Ml p)=22-p) = 3p = ‘Two numbers aand bare selected from the set of natural number then the probability that a+ bis divisible by Sis 9 7 ll 17 (A 35 8) ig Ox Oy Square ofa numberends in 0, 1,4,5,6and9 favourable ordered pairs of (@, b?) can be (0, 0); (0,5), (5,0). (5.5) 5 (1.4). (4, 1)s (1.9). 841) s (4,6), (6.4) 5 (6,9).(9,6) and P(O0)= 1/10 = P(S) ; PCL) = P(4) = P(6) = P(9)= 2/10 J Inan examination, one hundred candidates took paper in Physies and Chemisuy. Twenty five candidates failed in Physics only. Twenty candidates failed in chemistry only. Fifieen failed in both Physics and Chemistry. A candidate is selected at random. The probability that he failed eitherin Physies or in Chemistry but not in both is, ay 2 oz ot 0 5 5 20 ‘When a missile is fired from a ship, the probability that itis intercepted is 1/3, The probability that the missile hits the target, given that itis not intercepted is 3/4. If three missiles are fired independently from the ship, the probability that all three hits the target, is (ay uiz By18 (O38 (p34 R: Missileisintercepted 1 2 3 PR) R PU/R)=> H: Missile hits the target R P(H) = (HAR) + PCH R)=P(R)- PUR) + PCR) POUR) Cc > i R Dpp on Probability 119]Q.12 Anum contains 10 balls coloured either black or red. When selecting two balls from the um at random, the probability that ball ofeach colour is selected is 8/1 5. Assuming that the um contains more black balls than red balls, the probability that atleast one black ball is selected, when selecting two balls, is 30 18 39 41 NE Bs (COB OD) [Sol. 06 ere -% _, 0x) _ 8 n= = = ig ggg KH 24-0 => X=6 oF x=4 since given that no, of black balls is more than red balls, number of BB=6 number of RB=4 now P(E)=1~—P(RR) C. MC,” 45 Ans. | Q.13 A fair die is tossed repeatidly, Mr. A wins if itis 1 or 2. on two consecutive tosses and Mr. B wins ifitis 3,4, 5 or 6 ontwo consecutive tosses. The probability that A wins if the die is tossed indefinitely, is ayt By = ct p)2 ws Bs ot oz [Sol Let P(S)=P(1 or2)=1/3 (Note: game can start with $ and F) P(F) = PG or 4 or 5 or 6) = 2/3, P(A wins) = P[(S Sor S FS Sor SF SFSSor......) or (FSS or FSFS Sor. 5 2 Dpp on Probability [20]Q.14 Anunbiased die with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 on its six faces is rolled. After this roll ifan odd [Sol. ‘number appeares on the top fae, all odd numbers on the die are doubled. If'an even number appears on the top face, al the even numbers are halved. If the given die changes inthis way then the probability that the face 2 will appear on the second rol is (A) 2/18, (B)3/18, (C*) 2/9 (D) 5/18, Hj: event that die shows up odd PH) =13 = (1, 2,3,4, 6, 8} Hy: eventthat dieshowsupeven — P(H,) = 2/3 A=2roll shows up 2 if H, occurs then the faces becomes 2,2, 6.4,6,8 nth 4 * if H, occurs then the faces becomes 1, 1,3. Now, P(A)=P(ANH,)+P(ANH,) = PCH) P(A/H,) + PCH) PAHS) Altematively: make atree diagram Qus [Sol. Q.16 PER S A butterfly randomly lands on one of the six squares of the T-shaped figure shown and then randomly moves to an adjacent square. The probability that the butterfly ends up on the R square is (A*) 14 (B13 (23 (D) 146 Pr (Ending on R in the second step) =Pr(landing on B then move to R) + Pr(landing on W then move to R) why 1 wee [el=[e] z = 11 +E-2 A fair coins tossed a large number of times. Assuming the tosses are independent which one of the following statement, is True? (A) Once the number of flipsis large enough, the numberof heads will always be exactly half ofthe total number of tosses. For example, after 10,000 tosses one should have exactly 5,000 heads. (B*) The proportion of heads will be about 1/2 and this proportion will tend to get closer to 1/2 as the number of tosses inreases (©)As the number of tosses increases, any long run of heads will be balanced by a corresponding run of tails so that the overall proportion of heads is exactly 1/2 (D)Alloftheabove Dpp on Probability 21]Qi7 [Sol. (A) (B) [MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE] Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (A)3 coins are tossed once. Two of them atleast must land the same way. No mater whether they land heads or tails the third coin is equally likely to land either the same way or oppositely. So, the chance that all the three coins land the same way is 1/2. (B*) Let 0 True wid OTD wedsb-Ww b_B b—B wes (brad) B we Ww WWI 5 B wrbd woowid | bow w w , . - =——" __w+d+b)= PW) Sab wadeb brw wabrd 7 bewywidsby ab Hence 2" ball drawn is white is independent of Dpp on Probability [22](@) Qis Quy [Sol Q.20 Q21 Toprove that A, B, C are pairwise independent also now P(AMB)= P(AMBOCUANBNC) (from the venn diagram) P(AMB)= PANBNT)+P(AMBOC) AB = P(A): P(B) - PCC) * P(A) - PCB) - P(C) (given) = P(A) P(B) [P(C) + PO] = P(A): P(B) illy forothertwo => (DY iscorreet] Incach ofa set of games it is 2 to 1 in favour of the winner of the previous game, What isthe chance that the player who wins the first game shall win three at least, of the next four? [Ans. 49] POWIW) = 2 3 P(LW) = ; ; POW/L) = ; 3 P(L/L) = 2 ] A normal coin is continued tossing unless a head is obtained for the first time. Find the probability that (a) number of tosses needed are at most 3. (6) number of tosses are even. [Ans. (a) 7/8, (b) 1/3] (a) P(HorT Hor T TH): 11.1.7 . Zt Ge gry > Probability that H appears forthe F*time on almost 3 tosses 4 1 (6) PHorP PTH oF soe 2 P@= ye garg) Before a race the chance of three runners, A, B, C were estimated to be proportional to 5, 3, 2, but during the race A meets with an accident which reduces his chance to 1/3. What are the respective chance of Band C now? [Ans. B= 2/5 ;C=4/15] Ais one of the 6 horses entered fora race, and isto be ridden by one of two jockeys B or C. Itis 210 1 that B rides A, in which case all the horses are equally likely to win; if C rides A, his chance is trebled, ‘what are the odds against his winning? [Ans 13 t0 5] ¢ ‘Atishorse; Band C joceky ‘H: Horse'A' wins the race E,:'B'rides'A’ P(E) =23, BC \e, E,'C rides P(E)= 1/3 P(H/E,)= 1/6; P/E) =3/6 21 1 PCH) = PHB) + PE) = 5% + 5 Dpp on Probability [23]MC SIR CLASS ; XII (ABCD) Dpp on Probability (After S‘ Lecture) DPP. NO.- 5 Qi (Hin: [Sol Indicate the correct order sequence in respect of the following : 1. Ifthe probability hata computer will fail during the first hour of operation is 0.01, then ifwe tum on 100 computers, exactly one will fail in the first hour of operation. Tl, Amanhasten keys only one of which fits the lock. He tries them in.a door one by one discarding the one he has tried. The probability that fifth key fits the lock is 1/10. IIL. Given the events A and B in a sample space. IfP(A)~ 1, then A and B are independent. IV. Whena fairsix sided die is tossed on a table top, the bottom face can notbe seen. The probat that the product of the numbers on the five faces that can be seenis divisible by 6 is one. (A) FTFT (B*)FTTT (C)TFTF (D) TEFF 1/991 I pex=1)=e(z55} 25] I Every key that fits have the same probability =1/10 MI. Consider AUB) = P(A) + P(B) = (AB) but P(A UB) = P(A)=1 ® 1=1+P(B)-P(AMB) P(AMB)=P(B) = P(B) P(A) (P(A)=1) IV. Bach product 123.4 $5123.46; 12356;12456;13456;2345 6 isdivisibleby six.] [18-12-2005, 12 & 13] Ifa, band c are three numbers (not necessarily different) chosen randomly and with replacement from the set {1, 2, 3,4, 5}, the probability that (ab + c) is even, is 35 +) 5 64 75 Wis B55 Os os P (number chosen is odd) =3/5 P (number chosen is even) = 2/5 ab+ciseven <*b., are all odd ¢ is even and atleast a or b is even E (abte)iseven: note that event E can occus in two cases E,: — allthe three number a, band are odd: E,: _cisevenandatleast one ofa orbiseven 2 9 2 16 32 =2.f1-2 16 _ 32 PE)" 5 ( 3) 3°25 125 39 P(E) = P(E, or E,) = PCE,) + PCE)= Fg Ans.] MC Sir Dpp's on Probability 24]3 Aexamination consists of 8 questions in each of which one of the 5 altemativesis the correct one. On the assumption thata candidate who has done no preparatory work chooses for each question any one of the five altematives with equal probability, the probability that he gets more than one correct answer is equal to (A) (0.88 (B) 30.88 (© 1-08 (D*) 1-3 0.88 1 [Hint p= = =0.2:q=08 ; PE) =P Worl) ] 4 Anantis situated atthe vertex A of the triangle ABC. Every movement of the ant consists of moving to one of other two adjacent vertices from the vertex where itis situated, The probability of going to any of the other two adjacent vertices of the triangle is equal. The probability that at the end of the fourth movement the ant will be back to the vertex A, is: 4 1) & 2 & Nig BG Om OG [13¢h,25-1-2009] [Dp prob] DONE B wf » A [Sol A ca, eer B QS Akeytoroom number C; is dropped into a jar with five other keys, and the jaris throughly mixed. If keys are randomly drawn from the jar without replacement until the key to room C, is chosen, then what are the odds in favour that the key to room C, will be obtained on the "try? (Ald (B15 O16 (56 sil [Sol. We want to fail the frst ty, so wehave Z - == ¢ forthe probability, The odds are therefore 1: 5.} Dpp on Probability 25]Q6 (Hint: Q7 [Sol. Lot A consists of 3G and 2D articles. Lot B consists of 4G and 1D article. A new lot Cis formed by taking 3 articles from A and 2 from B. The probability that an article chosen at random from C is defective, is y13 (B25 (c#) 8225, (D) none 3 A= event that the item came from lotA ; P(A)= 3-5 == 3425 B=item came from B ; P(B)=2/5 < B D=item from mixed lot'C' is defective P(D)=P(DA)+P(DOB) 3.2.21 = P(A). P(D/A) + P(B). P(D/A) = =X =F =X = 59555 Mr. Aand Mr. B each have a bag that contains one ball of each of the colours blue, green, orange, red and violet.'A' randomly selects one ball from his bag and puts it into B's bag. 'B' then randomly selects cone ball from his bag and puts it into A's bag. The probability that after this process the contents of the ‘wo bags are the same, is (As (ays (cs)18 M12 DIRAR)+ (BOB) +(GAG)+ON0)+ VAY) P(R) - PQR/R) + P(B) P(BIB) +. Altematively: any ball from A can goto B. For the contents of the two bag to be the same the ball ofthe same Qs colour must return, Hence p=2/6= 1/3 Ans. ] Ona Saturday night 20% of al drivers in U.S.A. are under the influence of aleohol. The probability that adriver under the influence of alcohol will have an accident is 0.001. The probability that a sober driver will have an accidentis 0.0001. Ifa car ona saturday night smashed into a tre, the probability thatthe driver was under the influence of alcohol, is (ay37 (a47 csi 6 A.:carmet withan accident B,: driver was alcoholic, P(B,)= 1/5 By: driver was sober, P(B,) = 4/5 P(A/B,) = 0.001; P(A/B,) = 0.0001 2 2.001) PRIA) Bycoon+ (8.000 =5/TAns.] Dpp on Probability [26]Q.9 — Abox has four dice init. Three of them are fair dice but the fourth one has thenumber five on all of its faces. A die is chosen at random from the box and is rolled three times and shows up the face five on all the three occassions. The chance that the dic chosen wasa rigged dic, is 216 215 216 Az (8) 579 (C) 519 (D) none 3 normal die [Sol. [27-11-2005, 12" 4 pos J From an um containing six balls, 3 white and 3 black ones, a person selects atrandom an even number of balls (all the different ways of drawing an even number of balls are considered equally probable, imespective oftheir number). Then the probability that there will be the same numberof black and white ballsamong them (Anais (Bs) 11/15 (130 (D)2/s ‘Total number of possible cases = 3 (cither 2 or4 or 6 arc drawn) Hence required probability = Le 5B ‘There are three main political partics namely 1,2, 3. fin the adjoining table p, . (i j=1, 2, 3) denote the probability that P,-0.7 |P,-02 |P,-0.1 party j wins the general elections contested when party iis in the power. What is the probability that the party 2 will be in Par | Pn0.2 powerafter the next two elections, given that the party 1 isin P,=03|P,04 |P,-03 the power? (ayo27 (B*) 0.24 @or4 (D) 0.06 P(E)= Py Pip + Pip" Py *P)3*Ps> _‘[12th, 06-01-2008} P, ,: Pyy=Party-1 in power and Party-1 wins in the 1% and party-1 in power and party-2 wins or P,7* P= Party-1 in power and Party-2 wins in the “and party-2 in power and party-2 wins or P,;*P,.=Party-1 in power and party-3 wins] Shalu bought two cages of birds : Cage-I contains 5 parrots and I owl, and Cage-If contains 6 parrots, as shown Cage Cage PPR PUPP PR pp Al |p pp Binds like to ly One day Shalu forgot to lock both cages and two birds flew from Cage-I to Cage-lI. Then two birds flew back from Cage-Ito Cage-I. Assume that all birds have equal chance of flying, the probability that the Owlis still in Cage-I, is As @i18 ©28 (py 3/4 [19-2-2006, 12 & 13°] [REASONING TYPE] From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards a card is drawn at random, Two events A and B are defined as A: Redcardisdrawn, B: Card drawn is either a Diamond or Heart Statement-1: P(A +B)=P(AB) because Dpp on Probability 34][Hints Q2 QB3 Qud [Sol. (12) (13) Statement-2: ACBand BCA (A*) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1 (B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1 (C)Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false, (D)Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true, A and Bare equivalent statements. | [12th, 21-10-2007] Paragraph for question nos. 14 to 16 ‘Abox contains b red balls, 2b’ white balls and '3b' blue balls where bisa positive integer. 3 balls are selected at random from the box. If balls are drawn without replacement and’A’ denotes the event that "No two of the selected balls have the same colour" then (A) there is no value of b for which P(A) (B*) There is exactly one value of b for which P(A) = 0.3 and this values less than 10. (©) There is exactly one value of b for which P(A)= 0.3 and this value is greater than 10. (D) There is more than one value of b for which P(A)= 0.3 If balls are drawn without replacement and'B’ denotes the event that "No two of the 3 drawn balls are blue" then 1 2 (A)P(B)= 5 if b=1 (B)PB)= 5 itb=2 1 1 (©PB)=z ifb=4 (D*) P(B)= 5 forall value of b. IfP(A)=0.3, then the value of P(A/B) equals (A*)3/5 (B)3/10 @u12 (D213 b red balls Bag <—— 2b white balls [13th, 20-01-2008} 3b blue balls bee, MC, P(A)=P (all different colour) = ae 6b°-6 6b(6b—1)(6b=2) =P(A) 6b _ 3b (6b-1)(6b—2) — (6b-1)3b—-1) 10b= 186? - 96+ 1 8b %+1=0 => (b-1)8b-1)=0 b=1 Ans. P(B) = P(no two of them are blue) P{(B BB) or B Band one R or W) i.c. BBB or BBR or BBW J 3bb=1)3b-2) ___ 3W(3b—1)3b-6 ~ [ 6b(6b=1(6=2) * 2-6{6b—=1(6b=D 3 P(A)= “1 1, 3b-2 ob—) [3b-2+9b] Dpp on Probability 135](4) Qu6 Q.17 [Sol. (b-1) 1 26b-1) 2 hence P(B)isindependent b ay PAOB) _ PA) PCAB)= pag) = Pap) (think!) 32 rs As Pagragraph for question nos. 15 to 17 Um-Icontains 5 Red balls and 1 Blue ball, Umell contains? Red balls and 4 Blue balls. is tossed, [fit results in an even number, balls are repeatedly withdrawn one ata time with replacement from um-l. If itis an odd number, balls are repeatedly withdrawn one at a time with replacement from urn-Il, Given that the first two draws both have resulted in a blue ball, ional probability that the first two draws have resulted in blue balls given ur-Ilis used is (B*) 4/9 @13 (D) None Ifthe probability that the umn-Iis being used is p, andq is the corresponding figure for urm-II then (A*)q= lop (B)q=4p (C)q=2p ()q=3p ‘The probability of getting a red ballin the third draw is, (Ayis (B)12 (c*)37/102 (D) 41/102 Umi r E:: third ball drawn is red P(E) = P(ENE,) + PENE,) 15,162 5 176 28 37 A ai 176 i02 "102 ~ 102 Ani] [MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE] ‘Two whole numbersare randomly selected and multiplied. Consider two events E, and E, defined as E,: — Theirproductis divisible by 5 E3 _ Unit'splace in their product is 5 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (A) E istwice as likely to occur as E,. (B)E, and E, are disjoint (CH) PEE) = 4 (D*) PEE) = P(E,) = 1 — P(unit's place in both is 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9) [12th, 09-11-2008] (47 P(E, =0 or S)=I-|E] = P(E, :5)= P13 5 79)—P(1 3.79) for 2 numbers 14 25-16 9 4°25 100-100 PE) _ 9 9 284 PE) 100 100 94 P(E) =4 P(E) => Aisnotcorrect PE,QE) PE) 9 25 1 PE) ~ PE) 1009 47 O PUEOE,) PU) PE) PE) 1 MI IMATCGH THE COLUMN] Column-I Column-II (Avujuss The probability of a bomb hitting a bridge is 1/2. Two directhitsarenceded (P) 4 to destroy it. The least number of bombs required so that the probability of the bridge being destroyed is greater than 0.9, is (Bs pop bag contains 2 red, 3 white and 5 black balls,aballisdrawnitscolouris (Q) § ‘noted and replaced. Minimum number of times, a ball must be drawn so that Dpp on Probability B7the probability of getting ared ball forthe first time isa least even, is (C)yo)5 A hunter knows that a deers hidden in one of the two near by bushes, ® 6 the probability of its being hidden in bush-I being 4/5. The hunter having arifle containing 10 bullets decides to firethemall at bush-l or Il. Itisknown that each shot may hitone of the two bushes, independently (S)_ 7 of the other with probability 1/2. Number of bullets musthe fireon bush-I tohittheanimal with maximum probability is (Assume that the bullet hitting the bushalso hits the animal). [Ans.(A)S: (B)P: (C)R} [Sol. [12th, 09-11-2008] (A) P(S)= 1/2; POR) = 172 Let 'n'be the least number of bombs to be dropped E:: bridge is destroyed => P(E)=1~P(Oor | successes) or 21 = or — 10° 2" 10(n+1) ‘The value off consistent with n= 7 or draw graph betweeny=28 andy = 10(x +1). 2R 1 4 ®) en :P(S)= + ; PF)= = ; Ez getting ared ball 5B 5 5 P(E)=P(S or F S or FES oF. ee 1 ay ol pel, (4) ch PFs ( 4 3 ‘The value of n consistent within is4 => (P) (©) By :animal hidesin Bush B, : animal hides in Bush II hence 4 1 PB)=3 5 PBI=Z PD Let xbullets—> Bush; Let 10-xbullets—> Bush; nie ‘To maximum probability= | Ls”) atlewtonehi) — PaREone hid ox inf} =o =6 | 2 2 - * [SUBJECTIVE] Q.20,5)5 A lot contains 50 defective & 50 non defective bulbs. Two bulbs are drawn at random, one ata time, with replacement. The events A,B,C are defined as Dpp on Probability 138]A= (the first bulbis defective}: B= { the second bulb is non defective} C= { the two bulbs are both defeetive or both non defective} Determine whether (i) A,B,Caare pair wise independent (ii) A,B,C are independent [Ans:(i) A.B,C are pairwise independent (ii) A.B,C are not independent. ] 50 defective [Sol. La ood A::firstbulbisdefeetive: — P(A)= B:second ulbis good: P(B)=1/ C : wo bulbs are either both good or both defective: P(C)= 1/4 => P(CMA) Hence the events are pairwit independent P(COA)=P(C)-P(A) P(AQBAC)=0->Hence, A, B, C are not independent] Dpp on Probability 39]MC SIR CLASS ; XII (ABCD) Dpp on Probability (After 7" Lecture) DPP. NO.-7 Qu [Sol. Q3 lio Suppose families always have one, two of three children, with probabilities. -y and = respect Assume everyone eventually gets married and has children, the probability ofa couple having exactly four grandchildren is . 27 37 25 20 OT Bs Om Oa A:exactly one child [13th, 08-03-2009, P-1] B :exactly two children C exactly 3 children 1 1 1 P(A)= 7 3P(B)= 5 sPC)= E: couple has exactly 4 grandchildren P(E) = P(A): PEJA) + P(B) - PEEIB) + P(C)- P(E/C) { a i Loa 3 27, 8°16 128 ia A" [lly 2/2 denotes each child having two children 1 a4 6 2 denotes each child having 1 and 3 or 3 and 1 children ~ 6A BERT _ 27 128 ' 128" 128” 128 Ans! ‘Miss C has either Tea or Coffee at moming break. I'she has tea one morning, the probability she has tea the next momingiis 0.4, Ifshe has cofiee one morning, the probability she has coffee next moming is 0.3. Suppose she has coffee ona Monday moming. The probability that she has teaon the following Wednesday momingis (Ayo.46 (Bs)0.49 ©os1 (D)0.61 on wet Coffee < be [12th, 02-12-2007] oNT =c Mon Tue Wed PE)=CCT or CTT = (0.3) (0.7) + (0.7)(04) 21+28=0.49 Ans. J Ina maths paper there are 3 sections A, B & C, Section A is compulsory. Out of sections B& Ca student has to attempt any one. Passing in the paper means passing in A & passing in B or C. The MC Sir Dpp's on Probability [40]Q4 Qs probability of the student passing in A, B & C are p,q & 1/2 respectively. Ifthe probability that the student is successful is 1/2 then : Ap 1 (B) p= =12 © p=lq=0 — (D*) p=1,q=12 1(..1 p(S)=P(A and (Bor C)) =p-4 {a4} (ae5) =] Abox contains 100 tickets numbered 1,2, 3,...,100. Two tickets are chosen at random. Itis given that the maximum number on the two chosen tickets isnot more than 10. The minimum number on themis 5, with probability 1 2 3 As BF Om (D) none N= (1,2, 05,6, 7.8.9, 10, senna 00} two tickets are drawn A:maximum number on the two chosen ticketiss10 => —n(S)=10 B: minimum number on the two chosen ticket is 5 P(ANB) C5 PAY Wo, 45 ot P(B/A)= Jone of the ticket is 5 and one is frm 6, 7,8, 9,10] ] Sixteen players 5, .5).....5j¢ Play ina toumament. They are divided into cight pairs at random, From each paira winner is decided on the basis of a game played between the two players ofthe pair. Assume that all the players are of equal strength. The probability that "exactly one of the two players s, & Sis among the eight winners" is. at By cr & Dp) = Wi Biz COE Og 7 players (leaving S, & S,) out of 14 can be selected in '4C, and the 8" player can be chosen in two ways ie. either s, ors, Hence the total ways = MC). 2 2.4c, _ 8 Theref =f = efor p= 2 = EY [Altematively: Let E, :8,and S,are in the same group ind S, are in the different group E : exactly one of the two players S, & S, isamong the eight winners. E= (BE) + (ENE) P(E) = P(ENE,) + p(ENE,) P(E)=P(E,)-PEIE,) + p(E).P(EIE,) (1) aay! Now =i E, PE) =i _1,,14 . P(E)= Fg + TE: P (exactly one of either S, & S, wins) E E Dpp on Probability lyaw HE ALLL 8 yg 15 15 °(2 13142713 '13~ 15 4"8) Q.6 — Thenumber‘a'is randomly selected from the set {0, 1,2, 3, .. 98, 99}. The number'b' is selected from the same set. Probability that the number 3*+ 7Phasa digit equal to 8 at the units place, is 1 2 4 . 3 Nig BR Om Os 3° ends in >] 5 Pendsint| | | > | 7 |? 1 8 (Hint 3 [27-11-2005, 12" 7 3 5 3 3 Outof 16 case 3are favorable = — p= 7] Q.7 Onanormal standard die one of the 21 dots from any one of the six faces is removed at random with each dot equally likely to be chosen, The die is then rolled. The probability thatthe top face has an odd number of dotsis, 5 5 nT 6 WF Ba OH OF [Sol E: event that the dot is removed from an odd face E,: dotisremoved from the even face E: — diethrownhas an odd number of dots on its top face P(E) = PEN E,) + PEM) = P(E,)- P(E/E,) + P(E) (E/E) (9) 5 E ‘ 6 Q.8 Two boys A and B find the jumble of m ropes lying on the floor. Each takes hold of one loose end 1 random. Ifthe probability that they ae both holding the same rope is 75> then the number of ropesis equal to (A) 101 (B) 100 (cht (D) 50 {Sol. Thenstrings have a total of 2n ends, One boy picks up one end, this leaves 2n— 1) ends forthe second boy to choose, of which only one is correct i> so “a => 2n-1=101 = n=S1] — [08-01-2006, 12 & 13] [REASONING TYPE] nis tossed 3 times consider the events Qo C : exactly two consecutive heads or exactly two consecutive ta Statement-1:_ A.B. Care independent events, Dpp on Probability (42]Qo [Sol Qu (@) (b) (©) [Sol. @ because Statement-2: A,B, Care pairwise independent. (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation forstatement-1. (B*) Statement-1is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1 (C) Statement-1 is tru false. itement-2 (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2is true. [12th, 21-10-2007] Let asample 5 ‘Two events A and Bare defined on 8, and B26. Statement of the event A given B, isthe ratio of the number of elements in AB divided by the number of elements in B. because Statement-2: ‘The conditional probability model given B, is equally likely model on B. (A*) Statement] is true, statement-2is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1 (B)Statement-1 is true, statement-2isirue and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1 (©) Statement-1is tru sfalse. (D) Statement-l is true, P(AMB) _ n(AB)/N _ n(AB) PAB) = Bey = aN > By [12th, 09-11-2008] thus for P(A/B) the sample space isthe set B. Thatis, the conditional probability model, given B, assign 1 FEB (element of B and zero to cach elements of BJ itement-2 statement-2 A bag contains 6 balls of 3 different colours namely White, Green and Red, atleast one ball of each different colour. Assume all possible probability distributions are equally likely. ‘The probability that the bag contains 2 balls of each colour, is 1 1 1 1 AZ Bs CX i5 Oz ‘Three balls are picked up at random from the bag and found to be one of each different colour. The probability that the bag contained 4 Red balls is ay wz od pt OG Og Om OT” ‘Three balls are picked at random from the bag and found to be one of each different colour. The probability that the bag contained equal number of White and Green balls, is 4 3 2 5 ANG BG OG OF [13th, 01-02-2009, P-1] A: 3balls drawn found to be one each of different colours. 1 1(W) + 1(G) + 4(R) are drawn; PB)=75 1 By: 1(W)+4(G)+1(R) are drawn; PB)= 75 1 A(W) + 1(G) + 1(R) are drawn; PBS) = 75 Dpp on Probability 143]6 They are drawn in groups of 1,2, 3 (WGR)—(6 cases); P(B,)= 0 1 2(W) + 2(G) + 2(R): P(B)= 75 Ans. mcr WGRRRR x 5 Cs PAB)= 36. = 35 WGGGGR “G 4 VWWWw PABI= Zo. = 35 WWWWGR P(AIB,) = WGGRRR, P(AIBS) = . 1 36 PB): 1,36 2 (B,) *i9° 30" (6) P(BYA) © PBA) 200 Hence gate andl) +2. 3 = P(B)/A) + P(BS/A)= y+ = Fy Ams. Q.12 Two airdice are rolled. LetP(\) 0 denotes the event thatthe sum of the number appearing on the faces ofthe diceisdivsible by (a) Which oneof the following events is most probable? (AA, (B)Ay (OAs (D) Ag (b) For which one ofthe following pairs (,j)are the events A, and A, are independent? (A)G.4) (B) (4,6) (C2, 3) (D) (4,2) (©) Namber ofl possible nerd pir (for which the venta are indent (6 (B12 1 (D#)25 SoMA\PA)= 28; PAQ=4=12; PAQ= tas: aL, 6 (SoUADPIAD= 3p PAD=FA¥GE PAD TA yg! PAD agmaGh PAD % 36 => A ost probable Dpp on Probability 4](b) 1 1 PAV=55 PAQ= [12th, 09-11-2008] 2 P(A,MA:) = P(A): PA) => PLA)=PLA,)- PCA) => Ajand Aare independent 36°23 (©) Note A, is independent withall events Ay. A> now total ordered pairs ,1).0,2).3)suosnna(lgl +412) =23 pairs DO 02) 1D +E) Also A,,A,andA,, A, are independent => 25 ordered pairs. | Q.13. Amubtiplechoice test question has five alternative answers of which only one iscarrect. Ifa studenthas done hishome work, then he is sure to identify the comrect answer; otherwise, he chooses an answer at random, Let E: denotes the event that student does his home work with P(E)=p and F : denotes the event that he answer the question correctly, (a) Ifp=0.75 the value of P(E/F) equals 10 12 wo tS Big Om OG () P(EVF)2 P(E) holds good for (A#)all values of p in [0, 1] (B)all values of p in (0. 1) only (Call values ofp in [0.5.1] only (D)no value ofp. (©) Suppose that each question has7altemative answers of which only one is correct, and p is fixed but not equal to 0 or | then P(E/F) (A) decreases asi increases for all p €(0, 1) (B®) increases as7 increases forall p< (0, 1) (©)remains constant for all p €(0, 1) (D) decreases ifp € (0, 0.5) and increases if € (0.5, 1) asminereases [Sol P(E)=p [12th, 07-12-2008] P(F)= PME) + EAP) EZ, P(F)= P(E) P(FIE) + PCE) P(F/E) spl t(l—-p) 5 (@) if p=0.75 1 1 PE) = 4p + 1) = 54) = 08 PEO) 0.75 _ 15 PO) 0.80 16 PEF) = Ans, ) mow PEIF)= Gap 2P equality holds for p=0 or p=1 forall others valueofp (0.1). LHS>RHS. hence (A) res then © Dpp on Probability 145]Qu4 [Sol. [Sol Q.16,ipqFor PCA)= 33 P(B)= | _ @-Dp+t n n be)=p rape =H(1-4} n P(EIF)= 7 Which increases asmincreases forafixedp => — (B)_— J np (@=Dp+ [MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE TYPE] A boy has a collection of blue and green marbles. The number of blue marbles belong to the sets 13}. Iftwo marbles are chosen simultaneously and at random from his collection, then the hat they have different colour s 1/2. Possible number of blue marblesis: (A)2 By3 (c)6 (D*) 10 Let number of blue marbles is band number of green marblesis g be 1 [13¢h, 08.03-2009, P-1] [Dpp, prob] done 4bg (b+ gP=(b+g)=4bg bes e+ 2bg—b— g-dbg-gtbr—b #-(2b+ Ig +b-b=0 D=(2b+1)?—4(b—b) = 8b+ I musta perfect square. Hence possible values of bare 3.6,10=>|B,C,D]— ] bg 0 Hf A& Bare two events such that P(B)# 1, BC denotes the event complementry to B, then (B*) P(ANB)2 P(A) + P(B)-1 (C¥) P(A)> P(A)+P(B)-P(AMB) or P(AUB)S1 = (B) s P(a/B°) > < P(A) (©) Let P(A)> P(AVB) P(AMB) or PA)> Sa P(A). P(B)> P(AMB) eof) TPT P(A’B)> P(A) P(AMB®) pay PAD P(A) ~ P(AMB) > P(A) [ 1-P(B)] P(AMB)>— P(A). P(B) or P(A). P(B)> P(AMB) (2) from (1) and (2) P(A)> P(A/B) => P(A/BS)> P(A)] 3 5 P(AUB)= g which of the following do/does hold good? Dpp on Probability 146][Sol. [Hint (A%) P(ae/B)=2P(a/B°) (B*) PB)= P(A/B) (C)15P(A‘/B°)= 8P(B/A°) (D*) P(a/B*)=P(ANB) P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B)—P(AMB) [12th, 09-11-2008] > plas P(acaB _ P@)=P(ANB) Now P(a*/B)= ~pa5 PB) _,.2.8_1 “l-g-g73 2P(ans’) 2A)-P(ANB avfafot)= 2A) EU MACBD (2-2) 1 Gyicome PAB) 1.21 P(A/B) = PB) aT P(B) => — (B)iscorrect cle P(AUB) 5)_3 asin p(as/*) Stee Abe) F 11 «)_ PBOAS) _ P(B)=P(ANB) a “4 18 2 */A)=ToRay SBOE 3 Hence 8P(a°/B°)=15P(B/A°) => (Chisnotcorrect again 2r(x/n¢)=4 from(1) => p(a/Be)= + =P(AMB) hence(D)iscorrect ] IfE, and E,are two events such that P(E,) = 1/4, P(EyE,) =1/2 and P(Ey/ E,)= V4 (A*) then E, and E, are independent (B)E, and E, are exhaustive (C*) E; istwice as likely to occur as E, (D*) Probabilities of the events E, OE, E, and E,are in GP. Pe sey = Gerd) = 2Gon) => P(E) = 2 = p@).P(&/e) Dpp on Probability 147]Qs [Sol. Qu9 (Hint: Q.20 (Hint: Qai 1 1 1 g7PE GPE 8 1 Since P(E, E,)= z= P(E)).P(E,)_ => events are independent 1 1 1 Also P(E|UE;)= 5+ y-g == => Fy & Eyarenon exhaustive ] ‘Two events A and Bare such that the probability that at least one of them occurs is 5/6 and both of them. occurring simultaneously is 1/3. Ifthe probability of not occurrence of Bis 1/2 then (A) Aand Bare equally likely (B*)Aand Bare independent (C*) PAB) = 23 (D*)3 P(A)=4 PB) P(AUB)= 3 P(AMB)= i: P(B) = 3 [12th, 02-12-2007] P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B)-P(AMB) 3 1 1 2 ett - FB PAR PrAnB)=4 PA): PB) > B) hence P(A/B)=P(A)=2 > © PB) _ 103 3 0 pay 7g PAAR) >) ‘The probabilities of events, ANB, A, B& AU Bare respectively in A.P. with probability of second term equal to the common difference. Therefore the events Aand B are (A*ymutually exelusive (B)independent (©) such that one of them must occur (D*) such that one is twice as likely as the other P(AMB), P(A), P(B), P(AU B) are in A.P. with d= P(A) P(A)-P(AMB)=P(A) = P(AMB)=0 => A & B are ME also. P(B)~P(A)=P(A) => — 2P(A)=P(B) if P(A)=p ; P@B)=2p => (D) compatible means wheih ean happen simultaneously } Abox contains 11 tickets numbered from 1 to 11, Six ticketsare drawn simultaneously at random. Let E, denotes the event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is even and E, denotes the event that the sum of the numbers on the tickets drawn is odd Which of the following hold good? (A) Eyand E, are equally likely (B*)E, and E,are exhaustive (Ch) PE) > PE) (D*) PE VE.) =PE,/E)) PEE) a and rey: S={1,2,3,4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11} E, = — lodd+Sevenor 3 odd+3 even [12th, 21-10-2007] or Sodd+oneeven as P(E,NE,)=0 => P(E, E,) = P(EYE,)=0 | IfE & F are the complementary events of events E & F respectively & if 0 P(E) then P(E/F) > P(E) (D*) If, B and C are independent then the events (AUB) and C are independent. [Sol (D) to prove that (C(AUB))= P(C) -P(AUB) P(CHA)+(COB)) = PCAA)+P(CAB)-P(AMBOC) = P(C)P(A)+PO)P(B)—P(AY: P(B)PO) = PC) LP(A)+P(B)=P(AMB)] =P(C);P(AUB) => C and AUBare independent } IMATCH THE COLUMN] Q.25 Column-T (Column-H (A) Twodifferent numbers are taken from the set {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}. (P) 4 ‘The probability that their sum and positive difference, are both multiple of 4, is x/55 thenxequals @Q 6 (B) There are two red, two blue, two white and certain number (greater than 0) of green socks in a drawer. Iftwo socks are taken at random from the ® & drawer without replacement, the probability that they are ofthe same colour is 1/5 then the number of green socks are (©) A drawer contains a mixture of red socks and blue socks, at most I7inall. (S)_10 Itso happens that when two socks are selected randomly without replacement, there is a probability of exactly 1/2 that both are red or both are blue. The largest possible number of red socks in the drawer that is consistent with this data, is {Ans. (A) Q: (B) P: (©) S] [Sol(A) Let the two numbers are'a’and’b’ [12th, 09-11-2008] =4] acho] Rae! 2a=4(p+q) > Dpp on Probability 149](B) © 2b=4(p-q) > b= 2b Hence both aand b must be even. Also note that if (a—b) isa multiple of 4 then (a+b) will automatically be amultiple of 4. Henee n($)="'C, (A) = (0.4), (0, 8), (2, 6). 2. 10), (4, 8). (6, 10)=6 P(A) we A)" THe, Let the number of green socks arex> 0 OR E:: two socks drawn are of the same colour P(E)=P(R Ror BBor W WorGG) socks, ww ‘Cy 6 xG ORC, HORT) SO2-x+6)=x2+ 1Ix+ 30 4x?- 16x=0 => x=4 Ans, Let there be x red socks and y blue socks, Then lt x>y x(x-D+y Gryaery-) 2 Multiplying both sides by 2(x+y)(x +y—1) and expanding, wefind that 2x?— 2x + 2y?—2y =x2+ Ixy +y?—x-y. Rearranging, wehave 2-2xy+y2=x+y => (x Sincex + y S17, x-y< Jf7.asx—y must bean integer => x-y=4 2 xty=16 Adding both together and dividing by two yields x<10 Ans.] Column-I Column-II (P) 3 or yPaxty o [xoylexty (A) Ina knockout toumament 2" equally skilled players; S Sy are participating. In each round players are divided in pair at random and ‘winner from each pair moves in the next round. If S, reaches the semifinal 1 5p The value of'n' equals @Q 4 (B) In a multiple choice question there are four alternative answers of which one or ‘more than one is correct. A candidate will get marks on the question only if he ticks all the correct answers. The candidate ticks the answers at random. (R) 5 Ifthe probability of the candidate getting marks on the question is to be greater than or equal to 1/3 the least number of chances he should be allowed is, then the probability that S, wins the toutament i (©) Allthe face cards from a pack of 52 playing cards are removed. From the (S) 6 remaining pack half of the cards are randomly removed without looking at them and then randomly drawn two cards simultaneously from the remaining. Ifthe probability PCC») that. two cards drawn are both aces, is DE IC. 20° C2 then the value of pis, (D)Anui sed normal coin is tossed 'n’ times, Let Dpp on Probability 150][Sol. (A) (B) © E, : event that both Heads and Tailsare present in'n! tosses. E,: event that the coin shows up Heads atmost once. ‘The value of 'n' for which E, and E, are independent, [Ans. (A) Q: (B)R: (C)$:(D)P]_ [13th, 25-01-2009] number of way number of ways which S, and 3 other players out of 2"— 1 =-say can be taken for semifinals which §,, 8, and 2 others out of (A— 1) can be taken for semifinals 'C, _G=D! 31-3)! CG A—3)! 3 nals with probability 35> P(S,S,and two others reach semifinals) now — §,-S,and two others reach the sei 3 1 Probability (S, wints the tournament) = A —y" P(E) = P(S or FS o FFS or... ) = P(S) + PCPS) + P(FFS) + P(FFFS) + 1 204 @Q"-p 1 13 Bs sii [13th,25-1-2009] __[Dpp, prob] to be put 1 15 . = ety mez + med Ans. Note: in place C take Q with ans 6 52. __faceeardemoved_ 40) __20drawn randomly [13th, quiz] Let 20 cards randomly removed has no aces. 20 cards randomly removed has exactly one ace. 20 cards randomly removed has exactly 2 aces. : event that 2 drawn from the remaining 20 cards has both the aces. P(E) = P(ENE,) + PEO E,) + ENE) = P(Ey): P(E/ Ey) + P(E) * P(E/E,) + P(E.) - P(E. aces 36 other wt Cig 6 C,y+54C, "201 Dpp on Probability 151]P(E,) = P(no head) + P(exactly one head) 1 _ n+l 1 Joyce 4b a * 1 oe oa P(E, 0 E,) = (exactly one head & (n—1) tail) Dpp on Probability 152]ANSWER KEW DPP-1 Qi A Q2 € Q3 A Q4 A Qs C Q.6 G73, Gi) 1/2, Git) 2/13, Gv) 213, (v) 1/2, (W937 156 QR 1251/2 Q9 5:1 Q10 95210715 QI 3/140 Q.12 mS)=8sn(A)=8C5°5! Q13 4721 Q14 @) 23, 12 QIS BB QU6 3/4, 1/4; 15/16 Q17 17) Q18 B Q19 Qioc Q2 D Q. Q6 A Q7 A Qs QUT (@) 1/18, (b) 43/90, (©) 5/18, (@)NO _Q.12_ (5/8, tise Q.13 (1) 0.18, (i) 0.12, (ii) 0.42, (iv) 0.28, (v) 0.72 Quid (0.6, (0.5, (ii)0.25 Q15 136, sn08. 6 ) 53/54 Q.16 11/20 Quy 3/5 Quis 27 Q19 12/25 DPP-3 Qi Cc Q2 C Q3 D Q4 D QS D Q6 B Q7 A Q8 A Q9 C QO A Qi D Qi2 B Qi3 D Qi (0.49; ()0.973 — Q.AS 1705 Q.16 WS _Q.AT 37 Q48 209/343 Q.19 1/425 Q.20 22/35, 13/35 DPP-4 Qi D Q2 C Q3 D Q4 B QS A Q6 B Q7 C Qs C Qo A QO A Qi B QC QU B Qu c QI5 A Q16 B QI7 BLC.D QU8 49 — Q19 (a)7/8, (b) 1/3 Q20 B D415 Q21 13 t05 DPP-5S Ql Bo Q2 B Q3 D Q4 B QS B Q6 C Q7 oc Q8 C Qo C QI B Qi A QA QB QUA Qis c Ql6 Bo Qi7 D n=l ° mn=m=1 Q20 13/14 DPP-6 Qi A 2B Q3 C Q4 C Q5 D Q6 C Q7 A Q8 Bo Q9 B QIO D Qi A Qi2 B Qi D Qi4 A Q15 Bo Q16 A QI7 C QI’ CD Q19 (AS: (BYP: (C)R_ Q.20 i) A.B.Care pairwise independent (ii) A,B,C are not independent DPP-7 A Q2 B Q3 D Q4 A QS C Q6 D C Qk C Qo B QU aA (a)C.(b)A, (JB Q.12 (aA (b)C () D @)D MA (OB Qi BCDQIS ABCD ABD Q17 ACD Q18 BCD Q19 AD Q20 BCD Q2i AD A.C.D QB AD Q24 (AQ BP: OS (A) Q: (B) R: (C) $:(D) P Dpp on Probability 153]