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Experiment Name: Tensile Test of Steel: Objectives

The document describes conducting a tensile test on a mild steel specimen to determine its material properties by applying an axial tensile load using a universal testing machine and measuring the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and reduction in area as the specimen is pulled until fracture. A stress-strain curve is plotted from the load and elongation data to identify the elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength and fracture point of the steel sample.

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178 views4 pages

Experiment Name: Tensile Test of Steel: Objectives

The document describes conducting a tensile test on a mild steel specimen to determine its material properties by applying an axial tensile load using a universal testing machine and measuring the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation and reduction in area as the specimen is pulled until fracture. A stress-strain curve is plotted from the load and elongation data to identify the elastic limit, yield point, ultimate strength and fracture point of the steel sample.

Uploaded by

Kalikiri navya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment Name: Tensile Test of Steel

Objectives: To determine the quality of steel bars (MS) from its physical properties, viz.,
Yield stress, Proof stress, Ultimate tensile stress and percentage elongation after
fracture.

Theory: The tensile test is mot applied one of all mechanical tests. In this test, a test
specimen is fixed into grips connected to a Straining device and to a load-
measuring device. (One end in stationary grips and the other in movable grips).
If the applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely
elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original form as soon as
load is removed. However if the load is too large, the material can be deformed
permanently. The initial part of the tension curve, which represents the manner
in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below
which the deformation is essentially entirely elastic is known as the elastic limit
of material. In some materials like mild steel the onset of plastic deformation is
denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and lower yield point.
However some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic
deformation, at larger extensions, strain hardening cannot compensate for the
decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins
to decrease. At this stage the ULTIMATE STRENGTH which is defined as the
ration of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a
maximum value. Until this point the deformation is uniform at all sections of
the specimen. Further loading will eventually Usually a tension test is
conducted at room temperature. And the tensile load is applied slowly. During
this test either round or flat specimens may be used. The load on the specimen
is applied mechanically or hydraulically depending on the type of testing
machine.

Figure 1: Stress-Strain graph curve for mild steel specimen


1. Engineering Stress: It is the ratio of applied force (P) and cross-
sectional area (A).
𝜎 = 𝑃/ A (1)
𝜎 = Engineering stress.
𝑃 = Applied force.
A = original cross sectional area.
Stresses are classified as:

Figure 2: Type of stresses

2. Engineering Strain: It is defined as extension per unit length.

Ɛ=Δ𝐿/𝐿0=(𝐿𝑓−𝐿0) / 𝐿0 (2)
Ɛ is the engineering strain
𝐿0 is the original length of the specimen
𝐿𝑓 is the final length of the specimen

3. Elastic Region: The part of the stress-strain curve up to the yielding


point. Elastic deformation is recoverable. In the elastic region stress and
strain are related to each other linearly. E is Modulus of Elasticity or
Young Modulus which is specific for each type of material.
Hooke’s Law: 𝜎=𝐸Ɛ (3)
4. Plastic Region: The part of the stress-strain diagram after the yielding
point. At the yielding point, the plastic deformation starts. Plastic
deformation is permanent.
5. Ultimate tensile strength: It is the maximum strength that material can
withstand.
𝜎𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝐴 (4)
6. Yield strength: It is the stress level at which plastic deformation
initiates. The beginning of first plastic deformation is called yielding.
0.2% off-set method is a commonly used method to determine the yield
stength. 𝜎𝑌 (0.2%) is found by drawing a parallel line to the elastic
region and the point at which this line intersects with the stress-strain
curve is set as the yielding point.
7. Fracture Strength: After necking, plastic deformation is not uniform
and the stress decreases accordingly until fracture.
𝜎𝐹 = 𝑃𝑓/𝐴 (5)
8. Toughness: The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to absorb
energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness. The emphasis
of this definition should be placed on the ability to absorb energy before
fracture. Toughness of the different materials is seen in the Figure 3.

Figure 3: Toughness of the material

9. Ductility: Ductility is a measure of how much something deforms


plastically before fracture, but just because a material is ductile does not
make it tough. The key to toughness is a good combination of strength
and ductility. A material with high strength and high ductility will have
more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.
Ductility can be described with the percent elongation or percent
reduction in area.
% 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐿𝑓−𝐿0𝐿0)/100 (percent elongation) (6)
%𝑅𝐴 = (𝐴0−𝐴𝑓 )𝐴0/100 (percent reduction in area) (7)
10. Resilience: By considering the area under the stress-strain curve in the
elastic region, this area represents the stored elastic energy or resilience.

Apparatus: Universal testing machine (UTM), Extensometer, micrometer, balance, scale,


marking and cutting device

Material: Mild Steel

Figure 4: Mild steel test specimen

Procedure: 1. Measure the originals gauge length and diameter of the specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached
5. Measure elongation values
6. Continue the test till fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together measure the
final length and diameter of specimen at fracture.

Table 1. Input Data


Measurement No: Steel

Force, P [N]
Specimen dimension, 𝑑0 [mm]
Area of the specimen, Ao [mm2]
Length, 𝑙0 [mm]
Test speed, N/s

Results and Plot the Engg. Stress stain curve and determine the following.
Discussions:
Details Steel

*Maximum force, 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 [N]


*Final length, 𝑙𝑓 [mm]
*Final Diameter, 𝑑𝑓 [mm]
Final Cross sectional area, 𝐴𝑓 [𝑚𝑚2]
Young Modulus, E [GPa]
*Yield Strength, 𝜎𝑌, [MPa]
*Ultimate tensile strength, 𝜎𝑈𝑇𝑆 [MPa]
*Fracture stress, 𝜎𝐹 [MPa]
% elongation
% area of reduction
(* it will be read during and after test)
Plot the engineering stress-strain and true stress-strain curve on the same
graph on a milimetrical paper. Make scales for both x and y axis. Label the
known values.
Precautions: 1. The specimen was prepared in proper dimensions.
2. The specimen was set properly between the jaws, reading were taken
carefully.
3. After breaking of specimen, machine should stopped immediately.

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