A REPORT

ON

SUMMER INDUSTRIAL TRANING

Starting Date of Training: 24/06/2019

End date of Training: 05/08/2019

Name: SUBHAM

Enrolment NO.: 17001146

B Tech (Civil Engineering)

Batch: 2017-2020

Report Submitted to:

Mr. Bhartesh Raj

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Address: Mehli-Shoghi Bypass Road, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171009

Page | 1
 INDEX
SECTION CONTENT PAGE NO.
Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Project Details 5

Section-1:- Introduction
1.1 Types of Buildings 7
1.2 Safety Instructions 8-11
1.3 Site Location 12
1.4 Form Work 13-16

Section-2 :- Construction steps of building

2.1 Site clearance 17
2.2 Surveying and Layout 18-20
2.3 Excavation 21
2.4 Foundation 22-24
2.5 Concreting 25
2.6 Wall Construction 26-27
2.7 Beams & Columns construction 28
2.8 Slab Construction 29-30

Section-3 :- Materials & Equipment’s

3.1 Materials used at construction site 31-36
3.2 Equipment’s used 37-38

Section-4 :- Quality control

4.1 Quality control in concrete works 40-41
4.2 Quality control in reinforcement 42

Section-5 :- Contribution
5.1 Reinforcement & casting of slab 43-44
5.2 Construction of water tank 45-46
5.3 Columns and beams 47-48

Section-6:- Other images of construction site.

Page | 2
Page | 3
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to HIMACHAL PARDESH PUBLIC

WORKS DEPARTMENT (HPPWD), HAMIRPUR for having provided me with an
unbelievable practical learning experience during summer training. It was indeed a
pleasure to be a part of such organisation.

First and foremost I would like to thank Mr. Alok Kumar, Project In Charge and
special thanks to Mr. Anupam Kumar , Site Engineer and Ms. Suman , Jr. Engineer,
who support me through inspiring towards this report. She had provided me a nice
industrial experience.

Secondly, I am no less grateful to the other employees and members of the

department for their kind co-operation and spontaneous response.

Last but not least, I express my gratitude towards my family members, my teachers
and college friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this training.

SUBHAM

B. Tech, VI Semester

Civil Engineering Department

APG Shimla University

Page | 4
 PROJECT DETAILS

The project is to construct Modern Career Centre (M.C.C) building at Loharda village,

Hamirpur (H.P.).

NAME OF PROJECT:- MODERN CAREER CENTRE.

CLIENT:- HIMACHAL PARDESH PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, HAMIRPUR.

CONTRACTOR:- KUMAR ASSOCIATES.

NAME OF CONTRACTOR:- ALOK KUMAR

ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT:- Rs. 256 lakhs approx.

NUMBER OF STOREYS:- 4

ESTIMATED PERIOD OF PROJECT:- 2 YEARS.

Page | 5
 SECTION-1
INTRODUCTION
The basic needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The
point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The
possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his
pleasant living. This object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe
and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires
considered and kept in view.

 A Peaceful environment
 Safety from all natural sources & climate conditions
 General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

Page | 6
 1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING

Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as :-

1.1.1-Residential Building

1.1.2-Educational Building

1.1.3-Institutional Building

1.1.4-Industrial Building

1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. It includes the living room, bed
room, kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be single storey building or
apartments.

1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:

These include any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction,
education or recreation.

1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:

These building are used different purposes such as medical or other treatment or
care of person suffering from a physical or mental illness. These building include
hospitals, sanatoria, jail etc.

1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:

These are buildings in which products or materials of all kind of properties are
fabricated, assembled and processed. For example refineries, gas plants, mills etc.

Page | 7
 1.2-SAFETY INSTRUCTION

Safety is very important part of any work. An instruction video was showed which
highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents
can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working procedures.
It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that should be paid
attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work
carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work
injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is
important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes:-

 Workers safety
 Construction progress
 Standard procedure
 Legal cases
 Working efficiency

Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety:-

 ISO 14001-2004
 OHSAS 18001-2007

Precautions at site for safety:-

 Wear protective equipment.

 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.

Page | 8
  Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

1.2.1-Equipment used for safety at construction site:-

a.) Helmet b.) Safety goggles

c.) Safety harness used at construction site

Page | 9
d.) Safety net used at construction site

Page | 10
1.2.2-Possible types of accidents and ill health:-

 Construction Site Fall.

 Crane Accidents.
 Scaffolding Accidents.
 Electrical Accidents.
 Trench Collapses.
 Fire and Explosions.
 Welding Accidents.
 Cutting Accidents.
 Structure Failure.
 Building Collapse.
 Supervisor Negligence.
 Punch Press Malfunction.
 Compressor Accidents.
 Exploding Compressor.
 Gas Explosions During Welding.
 Run Over By Operating Equipment.
 Unsafe/Dangerous Equipment Accidents.

1.2.3-Construction site safety tips:-

 Use caution when climbing on and off equipment.
 Stay away from operating machinery.
 Use caution around fall hazards.
 Use proper ladder height.
 Keep an updated first aid kit.
 Never use damaged equipment.
 Never unplug a tool by cord.
 Be aware of surroundings at all times.

Page | 11
 1.3-SITE LOCATION

1.3.1-Advantages of this site:-

 Land
 Store
 Parking Space
 Health Unit
 Transportation Facility

Page | 12
 1.4-FORM WORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains
sufficient strength to carry its self weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it
hardens to required shape and size.

1.4.1-Signifance of formwork:-
 Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete construction.
 Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on
type of formwork system.
 Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.
 Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive
concrete.
 Accidents happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

1.4.2-Safety in using formwork:-

 Components are light in weight for manual holding.
 Loose or hanging components are minimal.
 Appropriate use of tools.
 Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

1.4.3-Types of formwork:-

1.) Flex System:-

In this system of formwork good quality ply is used.

Components of flex system:-

 H beam (primary or secondary)
 CT prop.
 Four way head.
Page | 13
  Folding tripod.
 Assembly wedge clamp.
 Supporting head.
 Beam forming head.
 Quick deck system.

2.) Aluform System:-

Panels with aluminium frame and plywood fitted in it.

Used in raft, shear wall and columns.

Components of aluform system:-

 Alufo panel.
 Framing clamp.
 Tie rod.
 Wig nut.
 Steel waler.
 CT prop.
 Foot adopter.
 Head adopter.
 Brackets for safety.

Page | 14
3.) Aluminium Formwork:-
Aluminium formwork is widely used by construction companies at site.

Components of aluminium formwork:-

 Kicker.
 Rocker.
 Wall panel.
 Slab corner.
 External and Internal corner.
 Prop length.
 Prop head.
 Stub pin.
 Wall tie.

This formwork is used at our construction site.

Page | 15
FORMWORK AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Page | 16
 SECTION-2
CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2.1) Site Clearance

2.2) Surveying and Layout

2.3) Excavation

2.4) Bar binding and Positioning of Foundation steel

2.5) Concreting

2.6) Wall Construction

2.7) Beams and Columns

2.8) Finishing and Whitewashing.

2.1-SITE CLEARANCE
A number of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot
of ground. These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There
are also covenants that are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height
of building, prohibit utility or ban rooftop network towers etc.

Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house
location a lot. Septic tanks also require considerations and a certificate of occupancy
is also required for some loaning and legal processes.

Page | 17
 2.2-SURVEYING AND LAYOUT
Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get required level of
surface. It is also used in level transferring during construction of retaining wall.

Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments:-

a.) Total Station b.) Auto Level

a.) Total Station:- A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in

modern surveying and building construction. The total station is electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read
slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument
we can measure Angle, Distance, Co-ordinates and also Data Processing.

Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total station
over the conventional surveying instruments:-

 Field work is carried out very fast.

 Accuracy of measurement is high.
 Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
 Calculation of co-ordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
 Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

Disadvantages: The following are some of the disadvantages of total station:-

 It may be difficult for the surveyor to look over and check the work while
surveying.
 The instrument is costly.
 Conducting surveys using total station, skilled personnel are required.
 For an overall check of the survey, it will be necessary to return to the office
and prepare the drawings using appropriate software.

Page | 18
Precautions to be taken while using a Total Station:-
 Use both hands to hold the total station handle.
 Set up the tripod as stable as possible.
 Do not move or carry a tripod with the total station fixed on it, except for
centring.
 Store the battery pack with the battery discharged.
 Do not over tighten any of the clamp screws.
 Take maximum care when the tri branch is removed from the total station.

A.) TOTAL STATION B.) STAFF

Page | 19
b.) Auto Level:- It is a levelling instrument which was on site for checking
elevations of various points

This is auto level parts and their description is given to you in the picture.

Page | 20
 2.3-EXCAVATION
Excavation work on site was being done by JCB Machines and excavated soil was
transferred using dumpers.

Following measures should be taken while excavation works:-

 There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.

 Dewatering should be done before construction work.
 During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

Page | 21
 2.4-FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall.
Gravel or crushed stones footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to
transfer the loads safely in the ground.

Generally in high rise buildings, three types of footings are provided. These are :-

1.) Isolated Footing:

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either
square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and
most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to
reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated
footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced.
An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars
placed on the top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property
line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing
is used as an alternate to isolated footing.

2.) Combined Footing:

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on
the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load
to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a common
footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it.

Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced,
heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided,
would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called
“Combined Footing”.

Page | 22
A view of isolated and combined footings at construction site :

Page | 23
3.) Raft Footing or Mat Footing:
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. The footing is used
when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having
very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to rigidity, it minimizes differential
settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most common
types are the flat slab and slab-beam types.

Raft footings are provided in following cases:-

 When ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control
buoyancy.
 When isolated footings for column overlap on each other
 When total area of footing slab is more than 50% of total area.
 Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it
serves as footing as well as floor.

Detailing of Raft Footing

Page | 24
 2.5-CONCRETING
After shuttering and scaffolding, concreting is done.

Equipment used during concreting are:

 Concrete mixer.
 Mounted Concrete pump.
 Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/surface vibrator etc.)

During concreting work, following instructions should be followed:-

 There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

 There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.
 There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

Concreting work at construction site

Page | 25
 2.6-WALL CONSTRUCTION
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and
half brick walls are made. There are four types of brick bonds that are generally used
in wall masonry. These are:-

 Stretcher bond.
 Header bond.
 English bond.
 Flemish bond.

In our construction site, stretcher bond is used for half brick thick partition walls and
English bond is used.

1.) Stretcher Bond:

Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher. Stretcher bond is also known as
running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only their stretcher showing,
overlapping midway with the courses of brick below and above.

Page | 26
2.) English Bond:
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of
header above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers
are laid cantered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is
vertically aligned.

To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and
end of a wall after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves
and used at corners in brick walls.

Isometric view of English bond

Page | 27
 2.7-BEAMS AND COLUMNS
In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments.

In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity.
In square or rectangular columns minimum 4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must be
used and spacing should not be more than as per code IS 456:2000.

A view of Beams and Columns at construction site

Page | 28
 2.8-SLAB
Slabs are of following types:-

1.) One way slab:-

In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect
ratio should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is
provided only in shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

2.) Two way slab:-

In two slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and
longer directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.

Key Plan of Slab with details of Beam and Columns

Page | 29
Reinforcement casting during slab construction of building

Slab of water harvesting tank

Page | 30
 SECTION-3
3.1-MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION SITE
At the construction site, following materials were being used:

3.1.1-Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction,
called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the
cement binds the aggregates together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides
strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on
grade of cement. The grades of cement are as follows:-

 33 Grade
 43 Grade
 53 Grade

At the site, Portland cement of 53 grade (ACC Cement) was used.

The initial time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

The final setting time of cement = 10hrs.

Page | 31
3.1.2-Aggregate:-
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones of irregular shape and size.

Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too
much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in
construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard
materials.

They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as
cement.

Types of aggregates:
 Fine Aggregates
 Coarse Aggregates.
Fine Aggregates (sand):-
The aggregates which pass through 4.75mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregates.

FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Page | 32
Functions of fine aggregates:-
The function of using fine aggregates in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing
in the coarse aggregates and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity
of cement and increase the workability of concrete mix.

Coarse Aggregates:-
The aggregates, which passes through 75mm I.S. Sieve and entirely retain on 4.75mm
I.S. Sieve is known as coarse aggregates.

At construction site aggregates used are as follows:

 Coarse aggregates of 20mm size.
 Coarse aggregates of 12.5mm size (As per the concrete mix design)
 Fine aggregates in the form of coarse sand.

COARSE AGGREGATES AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Page | 33
3.1.3. Reinforcement:
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment =, torsion and compression.

Some pictures of reinforcement from construction site

Page | 34
Functions of Reinforcement:-
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the
concrete members =. At the construction site high strength steel bars and T.M.T.
(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8mm, 10mm, 16mm, & 32mm as
per requirement of design.

At construction site 8mm, 10mm, 16mm, & 32mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement bars were
being used.

The bars were of brand

 The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel and concrete is of approximately equal value.

3.1.4-Fly Ash:-
At the site, a small amount o fly ash was also being used which is produced by
burning of coal in thermal power plants.

The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows:-

 It is free of cost.
 Its consumption reduces environment pollutions.
 It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

Page | 35
3.1.4-Admixtures:-
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce
water content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete.

At construction site, SMARTCARE VITALIA NEO (MADE BY – ASIAN PAINTS)

admixture was used to increase workability and water proofing purpose.

ADMIXTURE USED AT SITE

Types of admixtures:
 Accelerators.
 Retarders.
 Water reducers/ plasticizers/ super plasticizers.
 Air entraining agents.
 Bonding admixtures.

Page | 36
 3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED
The equipment used at construction site are as follows:-

3.2.1- Concrete mixer with lift.

3.2.2- Needle vibrator.

3.2.3- Electric steel cutting machine (Chop saw)

SOME IMAGES OF EQUIPMENTS USED AT CONSTRUCTION SITE:-

CONCRETE MIXER WITH LIFT

Page | 37
NEEDLE VIBRATOR

CHOP-SAW

Page | 38
 SECTION-4
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service
comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of
the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards,
and analyses the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in
order to make decisions which will correct any differences.

Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried cut to ensure
the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products
materials, but also execution and completion of the works.

Causes for poor quality:-

These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor design, poor detailing,
and poor workmanship, improper quality of cement, improper concrete mix, excess
water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing, inadequate
cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision and above all lack of technical
knowledge.

Page | 39
 4.1-QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works,
so it is necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site.

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting:-

 There should be proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void

reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
 There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7 to 10 days
because it helps in gaining the strength.
 Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the
slab.
 There should be a lab test to test the properties of green concrete like slump,
initial setting time etc.
 There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.

4.1.1-Quality control works in concreting at site:-

 Needle vibrator was being used for construction.
 RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.
 A lab was established for testing.

Page | 40
At site a concrete mix design was being followed for exact proportioning which is as
follows:-

Page | 41
 4.2-QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFORCEMNET
 The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.
 Steel bars of designed grade should be used.
 Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them for corrosion.

For quality assurance of steel a test report was also given to company by STEEL
AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED.

Page | 42
 SECTION-5
CONTRIBUTION
5.1-REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB
At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic
construction of concrete slab with beam.

REINFORCEMENT IN THE SLAB AT SITE

Page | 43
CONCRETE CASTING OF SLAB WITH NEEDLE VIBRATOR

A VIEW OF SLAB AFTER CASTING

Page | 44
 5.2-CONSTRUCTION OF WATER HARVESTING TANK
At there, I was involved in construction of water harvesting tank which is used for
storing water for different purposes.

WALL CONSTRUCTION OF HARVESTING TANK

TANK AFTER WALL CONSTRUCTION

Page | 45
REINFORCEMENT CASTING FOR SLAB OF TANK

Page | 46
 5.3-COLUMNS AND BEAMS CASTING
At there, I was involved in laying and casting of columns and beams for the building.

LAYING OF BEAM REINFORCEMENT

CONRETE CASTING OF BEAMS

Page | 47
 COLUMN CASTING

COLUMNS AND BEAMS AFTER CONSTRUCTION

Page | 48
 SECTION-6
OTHER IMAGES OF CONSTRUCTION SITE

FRONT ELEVTION DRAWING OF BUILDING

ELEVATOR PIT

Page | 49
 REINFORCEMENT OF STAIRCASE AT SITE

WALL CONSTRUCTION WITH DOOR FRAME

Page | 50