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Experiment: Carbohydrates (Part 1) - The Monosaccharides: 1. Molisch Test

1. The document describes several chemical tests used to detect the presence of carbohydrates including monosaccharides and disaccharides. 2. Key tests mentioned are the Molisch test, Seliwanoff's test, Phenylhydrazine test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, and Fehling's test. Each test detects carbohydrates based on specific chemical reactions like color changes or precipitation. 3. The tests can distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides, with monosaccharides often giving a positive result more quickly due to their reducing properties.

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Lachmi Sujan
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142 views2 pages

Experiment: Carbohydrates (Part 1) - The Monosaccharides: 1. Molisch Test

1. The document describes several chemical tests used to detect the presence of carbohydrates including monosaccharides and disaccharides. 2. Key tests mentioned are the Molisch test, Seliwanoff's test, Phenylhydrazine test, Benedict's test, Barfoed's test, and Fehling's test. Each test detects carbohydrates based on specific chemical reactions like color changes or precipitation. 3. The tests can distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides, with monosaccharides often giving a positive result more quickly due to their reducing properties.

Uploaded by

Lachmi Sujan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment: Carbohydrates (Part 1)- 1.

Molisch Test
The Monosaccharides - general test for carbs
- sugars mixed with a-naphthol
Carbohydrates - there’s formation of a lower layer
- Include: of acid due to the conc. H2SO4,
• polyhydroxy aldehyde conc. sulfuric acid will dehydrate
• ketones the sugar and react with the
• their by-products alcohol forming furfural or
- make up most of our diet hydroxymethyl furfural
- serves as the major source of - presence of carbs: purple ring
energy
- role: metabolic processes 2. Seliwanoff’s Test
• furnishing carbon chain for - used to differentiate ketohexoses
compound synthesis from aldohexoses
- Ketohexoses react faster with
Categories: solution containing hydrochloric
• monosaccharides acid and resorcinol than
• disaccharides aldohexoses
• polysaccharides • dehydrated ketohexoses: form
bright cherry red condensation
Monosaccharides product
- simple sugars • aldohexose: yield pale pink
• highly soluble in water coloration (neg. result)
• less soluble in ethanol - Prolonged heating of samples
• insoluble in ether should be avoided
- can’t hydrolyzed to simpler units
- either aldoses or ketroses 3. Phenylhydrazine Test (Osazone
formation)
Classifications: - yellow ring: formed when sugar is
• tetroses added to phenylhydrazine & sodium
• pentoses acetate (heated)
• hexoses • precipitate formed may be
= depending on the # of carbon compared with standards using
atoms they possess difference in melting points
(to identify the composition of
- exhibit mutarotation the precipitate)
• can exist in a- and B-forms - Crystalline Structure
• Glucosazones: yellow needles
Ability of Chemical Tests used to aggregated “bundles of hay”
detect presence of carbs: • Glucose, maltose, mannose form
• form furfural and its derivatives the same osazones
• reduce and form characteristic • Lactosazone crystals: regular
compounds with reagents (Tollen’s clusters of fine needles,
and Benedict’s) “powder puff”
• Maltosazone Crystals: “star-
shaped”
Experiment: Carbohydrates - the use of a more conc. disaccharide
solution may give a faster reaction
Mono and disaccharide groups that that of a relatively more dilute
- possess reducing properties (groups monosaccharide solution
containting the potentially free - this test is carried out under acidic
aldehyde or ketone group) rather than basic medium
- reduce alkaline metals
- transformed into organic acids 3. Fehling’s Test
- used extensively in carbohdyrate
Solutions most commonly employed for chemistry
this purpose: - positive: brick red precipitate
• alkaline solution of copper - aldoses are easily oxidized to yield
sulfate(Trommer’s, Fehling’s & carboxylic acids
Benedict’s reagent) - cupric ion complexed with tartate ion
• alkaline sol. of Bismuth subnitrate is reduced to cuprous oxide
(Nylander’s rgnt)
Sucrose
- in acid solution, reducing - does not react with Fehling’s rgt
monosaccharide also exert action - disaccharide of glucose and fructose
- sol. of cupric acetate in weak acetic - non-reducing sugar
acid (Barfoed’s rgt) is reduced by
monosaccharied but not by Glucose
disaccharides - reacts with Fehling’s rgt to form an
orange to red ppt
Tests: - reducing sugar

1. Benedict’s Test Fructose


- very sensitive test done under mildly - gives a positive test with Fehling’s
alkaline conditions solution
- contains CuSO4, Na2CO3 & sodium • fructose is converted to glucose
citrate and mannose under alkaline
- postive: brick red precipitate of conditions
Cu2SO4 • can be explained by the keto-enol
- most aldehydes have the ability to tautomerism
reduce Benedict’s rgt.
- Other compounds yield postive result: 4. Trommer’s Test
formic acid, hydrazobenzene, phenols, - very much like benedict’s test for
pheylhydrazine, pyrogallol, uric acid reducing sugar
- produce oxides of copper that
2. Barfoed’s Test precipitate out of solution (color
- Barfoed’s rgt contains cupric acetate change)
• oxidizes monosaccharides but not
oligosaccharides
- used to distinguished between
monosaccharides, disaccharides and
oligosaccharides
- Disaccharides are less easily
oxidized but are oxidized if they
undergo prolonged heating causing
hydrolysis (positive result)

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