime, gypsum cement and sand. These can be
extensively used in all building constructional activities similar to that of common burnt
clay bricks. The fly ash bricks are comparatively lighter in weight and stronger than
common clay bricks. Since fly ash is being accumulated as waste material in large
quantity near thermal power plants and creating serious environmental pollution
problems, it utilization as main raw material in the manufacture of bricks will not only
create ample opportunities for its proper and useful disposal but also help in
environmental pollution control to a greater extent in the surrounding areas of power
plants.

Manufacturing of commercial brick produce a lot of air pollution. The technology

adopted for making. The fly ash bricks are eco-friendly. It is no need fire operation in
production unlike the conventional bricks

Among the traditional fossil fuel sources, coal exists in quantities capable of supplying a
large portion of nation’s energy need. That’s why the power sector in India is a major
consumer of coal in India and will continue to remain so far many years to come.
Combustion of coal in thermal power plant not only produce steam to run electricity-
generating turbine but also produces a large quantity of by-products like fly ash etc.

These are about 80 thermal power plant in India are sources of fly ash, where around
millions of tonnes of coal is used annually. India currently generates 100 million tones of
fly ash every year. This produces 30-40 million tonnes of fly ash

unused every year. This disposal will need thousands hectares of storage land, which
may cause further ecological imbalance.

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 Fig No.-3.12

2.3 COMPARISON OF MATERIALS

o GFRG panel building cost comparison with conventional building(G+1)

Fig No.-3.13 Fig No.-3.14

ABSTRACT ESTIMATE OF GFRG PANEL BUILDING

Table No.-3.1

1 Rate of GFRG wall panels (Per Square Meter) =Rs.1000

2 Size of a panel(standard) 12 x 3 m
3 Quantity of Panels Required
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 1. 1.For Wall 346.45 sq.m

1. 2. For Slab 240.12 sq.m

4 Total Panels required 586.57 sq.m

5 Cost for Panels RS 5.86 Lakhs

6 Concrete Work Estimation RS 8.92 Lakhs

7 Electrical work 8% of civil work RS 133040

8 Plumbing work 5% of civil work RS 83150

9 For steel work 6% of civil work RS 99780

10 Total RS 17.95 Lakhs

ABSTRACT ESTIMATE OF CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

Table No.-3.2
ABSTRACT ESTIMATION
S.NO DESCRIPTION QTY RATE UNIT TOTEL
Sub – Structure
1 Earth Work 16 204 CU.M 3264
2 Sand Filling – 3”tk 4 1600 CU.M 6400
3 P.C.C – 3” tk - 1:4:8 4 935 CU.M 3740
4 Footing Centering - 19.2 528 CU.M 10137.6
5 Footing Concrete - 1:1.5:3 8 3500 CU.M 28000
6 Column Centering 38.4 600 SQ.M 23040
7 Column Concrete - 1:1.5:3 0.2539 5300 CU.M 1345.776
8 Soil Filling – Upto Earth Work Level 15.746 300 CU.M 4723.824
9 Plinth Beam Centering 54.28 600 SQ.M 32568
10 Plinth Beam - 1:1.5:3 6.2422 5300 CU.M 33083.66
11 Soil Filling – Upto Plinth beam 96.67 300 CU.M 29001
12 Consolidation& Earth Ramer Work 95.824 100 SQ.M 9582.36
13 Sand Filling – 3”tk – FlooringPurpose 13.654 1600 CU.M 21846.56
14 P.C.C – 3” tk - 1:4:8 – FlooringPurpose 13.654 3750 CU.M 51202.875

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15 3” tk - 1:1.5”3 – Mat Concrete – M20 13.654 5300 CU.M 72366.73
16 3” tk - 1:1.5”3 – Elise Pattern - M15 13.654 3600 CU.M 49154.76
Super – Structure -
17 Column Centering 192 600 SQ.M 115200
18 Column Concrete - 1:1.5:3 5.0784 5300 CU.M 26915.52
19 Beam Centering 114.69 600 SQ.M 68812.32
20 Beam - 1:1.5:3 – M20 – 1’6”depth 15.303 5300 CU.M 81105.4336
21 Slab Centering -42.16 550 SQ.M -23188.88
22 Slab Concrete - 1:1.5:3 – M20 – 6”tk 34.392 5300 CU.M 182276.964
23 Staircase Centering 4 550 SQ.M 2200
24 Staircase Concrete - 1:1.5:3 – 6”tk 0.6 5300 CU.M 3180
25 Brick Work 79.22 4600 CU.M 364411.08
26 Brick Work – Terrace
Staircase & Lift 18.382 4600 CU.M 84555.36
27 Parapet Wall 11.27 4200 CU.M 47334
28 Inner Plastering 398.19 140 SQ.M 55746.894
29 Outer Plastering 635.41 140 SQ.M 88957.344
30 Surki Laying 2.88 450 CU.M 1296
31 Elise Pattern Concrete 39.018 3500 CU.M 136563
32 Floor Tiles Laying Work 260.12 1050 SQ.M 273126

33 Wall Tiles 72 950 SQ.M 68400

34 Staircase 22.5 1300 SQ.M 29250
35 Wood Work 154 1200 SQ.M 184800
36 Inner Painting Work 897.92 450 SQ.M 404064
37 Painting Head Room & Parapet 162.29 450 SQ.M 73028.52
38 Outer Painting Work 609.95 450 SQ.M 274478.76
39 Cleaning Work 1 LS 50000
2971969.461

CIVIL WORK TOTAL 2961284.661

ELECTRICAL WORK 8% 118451.3864

PLUMBING 5% 118451.3864
STTEL 6% 88838.53982
GENERAL 6% 118451.3864
MATERIAL 5% 148064.233

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 EXTRA WORK TOTAL 444192.6991

GRAND TOTAL 3405477.36

Cost % Of GFRG panel building cheaper than conventional building:-

1795000
X100 =47.23%
3405477.36

STRENGTH OF GFRG PANEL

Table No.-3.3
Weight- light weight 40 Kg/ sqm
Axial load capacity 160 kN/m{ 16 tons/ m}
Compressive strength 73.2 Kg/cm2
Unit Shear strength 50.90 kN/m
Flexural strength 21.25 kg/cm2
Tensile Strength 35 KN/ m
Ductility 4
Fire resistance 4 hr rating withstood 700-10000 oC
Thermal conductivity 0.617
Thermal Resistance R 0.36 K/W
“U “Value 2.85W/M2K
Elastic Modulus 3000-6000Mpa
Sound transmission{STC} 40
Water absorption < 5%

Strength of conventional material =85KG/CM2

Strength of GFRG panel=73.2kg/sq.cms
DURABILITY COMPARISION
o The durability of a conventional building is 50yrs.
o The durability of GFRG building is 80yrs.

 RAT TRAP BOND AND FILLER SLAB

Cost comparison of rat trap bond brickwork with conventional brickwork

Cost analysis of the traditional construction methods and the low cost housing
technologies used in the case studies for 1m3 of walling (Works Department, 2002)

Table No.-3.4
Conventional brickwork Rat-trap bonded brickwork
Rate
No Item Unit
(US$) Quantity Amount (US$) Quantity Amount(US$)

Materials

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 1 Bricks No 0.02 350.00 7.00 284.00 5.68

2 Sand m3 0.32 0.28 0.09 0.17 0.05

3 Cement (10kg bag) No 6.17 0.67 4.13 0.40 2.47

Labour

1 Mason (highly No 1.70 0.35 0.60 0.35 0.60

skilled)
2 Mason (2nd class ) No 1.49 1.05 1.56 0.80 1.19

3 Unskilled labour No 1.06 2.96 3.14 1.96 2.08

Add 2% tools and plant charges 0.34 0.25

Add for scaffolding- superstructure: 0.42/m3 0.42 0.42

3
Total (per m ) 17.71 13.08

Savings 26.11% %

Conventional slab Filler slab

Rate
No Item Unit
(US$) Quantity Amount (US$) Quantity Amount(US$)

Materials

Concrete, including
1 labour m3 38.6 1.00 38.6 0.80 30.88

2 Reinforcement ton 36.12 0.80 28.89 0.38 13.72

3 Steel cutting, bending ton 3.87 0.80 3.09 0.38 1.47

4 Mangalore tiles No 0.06 N/A N/A 65.00 4.14

Labour

1 Mason (2nd class ) No 1.49 N/A N/A 0.20 0.30

2 Unskilled labour No 1.06 N/A N/A 0.80 0.85

Add 2% tools and plant charges 0.11 0.11

Total (per m3) 84.32 65.20

Savings 22.68%

The cost% saved by using rat trap bond brick is 26.11% and filler slab 22.68%

Strength of Rat Trap Bond brick work=more than 40-50kg/cm2

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 Strength of conventional brickwork =85kg/cm2
Therefore, the strength of Rat Trap Bond brickwork is similar to conventional
brickwork.
DURABILITY COMPARISION
o Both conventional building as well as rat trap bond building will have a
durability of 50 yrs.

 FERROCEMENT

STRENGTH OF FERROCEMENT
. Table No.-3.5
Sr. Size of No of Load at Comp. Avg
No. cube (mm) days Failure (Kg) Strength(N/mm²)
1 70x 70 28 22870 48.11
2 70x 70 28 25589 49.86 50.15
3 70x 70 28 23668 53.48

Strength of ferrocement = 50.15N/mm2

Strength of conventional material= 85kg/cm2
Plan and Section of Jadhav Farmhouse

Fig No.-3.15

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 Fig No.-3.16
PLAN AND SECTION OF JADHAVS FARM HOUSE

Cost analysis of RCC Vs Ferro cement structure in

Jadhav Farmhouse 240 sq.m
Table No.-3.6
CONVENTIONAL RCC FERROCEMENT
Mat. Qty Rate Amt Qty Rate Amt
Brk 75,320 5 /No. 3,76, ------ ------ -------
Nos 600
Cement 2000 250/Ba 5,00, 1100 250/ 2,75,0
Bags g 000 bags bag 00
Sand 110 m3 1200/ 1,32, 141 1200/c 1,40,0
m3 000 m3 m3 00
Metal 43.60Cu.m 600/ m3 26,1 ------ ------ -------
60
Steel 4800 48/Kg 1,82, 4100 48/Kg 1,96,8
Kg 400 Kg 00
Weld ------ ------ 2400 158 / 3,79,2
mesh - m2 m2 00
Chicken ------ ------ 558 2
36/ m 20,088
mesh - m2
Material 12,1 10,11,
cost 7,16 088
70% 0

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 Labor 3,65, 3,03,3
cost 148 26
30%
Total 15,8 13,14,
2,30 414
8
NET SAVINGS IS RS 2,67,893
The cost % saving from conventional building ranges from ranges from
10-15%.
DURABILITY COMPARISION
o The durability of conventional building is 50 yrs.
o The durability of ferrocement building is 30-35yrs.

 FLY ASH BRICKS

Table No.-3.7

Conventional 1:4 500 2750 3346

brick
masonry 96 596

Fly ash 1:5 487 80 1461 496 1957 41.5

Brick (0%) 1
masonry

Fly ash 1:5 487 80 1694. 496 2190 34.5

Brick (3%) 7 .7 2
masonry

Fly ash 1:5 487 80 1860. 496 2356 29.5

Brick (5%) 3 .3 8
masonry

Cost %saved from conventional building = 29.58%

Strength of Ferrocement
Table No.-3.8
Type of Mean Average % Increase
specimen load at compressive Average
failure Strength compressive
(kg/cm2) strength

Conventional 208.3 92.85 -

brick

Fly ash brick 281.8 125.9 35%

(0%)

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 Fly ash brick 314.7 141 51.8%
(3%)

Fly ash brick 342.2 152.1 63.3%

(5%)

The above table clearly compares the strength of fly ash bricks with conventional bricks
The percent in the table is the percentage of cement added to the bricks.
DURABILITY COMPARISION
o The durability of conventional building is 50yrs.
o The durability of fly ash brick building is 40yrs.
The places where the buildings is present in India are :-

Fig No.-3.17 Fig No.-3.18

Chittranjan park south Delhi IIT Madras
Fly Ash Brick Building GFRG panel building

Fig No.-3.19 Fig No.-3.20

Ferrocement building ODISHA

Ashok Nagar new Delhi Rat Trap Bond and Filler Slab

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AFFORDABLE HOUSING
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 Comparison of 4 materials with each other :-

Table No.-3.9
SR MATERIAL COST OF CONVENTIONAL COMPRESSIVE PLACES
NO. MATERIAL STRENGTH
MATERIAL
CHEAPER IN
(%)

1. GFRG PANNEL 47.29% CONVENTIONAL 73.2KG/SQ.CM In Madras

TECHNOLOGY RCC STRUCTURE near IIT
madras
campus
2. FERROCEMENT 15-18% CONVENTIONAL 85KG/SQ.CM In new
RCC STRUCTURE Ashok
Nagar, new
Delhi
3. FLY ASH 29.58% CONVENTIONAL 130KG/SQ.CM Chittaranjan
BRICK(5%) BRICK MASONRY park south
Delhi
4. RAT-TRAP 23-27% CONVENTIONAL 40-50
BONDED RCC STRUCTURE KG/SQ.CM Odisha in
BRICKWORK AND
India
FILLER SLAB
TECHNOLOGY

3.5 MODEL MAKING

We firstly researched all the 4 materials based on each strength, cost ,availability and
comparison of all materials .
We found RAT TRAP bond and Filler slab technology as the effective one . we even found
rat trap bond and filler slab technology convenient to make a model on. The following
steps we followed to make a model on rat trap bond house with filler slab technology:-
 We researched the literature of Laurie baker for the placement of the bricks and the
laying of filler slab
 We bought plywood 9 mm thick for the base of model .
 We bought and gave 2 plywood for cutting it into bricks of scale 1:10 from the actual
dimensions.
 We drew a plan of scale 1:20 of a G structure on the base of the model .
 We arranged the small bricks as per plan of G structure and bonded them with fevicol
heat x .
 We painted the walls of the model with reddish brown colour.
 We painted the flooring with light carrot colour which indicates terracotta tiles which
are affordable tiles .
 We then bought 2 ply wood and then got cut 2 layers of slab it in the size of the plan.
 We drilled one layer with uniform diameters holes
 We stuck the two layers neck to neck.
 We stuck orange clay on the holes in the inner slab.
 We painted the slab light grey .
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 We stuck the two layers to the brickwork.
 Lastly, we painted the base dark grey.

The following pictures describes the model virtually:-

Fig No.-3.21 Fig No.-3.22

Fig No.-3.23 Fig No.-3.24

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 FIG 3.25
FINISHED MODEL PICTURE

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 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

Affordable housing is a more important issue that needs to be addressed by the cities if
they have to continue to be on growth path and become more and more contributive to
national GDP. The McKinsey urbanization report clearly states that unless affordable
housing is developed in urban areas, new low-income migrants, like their predecessors,
are likely to settle in slums, a socially undesirable development that inserts dagger into the
heart of India’s agenda of broad inclusion. Conversely, expanding the stock of affordable
housing would bring in, in addition to social benefits, substantial economic advantages:
more demand for construction, building material and housing finance, which in turn spur
job creation and further economic growth. The Government of India Task Force has
estimated that alleviating housing shortage could potentially raise the rate of economic
growth (as measured by GDP growth rate) by at least 1-1.5 per cent and have a decisive
impact on improving the basic quality of life.

After completing all the research work we concluded that rat trap bond and filler slab
technology is the most convenient method to build an affordable house. We made the
model in order to make understand that how rat trap bond and filler slab looks like .

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 CHAPTER-5
REFERENCES

o https://www.engineeringcivil.com/low-cost-housing.html
 https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&contex
t=islcp
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Availability-of-natural-fibre-in-
India-and- its-applications-in-building-materials-8_tbl1_271287635
 Laurie baker ppt
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ESTIMATION OF WALL PANNEL SYSTEM WITH
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BY K. KALAIPRIYA,R.
JAYANTHI K. KALAIPRIYA,R. JAYANTHI OF IJOSER.
 FERROCEMENT AS A COST EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO RCC BY A.R.LAXMI SALGIA
AND A.R APPARN PANGANTI OF IJER.
 COST EFFECTIVINESS OF USING LOW COST HOUSING TECHNOLOGIES IN
CONSTRUCTION BY VIVIAN W. Y TAM OF SCIENCE DIRECT.
 COST COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FLY ASH BRICK MASONRY AND CONVENTIONAL
MASONRY BY DEVPA RANI & RAHUL SIKKA OF IRJET
 STUDY OF GFRG PANNEL AND ITS STRENGTHENING BY BASIL P ALIAS,BIJI K
ELDHOSE & SARATH RAJAN OF IJCSER
 STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS OF FERROCEMENT PANNEL FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING BY GANESH A CHOUGULE &N.N.MOREY OF JOURNAL OF BASIC AND
APPLIED ENGINEERING RESEARCH
 STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS OF FERROCEMENT PANNEL FOR AFFORDABLE
HOUSING BY GANESH A CHOUGULE &N.N.MOREY OF JOURNAL OF BASIC AND
APPLIED ENGINEERING RESEARCH
 AFFORDABLE HOUSING MATERIALS AND TECHNIUES FOR URBAN POOR BY S.S
SHINDE & A.B KARANKAL OF IRJET

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 Chapter 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :-

I am grateful for the co-operation and guidance of my faculty, SIR. K.P.

JAYATEERTH, for guiding us on every step of the project. Teaching us the right
method where ever we were doing something wrong to complete our project . We
are graceful to Shri Bhaghubhai Mafatlal polytechnic to give us an opportunity to
express our creativity and serve an innovative topic to every student.

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