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Lec Writing The Sentence 3 1

The document discusses the different parts of a sentence including modifiers, connectors, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. It defines modifiers as words that give added meaning to other words, including adjectives, adverbs, and participles. Connectors are joining words like conjunctions and prepositions that link parts of a sentence. Phrases do not contain a subject and verb, while clauses do. Sentence structures can be simple with one clause, compound with two or more clauses, or complex with one independent and one or more dependent clauses. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate these grammatical concepts.

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85 views22 pages

Lec Writing The Sentence 3 1

The document discusses the different parts of a sentence including modifiers, connectors, phrases, clauses, and sentence structures. It defines modifiers as words that give added meaning to other words, including adjectives, adverbs, and participles. Connectors are joining words like conjunctions and prepositions that link parts of a sentence. Phrases do not contain a subject and verb, while clauses do. Sentence structures can be simple with one clause, compound with two or more clauses, or complex with one independent and one or more dependent clauses. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate these grammatical concepts.

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Writing the Sentence

Supporting Parts: Modifiers and Connectors


Supporting Parts: Modifiers and Connectors

Modifiers – words that give “added meanings to other words.”


- they may come before or after the words they modify.

They may be,


One word modifiers, such as adjectives (modifiers of noun/pronoun), adverbs (modifiers of verbs,
adjectives, other adverbs), and participles (verb + ed, verb + ing);

Adjectives Adverbs Participles


Sudden rain Walk slowly Nuns praying
Tall boy Very clear Boys sleeping
Unusual story Eat voraciously Stolen money
Clean shirt See well Broken vase
Too little
Rarely seen
Phrase modifiers

Infinitive (to + verb) movie to watch work to do

Prepositional Phrase: man on the third base.


ball under the table.
book with cover.

Clause modifiers
Clauses have subject and verbs. When these clauses clarify meaning of words,
they are modifiers.

Adjectival clause : The book which you borrowed is on folklore.


Adverbial clause : When she left, the boys felt lonely.
Connectors/ joining words
These words join words, group of words or sentences.
They may show a relationship to a word in each sentence.

Conjunctions : Join words, group or words, or sentences.

Live longer and look younger.


Jane or Jinno is to blame.
The red ants and the black ants.

Prepositions : Show a relation to another

The book was written by him.


Without you, she cannot live.
The letter came from South Africa.
These are stories about birds.
Parts of the sentence
Basic Parts Related Terms
Subject – word or words talked about Complete subject – words talked
in the sentence about and all its modifiers.
Simple Subject – noun/pronoun or its
equivalent mainly talked about in the
sentence.
Predicate – part of the sentence Complete predicate – verb/s talking
which says something about the about the subject and all its
subject. complements and modifiers.
Simple predicate – verb or verb
phrase mainly talking about the
subject.

Complements – parts of predicate Direct object – noun or its equivalent


that are needed to complete the that receives the action of the verb
meaning of the verb and the subject. (Answers whom? What? Asked
immediately after the verb)

Indirect object – noun or its


equivalent, to whom or for whom
action is meant.
Basic Parts Related Terms
Complements (continuation..) Predicate Nominative – noun or
pronoun after a linking verb and
refers back to the subject.

Predicate Adjective – adjective


before a linking verb and refers back
to the subject.

Supporting parts Modifiers – adjectives/adverbs that


describe other words in the sentence.

Connectors/joining words –
prepositions and conjunctions that
link different parts together.
Phrases and Clauses
In a sentence, groups of related words may be either clauses or
phrases.
A clause contains a subject and a verb.
They may be independent (they can stand on their own). Or
else, they are dependent clauses.
(They cannot stand on their own. They need to be attached to
independent clauses.)

Independent clauses
They enjoyed watching the play.
She came.

Dependent Clauses
When the sun sets
If you study your lesson
A phrase are word groups that does not have
a subject and a verb/predicate.
They include prepositional phrases, infinitive
phrases, adjective phrases and the like.

Prepositional phrase :
The clock on the wall is old.

Infinitive :
The guy to watch is Juan dela Cruz.
Why is there a need to differentiate
between phrases and clauses?

1.One way to emphasize a thought is to express it


as a clause or a phrase.

2. Because the clause has a subject and a


predicate, it is more emphatic than a phrase.
Independent clause:
Metro Manila is the business center of the
country; it is also the seat of higher education.

Dependent clause:
Metro manila, which is the business center of the
country, is also the seat of higher education.

Phrase : Metro Manila, the business center of the


country, is also the seat of higher education.
Phrases and clauses could be
used to control the emphasis of
an idea.

The idea expressed with a


subject and a predicate (or
clause) gains more emphasis
than if expressed in a phrase.
Activity 4 – Phrases vs. Clauses
Look at the underlined words. Can you tell which is a clause (C) and which is a phrase
(P)? In other words, which is more emphatic or less emphatic?

1.Betty will have a chance to meet her brother.


2.The astronauts ventured into deep space but
they maintained
communication with the US President.
3.It is good to ignore her nagging, or to leave
unnoticed.
4.She decided to give skating a try, after she had
watched her friends skate skillfully.
5.I didn’t know who he was, nor where he came
from.
Activity 5 – Lessen the emphasis on an idea by changing clauses
to phrases. Change the underlined words into a phrase.

1.The girl who studies very well, is a


science scholar.
2.Even when you are cooking, you may
think of your assignments.
3.If you are unsuccessful at first, try again.
4.There are many ways by which you dress
a chicken.
5.Eat the proper food and you will live
longer.
Activity 5 – Lessen the emphasis on an idea by changing clauses
to phrases. Change the underlined words into a phrase.

1.The girl, studying very well, is a science


scholar.
2.Even when cooking/When cooking, you
may think of your assignments.
3.If unsuccessful at first, try again.
4.There are many ways to dress a chicken.
5.Eat the proper food to live longer/in
order to live longer.
B. Rewrite these two sentences in such a way that the
dependent clause is written as an independent clause and
the independent clause expressed as a dependent clause.

1. Even though we like the terms of the contract,


we didn’t accept them.
2. Although the roommates are good friends, they
quarrel often.
1. We liked the terms of the contract although we didn’t accept them.

2. They are good friends although they quarrel often.


/ Although they quarrel often, they are good friends

The more important idea, the idea in the independent


clause, is positive.

So the effect on the reader is pleasant, less hurting.


Types of Sentences based on Structure
1. Simple sentences – have only one independent clause.

Sam plays basketball.


Children love ice cream.
2. Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.

Maria stays in the city; her brother lives in the province.


Rizal fought with his pen; on the other hand, Bonifacio fought with his bolo.
3. Complex sentence – has an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

When the police raided the house, they found a starving old couple.
He left after he heard the verdict.
4. Compound-complex sentence – contains two or more independent clauses
and one or more dependent clauses.

Because it was raining hard, the children stayed at home and they played indoor games.
She called the traffic cop as soon as she saw the accident, but the erring driver had fled.
Exercise – Sentence types
Observing the differences in emphasis, transform the pairs of sentences
into 1) simple 2) compound 3) complex sentences

Example:
The lady guard delayed all the motorists.
She examined their luggage.
SIMPLE
Examining all their luggage, the lady guard delayed all the motorists.

COMPOUND
The lady guard examined all the luggage; hence, she delayed all the motorists.

COMPLEX
The lady guard delayed all the motorists because she examined all their luggage.

Now it’s your turn. Start here;

1. The city officials first declared the residents as squatters. Then the officials tore
down their shanties.
2. The typhoon was very destructive. It left many houses without roofs.
1.
SIMPLE – one independent clause.

Declaring the residents as squatters, the officials tore down their shanties.

COMPOUND – two or more independent (main) clauses.

The city officials first declared the residents as squatters, then they tore down their shanties.

COMPLEX – one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

After they declared the residents as squatters, the officials tore down their shanties.
2.
SIMPLE
The very destructive typhoon left many houses without roofs.
Very destructive, the typhoon left many houses without roofs.

COMPOUND
The typhoon was very destructive; consequently, it left many houses without roofs.

COMPLEX
The typhoon was so destructive that it left many houses without roofs.
Because the typhoon was very destructive, it left many houses without roofs.

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