THE DEPRESSION REPORT

A New Deal for Depression and Anxiety Disorders

Prepared for:

Hybrid Course – Report Writing Skill

Ma’am Sara Sheraz

Comsats University, Islamabad

Prepared by:

Muhammad Nawaf Shahid (SP19-BSE-081)

November 2, 2019
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Executive Summary

Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and a feeling of

sadness and loss of interest. It is a very big problem, lasting on average 6 to 8 months.

Diagnosis of depression starts with a consultation with a health expert doctor or mental health

specialist. It is important to seek the help of a health professional to figure out different causes

of depression, ensure an accurate and exact differential diagnosis of depression, and secure

safe and effective treatment for it.

Depression seems to be more common among all genders. Symptoms include lack of joy and

reducing of interest in different things. Life events, such as grief and sorrow, produce mood

changes that can usually be distinguished from the features of depression. The causes of

depression are not fully understood but maybe it’s a complex combination of genetic,

environmental, biological and psychosocial factors.

Talking therapies or psychological or for depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy

(CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy, and problem-solving treatment. In normal cases of

depression, psychotherapies are the first option for treatment of patient; in moderate and

extreme cases, they may be used alongside other treatment. Antidepressants are drugs that are

available on prescription from a doctor from stores. Drugs come into use for moderate to

severe depression conditions, but are not recommended for children.

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Contents

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background information: .............................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Statement of the problem: ............................................................................................................. 6

1.3 Significance of the Study: ............................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Scope of the Study: ....................................................................................................................... 7

1.5 Limitations of the study: ............................................................................................................... 7

2 Review of related literature: .................................................................................................................. 7

3 Method of study: ................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Discussion and results: .......................................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Cost effective treatment: ............................................................................................................. 12

5 Conclusion: ......................................................................................................................................... 12

6 Recommendations: .............................................................................................................................. 13

6.1 Treatments for depression: .......................................................................................................... 13

6.2 Medication treatment: ................................................................................................................. 14

7 References:.......................................................................................................................................... 14

8 Appendices:......................................................................................................................................... 16
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List of Tables:

Table 1 Medications ...................................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2mental illness by percentage ............................................................................................................ 9

Table 3 causes of disability as per 2004 report.......................................................................................... 11

Table 4 Control group comparison ............................................................................................................. 12

Table 5 WHO Europe................................................................................................................................... 16

Table 6 WHO REGION OF AMERICA ............................................................................................................ 17

Table 7 WHO south Asia ............................................................................................................................. 18

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1 Introduction

Depression is a very common mental disorder that comes with depressed mood, loss of interest,

decreased energy level, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep patterns or appetite,

and poor concentration on things. Moreover, depression often comes with other symptoms.

These problems can become worst and lead to impairments in an individual’s ability to take care

of him / her self-everyday responsibilities. In severe cases, depression can lead to suicide.

Almost 1 to 2 million lives are lost yearly due to suicide. For every person who completes a

suicide, 20 to 30 or more may attempt to end his or her life (WHO, 2012).

. While depression is the leading cause of disability for all genders, the burden of depression is

50% to 55% higher for the females than the males (WHO, 2008). Research in developing

countries suggests that depression may be a risk factor for poor growth in children (Rahman et

al, 2008).

1.1 Background information:

Depression isn’t a one-size-fits-all illness. Just like a rash or cardiopathy, depression can take

many forms. As you’ll see, there’s a cluster of symptoms that are usually present, however one

person’s experience of depression often differs from another.

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Special report addresses three main categories of depression:

 Major depression

 Dysthymia (a lasting, low-level depression)

 Bipolar disorder, previously called manic-depressive illness

At least four of the following symptoms of depression:

 A change in appetite that sometimes leads to weight Loss or gain

 Insomnia or (less often) oversleeping

 A slowdown in talking and performing tasks or, conversely, restlessness and an

inability to sit still

 Loss of energy or feeling tired much of the time

 Problems concentrating or making decisions

 Feelings of worthlessness or excessive, inappropriate Guilt

 Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide plans or Attempts.

1.2 Statement of the problem:

Depressive episode involves symptoms like depressed mood, loss of interest and delight,
and enhanced weakness. Depending on the amount and severity of symptoms, a depressive
episode may be classified as delicate, moderate, or severe. An individual with alight
depressive episode can have some issue in continuing with normal work and social
activities, however can probably not cease to operate fully. The basic purpose of the report
is to find the easiest ways to prevent the depression and aware people regarding it.

1.3 Significance of the Study:

In report we will discuss the cheapest methods that can help all those people who are facing

depression. So they can easily save themselves from it.

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 1.4 Scope of the Study:

The report tell us that how people are facing the depression and they feel shy for regarding about

it. So this report is basically action regarding action which should must be taken (including

awareness and treatment).

1.5 Limitations of the study:

The limitations in this report are that it just describe the different methodology based on some

researches or surveys and maybe some of the suggestions are not effective as they are explained

and the cost rate regarding some treatments vary area to area.

2 Review of related literature:

Depression is all about Feeling sad, or upset is normal. It can be concerning feeling that way for

several days or weeks on end while anxiety, or fear and worry, can happen to anyone from time

to time, too. It’s not unusual to experience anxiety before a big event or important decision.

With that being said, some online self-diagnosis tests are available to help you better understand
what may be happening. These tests, while helpful, aren’t a replacement for a professional
diagnosis from your doctor. They can’t take other conditions that may be impacting your health
into account, either.
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Popular self-help tests for anxiety and depression include:

 Depression test and anxiety test

 Depression test

 Anxiety test

Table 1 Medications

3 Method of study:

This following method of study was adopted for not only differ between healthy and depressed
people, but also to investigate how they change when people with depression try to conceal their
true emotions. Due to the difficulty of consistent, efficient, and accurate diagnosis, self-
assessments are often used as a quick way to monitor depression. It should be noted that whilst
these methods are inherently flawed by their very nature in requiring a patient to critically and
honestly assess their own behavior, they nonetheless serve as a reasonable quantifiable standard
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to be measured against.

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 Table 2mental illness by percentage
Table2 mental illness by %

The two most ordinarily used assessments are the famous Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)..Numerous studies have investigated the relationship
between the two tests for a range of patients with different mood disorders, backgrounds, and
conditions, and have reported correlations ranging from 0.68 to 0.88. These tools have been
shown to correlate highly with clinician-rated depression measurements, such as the 17-item
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17).

4 Discussion and results:

Crippling depression and chronic anxiety are the most important causes of misery in United

Kingdom nowadays. They’re the good submerged problem that shame keeps out of sight.

According to the revered medical specialty Morbidity Survey, one in six of us would be

diagnosed as having depression or chronic mental disorder, which suggests that one family in 3,
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is affected. That’s the unhealthy news.

elevate a minimum of a half those affected out of their depression or their chronic worry. These

new therapies area unit neither endless nor backward-looking treatments.

This report is regarding action, based on analysis. Firstly we provide five reasons for action:

 There is huge distress

 Such suffering may be a major sort of deprivation

 Much of it goes untreated

 This involves vast economic prices

 NICE tips ought to be enforced

Then we describe the key components of a solution:

 ten thousand additional therapists

 working in groups

 According to a seven year arrange, centrally funded and commissioned

 Try Other Relevant Therapies

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Table 3 causes of disability as per 2004 report

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 4.1 Cost effective treatment:

Fortunately we now have therapies with good success rates. They have been tested in hundreds

of clinical trials where sufferers are randomly assigned between therapy and some alternative. (In

some cases the alternative is drugs, and in some cases a wait-list.)

Table 4 Control group comparison

The outcomes are then compared by researchers who do not know what treatment the person

had. The general finding is that therapy is as effective as drugs in the short-run, and that both are

better than no treatment. In the longer run therapy has more long-lasting effects than drugs. The

typical short-term success rate for CBT is about 50 per cent.

5 Conclusion:

We start from a very bad situation. Millions of people that suffer from depression and chronic
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anxiety are left without help, although therapies exist that may lift a minimum of 0.5 out of their

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misery. Shame keeps their misery a secret. And the cost to the monetary resource exceeds the

cost of cure. Depression may be a psychological disorder that's pervasive within the world and

affects us all. Unlike several large scale international problems, a best solution for depression is

at hand. Efficacious and cost-efficient treatments are accessible to enhance the health and

therefore the lives of the millions of people round the world affected by depression. On an

individual, community, and national level, it's time to teach ourselves regarding depression.

6 Recommendations:

Although depression is by no means a silent disease, it is seriously underdiagnosed. Experts

estimate that only 34% to 35% of people with depression seek help, and only one-third of those

who have major depression get the help they need. When people do reach out for help, doctors

typically diagnose depression by asking about feelings and experiences of life.

6.1 Treatments for depression:

I f we were all carbon copies of one another, identifying the causes of depression and its proper

treatment would be simpler. But unique variations in life experience, temperament, and biology

make treatment a complex matter. No single treatment works for everyone. However, analysis

suggests that many people benefit from a combination of medication and therapy.

Often, treatment is divided into three phases.

 In the acute phase, the aim is to relieve your symptoms. Generally, this occurs
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Within six to 12 weeks

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  In the continuation phase, you work with your doc- tor to maximize your

improvements.

 . In the maintenance phase, the aim is to prevent re- lapse

6.2 Medication treatment:

More medications are available in market to treat depression than ever before. Some

Antidepressant classes have fallen out, while others have risen in popularity. Currently, the most

commonly famous antidepressants are drugs that have been developed since the mid-1980s.

SSRIs lead the list in popularity. Some commonly pre- scribed medications don’t fall into single

class. They include bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remer on), venlafaxine (Effexor), and

duloxetine (Cymbalta).

7 References:

Üstün TN, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Chatterji S, Mathers C, Murray CJL. Global burden of depressive

disorders in the year 2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200; 184: 386-392. 2. Baxter A, Scott

JM, Vos T, Whiteford H.

Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychological

Medicine 2013; 43: 897–910. 3. Ferrari A, Somerville AJ, Baxter A, Norman R, Patten S, Vos T,

Whiteford H.
[Date]

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Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic

review of the epidemiological literature. Psychological Medicine 2013; 43: 471–481.

Dum, M., Pickren, J., Sobell, L. C., and Sobell, M. B. (2008). Comparing the bdi-ii and the phq-
9 with outpatient substance abusers. Addict. Behav. 33, 381–387.
doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.017

France, D. J., Shiavi, R. G., Silverman, S., Silverman, M., and Wilkes, D. M. (2000). Acoustical
properties of speech as indicators of depression and suicidal risk. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 47,
829–837. doi:10.1109/10.846676

Furukawa, T. A. (2010). Assessment of mood: guides for clinicians. J. Psychosom. Res. 68, 581–
589. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.05.003

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8 Appendices:

Table 5 WHO Europe

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Table 6 WHO REGION OF AMERICA

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Table 7 WHO south Asia

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